Hypothesis

Testing (One
Sample)
By: Hanzel A. Monforte
Revised by: Redwaynne Jester T. Ipapo
Objectives
• At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Understand the significance of formulating and testing the

hypothesis.
2. Know the different methods of testing the hypothesis.
3. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
4. Test the hypothesis using both the Critical Value Approach
and P-Value Method.
5. Calculate the test statistic based on the condition of the
problem.
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Hypothesis
• Hypothesis Testing – a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population.

• Note: Hypothesis testing is an essential procedure in

statistics. A hypothesis test evaluates two mutually exclusive
statements about a population to determine which statement
is best supported by the sample data. When we say that a
finding is statistically significant, it's thanks to a hypothesis
test.

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Hypothesis

• Three Methods in Hypothesis Testing:

a.Traditional Method / Critical-Value
Approach b.P-Value Method
c.Confidence Interval Method

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Hypothesis Testing

• Two Types of Hypotheses:

a. Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝟎) – a statistical hypothesis that states that there is no

significant difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there
is no significant different between two parameters.

b. Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 or 𝑯𝟏) – a statistical hypothesis that states that

there is a significant difference between a parameter and a specific value, or
that there is a significant difference between two parameters.

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Hypothesis
• Types of Tests:
a. One-Tailed Test – indicates that the null hypothesis should be
rejected when the test value is in the critical region on one side of the
mean.
i. Right-Tailed / Upper-Tailed

• 𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≤ 𝒌
• 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 > 𝒌

Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/hypothesis-

testing-the-what-why-and-how-867d382b99ca, Sept 7, 2021.

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Hypothesis
• Types of Tests:
a. One-Tailed Test – indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected
when the test value is in the critical region on one side of the mean.
ii. Left-Tailed / Lower-Tailed

• 𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≥ 𝒌
• 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 < 𝒌

Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/hypothesis-

testing-the-what-why-and-how-867d382b99ca, Sept 7, 2021.

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Hypothesis
• Types of Tests:
b. Two-Tailed Test – indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected when
the test value is in either of the two critical regions.

• 𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 = 𝒌
• 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 ≠ 𝒌

Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/hypothesis-

testing-the-what-why-and-how-867d382b99ca, Sept 7, 2021.

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Hypothesis
• Two Types of Regions:
a. Critical / Rejection Region – the range of values of the test value
that indicates that there is a significant difference; thus, the null
hypothesis should be rejected.
b.Non-Critical / Acceptance Region – the range of values of the
test value that indicates that the difference was probably due to
chance, and that the null hypothesis should not be rejected.

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Hypothesis
• Two Types of Errors:
a. Type I Error (𝑎 Error) –
rejects the null
hypothesis when the
null hypothesis is true.
b.Type II Error (𝖰 Error)
– does not reject the null
hypothesis when the
null hypothesis is false.

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FOUR POSSIBLE
OUTCOMES IN DECISION-
MAKING
Reject Decisions about
Do notthe
Reject Ho
Ho

Ho Is true Type I error Correct decision

Reality
Ho is false Correct decision Type II error

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Hypothesis
• Two Types of Values:
a.Critical Value – separates the critical region from the non-
critical region. This value normally comes from either the
𝑧-table or 𝑡-table.
b.Test Value – test statistic that can be manually calculated
by using a formula.

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Hypothesis
• Steps in Solving Hypothesis Testing:
a. Traditional / Critical-Value Approach
i. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
ii. Find the critical value(s) with the corresponding level of significance and
type of test.
iii. Compute the test value.
iv. Make a decision.
 For right-tailed, reject 𝐻0 if 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≥ 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.
 For left-tailed, reject 𝐻0 if 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.
 For two-tailed, reject 𝐻0 if 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≥ 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 .
v. Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All Rights shs.mapua.edu.
Hypothesis
b.P-Value Method
i. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
ii. Compute the test value.
iii. Find the 𝑝-value.
iv. Make a decision. Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑝 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼.
v. Interpret the result.

• IMPORTANT NOTE: for CO5, we are going to use p-value method for
z- tests ONLY

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Formula for p-value
Given that 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑎
For one tailed:
left-tailed: 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐴(𝑧 < 𝑎)
right-tailed: 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑧 > 𝑎
For two-tailed:
If 𝑎 < 0, then 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 2 𝐴 𝑧 < 𝑎
If 𝑎 > 0, then 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 2[𝐴 𝑧 > 𝑎 ]

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Hypothesis

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All Rights Reserved. shs.mapua.edu.p
Hypothesis
• Some Common Hypothesis Testing Phrases
= ≠ > < ≤ ≥
Is greater
Is not equal Is greater Is less than
Is equal to Is less than than or
to than or equal to
equal to
Is the same Is different
Is above Is below Is at most Is at least
as from
Has not Has
Is higher Is lower
changed changed Is 𝑘 or lower Is 𝑘 or more
than than
from from
Is not the Is longer Is shorter Has a Has a
same as than than minimum of maximum of
Is bigger Is smaller
than than
Is
Is increased decreased
or reduced

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Hypothesis
Examples:

Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses for each of the following situations. Indicate if it
is right-tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed. Identify the claim as well.

1. A group of researchers wishes to test if the mean number of hours spent working per week by
college students who hold jobs is different from 20 hours.

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Hypothesis
Examples:

Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses for each of the following situations. Indicate if it
is right-tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed. Identify the claim as well.

1. A group of researchers wishes to test if the mean number of hours spent working per week by
college students who hold jobs is different from 20 hours.

𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟎 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
This is a two-tailed test.

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Hypothesis

2. One department from a bank wants to test whether or not the bank’s ATM is out of service for an
average of more than 8 hours per month.

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Hypothesis

2. One department from a bank wants to test whether or not the bank’s ATM is out of service for an
average of more than 8 hours per month.

𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≤ 𝟖 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉

𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 > 𝟖 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
This is a right-tailed test.

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Hypothesis
3. A Master’s Degree undergraduate wishes to test if the mean length of experience of airport
security guards is at most 5 years.

4. The Operations Manager of a BPO Company wants to test if the mean time a customer has to
wait on the phone to speak to a representative is less than 18 minutes.

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Hypothesis
3. A Master’s Degree undergraduate wishes to test if the mean length of experience of airport
security guards is at most 5 years.

𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≤ 𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)

𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 > 𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
This is a right-tailed test.

4. The Operations Manager of a BPO Company wants to test if the mean time a customer has to
wait on the phone to speak to a representative is less than 18 minutes.

𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
This is a left-tailed test.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Three Cases:
a. Case I
i. The population standard deviation 𝜎 is known.
ii. The sample size is small (𝑛 < 30).
iii. The population from which the sample is selected is approximately normally distributed.
b. Case II
i. The population standard deviation 𝜎 is known.
ii. The sample size is large (𝑛 ≥ 30).
c. Case III
i. The population standard deviation 𝜎 is known.
ii. The sample size is small (𝑛 < 30).
iii. The population from which the sample is selected is not normally distributed (or the
shape of the distribution is unknown).

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Critical values for z

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Test Statistic for the Population Mean (𝝈 Known)

𝒙ഥ − 𝝁
𝒛=𝝈

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
ൗ𝒏
where 𝒙 = sample mean, 𝝁 = hypothesized population mean,
ഥ
𝜎 = population standard deviation, and n = sample size

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
1. A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors in a certain area is more than
$42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.05, test the
claim that the assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. Assume the population
standard deviation to be $5,230. Use the Critical-Value Approach.
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
1. A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors in a certain area is more than
$42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At 𝛼 = 0.05, test the
claim that the assistant professors earn more than $42,000 per year. Assume the population
standard deviation to be $5,230. Use the Critical-Value Approach.
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.
𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≤ $𝟒𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 > $𝟒𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.
𝛼 = 0.05, Right-Tailed Test
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓 (Critical Value)

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known

STEP 4: Make the decision.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
𝑧= 𝑥ҧ 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟎−𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
−𝜇 =
𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝜎
ൗ𝑛 ൗ 𝟑𝟎

𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟎 (Test Value)

STEP 4: Make the decision.

Since 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 < 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆, fail to reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we fail to reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟏 , there is no sufficient evidence to support the
claim that the average salary of assistant professors in a certain area is more than $42,000.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
2. A researcher claims that the average cost of men’s athletic shoes is less than $80. He selects a
random sample of 36 pairs of shoes from a catalog and finds the following costs (in dollars).
Assuming that the standard deviation for the population is 19.2, is there enough evidence to
support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.10? Use the Critical-Value Approach.

60 70 75 55 80 55
50 40 80 70 50 95
120 90 75 85 80 60
110 65 80 85 85 45
75 60 90 90 60 95
110 85 45 90 70 70

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.

STEP 3: Compute the test value.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.
𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≥ $𝟖𝟎
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 < $𝟖𝟎 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.
𝛼 = 0.10, Left-Tailed Test
𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 (Critical Value)
STEP 3: Compute the test value.

𝑧 = 𝑥ҧ − = 75 − 80
𝜇 19.2
𝜎
ൗ 𝑛 ൗ
36

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 (Test Value)

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
Since 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 < 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆, reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟏 , there is sufficient evidence to support the claim
that the average cost of men’s athletic shoes is less than $80.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
3. Melanie wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and other fees at a four-year
public college is greater than $5,700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year public colleges
and finds the mean to be $5,950. If the population standard deviation is $659, is there enough
evidence to support the claim at 10% level of significance? Use the 𝑃-Value Method.
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Compute the test value.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
3. Melanie wishes to test the claim that the average cost of tuition and other fees at a four-year
public college is greater than $5,700. She selects a random sample of 36 four-year public colleges
and finds the mean to be $5,950. If the population standard deviation is $659, is there enough
evidence to support the claim at 10% level of significance? Use the 𝑃-Value Method.
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.
𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 ≤ $𝟓, 𝟕𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 > $𝟓, 𝟕𝟎𝟎 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎) Right-tailed test

STEP 2: Compute the test value.

𝑧 = 𝑥ҧ − = 5950 − 5700
𝜇 659
𝜎

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
ൗ 𝑛 ൗ
36
𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 (Test Value)

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known

STEP 4: Make a decision.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
The area to the left of the test value z = 2.28 is 0.9887.
So that area to the right of the test value z is 1 – 0.9887 = 0.0113.
Thus, p-value = 0.0113

STEP 4: Make a decision.

Since 𝒑 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟑 < 𝑎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎, reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟏 , there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that
the average cost of tuition and other fees at a four-year public college is greater than $5,700.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
4. A physicist claims that the average wind speed in a certain city is 8 miles per hour. A sample of 32
days has an average wind speed of 8.2 miles per hour with a population standard deviation of 0.6
mile per hour. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the claim? Use the 𝑃-Value Method.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Compute the test value.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
4. A physicist claims that the average wind speed in a certain city is 8 miles per hour. A sample of 32
days has an average wind speed of 8.2 miles per hour with a population standard deviation of 0.6
mile per hour. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the claim? Use the 𝑃-Value Method.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 = 𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 Two-tailed test

STEP 2: Compute the test value.

𝑧 = 𝑥ҧ − = 8.2 − 8
𝜎 0.6

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈 ൗ
ൗ 𝑛 32
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 (Test Value)

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known

STEP 4: Make a decision.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
The area to the left of the positive test value z = 1.89 is 0.9706. Its area to the right is 0.0294. Since
this is two-tailed, this means that it is 0.0294 from the left and 0.0294 from the right. Therefore, 𝑝 −
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 2 0.0294 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖.

STEP 4: Make a decision.

Since 𝒑 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖 > 𝑎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, fail to reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we fail to reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟎 , there is no sufficient evidence to reject the
claim that the average wind speed in a certain city is 8 miles per hour.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
5. The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation claims that the average cost of rehabilitation for
stroke victims is $24,672. To see if the average cost of rehabilitation is different at a particular
hospital, a researcher selects a random sample of 35 stroke victims at a hospital, and finds that the
average cost of rehabilitation is $25,226. The population standard deviation is $3,251. At 5% level of
significance, can the claim be rejected? Use the Critical-Value Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
5. The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation claims that the average cost of rehabilitation for
stroke victims is $24,672. To see if the average cost of rehabilitation is different at a particular
hospital, a researcher selects a random sample of 35 stroke victims at a hospital, and finds that the
average cost of rehabilitation is $25,226. The population standard deviation is $3,251. At 5% level of
significance, can the claim be rejected? Use the Critical-Value Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 = $𝟐𝟒, 𝟔𝟕𝟐 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 ≠ $𝟐𝟒, 𝟔𝟕𝟐

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.
𝛼 = 0.05, Two-Tailed Test
𝒛𝑎Τ = ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 (Critical Values)
𝟐

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known

STEP 4: Make a decision.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
𝑧 = 𝑥ҧ − = 25226 − 24672
𝜎 3251

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Hypothesis Testing for the Population Mean:
𝝈
Known
ൗ 𝑛 ൗ
35
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 (Test Value)

STEP 4: Make a decision.

Since 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 < 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 , fail to reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we fail to reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟎 , there is no sufficient evidence to reject the
claim that the average cost of rehabilitation for stroke victims is $24,672.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population

Test Statistic for 𝒑

𝒛 = �−𝒑
�𝒑𝒒
ෝ𝒏

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Where 𝒑ෝ = sample proportion, 𝒑 = hypothesized population proportion,
𝒒 = 1 - 𝒑 , and n = sample size

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
1. Population Proportion (𝒑) – obtained by taking the ratio of the number of elements in a
population with a specific characteristic to the total number of elements in the population.

𝑿
𝒑=
𝑵

2. Sample Proportion (��ෝ) – obtained by taking the ratio of the number of elements in a sample
with a specific characteristic to the total number of elements in the sample.

𝒙
𝒑ෝ =
𝒏

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
1. A dietician claims that 60% of people are trying to avoid trans fats in their diets. She randomly
selected 200 people, and found that 128 people stated that they were trying to avoid trans fats in
their diets. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the dietician’s claim? Use the Critical-
Value Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
1. A dietician claims that 60% of people are trying to avoid trans fats in their diets. She randomly
selected 200 people, and found that 128 people stated that they were trying to avoid trans fats in
their diets. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the dietician’s claim? Use the Critical-
Value Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

𝑯𝟎: 𝒑 = 𝟔𝟎% (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
𝑯𝟏: 𝒑 ≠ 𝟔𝟎%

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.
𝛼 = 0.05, Two-Tailed Test
𝒛𝑎Τ 𝟐

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 Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
= ±𝟏.
𝟗𝟔
(Critic
al
Value
)

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
STEP 3: Compute the test value.

Solve for the test value.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
STEP 3: Compute the test value.
𝑝 = 128
200

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
STEP 3: Compute the test value.
𝑝Ƹ = 0.64

Solve for the test value.

�− 𝑝 0.64 − 0.60
� =
𝑧=
𝑝𝑞 0.600.40
𝑛 200
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 (Test Value)

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
Since 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 < 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 , fail to reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we fail to reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟎 , there is no sufficient evidence to reject the
dietician’s claim that 60% of people are trying to avoid trans fats in their diets.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
2. An attorney claims that more than 25% of all lawyers advertise. A sample of 140 lawyers in a
certain city showed that 42 had used some form of advertising. At 1% level of significance, is
there enough evidence to support the claim? Use the 𝑃-Value Method.
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Compute the test value.

Solve for ��ෝ.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
2. An attorney claims that more than 25% of all lawyers advertise. A sample of 140 lawyers in a
certain city showed that 42 had used some form of advertising. At 1% level of significance, is
there enough evidence to support the claim? Use the 𝑃-Value Method.
STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.
𝑯𝟎: 𝒑 ≤ 𝟐𝟓%
𝑯𝟏: 𝒑 > 𝟐𝟓% (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎) Right-tailed test

STEP 2: Compute the test value.

Solve
for 𝒑ෝ.
42

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
𝑝=
140

𝑝Ƹ = 0.30

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion

STEP 3: Find the 𝒑-value.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
�− 𝑝 0.30 − 0.25
�𝑝𝑞 =
𝑧= 𝑛

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
0.250.75
140

𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 (Test Value)

STEP 3: Find the 𝒑-value.

The area to the left of 𝑧 = 1.37 is 0.9147.
Since it is right-tailed, 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 1 − 0.9147 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟑.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for
the Population
Proportion
Since 𝒑 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 > 𝑎, fail to reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we fail to reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟏 , there is no sufficient evidence to support the
attorney’s claim that more than 25% of all lawyers advertise.

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Three Cases:
a. Case I
i. The population standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown.
ii. The sample size is small (𝑛 < 30).
iii. The population from which the sample is selected is approximately normally
distributed.
b. Case II
i. The population standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown.
ii. The sample size is large (𝑛 ≥ 30).
c. Case III
i. The population standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown.
ii. The sample size is small (𝑛 < 30).
iii. The population from which the sample is selected is not normally distributed (or the
shape of the distribution is unknown).
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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈

Test Statistic for the Population Mean (𝝈 Unknown)

𝒕 = 𝒙ഥ − 𝝁
𝒔
ൗ 𝒏

where 𝒙 = sample mean, 𝝁 = hypothesized population mean,

ഥ
s = sample standard deviation, and n = sample size

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
1. A medical investigator claims that the average number of infections per week at a hospital in
Southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean number of 17.7
infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence to support the
investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the Traditional Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
1. A medical investigator claims that the average number of infections per week at a hospital in
Southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean number of 17.7
infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence to support the
investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Use the Traditional Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.
𝛼 = 0.05 with df = n − 1 = 10 − 1 = 9, Two-Tailed Test
𝒕𝑎Τ 𝟐

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 Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
= ±𝟐.
𝟐𝟔𝟐
(Criti
cal
Value
s)

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown

STEP 4: Make a decision.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
𝑡 = 𝑥ҧ − = 17.7 − 16.3
𝜇 1.8
𝑠
ൗ 𝑛 ൗ
10
𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟎 (Test Value)

STEP 4: Make a decision.

Since 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 > 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 , reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟎 , there is no sufficient evidence to support the claim
that the average number of infections per week at a hospital in Southwestern Pennsylvania is

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
16.3.

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
2. An educator claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in school districts in Allegheny
County, Pennsylvania is at least $60 per day. A random sample of school districts is selected, and
the daily salaries (in dollars) are as follows: 60, 56, 60, 55, 70, 55, 60, and 55. Is there enough
evidence to support the educator’s claim at 99% confidence? Use the Critical-Value Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.

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•
Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
2. An educator claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in school districts in Allegheny
County, Pennsylvania is at least $60 per day. A random sample of school districts is selected, and
the daily salaries (in dollars) are as follows: 60, 56, 60, 55, 70, 55, 60, and 55. Is there enough
evidence to support the educator’s claim at 99% confidence? Use the Critical-Value Approach.

STEP 1: Formulate the hypotheses and identify the claim.

𝑯𝟎: 𝛍 ≥ $𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒂𝒚 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎)
𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 < $𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒂𝒚

STEP 2: Find the critical value with the corresponding level of significance and type of test.
𝛼 = 0.01 with 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 7, Left-Tailed Test
𝒕 = −𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟖 (Critical Value)

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
Solve for the sample
mean. 𝒙 ∑𝒙 𝟒𝟕𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
= 𝒏 = 𝟖
ഥ
Calculate the sample standard deviation.

𝑠= ∑ 𝑥 −ҧ𝑥 =
2 60 − 58.875 2 + 56 − 58.875 2 + ⋯ + 55 − 58.875 2

𝑛−1 8−1
𝑠 = 5.082691568

Solve for the test value.

𝑡 = 𝑥ҧ − 𝜇
𝑠
ൗ𝑛
58.875−60
= 5.082691568
ൗ8
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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 (Test Value)

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈
Unknown
Solve for the sample mean.

Calculate the sample standard deviation.

Solve for the test value.

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Hypothesis Testing for the
Population Mean: 𝝈 Unknown
STEP 4: Make a decision.
Since 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 > 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆, fail to reject 𝑯𝟎.

STEP 5: Interpret the result.

Since we fail to reject 𝑯𝟎 AND the claim is 𝑯𝟎 , there is sufficient evidence to support the
educator’s claim that the average salary of substitute teachers in school districts in Allegheny
County, Pennsylvania is at least $60 per day.

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End of Presentation