Module CC 101 Introduction To Computing

Reference No: KLL-FO-ACAD-000 | Effectivity Date: August 3, 2020 | Revisions No.
: 00
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affordable education for all qualified clients. with fear of God and love of country and fellowmen.
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provide the clients with reach and substantial, relevant, wide range of academic disciplines, expose them to varied curricular and co-
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transformations.
Learning Module
in
CC 101
Introduction to Computing
Name: _________________________________________________________
(Last name, First Name MI.)
Course, Year & Section: ___________________________________________

Address: _______________________________________________________
I. COURSE CODE/TITLE: CC 101 / Introduction to Computing
Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas 4217 | https://www.facebook.com/KLLOfficial/

II. SUBJECT MATTER: LESSON 1. Industry in the Profession
Time frame: 1 hour
III. COURSE OUTCOME:

A. Identify the professions that will require computing knowledge and skills
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
Before we begin discussing things about the different industries that cater to your course (BSCS or
ACT) let’s discuss first some important things about computing.
WHAT IS COMPUTING?
Computing is any activity that uses computers to manage, process, and

communicate information for various purposes. It includes development of both
hardware and software. Computing is a critical, integral component of modern
industrial technology. Major computing disciplines include computer
engineering, software engineering, computer science, information systems,
and information technology.
The ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTING MACHINERY (ACM) is an
international learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947 and is the
world's largest scientific and educational computing society. The ACM is a non-
profit professional membership group, claiming nearly 100,000 student and
professional members as of 2019. Its headquarters are in New York City. The
ACM is an umbrella organization for academic and scholarly interests in
computer science. Its motto is "Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession".

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of

arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations,
called programs. These programs enable computers to perform an extremely
wide range of tasks. A "complete" computer including the hardware, the
operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment required and used for "full"
operation can be referred to as a computer system. This term may as well be used for a group of
computers that are connected and work together, in particular a computer network or computer
cluster.
BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTING
The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern
computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for
chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables.
Computing is intimately tied to the representation of numbers. But long before abstractions
like the number arose, there were mathematical concepts to serve the purposes of civilization.
[clarification needed] These concepts include one-to-one correspondence (the basis of counting),
comparison to a standard (used for measurement), and the 3-4-5 right triangle (a device for
assuring a right angle).
The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was
thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC. Its original style of
usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles. Abaci, of a more modern
design, are still used as calculation tools today. This was the first known
calculation aid - preceding Greek methods by 2,000 years.
The first recorded idea of using digital electronics for computing was the 1931 paper "The
Use of Thyratrons for High Speed Automatic Counting of Physical Phenomena" by C. E. Wynn-
Williams. Claude Shannon's 1938 paper "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"
then introduced the idea of using electronics for Boolean algebraic operations.
A thyratron is a type of gas-filled tube used as a high-power electrical switch and

controlled rectifier.

COMPUTER INDUSTRY
The computer industry is made up of all of the businesses involved in

developing computer software, designing computer hardware and computer
networking infrastructures, the manufacture of computer components and the
provision of information technology services including system administration
and maintenance.
SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
The software industry includes businesses engaged in development,

maintenance and publication of software. The industry also includes software
services, such as training, documentation, and consulting.
V. ACTIVITY
Do you
Have own
you something
done somethingthatthat
youyou
would consider
would as a
consider as
computer? Ifbased
“computing” yes, what is it?
on the definition stated above?
What do you think is the reason why computer was

invented?
Write your answers here:
Which of the two industries mentioned above will you

enter after you graduate?

VI. OUTPUT(RESULT)
Submit your output in hard copy or soft copy @ our group chat messenger /
salazarjoshuaanuada@gmail.com.
NAME:________________________________ DATE ACCOMPLISHED:___________

COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
VII. EVALUATION
Instruction: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the word that best matches the definition stated
on each number. Write your answer on the right column blank. 1 point each.

1. Any activity that uses computers to manage, process, and communicate
information for various purposes.
a. Computer c. Computing 1._______
b. Computers d. Networking
2. It was founded in 1947 and is the world's largest scientific and educational
computing society.
a. IEEE c. INTEL 2.
_______
b. ACM d. MICROSOFT
3. A machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical

operations automatically via computer programming.
a. Laptop c. Computer 3.
_______
b. Desktop d. Internet
4. A complete computer.
a. Computer Hardware c. Operating System
4. ______
b. Computer Software d. Computer System
5. A group of computers that are connected and work together.

a. Computer Network c. Internet
5. ______
b. Computer Server d. Computer Terminal
6. The earliest known tool for use in computation.

a. Fingers c. Abacus
6. ______
b. Sticks d. Ropes and knots

7. What year was the first recorded idea of using digital electronics for computing.
a. 2400BC c. 1938
7. ______
b. 2000BC d. 1931
8. A type of gas-filled tube used as a high-power electrical switch and controlled

rectifier.
a. Vacuum tube c. Transistor 8. ______
b. Thyratron d. Diode
9. An industry that is made up of all of the businesses involved in developing

computer software, designing computer hardware and computer networking
infrastructures, the manufacture of computer components and the provision of
information technology services including system administration and maintenance. 9. ______
a. Computer Industry c. Automated Industry
b. Software Industry d. Robotics Industry
10. An industry which includes businesses engaged in development, maintenance

and publication of software.
10. _____
a. Computer Industry c. Automated Industry
b. Software Industry d. Robotics Industry
Rubrics:
Scor Grade Equivalent
Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%

4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%
REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing
II. SUBJECT MATTER: LESSON 2. Different specialization in the field of computers

Time frame: 1 hour

A. Identify the different specialization in the field of computers and computing.
B. Know some of the different jobs suited to your course.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
SUB-DISCIPLINES OF COMPUTING
COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical
engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software.
Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering),
software design, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or
electronic engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects
of computing, from the design of individual microprocessors, personal computers, and
supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on the design of
hardware within its own domain, but as well the interactions between hardware and the world
around it.
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Software engineering (SE) is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable
approach to the design, development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of
these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software. In layman's terms, it is the
act of using insights to conceive, model and scale a solution to a problem. The first reference to
the term is the 1968 NATO Software Engineering Conference and was meant to provoke thought
regarding the perceived "software crisis" at the time. Software development, a much used and
more generic term, does not necessarily subsume the engineering paradigm. The generally
accepted concepts of Software Engineering as an engineering discipline have been specified in
the Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK). The SWEBOK has
become an internationally accepted standard ISO/IEC TR 19759:2015.
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS or Comp Sci) is the scientific
and practical approach to computation and its applications. A computer scientist specializes in
the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.
Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in
computer systems and purely theoretical areas. Some, such as computational complexity theory,
which studies fundamental properties of computational problems, are highly abstract, while
others, such as computer graphics, emphasize real-world applications. Still others focus on the
challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies
approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself
investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems, and
human–computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations
useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS

"Information systems (IS)" is the study of complementary networks of hardware and
software that people, and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.
The ACM's Computing Careers website says "A majority of IS [degree] programs are located in
business schools; however, they may have different names such as management information
systems, computer information systems, or business information systems. All IS degrees
combine business and computing topics, but the emphasis between technical and organizational
issues varies among programs. For example, programs differ substantially in the amount of
programming required.
The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of
information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes
within a computer science discipline.
COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM(S) (CIS)

This field studies computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their
software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society while IS
emphasizes functionality over design.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications
equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or
other enterprise. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer
networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television
and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer
hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and
computer services.
SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATION
A system administrator, IT systems administrator, systems administrator, or sysadmin is a
person employed to maintain and operate a computer system or network. The duties of a system
administrator are wide-ranging and may vary substantially from one organization to another.
Sysadmins are usually charged with installing, supporting and maintaining servers or other
computer systems, and planning for and responding to service outages and other problems.
Other duties may include scripting or light programming, project management for systems-related
projects, supervising or training computer operators, and being the consultant for computer
problems beyond the knowledge of technical support staff.

RESEARCH AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
DNA-based computing and quantum computing are areas of active research in both
hardware and software (such as the development of quantum algorithms). Potential infrastructure
for future technologies includes DNA origami on photolithography and quantum antennae for
transferring information between ion traps. By 2011, researchers had entangled 14 qubits. Fast
digital circuits (including those based on Josephson junctions and rapid single flux quantum
technology) are becoming more nearly realizable with the discovery of nanoscale
superconductors.
Fiber-optic and photonic (optical) devices, which already have been used to transport data over
long distances, have started being used by data centers, side by side with CPU and
semiconductor memory components. This allows the separation of RAM from CPU by optical
interconnects.[49] IBM has created an integrated circuit with both electronic and optical
information processing in one chip. This is denoted "CMOS-integrated nanophotonic" or (CINP).
One benefit of optical interconnects is that motherboards which formerly required a certain kind of
system on a chip (SoC) can now move formerly dedicated memory and network controllers off
the motherboards, spreading the controllers out onto the rack. This allows standardization of
backplane interconnects and motherboards for multiple types of SoCs, which allows more timely
upgrades of CPUs.
CAREER OPTIONS WITH YOUR DEGREE
Associate Degree (ex. ACT)

Computer Support Specialist, Computer Technician, Web Master
1. COMPUTER SUPPORT SPECIALIST - A computer support specialist assists users who
are having problems with software, computers, or peripherals such as printers or
scanners. Some—called computer user support specialists—assist companies' customers,
while others—known as computer network support specialists—provide in-house support
to an organizations' information technology (IT) staff.
2. COMPUTER TECHNICIAN - A computer repair technician is a person who repairs and
maintains computers and servers. The technician's responsibilities may extend to include
building or configuring new hardware, installing and updating software packages, and
creating and maintaining computer networks.
3. WEB MASTER – a person managing every aspect of a web site's design, content,
functionality and marketing.

Bachelor's Degree: (ex. BSCS)
A. COMPUTER SUPPORT SPECIALIST - A computer support specialist assists users who
are having problems with software, computers, or peripherals such as printers or
scanners. Some—called computer user support specialists—assist companies' customers,
while others—known as computer network support specialists—provide in-house support
to an organizations' information technology (IT) staff.
B. COMPUTER PROGRAMMER - A computer programmer creates the code for software
applications and operating systems. After a software developer designs a computer
program, the programmer writes code that converts that design into a set of instructions a
computer can follow. They test the program to look for errors and then rewrite it until it is
error-free. The programmer continues to evaluate programs that are in use, making
updates and adjustments as needed.
C. SOFTWARE DEVELOPER - Software developers are the creative minds behind software
programs, and they have the technical skills to build those programs or to oversee their
creation by a team. They create software that enables users to perform specific tasks on
computer devices. Those tasks might involve playing a game, watching a movie, writing a
business letter, or building a spreadsheet. Specialized software is created or customized
for virtually every profession, industry, and government department.
D. WEB DEVELOPER - The general definition of a “web developer” is someone who creates
website and web applications. Some developers are more responsible for the appearance
of the site, while others focus on the "backend" (Back-end developers are responsible for
and focus on the inner workings of web applications to build out the "server-side" of web
applications. Server-side is the code and language that runs behind the scenes on the
web server) and performance. Some developers even do both
E. COMPUTER SYSTEM ANALYST - Computer systems analysts help companies or other
organizations use computer technology effectively and efficiently. They incorporate new
technology into current systems after doing cost-benefit analyses to determine whether it
is financially sound and will serve the entity well. There are three types of computer
systems analysts. Systems designers or architects find technical solutions that match
the long-term goals of companies or organizations. Software quality assurance (QA)
analysts test and diagnose problems in computer systems. Programmer analysts
develop and write code for software that meets their employers' or clients' needs.
Master's Degree: Advanced positions in any of the above occupations

Doctoral Degree: Professor
V. ACTIVITY
Marawoy,Of
Lipacourse, the 4217
City, Batangas careers discussed are just options,
still you
| https://www.facebook.com/KLLOfficial/
can decide what you want to be after you graduate and that
is?
VI. OUTPUT(RESULT)
COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
VII. EVALUATION
Instruction: IDENTIFICATION. Determine what is being asked from the each of the following
statements. Write your answer for each statement on the right column blank. (1 point each
number).
1. A discipline that integrates several fields of electrical
engineering and computer science required to develop
1._____________________
computer hardware and software.
2. The application of a systematic, disciplined,

quantifiable approach to the design, development,
2.
operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of
_______________________
these approaches.
3. The scientific and practical approach to computation

3.
and its applications.
_______________________
4. The application of computers and telecommunications

equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate
4.
data, often in the context of a business or other
_______________________
enterprise.
5. A degree you have to attain for you to become a

5.
Professor.
_______________________

6. Helps companies or other organizations use computer
6.
technology effectively and efficiently.
_______________________
7. Someone who creates website and web applications. 7.

_______________________
8. The creative minds behind software programs, and
they have the technical skills to build those programs or 8.
to oversee their creation by a team. _______________________
9. Creates the code for software applications and

9.
operating systems.
_______________________
10. Assists users who are having problems with

software, computers, or peripherals such as printers or 10.
scanners. _______________________
Rubrics:
Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%
4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%

REFERENCES
https://www.acm.org/education/resources-for-grads
II. SUBJECT MATTER: LESSON 3. Computing in the different fields

Time frame: 2 hour

A. Show appreciation the application of computers in the different fields.
B. Identify different fields that uses computers as their primary tool in achieving their purpose.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
USES OF COMPUTER IN INDUSTRY

Computers are used in industry in different types of systems.
1. Computer-Controlled Robots are Used in Industry - Computer-controlled robots are
used to perform many complicated jobs in industry. Robots are computer controlled
programmable machines. They can perform mechanical jobs, too, like pick and place different
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_U21fT8VLp0
parts, welding or painting cars etc.

2. Automated Production Systems - Today, computer-controlled robots are used to
assemble cars. No doubt, these systems work faster than human beings. Another popular and
efficient use for computer-controlled robots is in the field of spray painting. The consistency and
repeatability of a robot's motion have enabled near perfect quality painting while at the same time
wasting no paint and leaving no place without paint.
Perhaps the most popular applications of robots are in industrial welding. The repeat-
ability, uniformity in quality, and speed of robotic welding is unmatched.
Computer controlled Robots can be found in the manufacturing industry, the military,
space exploration, transportation, and medical applications.
v=P7fi4hP_y80
3. Computer-aided manufacturing - Computer-aided manufacturing is the manufacturing

technique that uses computers or computerized automated machines and robots to control the
manufacturing of all parts of a product. Therefore, all manufacturing process is managed by
computer systems with the help of specially designed software and hardware.
The main advantages of using Computer aided manufacturing technique is:
a. Product is manufactured up to the standards with great accuracy.
b. The product quality is high and consistent.
v=FdipJNG_vV8
c. The CAM reduces the cost of the production.
4. Design Systems - Computer Aided Design - There exist many computer programs
used to design the model of a product on the computer system. This process is called Computer
Aided Design or CAD. This is due to Computer Aided Design techniques that we can test the

designed product with the help of computer. When the design is completed successfully, the
actual product is manufactured. This will reduce the cost and risk of failure.
v=EPwOgh-M_ok

USES OF COMPUTERS IN THE BUSINESS
COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR COMMUNICATION
When it comes to establishing contact with clients, computers are a vital tool; they are also vital
when it comes to maintaining that contact. This is a very important computer application in
business, enabling a business to communicate with its clients via email, IM, Skype, collaboration
software, and via various other
communication solutions that a business
might wish to use.
When a business can keep in touch with its clients, it becomes easier for the clients to make
inquiries of the business or to ask for more information about the services and products the
business offers. It also becomes easier for the business to offer customer support to its clients in
a timely, efficient manner. The business will also be able to keep the clients updated about any
new developments concerning the business.
Communication goes beyond a business' clients. A business also needs to communicate with its
employees, and computers play an important role. Rather than have time-wasting one-on-one
meetings with employees, managers can simply email their employees or they can message
them on any other acceptable communication platform. This saves time, and it also improves the
internal communication of the business.
COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR MARKETING

Computers allow a business to perform a variety of tasks. For starters, with the help of the
internet, computers help put a business on the map. With a computer, a business’s team of IT
developers can create a professional website complete with enticing graphics and content with
different forms of media, such as text, images, and videos. They can do search engine
optimization – SEO – for the website so that it appears prominently in Google’s search results,
which then attracts traffic, which, ultimately, will enable the business to sell those products to
website visitors.
With a computer, a business can create and

execute entire marketing campaigns that span
across every social media platform on the internet. The business can create ads to run on
websites and social media platforms, using special software, and it can also buy marketing

services from other businesses – all connected to the internet. The computer is likely the greatest
marketing device ever built!
COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR ACCOUNTING

Accounting is a function in which accuracy is of the utmost importance. When you perform
accounting functions – and you have nothing nothing except pen and paper - and you're relying
solely on brain power, you expose yourself to errors. Accounting software helps prevent that from
happening.
Accounting software enables a business to quickly and

accurately obtain large- and small-scale pictures of the company's financial situation. All the
employees need to do is to input his financial information into the software and – with a few clicks
– the employees understand everything about the financial health of the business' operations.
Computers are also critical for tasks such as invoicing clients; maintaining data about debtors
and creditors; calculating payroll, calculating and filing tax forms, as well as for a lot of other
functions.
With the computer, accountants can now focus on the higher-level picture of a business’s
finances, leaving the lower level stuff to the machines.
COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR STORAGE

Businesses have come a long way from the era of filing cabinets thanks to computers. Although a
filing cabinet will occupy a very large space but will store only a small amount of information, a
computer will occupy only a fraction of that space but it will store thousands of times the amount
of information. With computers and servers, businesses are able to store and sort millions of files,
to enable the business to access at any time.
Computers also enable a business to store its data in different
ways. The business could store the data in a central location,
and it could have other computers on the network access the
data whenever the business needs to; when the business has
the permission to; or, when the business could store the data locally on individual
computers.
Not only is digital storage much larger than physical storage in terms of capacity, but it is also
much more efficient because of the level of sorting that takes place, which is one of the greatest

benefits of the computer. Digital storage is also more secure, as it is more difficult to lose or steal
files from a well-protected database.
COMPUTERS ARE USED TO PRODUCE DOCUMENTS

Most businesses will need to produce numerous documents, either in the form of written
documents or spreadsheets. Computers provide word processors and spreadsheet software to
help with this.
With these two types of software, a business can

generate virtually everything, from memos to letters to
tutorials to reports to ads for the company’s services and products or company events.
With spreadsheet applications, a business has the power to manipulate alphanumeric data and
organize it into tables, charts, graphs, and reports. Another kind of software that businesses
make use of is presentation software. With presentation software, a business can make slides for
presentations, either internal ones or external ones meant for clients. Businesses can also make
letters, memos, and reports, using word processing software, either for disbursement to the client
or for internal use.
In general, a computer has plenty of productivity software that a business can use to make its
functions easier; this is software that enables a business to be much faster and more efficient
that it was only 20 or 30 years ago.
COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES

Computers can be used to educate employees. A business can use a computer to educate the
employees on such things as the company policy, software use, as well as standard procedures
and safety.
Rather than hire teachers to teach its employees, a

business can let employees learn what the employee needs, by learning at their own pace via
webinars and live Q&A sessions. With the internet, a business' employees will have access to a
world of information, and the business will not need to create all of its own educational content.
Computers also enable employees to learn in a way that they enjoy. Employees can learn via
different media, such as videos, text, and even games, enabling them to better understand the
subject matter.

COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR RESEARCH
Computers allow a business to do a variety of things, including research about the competition,
as well as what its customers want. With modern data-mining techniques, a business can acquire
insightful information about its customers and competition from all kinds of places, including
forums, search engines, industry-specific websites and even from social networks.
V. ACTIVITY
ENUMERATION: List down what is asked in the given statement. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. USES OF COMPUTER IN INDUSTRY
a) __________________________
b) __________________________
c) __________________________
d) __________________________
2. USES OF COMPUTER IN THE BUSINESS

5. __________________________
6. __________________________
7. __________________________
8. __________________________
9. __________________________
10.__________________________

VI. OUTPUT(RESULT)

COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
VII. EVALUATION
Instruction: MATCHING TYPE. Match Column A with Column B. Choose the letter of
word/statement in Column A that best matches the word/statement in Column B. Write the letter
of your choice on the right column blank. (1 point each number).
Column A Cloumn B Answer
1. Computer-Controlled Robots A. Sports 1._______
2. Automated Production Systems B. Perform complicated jobs 2._______
3. Computer-aided manufacturing C. On-line class 3._______
4. Computer Aided Design D. Data-mining 4._______
5. Communication E. Spray painting and welding 5._______
6. Marketing F. Automated machines 6._______
7. Accounting G. Designing a model 7._______
8. Storage H. Exchanging information 8._______
9. Producing Documents I. Selling products 9._______
10. Education J. Computations 10.______
11. Research K. Saving files 11.______

L. Printing
Rubrics:

Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%
4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%
REFERENCES
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/uses-computers-business-56844.html
II. SUBJECT MATTER: LESSON 4. Evolution of Computing

Time frame: 15 hours (3 parts)

A. Understand how computers were invented and how it evolved.
B. Know the people behind different computer inventions and its purpose.
C. Understand how old computers work.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
Part 1. Hardware (5 hours)

The electronic computer is one of the most important developments of the twentieth
century. Like the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century, the computer and the information
and communication technology built upon it have drastically changed business, culture,
government and science, and have touched nearly every aspect of our lives. This text introduces
the field of computing and details the fundamental concepts and practices used in the
development of computer applications.
Because software development is based on computer hardware, this chapter will discuss
the general nature of computer hardware and its relationship to software as a way to prepare
students for software development. The authors hope that this text will engage a new generation
of software developers including not only the mathematically and scientifically inclined students
commonly found in programming courses, but also a new generation of students from the arts
and humanities who are finding that computing is as relevant to their fields as it has ever been in
the sciences.
THE HARDWARE
The term computer dates back to the 1600s. However, until the 1950s, the term referred almost
exclusively to a human who performed computations. For human beings, the task of performing
large amounts of computation is one that is laborious, time consuming, and error prone. Thus,
the human desire to mechanize arithmetic is an ancient one.
One of the earliest devices developed for simplifying human arithmetic was the abacus already in
use in ancient

Mesopotamia, Asian, Indian, Persian, Greco-Roman, and
MezoAmerican societies and still in use today in many parts of
the world. Comprised of an organized collection of beads or
stones moved along rods or in grooves, an abacus is, like the
modern computer, a “digital” arithmetic machine, in that its
operations mimic the changes in digits that occur when humans
do basic arithmetic calculations. However, not all of these
abacus systems used decimal – base-10 – numerals; some of these societies used base-16,
base-20, or base-60 numeral systems.
The young French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

invented one of the first gear-based adding machines to help with the
enormous amount of calculations involved in the computing of taxes.
Operationally, the decimal version of the “Pascaline” had much in
common with a genre of calculators that were commonly used by
grocery store shoppers in the U.S. and elsewhere during the 1950s
and 1960s.
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wB80HzF8sM
In 1822, English mathematician Charles Babbage (1792-1871)

unveiled the first phase of his envisioned “Difference Engine” which
also used ten-position gears to represent decimal digits. It was
capable of performing more complex calculations than the basic
arithmetic of an adding machine like the Pascaline. However, the
engineering of the Difference Engine became so complicated that, for
this and other reasons, Babbage abandoned the project.
There are two main difficulties here, illustrating two key concepts in
computing. First, these devices were “mechanical” – i.e., they were
devices that required physically moving and interconnected parts.
Such a device is almost certain to be slower, more prone to failure,
and more difficult to manufacture than a device that has no moving
parts.
In contrast, “electronic” devices such as vacuum tubes of the sort used in early radios have, by
definition, no moving parts.

Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rtKoKFGFSM
Thus, one of the earliest electronic digital computers, the ENIAC

(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)represented each decimal
digit not with a 10-state mechanical device like a gear but, rather,
with a column of 10 vacuum tubes which could electronically turn
on and off to represent the 0-9 counting sequence of a decimal digit
without requiring any physical movement. Engineered by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of
Pennsylvania from 1943 to 1946, the 30-ton ENIAC required
18,000 vacuum tubes, consuming enormous amounts of electrical
power for its day. This is largely because ENIAC required 10
vacuum tubes to represent each decimal digit.
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGk9W65vXNA
In contrast, the first electronic digital computer developed by

John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University from 1937-
1942, like all electronic digital computers today, used a binary – i.e., Base-2
numeral system.
Decimal digits are based on powers of 10, where every digit one moves to
the left represents another power of 10: ones (10 0), tens (101), hundreds
(102), thousands (103), etc. Thus, the decimal number “two hundred fifty-
five” is written as “255” conceiving of it arithmetically as the sum of 2
hundreds, 5 tens, and 5 ones. Thus, to store this number, ENIAC would
only have to turn on 3 vacuum tubes, but there are still a total of 30 vacuum
tubes required just to represent all of the possibilities of these three digits.
On the other hand, binary digits – also known as “bits” -- are based on powers of 2, where
every digit one moves to the left represents another power of 2: ones (2 0), twos (21), fours (102),
eights (103), sixteens (104), etc. Thus, in binary, the number eighteen would be written in Base-2
as 10010, understood arithmetically as the sum of 1 sixteen, 0 eights, 0 fours, 1 two, and 0 ones:

Likewise, the number “two-hundred fifty-five” would be written in binary numerals as 11111111,
conceived arithmetically as the sum of 1 one-hundred twenty eight, 1 sixty-four, 1 thirty-two, 1
sixteen, 1 eight, 1 four, 1 two, and 1 one :
Why on earth would computer engineers choose to build a machine to do arithmetic using such a
cryptic, unfamiliar form of writing numbers as a binary, Base-Two numeral scheme? Here’s why.
In any digital numeral system, each digit must be able to count up to one less than the base.
Thus, in the case of the Base-10 system, counting sequence of each decimal digit runs from 0 up
to 9, and then back to 0. To represent a decimal digit, then, one must be able to account for all
10 possibilities in the counting sequence, 0 through 9, so one must either use a device with ten
possible states, like the ten-position gear used in the Pascaline, or ten separate devices, like the
ten separate vacuum tubes used for each digit in the ENIAC.
However, the binary numeral system is Base-2. Thus, given that its digits also need only to be
able to count as high as one less than the base, this means that the counting sequence of each
binary digit runs from 0 only up to 1, and then back again to 0 already. In other words, whereas
ten different numbers can appear in a decimal digit, 0 through 9, the only number that will ever
appear in a binary digit is a 0 or a 1. Thus, rather than having to account for the 10 possibilities
of a decimal digit, one can represent a binary digit with only a single device that has two possible
states. For example, one could represent each binary digit with a simple on/off switch, where the
“on” position represents a 1 and the “off” position represents a 0:

Similarly, in the Atansoff-Berry Computer, each binary digit could be represented with a single
vacuum tube. Thus, the number “eighteen” could be represented with only 5 vacuum tubes,
instead of the 20 the ENIAC required:
Likewise, the number “two hundred fifty-five” could be represented with only 8 vacuum tubes,
instead of the 30 that ENIAC required:
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thrx3SBEpL8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpk67YzOn5w
Thus, in exchange for the cryptic unfamiliarity of binary representation,

computer engineers gained an efficient way to make electronic digital
computers through the use of two-state electronic devices.
Just as radios with vacuum tubes were superseded by ―transistor
radios‖ beginning in the 1950s, so this ―first generation‖ of digital
computers based on vacuum tubes eventually gave way to a

―second generation‖ that used the transistor as an even faster—and considerably smaller –
non-moving, on-off switch for representing the 1 or 0 of a binary digit.
1. PROCESSORS
It is fairly easy to acquire a basic understanding of how a line of interlocking, 10-position
gears can mimic the operations of decimal arithmetic. But it is far less obvious how an array of
vacuum tubes or transistors, used as electronic on-off switches, mimic the operations of binary
arithmetic.
One helpful analogy is that of a set of dominoes. Imagine a domino exhibition on a late-night talk
show, where a domino champion sets up an elaborate maze of dominoes, knocks one of them
over, and sets off an elaborate chain reaction of falling dominoes, lasting several minutes.
Eventually, the sequence of falling dominoes reaches the end, and the last set of dominoes
tumble over in a grand flourish. Similarly, imagine a set of dominoes on a table where there is a
line of eight dominoes at one end, and another line of eight dominoes at the other end, with a
maze of other dominoes in between. If you were to go to the eight dominoes at one end and
knock over some or all of them, this would set off a chain reaction of falling dominoes in the maze
laid out until, eventually, this chain reaction stopped at the other end where some or all of those
eight dominoes would be knocked over as a result of this chain reaction.
There are some similarities here to the way a processor works. A domino, like a
transistor, is a two state device: just as a transistor can be in either an on or off
position, a domino can be either standing up or lying down. Thus, like any other

two state device, a domino or transistor can model the two possibilities that exist for a binary
digit: a 0 or a 1. For example, we could think of a domino that is standing up as a 1, and a
domino that is lying down as a 0. Knocking over some or all of the dominoes in that first row of
eight, then, is like "inputting" an eight digit binary number into this domino "machine."
In a sense, this binary number is an ―instruction‖ to this machine, specifying the

particular set of chain reactions of these two-state devices that should take
place. And, when this chain reaction is completed, and some or all of the eight
dominoes at the other end are knocked over, it is as if this domino machine has
"output" an eight digit binary number.

This domino analogy provides many similarities to the way a processor ―chip‖ made up of
transistors operates. Binary numbers representing a basic arithmetic operation -- add, subtract,
multiply, divide -- flow into a processor in the form of "high" or "low" electrical signals on wires.
This sets off a chain reaction among the literally millions of microscopic transistors, on-off
switches, that make up the processor. When the chain reaction has completed, a binary number
representing the result flows out on the wires leading away from the processor. The maze of
transistors within the processor is designed so that output of the chain reaction is the one that
represents the "right answer" for the input arithmetic instruction. The Intel 8088, the processor
used in the original IBM PC, in fact, was an 8-bit processor, meaning that, in the course of each
―instruction cycle,‖ an 8-digit binary number would be input, the ―processing‖ (chain reaction)
would take place, and a resulting 8-digit binary number would be output.
Thus, even today, a modern electronic digital computer is still, at the core of its hardware,
a machine that performs basic arithmetic operations. More specifically, it is a machine that
mimics or models the way that digits change when humans do basic arithmetic. What is
remarkable about the way that today's computers model arithmetic is their extraordinary speed in
doing so. Today's microprocessors are typically 32 bits or higher, meaning that their instructions
are comprised of binary numbers that are 32 or more digits. Their instruction cycles are
described in "gigahertz," meaning that such processors can perform literally billions of instruction
cycles every second.
V. ACTIVITY
DEFINITION: Define the following terms below. Write your answer on the space provided.
a) Abacus -

b) ENIAC -
c) Vacuum Tubes -
d) Binary Digits -
e) Hardware -
f) Processor -
g) Bits -
h) Difference Engine -
i) Pascaline -
j) Software -
VI. OUTPUT(RESULT)

COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
VII. EVALUATION
Direction: Convert the following numbers into binary. 1 point each.

1. 18 - _________________
2. 28 - _________________
3. 30 - _________________
4. 21 - _________________
5. 255 - _________________
6. 200 - _________________
7. 199 - _________________
8. 249 - _________________
9. 240 - _________________

10. 230 - _________________
Rubrics:

Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%
4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%
REFERENCES
https://cs.calvin.edu/activities/books/processing/text/01computing.pdf
Part 2. Software (5 hours)

The arithmetic power that such hardware provides is useless unless it can be put into
service performing useful calculations in correct sequences involving meaningful numbers. It is
computer software that provides such meaningful, useful direction. Indeed, it is the rise of
software that has enabled computers to evolve from mere number crunchers into technologies
that now enrich so many areas of human life.

Consider the analogy of computing one's taxes. A calculator can certainly be of assistance
in this process, speeding up and improving the accuracy of the arithmetic that is involved.
However, a calculator cannot compute your taxes for you. Rather, it is the tax form that specifies
which arithmetic operations should be performed, in what order, and with what numbers. In this
sense, a tax form has much in common with a computer program, which is a also a defined
sequence of actions involving correct information that, when performed, produces a desired
result. For example, in the case of the tax software that is widely available today, the computer
program is modeled after the program for human action that is prescribed by the tax form.
Charles Babbage, already identified as a key figure in the history of

computer hardware, is also a key figure in the history of software.
After giving up on the - ”Difference Engine.” Babbage began work on a
much more sophisticated machine that he called his - ”Analytical
Engine.” The operation of this machine was to be far more versatile
and automatic than his earlier invention. In hardware terms, Babbage
conceived of a machine built to perform the basic operations of
arithmetic upon numeric digits – i.e., a calculator. However, borrowing
a technology from the automated ―Jacquard looms that began to
appear during the early 1800s.
Babbage planned to feed into his Analytical Engine sequences of metal cards with holes
punched into them. Instead of being used to define a sequence of threads to incorporate into a
particular weave, the punched cards would be used to define a sequence of basic arithmetic
operations for the Analytical Engine to perform that, together, achieved a desired mathematical
result. In other words, unlike previous calculating machines, the Analytical Engine would be
programmable: just as a single automated loom could perform different weaves simply by
switching sets of punched cards, so Babbage’s Analytical Engine would be able to switch
between different mathematical computations simply by changing the set of punched cards. To a
remarkable degree, the Analytical Engine anticipated the fundamental "architecture" of the
modern electronic computer in that it was organized into the four primary subsystems of
processing, storage, input, and output.
Ada Lovelace, daughter of Lord Byron, was one of the few people other than Babbage
who understood the Analytical Engine’s enormous potential. She described the similarity of
Jacquard’s and Babbage’s inventions: ―The Analytical Engine weaves algebraic patterns just as
the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves in both cases, simply by performing a carefully
devised sequence of basic operations. Lovelace designed and wrote out demonstrations of how
complex mathematical computations could be constructed entirely from sequences of the basic
set of arithmetic operations of which the Analytical Engine would be capable. Ada Lovelace is

often deemed to be ―the first programmer and her work certainly has much
in it that recommends this title for her – even more, in fact, than is usually
acknowledged.
In her writings, Lovelace identified that one of the key characteristics

of a computer program is its carefully sequential nature. Mathematicians
often use the term "algorithm" to refer to a specific sequence of operations
that, if performed, will produce a certain desired result. Accordingly, one of
the key activities of computer programming is often said to be "algorithm
design," whereby a certain process is successfully broken down into a
sequence that is comprised entirely of operations that a computer is able to
perform. This notion of programming as designing a sequence of operations to accomplish some
desired result also matches well to what is sometimes called the ―procedural paradigm of
computer programming.
Lovelace also noted that a good computer program is one that is general, in the sense that
the designed sequence of operations should be able to ―be performed on an infinite variety of
particular numerical values‖ rather than being designed to operate upon only a specific set of
operands. For example, rather than designing a program to perform
(2 x 10) - 5
a program that is "general‖ would be one designed to take in any three numbers, multiply the first
two, and then subtract the third number from the result. This illustrates what Lovelace described
as operations that are "independent" from ―the objects operated upon. In modern computing,
this is often described in terms of the separation that is maintained between the "data" and the
operations upon that data.
Lovelace also described what she called ―cycles of operations, where a certain desired result
could be achieved by performing a certain subset of operations repeatedly. In modern computer
programming, this is called a "loop." One simple illustration of this is the way that any
multiplication operation
5x4
can also be achieved by repeatedly performing a single addition operation: 5 + 5 + 5 + 5
This remarkable capability of the computer to automatically perform cycles of operation,
with the results building upon each other, is part of the reason why Lovelace boldly claimed that
such a machine would in fact be able to perform computations that had not ever ―been actually
worked out‖ previously by any human. This also underscores an important aspect of
programming that is sometimes overlooked: namely, that the process of programming seldom
consists of the mere encoding in a programming language of a fully envisioned idea of the
software that was already completely worked out, conceptually. Rather, the process of
programming is one that entails exploration, experimentation, discovery, creativity, and invention.

Perhaps even more impressive is the degree to which Ada Lovelace foresaw that the
applications of computing would be well beyond science and mathematics. Lovelace carefully
pointed out that the analytical engine operated not upon actual numbers but, rather, upon
symbols of numbers, and that the engine can arrange and combine‖ such symbols of numbers
just as readily if they were letters or any other general symbols. In fact, said Lovelace, what is
meant in this context by the word operation could refer to any process which alters the mutual
relation of two or more things, be this relation of what kind it may. Thus, for Lovelace, part of the
power of the computer is its ability to create and manipulate symbolic representations of the
many entities and great facts of the natural world. However, Lovelace also identifies the
extraordinary ability of the computer to create symbolic representations of certain aspects of the
relationships between facts, objects, and living things, and, through its manipulations of those
representations, create models of those unceasing changes of mutual relationship which, visibly
or invisibly, consciously or unconsciously to our immediate physical perceptions, are interminably
going on in the agencies of the creation we live amidst. Thus, given this most general definition
of a computer as a manipulator of symbolic representations of facts, entities, and relationships,
Lovelace suggested that the new, fast, and powerful language that we now call computer
“programming” could potentially be of use not only to mathematics and science but to all subjects
in the universe.
As we now know, computers can do so much more than the kind of arithmetic
computations that are involved in doing one's taxes. This is because computers have indeed
motivated software programmers to discover just how many actual and imaginary facts and
entities can, to at least some degree, be modeled in the form of symbols that can be manipulated
in ways that mimic actions, processes, phenomena, and relationships.
Object-Oriented Programming and Personal Computing
In certain ways, Lovelace anticipated a shift in conceptions of computer programming.

She saw computing and programming as extending beyond the realm of numerical data and
traditional notions of algebraic sequences of arithmetic operations. Instead, she saw
programming as technology that enables the creation and manipulation of what we would now
call computer “models”. This shift from a strictly procedural paradigm toward one that also allows
for the option of what has come to be known as object-oriented programming has virtual “objects”
with associated characteristics and actions as the fundamental building blocks‖ of software.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) emerged largely from attempts in the latter half of
the 1970s to develop a new generation of “personal computers and ―graphical user interfaces”
and the rapid rise in popularity of these technologies beginning in the latter half of the 1980s was
accompanied by a similar rise to prominence of the object-oriented notions of programming that
enabled them.

One of the first persons to use the term "personal
computer" was Alan Kay who, over the course of the 1970s,
led a team at Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center
(PARC) in pursuit of the creation of a small, portable computer.
The envisioned "Dynabook” as it was called, bore a
remarkable similarity to the "notebook" computers that would
begin to appear two decades later. One of the most striking
features of the Dynabook was its "graphical user interface"
(GUI), which enabled users to interact with this computer by
selecting and manipulating onscreen menus using a relatively
unknown new pointing device called a "mouse rather than requiring the user to memorize and
type cryptic commands in the manner that had characterized the previous "command line
interface" paradigm.
The Dynabook's GUI also enabled the user to operate in multiple onscreen "windows” that
could provide different views simultaneously. The data created and manipulated by the user was
represented on the screen in the form of interactive virtual "objects": passages of text, drawings,
photographs, sounds and music, descriptive icons, and much more. Such a GUI was designed
to create an interactive on-screen representation of an environment for action that would be
immediately recognized and easily manipulated by the user. However, the Smalltalk software
system of the Dynabook was also a graphical objectoriented programming environment. The
driving vision of Kay’s team was one in which Dynabook users would begin by interacting with
intuitive software created by others but, when they were ready, they would also be able to
examine and even change the defined characteristics and behaviors of the virtual "objects” that
comprised these software programs. In fact, the goal was to design a version of the Smalltalk
programming language that was so intuitive that even children using the Dynabook might
eventually decide to author their own software programs. Early tests with Palo Alto school
children had proven to be very promising in this regard.
As part of an attempt to demonstrate the value of the Dynabook

project, an example of such a GUI was created that featured a virtual
"desktop" designed to emulate the activities and workspace typical of
office work in a way that even such an employee with no prior
computer experience would find interacting with the system to be an
intuitive, productive, and enjoyable experience. This experiment failed
to convince Xerox executives; however, several years later in 1979,
Apple Computer cofounder Steve Jobs saw a demonstration of this
GUI.
The Apple II personal computer system, first introduced in 1977, had, like other early
“microcomputer” systems, interacted with users via a command line interface. However, after

seeing the PARC system, Jobs said that within ten minutes it
was obvious to me that all computers would work like this
someday. Jobs immediately set to work on creating the new
generation of Apple computers that began when the Macintosh
was introduced in January 1984. The graphical user interface
of the Macintosh, as well as that of the Microsoft Windows
operating system that was introduced a year later, bore much
resemblance to the desktop‖ GUI developed at Xerox PARC.
Like other early microcomputers, initially the Apple II was designed and marketed on the
assumption that users would usually write their own software (probably using one of the
introductory procedural programming languages of that era, such as the widely-used ―BASIC‖).
However, another key event had taken place in 1979, one that subsequently propelled the Apple
II to heights of popularity that went far beyond computer hobbyists and programmers.
VisiCalc, a radically new and powerful spreadsheet

software program that had been developed several years
earlier for larger computer systems was successfully ported for
use on the Apple II microcomputer system in 1979. VisiCalc is
an example of what is called an application software program -
an already-written software program that is distributed for use
by others. In fact, VisiCalc is often said to be the Apple II’s
“killer app,” a term which has come to refer to an application of
a new technology that serves to justify the adoption of that
technology by a wide range of new users. The availability of a version of the highly-regarded
VisiCalc spreadsheet software for the Apple II – and, subsequently, for several other
microcomputers, including those made by Atari and Commodore – served to convince many that
the Apple II was not a mere novelty device but, rather, was a bona fide computer with the
potential for serious business and scientific use. Similarly, when IBM Corporation, in response to
this sudden and rapid rise in the popularity of microcomputers in the late 1970s fueled largely by
VisiCalc, rushed to introduce a personal computer of it is own in 1981, the killer app that
convinced the most consumers to purchase the IBM-PC was, once again, a spreadsheet
program: ―Lotus 1-2-3.
Spreadsheet software provided novice computer users with the ability to undertake the
kind of computational operations on numerical and textual data that were so strongly associated
with computers without having to learn what they would have viewed as a “real” programming
language. In fact, especially in light of the overall history of computing, it does not seem to be too
much of a stretch to suggest that spreadsheet software provided a new kind of computer
programming environment. Novice users certainly found the designing of computations within

spreadsheets to be much more intuitive than doing so in standard programming languages.
However, in retrospect, it seems unfortunate that spreadsheet software itself came to be
understood so strongly as the "application software,” rather than considering such spreadsheet
software to be a kind of programming environment, where the spreadsheets that this software
system enabled one to create for use by others were considered to be the resultant application
software. The fact that this did not take place perhaps reflects the larger shift in the public
understanding of the concept of "personal computing" that took place over the course of the
1980s, where Alan Kay’s dream of a personal computer that was so graphical and so intuitive
that even a child would be able to write software programs for it was displaced by a conception of
the personal computer as a machine that no one should have to learn to program.
What seems to have been completely lost in the Apple’s and Microsoft's adaptations of
PARC’s Dynabook vision was the idea of enabling novice computer users not only to use
software written by others but also to subsequently proceed comfortably along a path of learning
that would lead to an ability to begin to modify those software programs and, eventually, to create
simple software programs of their own. This was central to Alan Kay's conception of the personal
computer as a medium, one that provided power to construct unique kinds of models of ideas
that could be experienced as a kind of performance. In fact, Kay credited the notions of both the
theatrical and musical performance as having been highly influential upon the design of the
Dynabook. Kay has said that he envisioned the personal computer as something like ―an
instrument whose music is ideas.‖ In contrast, Kay has said, the version of personal computing
inaugurated by Apple and Microsoft in the 1980s has made for two decades of a user experience
that is more like "air guitar." 1 Instead of using the personal computer as a medium in which to
design and stage performances of our own ideas, we instead perform within models of user
experience that have been designed by others, ones that are often troublingly generic,
constraining, and difficult with which to identify.
Indeed, along with the installation of the GUI of the Macintosh and Windows GUI as the
dominant interface paradigm came a new conception of the computer "user" as the "end user"
who, by definition, was a non-programmer. This conception of “personal computing” as being the
exact opposite of computer programming has persisted for more than two decades.
However, part of the reason why the Macintosh and Windows operating systems were
ultimately such severe reductions in the PARC vision of personal computing, in spite of the many
similarities of the GUIs, is that it simply couldn’t be fully achieved affordably on the hardware
technologies available at the time. Moreover, in spite of early successes, PARC researchers
themselves came to realize that their vision of a version of Smalltalk as a programming language
that would be intuitive had proven to be more difficult to achieve than expected.

Interestingly, Ada Lovelace also foresaw the kind of hype and disillusionment that can
surround computer technology. “It is desirable,” she said, “to guard against the possibility of
exaggerated ideas that might arise as to the powers of the Analytical Engine. In considering any
new subject, there is frequently a tendency, first, to overrate what we find to be already
interesting or remarkable.” However, Lovelace also noted that, on the other hand, “when we do
discover that our notions have surpassed those that were really tenable,” there is a tendency to
swing too far in the opposite direction, “by a sort of natural reaction, to undervalue the true state
of the case.”
Perhaps it must be said that something of this sort has happened in regard to the kind of
“binary” relationship that has come to be constructed in public perceptions of computer
programming vs. personal computing. Indeed, at times, this diametric relationship even reaches
the point of bigotry, where end users are derided as ignorant by programmers, and programmers
are labeled as “geeks” by end users.
However, this new millennium has also come to see a renewed, gradually increasing
interest in the idea of programming on the part of persons whose passionate use of personal
computer software has led to a desire to break out of the end user “box” in order to customize
their user experience or to invent new forms of user experience entirely. This is especially true in
the case of certain areas of computing that have come to be known by such varying names as
“digital art,” “digital imaging,” ”digital media,” and “digital design,” where the personal computer is
explicitly regarded as an artistic medium. Given that computer programming tends to be so
strongly associated with numerical data of math, science, and business, it might initially seem
surprising that persons who approach computing from a more artistic direction would be inclined
toward learning to program. On the other hand, it is also the case that persons who undertake
more artistic and expressive design processes are less likely to be accepting of the more generic
and limiting workflows inherent in most commercially available application software. In this
sense, perhaps it should not be surprising that so many digital photographers and designers of
digital graphics, for example, should undertake to customize the applications they use by
designing their own ―filters‖ and ―extensions‖ for such software, in spite of the degree of
difficulty that is often involved in developing such customizations. For some, this artistic drive
even leads them to teach themselves a standard programming language, which is certainly the
most difficult method of acquiring such knowledge. In fact, the ―Processing‖ programming
language that is used in this book was originally developed in 2001 at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology for the purpose of making it easier for artists to create dynamic graphical art on a
computer by combining images, animation, and interactions.
VIII. ACTIVITY
Acronyms: Give the corresponding meaning and definition of the below acronyms.
1. GUI

2. OOP
3. PARC
4. VisiCalc
IX. OUTPUT(RESULT)

COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
X. EVALUATION
1. It is computer _________ that provides such meaningful, useful
direction.
1. __________
a) Software c) System
b) Hardware d) CPU
2. one of the key activities of computer programming is often said to

be ___________.
2. __________
a) Algorithm design c) IDE
b) Algorithm d) Software
3. a radically new and powerful spreadsheet software program.

a) VisiCalc c) Smalltalk 3. __________
b) Apple II d) Dynabook

4. What software system does Dynabook use?
a) Smalltalk c) VisiCalc 4. __________
b) Apple II d) Dynabook
5. One of the most striking features of the Dynabook was its

____________.
5. __________
a) Graphical User Interface c) Hardware
b) Spreadsheet d) Software
6. As part of an attempt to demonstrate the value of the Dynabook

project, an example of such a GUI was created that featured a
virtual ___________. 6. __________
a) Desktop c) Spreadsheet
b) Design d) Software
7. In what year the Apple II personal computer system was first

introduced.
7. __________
a) 1977 c) 1979
b) 1976 d) 1970
8. Machintosh was introduced in _______________.

a) January 1984 c) January 1983 8. __________
b) May 1984 d) May 1983
9. desktop‖ GUI was developed at __________.

a) Xerox PARC. c) Xerox 9. __________
b) PARC d) Both a and b
10. VisiCalc is often said to be the Apple II’s _________.

a) Killer App c) Oldest App 10. __________
b) Newest App d) Bset App

Rubrics:

Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%
4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%
REFERENCES
Part 3. Programming Languages and Compiling (5 hours)
As was noted earlier, a modern electronic computer remains, at its most fundamental
hardware level, a binary, digital arithmetic machine. The “processor” that is at its core operates
on “data” that are understood to be binary numbers. Each digit of such a data item consists of
either a 0 or 1 and is represented and sent to the processor in the form of an electrical signal with
a voltage that is evaluated to be either “high” or “low” which in turn serves to “flip” certain of the
processor’s on/off transistor switches in such a way that mimics the “inputting” of this binary
number into the processor.

Similarly, each of the basic arithmetic operations that the processor performs – e.g.,
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division – is itself described by a unique binary number.
Thus, the instruction to perform a certain arithmetic operation can itself be sent to the processor
as a binary number. A collection of binary digits represented as high/low electrical signals trigger
the processor in such a way as to perform the particular chain reaction of transistor switches that
mimics that particular arithmetic operation. This reaction then outputs a representation of the
binary number that is the correct result for that operation with the given data.
Thus, at the most fundamental level, a software program that a computer’s processor
performs consists of a very long stream of binary numbers, some of which represent a particular
arithmetic operation to be performed and others of which represent the data to be used in that
operation.
100011 00011 01000 00000 00001 00100
In fact, early electronic computers in the 1940s and 1950s required a human programmer
to input long sequences of binary numbers of this very sort in order to load a software program
into the computer. Fortunately, this is no longer the case. Over time, a wide variety of “high-level”
programming languages have been developed that allow a programmer to write software
programs that allow the use of decimal numbers and arithmetic symbols that are similar to the
ones used when humans do math. Thus, adding 10 to the current value of a variable named “x”
could be encoded as:
x + 10
High-level programming languages also allow data that consists of letters and punctuation
marks and include commands that are very similar to words used in human languages. For
example, in a typical high-level programming language, an instruction to print the greeting “Hello!”
on the screen could be something like:
print(“Hello!”)
Nevertheless, in order to be executed on a computer, software written in a high-level

programming language must first be translated into sequences of binary numbers, consisting
entirely of 0s and 1s. This is because, at the hardware level of a computer, the only thing that can
really be “input” into a processor chip are “high” and “low” electrical signals that represent such
binary digits and that will set off the appropriate chain reaction in the processor’s maze of on/off
transistor switches.
This translation of software written in a high-level language into binary instructions that can
be sent to the processor is called “compiling” a program. Instructions written in the high-level
programming language, often called the “source code” of that software program, are fed into a
special translation software program called a “compiler” which is designed to convert source code
written in a particular high-level programming language into the needed sequence of binary

instructions. The binary output created by the compiler that can be executed by the processor is
often called the “binary code,” “machine code,” “object code,” or “executable code” for that
particular software program.
However, there have always been certain complications inherent in the compiling of
software programs. First of all, the set of binary instructions that can be sent to a processor can
vary from one kind of processor to another. As a result, source code that has been compiled for
one kind of processor chip might not be executable on a different kind of processor chip. This is
a big part of the reason why personal computer application software such as a word processor
will typically be made available in separate “Macintosh” and “PC” versions: because the binary
instructions in the executable code are always sent to a processor at the direction of a particular
operating system, and the Macintosh and Windows operating systems themselves are software
programs that have been designed and compiled for totally different categories of processor
chips.2 This is in contrast to the very similar “Unix” and “Linux” family of operating systems which
can be compiled to operate on an enormous variety of processor chips, including the kinds of
processor chips found in both Macintosh and Windows computers.
PLATFORM INDEPENDENCE
The explosion in the popularity of the World Wide Web beginning in the latter half of the
1990s also served to underscore the problem of incompatible personal computer “platforms.”
From the very outset, the Internet was designed to be a “platform-independent” infrastructure.
Thus, for example, because the “JPEG” digital image format was designed specifically for use on
the World Wide Web, it was designed to be platform-independent. As a result, any given JPEG
image file can be accessed, viewed, manipulated, and exchanged over the Internet by users of
Macintosh, Windows/PC, and Unix/Linux personal computers alike.
The World Wide Web’s platform-independent, multimedia data formats served also to
provide an impetus for exploring the feasibility of developing platform-independent software
programs. Indeed, this is much of the reason why the platform-independent “Java” programming
language has risen to such heights of popularity over the course of the past decade. The source
code of a software program written in Java is not compiled directly into the binary code for a
specific processor chip. Rather, the Java source code is compiled for a “virtual machine” – that
is, for a kind of “generic” processor that doesn’t actually exist in any hardware form. Thus, the
code that results from the Java compiler is not really executable binary code yet; rather, it
represents an intermediate step called “byte code.”
2 Exception: The recent Intel Macintoshes.

However, the company that developed the Java platform, Sun Microsystems, freely
provides software for each of the major computer platforms that will convert Java bytecode into
the executable binary code required by that particular platform, thus eliminating the need for
multiple compiled versions of the same software program.
Java is also an object-oriented language, where the fundamental building blocks of a

software program are conceived to be a variety of virtual objects, each of which are defined to
have certain characteristics and behaviors that can be employed to construct the overall
functionality of the program that is desired. Initially, Java’s object-oriented nature was also part
of the reason for its appeal and rapid rise in popularity in industry. Accordingly, beginning in the
late 1990s, Java was widely embraced as the highlevel programming language of choice for
introductory computer programming courses and was also adopted in many areas of industry.
PROCESSING
The complexity of the procedure used to enter a program, compile it, and execute it— commonly
known as the programming environment — is often a hindrance to learning how to program. In
a command line environment, one may have to learn a collection of commands for the operating
system (e.g., Unix) that is being used and, in addition, editor commands for entering and
modifying the program. However, a variety of integrated development environments (IDEs)
such as Visual Studio developed by Microsoft and the popular open-source IDE Eclipse are
available that make this considerably easier. Typically, one first creates a new project, specifying
the programming language being used, and then perhaps adds some libraries to the project,
maybe rearranges some windows and creates a package and a text file, enters the source code
for the program in this file and saves it, and finally builds the project. The resulting object program
can be executed.
However, the Processing environment is one of the simplest to use. When it is started, a simple
"sketch window" appears that has six buttons at the top, a program editor window below this, and
a text output window at the bottom, as pictured on the right in Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1. Program editor window and (empty) graphical output window
The program editor currently contains no program code — i.e., it contains an empty
program. But if we click the leftmost (Run) button  at the top of the sketch window, another
window (pictured on the left in Figure 1.1) appears. It is called the visual output window because
it contains graphical output produced by a program. In this example, no output is displayed
because the program is empty.

Figure 1-2. Text-based hello-world program
A program without any useful code is not very interesting, so we add this line:
println("Hello World!");
as shown in Figure 1-2. Once again, we click the Run button. The output:
Hello World!
appears in the text output window. (No output appears in the visual output window because we
are outputting text, not graphics.)
To obtain a simple graphic representation in addition to the text output, we could add the line
ellipse(50, 50, 50, 50);

This will produce an ellipse with center (50, 50), and major and minor axes both 50 (pixels) —
that is, a circle with center (50, 50) and radius 50 — in the visual output window as shown in
Figure 1-3.3
Figure 1-3. Graphical hello-world program
And if we wanted to add some color, the two lines of code:
background(0); fill(0, 0, 255);
as shown in Figure 1-4 can be added to fill the background with one color (black as specified by
the color value 0, which indicates no light) and the circle with another (blue as specified by the
red-greenblue color triple indicating no red, no green and full intensity, 255, blue).
3 The coordinate system used in the visual output window has the origin (0, 0) at the upper left
corner, the positive x-axis directed to the right, and the positive y-axis directed downward.

Figure 1-4. Graphical hello-world with color
If we prefer to have a more realistic picture of the earth, we need only download an image file of
the Earth into the folder containing our program and modify the program as shown in Figure 1-5.

Figure 1-5. Hello-world program with a bitmap image of the Earth
The preceding examples are intended to provide a first exposure to the Processing environment
and to give you some indication of how easy it is to do some exciting programming in it. We will
explain the code in these examples and much more in the chapters that follow.

XI. ACTIVITY
DEFINITION: Define the following terms below. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. Processor -
2. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) -
3. Programming Languages -
4. World Wide Web (www) -
5. Java -
XII. OUTPUT(RESULT)

COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
XIII. EVALUATION
1. in a typical high-level programming language, an instruction to
print the greeting “Hello!” on the screen could be something like:
1. __________
a) print(“Hello!”) c) print Hello
b) Hello d) None of the above
2. Visual Studio is an example of? 2. __________

a) IDE c) Hardware
b) Proramming Language d) Processor
3. In order to be executed on a computer, software written in a high-

level programming language must first be translated into
sequences of ___________. 3. __________
a) Binary Numbers c) Information
b) Data d) All of the above
4. Instructions written in the high-level programming language, often

called the:
4. __________
a) Source Code c) Instructions
b) Code d) None of the above
5. the “source code” of that software program are fed into a special
translation software program called a:
5. __________
a) Compiler c) IDE
b) Software d) None of the above
6. The binary output created by the compiler that can be executed

by the processor is often called the:
a) Binary Code
b) Machine Code 6. __________
c) Object Code
d) Executable Code
e) All of the above
7. The complexity of the procedure used to enter a program,

compile it, and execute it— commonly known as the:
7. __________
a) Programming Environment c) GUI
b) Software d) None of the above
8. Visual Studio was developed by _____________. 8. __________

a) Microsoft c) Apple
b) IBM d) None of the above
9. This programming environment appears with six buttons at the

top, a program editor window below this, and a text output
window at the bottom. 9. __________
a) Sketch Window c) Turbo C
b) Visual Studio d) All of the above
10. This translation of software written in a high-level language into

binary instructions that can be sent to the processor is called.
10. __________
a) Compiling c) Output
b) Processing d) None of the above
Rubrics:

Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%
4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%

REFERENCES
II. SUBJECT MATTER: LESSON 5. Key components of a computer systems and computer
software.
Time frame: 9 hours (3 parts)

A. Enumerate the different generations of computers.
B. understand the different types of computers.
C. Identify the different parts of a computer and their functions.
D. Become knowledgeable about operating systems and their requirements
E. Enumerate the different parts of a computer system and recite its individual functions
F. Enumerate the different operating systems used in each computer system
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
Part 1. Parts of a Computer

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
First generation (1940 - 1956)

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as
a major piece of technology. Vacuum tubes were widely
used in computers from 1940 through 1956. Vacuum
tubes were larger components and resulted in first
generation computers being quite large in size, taking up
a lot of space in a room. Some of the first generation
computers took up an entire room.
The ENIAC is a great example of a first generation
computer. It consisted of nearly 20,000 vacuum tubes,
10,000 capacitors, and 70,000 resistors. It weighed over
30 tons and took up a lot of space, requiring a large room
to house it. Other examples of first generation computers
include the EDSAC, IBM 701, and Manchester Mark 1.
Second generation (1956 - 1963)

The second generation of computers saw the use of
transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Transistors were
widely used in computers from 1956 to 1963. Transistors
were smaller than vacuum tubes and allowed computers
to be smaller in size, faster in speed, and cheaper to
build.
The first computer to use transistors was the TX-0 and
was introduced in 1956. Other computers that used
transistors include the IBM 7070, Philco Transac S-1000,
and RCA 501.

Third generation (1964 - 1971)
The third generation of computers introduced the use of IC
(integrated circuits) in computers. Using IC's in computers
helped reduce the size of computers even more compared
to second-generation computers, and make them faster.
Nearly all computers since the mid to late 1960s have
utilized IC's. While the third generation is considered by
many people to have spanned from 1964 to 1971, IC's are
still used in computers today. Over 45 years later, today's
computers have deep roots going back to the third
generation.
Fourth generation (1972 - 2010)

The fourth generation of computers took advantage of the
invention of the microprocessor, more commonly known as
a CPU. Microprocessors, along with integrated circuits,
helped make it possible for computers to fit easily on a desk
and for the introduction of the laptop.
Some of the earliest computers to use a microprocessor
include the Altair 8800, IBM 5100, and Micral. Today's
computers still use a microprocessor, despite the fourth
generation being considered to have ended in 2010.
Fifth generation (2010 to present)

The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial
intelligence), an exciting technology that has many potential
applications around the world. Leaps have been made in AI technology
and computers, but there is still room for much improvement.
One of the more well-known examples of AI in computers is IBM's
Watson, which was featured on the TV show Jeopardy as a contestant.
Other better-known examples include Apple's Siri on the iPhone and
Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10 computers. The
Google search engine also utilizes AI to process user searches.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according to
purpose, data handling, and functionality.
1. Analog Computers
It accepts analog input and provides analog output information. It
represents physical quantities like acceleration, temperature, distance or
voltages in mechanical or electrical circuits and does not need any
storage device. Examples of the analog computer are thermometer,
speedometer and analog clock.
2. Digital Computer
This computer accepts digital input and provides digital output after
processing information and the operation are in a binary system of
0 and 1. By manipulating the binary digits and numbers it can
perform any task like analyze data, mathematical calculations etc.
Examples of digital computers are Apple Macintosh, IBM PC.
3. Hybrid Computer
This computer is the combination of both analog and digital computers in
terms of speed and accuracy. Hybrid computers can measure physical and
digital quantities. Examples of the hybrid computer are the machine measure
heartbeat in hospital, devices installed fuel pumps.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
There are many types of computers, some of which are given below:
1. Super Computer
The fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are
very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that
require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For
example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses
of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer
channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe
uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.
2. Mainframe Computer
A very large and expensive computer that is capable of supporting hundreds or
even thousands of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a
simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to
supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In
some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they
support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a
single program faster than a mainframe.
3. Mini Computer
A midsized computer called minicomputers lie between workstations and
mainframes. In the past decade, the difference between large minicomputers and
small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small
minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a
multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously.
4. Micro Computer or Personal Computer

4.1 Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
4.2 Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and
keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than a
notebook computer.
4.3 Tablets/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no
keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device. It is a terminal or
desktop computer in a network. In this context, the workstation is just a generic term for a
user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a "server" or "mainframe."

V. ACTIVITY
ENUMERATION: List down what is asked in the given statement. Write your answer on the
space provided.
Give at least 5 examples of:

A. Analog Computer
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. _________________________
B. Digital Computer
6. _________________________
7. _________________________
8. _________________________
9. _________________________
10. _________________________
C. Hybrid Computer
11. _________________________
12. _________________________
13. _________________________
14. _________________________
15. _________________________

VI. OUTPUT(RESULT)

COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
VII. EVALUATION
1. The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as a
major piece of technology.
1. _________
a) First Generation c) Third Generation
b) Second Generation d) Fourth Generation
2. This computer accepts digital input and provides digital output
after processing information and the operation are in a binary
system of 0 and 1.
2. _________
a) Digital Computer c) Analog Computers
b) Hybrid Computer d) Super Computer
3. It accepts analog input and provides analog output information.
3. _________
a) Analog Computers c) Digital Computer

4. This computer is the combination of both analog and digital
computers in terms of speed and accuracy.
4. _________
a) Hybrid Computer c) Digital Computer
b) Analog Computers d) Super Computer
5. The fastest and most powerful type of computer.
5. _________
a) Super Computer c) Digital Computer
b) Analog Computers d) Hybrid Computer
6. A very large and expensive computer that is capable of
supporting hundreds or even thousands of users
simultaneously.
6. _________
a) Mainframe Computer c) Digital Computer
7. A midsized computer.
7. _________
a) Mini Computer c) Digital Computer
8. a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
8. _________
a) Desktop Computer c) Digital Computer
9. a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and
keyboard.
9. _________
a) Laptop Computer c) Digital Computer
10. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an
input and output device.
10. _________
a) Hand-sized Computer c) Digital Computer

Rubrics:

Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%
4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%
Part 2. Computer System

A block Diagram of Computer System
The result is supplied by output devices. If the input and output units are connected to a
manufacturing process, the computer can control the process and the system is called a
computing system.

Basic Computer Operations
To understand computer basic concept, one must know about the 4 functions or Operations of
the computer.
1. Input Operation
The computer receives information from users. A user enters information using input devices
like keyboard, mouse or any other
devices like webcam, punch card, magnetic tapes, joystick or magnetic disk etc. The Input
unit accepts information using input devices then it converts the given data to readable form
and this data moves to Central Processing Unit (CPU).
2. Storage Operation
The given information stored in a computer using the different storage devices i.e. central
process unit and auxiliary memory. The auxiliary memory is also known as secondary or
external storage have hard devices for example Floppy, Hard Disk, Compact Disk and Flash
Drive. These different storage devices have both advantages and disadvantages. Auxiliary
storage speeds up information and stores it long term and permanent.
3. Processing Operation
It is considered the basic computing operation. It executes the instructions, control storage
data and input or output devices attached the computer.

4. Output Operation
Last but not the least the output unit which represents results from the operations of central
processing unit CPU. The result may be in hard or soft form i.e. visual display unit, printers,
and headphones.
Figure 2: A Diagrammatic Representation of Computer System

THE HARDWARE
This refers to any part that is tangible (Touchable, Physical). The major hardware components of
a computer system are:
● Processor
● Main memory
● Secondary memory
● Input & Output devices
● Slots /Ports
● Buses
These parts are typically accommodated within the laptop or desktop unit itself, except for the
desktop keyboard and mouse. What is likely the most important piece of hardware is the
microprocessor chip known as the central processing unit (CPU).

Figure 3: A typical installation of computer hardware
Figure 4: A Diagrammatic Representation of Mother Slot where CPU is fixed
Figure 5: Memory Slots, Ports, and Internal Buses

Figure 6: Different Parts of the System Unit

THE PARTS
1. The CPU, Central Processing Unit, or simply processor, is the

main chip in a computer responsible for carrying out all tasks.
It’s responsible for telling all the other components in a
computer what to do, according to the instructions it is given by
the programs (software) running on that computer.
2. Storage Devices
a. Alternatively referred to as main memory, primary

memory, or system memory, RAM (random-access
memory) is a hardware device that allows information
to be stored and retrieved on a computer. RAM is
usually associated with DRAM, which is a type of
memory module. RAM is a volatile memory and requires power to keep the data
accessible. If the computer is turned off, all data contained in RAM is lost.
b. ROM, short for read-only memory, is a storage medium that is

used with computers and other electronic devices. As the
name indicates, data stored in ROM may only be read. It is
either modified with extreme difficulty or not at all.
c. A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard

drive, HD, or HDD) is a non-volatile data storage
device. It is usually installed internally in a computer,
attached directly to the disk controller of the
computer's motherboard. It contains one or more
platters, housed inside of an air-sealed casing. Data is
written to the platters using a magnetic head, which
moves rapidly over them as they spin. Internal hard disks reside in a drive bay,
connected to the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable. They are
powered by a connection to the computer's PSU (power supply unit). Examples of
data stored on a computer's hard drive include the operating system, installed
software, and the user's personal files.
d. Short for solid-state drive, an SSD is a storage medium that uses

non-volatile memory to hold and access data. Unlike a hard drive,
an SSD has no moving parts, which gives it advantages, such as
faster access time, noiseless operation, higher reliability, and

lower power consumption. The picture shows an example of an SSD made by
Crucial.
3. Motherboard. Alternatively referred to as the mb, mainboard, mboard, mobo, mobd,

backplane board, base board, main circuit board, planar board, system board, or a logic
board on Apple computers. The motherboard is a printed circuit board and foundation of
a computer that is the biggest board in a computer chassis. It allocates power and allows
communication to and between the CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware
components. A motherboard provides connectivity between the hardware components of
a computer, like the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video card. There
are multiple types of motherboards, designed to fit different types and sizes of computers.

4. Computer Case. When referring to computers, a case is a
term used to describe a computer chassis that holds all the
parts that make a computer. See our computer chassis
page for further information and related links on this term.
5. Power Supply Unit. Abbreviated as PS or P/S, a power supply or PSU

(power supply unit) is a hardware component of a computer that supplies
all other components with power. The power supply converts a 110-115
or 220-230 volt AC (alternating current) into a steady low-voltage DC
(direct current) usable by the computer and rated by the number of watts
it generates. The image shows an Antec True 330, a 330 Watt power
supply.
6. Video Card. Alternatively known as a display adapter, graphics card,
video adapter, video board, or video controller, a video card is an
expansion card that connects to a computer motherboard. It is used
to create a picture on a display; without a video card, you would not
be able to see this page. More plainly, it's a piece of hardware inside
your computer that processes images and video, some of the tasks
normally handled by the CPU. Video cards are used by gamers in
place of integrated graphics due to their extra processing power and video ram.
7. Monitor. Alternatively referred to as a VDT (video display terminal) and
VDU (video display unit), a monitor is an output device that displays
video images and text. A monitor is made up of circuitry, a screen, a
power supply, buttons to adjust screen settings, and casing that holds all
of these components.
8. Keyboard. A computer keyboard is one of the primary input

devices used with a computer. Similar to an electric typewriter, a
keyboard is composed of buttons that create letters, numbers, and
symbols, as well as other functions.
9. Mouse. A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls

a cursor in a GUI (graphical user interface) and can move and select text,
icons, files, and folders on your computer.

Part 3. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software refers to the instructions, programs, data, and protocols which run on hardware. It can
be divided into two major categories. The visible part, non-touchable part or programs in the
computer system are called software. Like human brain thinking or instructions for the
microprocessor is termed as software. The software is written in computer languages such as
Visual Basic, C/C++, and Java.
Figure 8: A Diagram shows a visualized form of Software
1. System Software - This is also commonly known as an operating system (OS). The
system manages other software and devices inside the computer. In a typical setup, the
operating system is like the motherboard software. It is the first thing that is installed,
followed by applications and utility software. Three popular operating systems for
traditional computers include Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Popular mobile operating
systems include Android OS, iPhone OS, Windows Phone OS, and Firefox OS.
2. Application Software - This is designed for end users. This software is meant to perform
a specialized assignment and output useful information. An example would be a word
processing application that one uses to compose a letter or a brochure, such as Microsoft
Word.
3. General Purpose Application Software: A collection of application software can come in

a package that is commonly known as a software suite or General Purpose Application
Software. A typical suite includes software for word processing, presentations, graphic
design, and spreadsheets. Examples include Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, and iWork,
Dreamweaver9.0.
4. Special Purpose Application Software: This is designed for a specialized assignment

and output useful information. Examples include Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, and
AutoCAD.

VIII. ACTIVITY
IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following parts of a motherboard below. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. __________________________________ 16. _______________________________

2. __________________________________ 17. _______________________________
3. __________________________________ 18. _______________________________
4. __________________________________ 19. _______________________________
5. __________________________________ 20. _______________________________
6. __________________________________ 21. _______________________________
7. __________________________________ 22. _______________________________
8. __________________________________ 23. _______________________________
9. __________________________________ 24. _______________________________
10. __________________________________ 25. _______________________________

11. __________________________________ 26. _______________________________
12. __________________________________ 27. _______________________________
13. __________________________________ 28. _______________________________
14. __________________________________ 29. _______________________________
15. __________________________________ 30. _______________________________
IX. OUTPUT(RESULT)

COURSE / YR & SEC: ________________________
X. EVALUATION
IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following computer parts below. Write your answer on the space
provided.
1.
1. ___________________________
2.
2. ___________________________

3.
3. ___________________________
4.
4. ___________________________
5.
5. ___________________________
6.
6. ___________________________
7.
7. ___________________________
8.
8. ___________________________
9.
9. ___________________________

10.
10. ___________________________
Rubrics:
Criteria
e
10 OUTSTANDING
100%
9 OUTSTANDING
96%
8 EXCELLENT
92%
7 EXCELLENT
88%
6 VERY GOOD
84%
5 VERY GOOD
80%
4 AVERAGE
76%
3 AVERAGE
72%
2 POOR
68%
1 POOR
64%
0 NEEDS COUNSELLING
60%
REFERENCES
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mouse.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324528000

Prepared by:
JOSHUA A. SALAZAR CAMELO A. OBVIAR, M.A.Ed, LPT EXADELIO LAZO

Instructor I Instructor III Instructor III
Checked by:
SYLVIA P. RIZARE JINGLE H. LEYNES EXADELIO LAZO

Chairman Member Member
College of Computer Studies Module Editing Committee for Computer Subjects
Recommending Approval by:
ROBIN V. FETALVO, Ph. D

Dean, College of Computer Studies
Approved by.
BIBIANA JOCELYN D. CUASAY, Ph.D.

Module Editing Chair
AQUILINO D. ARELLANO, Ph.D., Ed.D

VP, Academic Affairs
Noted by:
MARIO CARMELO A. PESA, CPA

College President

Module CC 101 Introduction To Computing

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Reference No: KLL-FO-ACAD-000 | Effectivity Date: August 3, 2020 | Revisions No.

Course, Year & Section: ___________________________________________

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III. COURSE OUTCOME:

Computing is any activity that uses computers to manage, process, and

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A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of

BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTING

A thyratron is a type of gas-filled tube used as a high-power electrical switch and

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The computer industry is made up of all of the businesses involved in

The software industry includes businesses engaged in development,

What do you think is the reason why computer was

Write your answers here:

Which of the two industries mentioned above will you

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NAME:________________________________ DATE ACCOMPLISHED:___________

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3. A machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical

5. A group of computers that are connected and work together.

6. The earliest known tool for use in computation.

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8. A type of gas-filled tube used as a high-power electrical switch and controlled

9. An industry that is made up of all of the businesses involved in developing

10. An industry which includes businesses engaged in development, maintenance

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I. COURSE CODE/TITLE: CC 101 / Introduction to Computing

II. SUBJECT MATTER: LESSON 2. Different specialization in the field of computers

III. COURSE OUTCOME:

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Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas 4217 | https://www.facebook.com/KLLOfficial/

COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM(S) (CIS)

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CAREER OPTIONS WITH YOUR DEGREE

Associate Degree (ex. ACT)

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Master's Degree: Advanced positions in any of the above occupations

2. The application of a systematic, disciplined,

3. The scientific and practical approach to computation

4. The application of computers and telecommunications

5. A degree you have to attain for you to become a

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7. Someone who creates website and web applications. 7.

9. Creates the code for software applications and

10. Assists users who are having problems with

Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas 4217 | https://www.facebook.com/KLLOfficial/

I. COURSE CODE/TITLE: CC 101 / Introduction to Computing

II. SUBJECT MATTER: LESSON 3. Computing in the different fields

III. COURSE OUTCOME:

USES OF COMPUTER IN INDUSTRY

parts, welding or painting cars etc.

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3. Computer-aided manufacturing - Computer-aided manufacturing is the manufacturing

c. The CAM reduces the cost of the production.

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COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR MARKETING

With a computer, a business can create and

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NAME:______________________ DATE ACCOMPLISHED:_

NAME:______________________ DATE ACCOMPLISHED:_

NAME:______________________ DATE ACCOMPLISHED:_

NAME:______________________ DATE ACCOMPLISHED:_