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    Thermodynamics

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    Kira To
    1. An isentropic process with constant specific heat ratio (k) is described. The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature are defined. 2. An example problem is given where helium is compressed isentropically. The final volume flow rate is calculated to be 3.038975345 m3/min, the final temperature is calculated to be 119.4553316°C, and the work done is calculated to be -2348.786012 kJ/min. 3. Key equations used include the relationship between initial and final pressure and volume defined by the specific heat ratio (k), as well as equations to calculate changes in temperature and work done during isentropic compression

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    Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Kira To
    18 views13 pages
    1. An isentropic process with constant specific heat ratio (k) is described. The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature are defined. 2. An example problem is given where helium is compressed isentropically. The final volume flow rate is calculated to be 3.038975345 m3/min, the final temperature is calculated to be 119.4553316°C, and the work done is calculated to be -2348.786012 kJ/min. 3. Key equations used include the relationship between initial and final pressure and volume defined by the specific heat ratio (k), as well as equations to calculate changes in temperature and work done during isentropic compression

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    1. An isentropic process with constant specific heat ratio (k) is described. The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature are defined. 2. An example problem is given where helium is compressed isentropically. The final volume flow rate is calculated to be 3.038975345 m3/min, the final temperature is calculated to be 119.4553316°C, and the work done is calculated to be -2348.786012 kJ/min. 3. Key equations used include the relationship between initial and final pressure and volume defined by the specific heat ratio (k), as well as equations to calculate changes in temperature and work done during isentropic compression

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views13 pages

    Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Kira To
    1. An isentropic process with constant specific heat ratio (k) is described. The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature are defined. 2. An example problem is given where helium is compressed isentropically. The final volume flow rate is calculated to be 3.038975345 m3/min, the final temperature is calculated to be 119.4553316°C, and the work done is calculated to be -2348.786012 kJ/min. 3. Key equations used include the relationship between initial and final pressure and volume defined by the specific heat ratio (k), as well as equations to calculate changes in temperature and work done during isentropic compression

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Isothermal Process [T=C]

    Condition:
    𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
    𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑛 = 1
    1. Relationship of P and V;
    𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
    2. Non-flow Work
    𝑉2

    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉
    𝑉1

    𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
    𝐶
    𝑃=
    𝑉
    𝑉2
    𝑑𝑉
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =𝐶∫
    𝑉
    𝑉1

    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶[ln 𝑉] 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑉1 𝑡𝑜 𝑉2


    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶[ln 𝑉2 − ln 𝑉1 ]
    𝑉2
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶[ln ]
    𝑉1
    𝑏𝑢𝑡: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
    𝑉2
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃𝑉[ln ]
    𝑉1
    𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
    𝑉2
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
    𝑉1
    𝑃1 𝑉2
    =
    𝑃2 𝑉1
    𝑃1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
    𝑃2
    𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1
    𝑃1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 ln
    𝑃2
    3. Change in Enthalpy
    ∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
    𝑏𝑢𝑡: 𝑇 = 𝐶; 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
    ∆ℎ = 0
    4. Change in Internal Energy
    ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇 = 0
    5. Heat [T=C]
    𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑊𝑁𝐹
    𝑉2
    𝑄 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
    𝑉1
    6. Change in Entropy
    𝑉
    𝑄 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln 𝑉2
    1
    ∆𝑠 = =
    𝑇 𝑇
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑉2
    ∆𝑠 = ln
    𝑇 𝑉1
    𝑃1 𝑉1
    𝑏𝑢𝑡: = 𝑚𝑅
    𝑇
    𝑉2
    ∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝑅 ln
    𝑉1
    7. Work Steady Flow
    𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
    𝑉2
    𝑄 = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
    𝑉1
    Isentropic Process [S=C]
    Adiabatic System [Q=0]
    1. Reversible adiabatic system (ideal)
    2. Irreversible adiabatic system (actual)
    Condition:
    𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
    1. Relationship of P, V, and T
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘

    𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑇1
    =
    𝑃2 𝑉1 𝑇2
    𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑘−1
    = 𝑘−1
    𝑇2 𝑉1
    𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑘−1
    =[ ]
    𝑇2 𝑉1
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘
    𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑇1
    =
    𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑇2
    𝑘−1
    𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑘
    =[ ]
    𝑇2 𝑃2
    2. Work Non-Flow
    𝑉2

    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉
    𝑉1

    𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
    𝐶
    𝑃= 𝑘
    𝑉
    𝑉2
    𝑑𝑉
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =𝐶∫ 𝑘
    𝑉
    𝑉1
    𝑉2

    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑉 −𝑘 𝑑𝑉
    𝑉1

    𝑣 𝑛+1
    𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = −𝑘
    𝑛+1
    𝑉 −𝑘+1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶 [ ] 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑉1 𝑡𝑜 𝑉2
    −𝑘 + 1
    𝑉2 −𝑘+1 𝑉1 −𝑘+1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =𝐶[ − ]
    −𝑘 + 1 −𝑘 + 1
    𝑉2 −𝑘+1 − 𝑉1 −𝑘+1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =𝐶[ ]
    1−𝑘
    𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
    −𝑘+1 −𝑘+1
    𝑉2 − 𝑉1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃𝑉 𝑘 [ ]
    1−𝑘
    [𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘 ][𝑉2 −𝑘+1 ] − [𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 ][𝑉1 −𝑘+1 ]
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
    1−𝑘
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘
    𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘−𝑘+1 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘−𝑘+1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
    1−𝑘
    𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
    1−𝑘
    3. Change in Enthalpy
    ∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
    4. Change in Internal Energy
    ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇
    5. Heat
    𝑄=0
    6. Change in Entropy [s=C]
    ∆𝑠 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 0
    7. Work Steady Flow
    𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
    𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆ℎ = −[ℎ2 − ℎ1 ]
    𝑊𝑆𝐹 = ℎ1 − ℎ2
    Polytropic Process
    Condition:
    𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
    1. Relationship of P, V, and T
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑛 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑛
    𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑛−1
    =[ ]
    𝑇2 𝑉1
    𝑛−1
    𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑛
    =[ ]
    𝑇2 𝑃2
    2. Non-flow Work
    𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
    1−𝑛
    3. Change in Enthalpy
    ∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
    4. Change in Internal Energy
    ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇
    5. Heat
    𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑛 ∆𝑇
    6. Change in Entropy
    𝑇2
    ∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑛 ln
    𝑇1
    7. Work Steady Flow
    𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
    𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑄 − ∆ℎ

    Example:
    Helium (k = 1.666) is compressed
    isentropically from 745 kPaa, 5.1 m3/min,
    5°C to 1765 kPaa. Find the following:
    1. Final volume flow rate in m3/min.
    2. Final temperature in °C.
    3. Work non-flow in kJ/min.
    Given:
    P1 = 745 kPaa
    Ṿ1 = 5.1 m3/min
    T1 = 5°C
    P2 = 1765 kPaa
    Required:
    1. Ṿ2 = ? m3/min
    2. T2 = ? °C
    3. WNF = ? kJ/min
    Solution:
    **Compressed isentropically
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘
    = 𝑉2 𝑘
    𝑃2
    1
    𝑘 𝑘 𝑃1
    1 1 𝑘
    𝑘 𝑘
    [𝑉2 ] = [𝑉1 ] [ ]
    𝑃2
    1
    𝑃1 𝑘
    Ṿ2 = Ṿ1 [ ]
    𝑃2
    1
    3
    𝑚 745 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 1.666
    Ṿ2 = [5.1 ][ ]
    𝑚𝑖𝑛 1765 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
    𝑚3
    Ṿ2 = 3.038975345 (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅 )
    𝑚𝑖𝑛

    2.
    𝑘−1
    𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
    =[ ]
    𝑇1 𝑃1
    𝑘−1
    𝑃2 𝑘
    𝑇2 = 𝑇1 [ ]
    𝑃1
    𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑇1 = 5℃ + 273 = 278 𝐾
    1.666−1
    1765 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎1.666
    𝑇2 = [278 𝐾 ] [ ]
    745 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
    𝑇2 = 392.4553316 𝐾 − 273
    𝑇2 = 119.4553316℃ (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅 )

    3.
    Work Non-Flow in kJ/min
    𝑃2 Ṿ2 − 𝑃1 Ṿ1
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
    1−𝑘
    𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
    [1765 2 ] [3.038975345 ] − [745 2 ] [5.1 ]
    𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
    1 − 1.666
    𝑘𝐽
    𝑊𝑁𝐹 = −2348.786012 (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅)
    𝑚𝑖𝑛

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