Week 4 Measures of Central Tendency For Ungrouped Data

ICTE 1043
Statistical Analysis with Software Application

Week 4
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Recognize and describe the measures of central tendency.

2. Calculate the measures of the center of data.
3. Apply the concept of measures of central tendency to real life situations.
4. Conduct univariate analyses using statistical software or other tools
MeasuresofCentralTendency
 Statistics that describe the location of the distribution

 extent to which all the data values group around a typical or central
value.
Most common measures of central tendency
❑ Mean … average value
❑ Median … middle value of a ranked-ordered group
❑ Mode … most frequent value
The Mean
 the most common measure of central tendency

 the only common measure in which all the values play an equal role
 serves as a balance point in a set of data (like a fulcrum on a seesaw)
 can be applied in at least interval level
 greatly affected by extreme values (avoid using the mean)
The Mean
 the sum of all the data entries divided by the number of entries
Sigma Notation: σ 𝑥 = add all the data entries (x) in the data set
Population Mean: µ = σ𝑥
𝑁
Sample Mean: 𝑥ҧ= σ𝑥

𝑛
The Mean –Finding aSampleMean
Example 1. The Statistics exam scores for a sample of 20 students are as follows:
50 53 59 59 63 63 72 72 72 72 72 76 78 81 83 84 84 87 90
93. Calculate the mean score of the students.
Solution:
The sum of the scores is
σ𝑥 = 50 + 53 + 59 + 59 + 63 + 63 +72 +72 +72 + 72 + 72 + 76 + 78 + 81 +
83 + 84 + 84 + 87 + 90 + 93
= 1463
The Mean –Finding aSample Mean
To find the mean score, divide the sum of the scores by the number of scores in the
sample data
𝑥ҧ= σ𝑥 = 1463
20 = 73.15
𝑛
The mean score of the students in the Statistics exam is 73.15

The Mean –Finding aSampleMean
Example 2. A bank branch located in a commercial district of a city has developed

an improved process for serving customers during the noon-to-1:00 p.m. lunch
period. The waiting time, in minutes (defined as the time the customer enters the
line to when he or she reaches the teller window), of a sample of 15 customers
during this hour is recorded over a period of one week. The results are listed
below:
4.21 5.13 3.54 6.10 6.46
5.55 4.77 3.20 0.38 6.19
3.02 2.34 4.50 5.12 3.79
What is the average waiting time?

The Mean –Finding aSample Mean
Solution:
𝑥ҧ= σ𝑥
𝑛
4.21+ 5.55+ 3.02+ 5.13 +4.77+ 2.34+ 3.54 +3.20 +4.50+ 6.10+ 0.38 +5.12 +6.46+ 6.19 +3.79
=
15
= 64.3
15
= 4.29
The average waiting time is 4.29

The Median
 the middle value in a set of data that has been ordered from smallest to
largest
If the data set has
▪ odd number of entries, the median is the middle data entry
▪ even number of entries, the median is the mean of the 2 middle data
entries.
 a positional measure; not affected by extreme values
 can be applied in at least ordinal
Finding theMedian
Example 1. The Statistics exam scores for a sample of 20 students are as follows: 50
53 59 59 63 63 72 72 72 72 72 76 78 81 83 84 84 87 90 93.
Calculate the median score of the students.
Solution:
Make sure the data is ordered.
50 53 59 59 63 63 72 72 72 72 72 76 78 81 83 84 84 87 90 93
Since there are 20 entries (an even number), the median is the mean of the two middle
entries (i.e. tenth and eleventh entries)
median =
72+72 = 72 . The median score is 72
2
Finding theMedian
Example 2. Suppose the three scores of 72 are removed from the data set in
Example 1, what is the median score?
Solution:
50 53 59 59 63 63 72 72 76 78 81 83 84 84 87 90 93
Since there are 17 entries (an odd number), the median is the middle entry or the
ninth score.
The median score is 76.
The Mode
 The data entry that occurs most frequently

 A data set can have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode.
 Not affected by extreme values
 Can be used for qualitative as well as quantitative data
Finding theMode
Example 1. The Statistics exam scores for a sample of 20 students are as follows: 50 53
59 59 63 63 72 72 72 72 72 76 78 81 83 84 84 87 90 93. Determine
the modal score.
Solution:
Ordering the data helps to find the mode.
50 53 59 59 63 63 72 72 72 72 72 76 78 81 83 84 84 87 90 93
The score of 72 occurs five times, so the modal score of the Statistics exam is 72.
Finding theMode
Example 2. By the end of 2019, in the Philippines, Facebook had over 146
million users. The table shows three age groups and the number of users in each
age group. What age group has the most number of Facebook users?
Age Group Number of Facebook Users (f)

13 - 25 65,082,280
26 - 44 53,300,200
45 - 64 27,885,100
Finding theMode
Solution:
Age Group Number of Facebook Users (f)
13 - 25 65,082,280
26 - 44 53,300,200
45 - 64 27,885,100
The age group with the most number (mode) of Facebook users is 13-25.
ComparingtheMean, Median andMode
Example
Find the mean, median, and mode of the sample ages of a class shown. Which
measure of central tendency best describes a typical entry of this data set? Are
there any outliers?
Age in Class
20 20 20 20 20 20 21
21 21 21 22 22 22 23
23 23 23 24 24 65
Solution:
𝑥ҧ= σ𝑥 = 20 + 20 + … + 24 +65 +20 ≈ 23.8 years
𝑛 20
Median = 21 + 22 = 21.5 years

2
Mode = 20 years (the entry occurring with the greatest frequency)
 The mean takes every entry into account, but is influenced by the outlier of 65.
 The median also takes every entry into account, and it is not affected by the outlier.
 In this case the mode exists, but it doesn't appear to represent a typical entry.
Sometimes a graphical comparison can help you decide which measure of central
tendency best represents a data set.
In this case, it appears that the

median best describes the data set.
CalculatingtheMean, Median andMode Using OnlineCalculator
STEPS
1. Search Online Calculator for Statistics from the Web or use this link:
https://www.socscistatistics.com/descriptive/averages/default.aspx
2. To create a frequency distribution table, use the Frequency Distribution

Calculator
This tool provides a snapshot view of the characteristics of a dataset. The
calculator will also spit out a number of other descriptors of your data -
mean, median, skewness, and so on.
CalculatingtheMean, Median andMode UsingOnlineCalculator
3. Enter your data into the textbox, either The following tables are generated
one value per line or as a comma delimited
list, and then hit the "Generate" button.
4. Edit the frequency distribution table by Edited table in terms of the number of
using the tool below classes and by specifying the class range.
Edited frequency distribution table 5. Now, to find the Mean, Median and Mode,
click the Descriptive Statistics as shown
Calculating theMean, Median andMode Using OnlineCalculator
6. Select the required statistical tool (Mean, 7. Enter the values in the textbox. In this case
Median, Mode) from the Tools for we use the same data (scores in Stat exam -
Descriptive Statistics. interval)
Calculating theMean, Median andMode Using OnlineCalculator
8 . Hit on ‘Calculate’ button

Based on the result,
Mean = 73.15
Median = 72
Mode = 72
PracticeDrill
1. A bank branch located in a residential area is concerned with the noon-to-1:00 p.m. lunch
hour. The waiting time, in minutes (defined as the time the customer enters the line to when
he or she reaches the teller window), of a sample of 15 customers during this hour is
recorded over a period of one week. The results are listed below:
9.66 5.90 8.02 5.79 8.73 3.82 8.01 8.35

10.49 6.68 5.64 4.08 6.17 9.91 5.47
a. Compute the mean, median, and mode.

b. As a customer walks into the branch office during the lunch hour, he asks the branch
manager how long he can expect to wait. The branch manager replies, “Almost certainly
less than five minutes.” On the basis of the results in (a), evaluate the accuracy of this
statement.
Answers
1. a. 𝑥ҧ= 7.11, Median = 6.68, Mode = No mode

b. The mean waiting time is more than 5 minutes. The manager overstated the
bank’s service record in responding that the customer would “almost certainly”
not wait longer than 5 minutes for service.

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ICTE 1043

Statistical Analysis with Software Application

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Recognize and describe the measures of central tendency.

 Statistics that describe the location of the distribution

 the most common measure of central tendency

Sample Mean: 𝑥ҧ= σ𝑥

The mean score of the students in the Statistics exam is 73.15

Example 2. A bank branch located in a commercial district of a city has developed

What is the average waiting time?

The average waiting time is 4.29

 The data entry that occurs most frequently

Age Group Number of Facebook Users (f)

Median = 21 + 22 = 21.5 years

In this case, it appears that the

2. To create a frequency distribution table, use the Frequency Distribution

8 . Hit on ‘Calculate’ button

9.66 5.90 8.02 5.79 8.73 3.82 8.01 8.35

a. Compute the mean, median, and mode.

1. a. 𝑥ҧ= 7.11, Median = 6.68, Mode = No mode

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