2.0wetting and Dispersing - Janos 2005

Principles of Pigment Wetting, Dispersion
and Stabilization in Organic Coatings
Presented by: János Hajas

technical product support manager
BYK-Chemie GmbH, Wesel /
Germany
Dispersion & Flocculation
Agglomerate ideal dispersion

Solid/gaseous interface
Flocculate Solid/liquid interface
Solid/liquid interface
Wetting and Dispersing Process
1 2 3
Wetting Dispersing Stabilizing

Additives
Flocculation vs. Deflocculation
Flocculation:
Low gloss
Poor transparency/hiding
High viscosity
Deflocculation:
High gloss
Good transparency/hiding
Low viscosity
Color Change due to Flocculation
Blue
---> more greenish
Red
---> more bluish
Deflocculation of Organic Pigments
Control Disperbyk® -161

Inorganic Pigment Deflocculation
Control Disperbyk® -110

Flooding & Floating
Bénard cells
Horizontal pigment separation= floating
due to
different
degrees
of
flocculation
Eddy currents during drying

Flooding & Floating
Vertical pigment separation = flooding
Uniform color in surface
Color is different
underneath the surface
Rub-up Test
Phthalocyanine Blue + TiO2
Disperbyk-110 no additive
no additive Disperbyk-161
Red iron oxide

+ TiO2
Pigment Stabilization (1)
Steric Stabilization:
the lower the polarity
the greater the effect
Pigment Stabilization (2)
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
Electrostatic Repulsion:the higher the polarity,

the greater the effect
Pigment Stabilization
Coating System Stabilization Mechanism
Solvent-Based Steric Hindrance / Charge
Water Reducible Charge / Steric Hindrance
Emulsion Charge/Steric hindrance

Competitive Adsorption
Pigment
Resin
Solvent
Additive
Wetting and Dispersing Additives for
Solventborne and Solvent-free Systems
Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Controlled
Deflocculating flocculating
Particles are separated Particles are separated

from each other, but associated with
WITHOUT ASSOCIATION each other
BY ADDITIVES
Deflocculation / Controlled Flocculation
Deflocculation Contr. flocculation
Improved Improved
Flooding &
floating control
Gloss, haze Improved Slightly reduced
Hiding power
Anti-settling, sag Reduced Improved
control
Ideal for: TOPCOATS PRIMERS, high build low

gloss coatings
Structure of Wetting and Dispersing Additives
Essential structural elements:
pigment affinic group

compatible tail
Pigment affinic groups: -COOH, -NO2, N, -PO4...

Compatible tails: polyester, polyether, alkyl,
polyacrylic, polyurethane...
W&D Additive Design: Molecular Configurations
1 anchor group - 1-2 compatible

chain
deflocculating
2-5 anchor groups on ends of
branched chains controlled
flocculating
Many anchor groups in block

structures along the chain
deflocculating
Chemistries of Wetting and Dispersing
Additives
• Lower MW polymers: based mainly on fatty acid

chemistry (unsaturated fatty acids, modified by
polyaddition, salt formation, polycondensation,
polymerization...)
• Higher MW block polymers: polyester , polyacrylate,
polyurethane or polyether structures with multiple pigment
affinic groups
Optimal Levels of Polymeric
W & D Additives
Pigment type Optimal levels (s.o.p.)
Extenders <1%
Titanium dioxide 2-4 %
Color inorganic p. 5-8 %
Organic pigments 15-25 %
Carbon black 30-80 %

Titanium Dioxide Deflocculation
Gloss[%]
System: acrylic/melamine
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
0 1 2 3 4
Dispersant* level s.o.p. [%]
* Disperbyk-110
Advantages of a Good TiO2 Deflocculation
• Increased hiding power

• More bluish shade
• Higher gloss
• Lower haze
• Colorant compatibility is improved
• Better gloss retention & weather resistance
Do Additives Improve Gloss Retention ?
Gloss at 60°[%] White OEM Topcoat, not polished
95 Phosphate based
85 W&D additive
75 3,6 %
65 1,8 %
55
45
35
25 CONTROL
15
0 12 24
Months
(Okinawa)
Why Do Phosphate Based W&D Additives Improve
Gloss Retention ?
1. Better deflocculation of TiO2 provides

more UV protection for the resin matrix
2. Special anchoring groups (phosphate)
provide additional protection against free
radicals
free radicals - chalking
UV Suitable
structures
capture free
radicals -
- less chalking
Additional W&D Additive Selection Criteria
Pigment surface Best W&D additive selection
Basic
Anionic
Neutral Electroneutral
Acidic Cationic
W&D Additives for TiO2
Basic
(Al2O3/SiO2) Anionic
Neutral
Electroneutral
(Al2O3/SiO2)
Acidic Cationic
(Al2O3/SiO2)
Stabilization of TiO2 with Various
Surface Treatment
Gloss 20° [%]

95
Polymer 110
Al2O3/SiO2
(anionic) 90
Polymer 180
(electroneutral)
85
Polymer 162
(cationic) 80
75
70
0 1 2 3
W&D Additive Dosage s.o.p.[%]
CR-50 (Ishihara)
Stabilization of TiO2 with Various
Surface Treatment
Gloss 20° [%]

92
Al2O3 /SiO2 90
Electroneutral
88
86
84
Anionic Cationic 82
80
78
0 1 2 3
CR-90 (Ishihara) Dosage s.o.p.[%]
Special Aspects of Wetting and Dispersing
in Aqueous Systems
• Highly polar environment
• Very high surface tension
• Different resin chemistries and much broader variety of
coating formulations, compared to solventborne systems
(e.g. emulsion polymers, special solubilization methods
etc.)
Additives for Aqueous Pigment Dispersions
Interfacial CHARGE STERIC

tension stabilisation stabilisation
reduction
Wetting agents HIGH slight slight
Dispersants NONE HIGH NONE
Wetting and
dispersing HIGH HIGH HIGH
additives
Wetting Additives
Typical wetting agents:

alkylphenol-ethoxylates
lipophilic
sulfosuccinates
acetylenic glycol derivatives
fatty acid salts...
Trade names:
Triton CF 10, Surfynol 104
series, Disperbyk-181, 192...
hydrophilic
Structure of Dispersants for Emulsion Paints
Product examples: ammonium polyacrylates, sodium

polyacrylates, ammonium polycarboxylates, sodium or
potassium polyphosphates (no surface tension reduction)
Anchoring and
charge-donor
groups:
Anionic
Determination of Dispersant Demand in
Emulsion Paints
Viscosity
Different dispersants
Level of dispersant
Polymeric Wetting and Dispersing Additives for
Aqueous Systems
Organophylic chain
Disperbyk®-190 Hydrophylic chain

Anchoring groups:
Cationic
Anionic
Additive Selection in Aqueous Systems
Water reducible,
EMULSION
colloidal emulsion,
PAINTS hybrid
INORGANIC CHARGE CHARGE

PIGMENTS, Wetting
Wetting
EXTENDERS Steric stabilisation
Dispersants W&D additives
ORGANIC
CHARGE CHARGE
PIGMENTS,
Wetting Wetting
CARBON
Steric stabilisation Steric stabilisation
BLACK
Dispersants + W&D additives
wetting agents
or W&D additives
Grinding Methods in Aqueous Systems
Water reducible,
EMULSION
colloidal emulsion,
PAINTS hybrid
INORGANIC Grinding in Grinding in

PIGMENTS, WATER WATER (slurry)
EXTENDERS (slurry) or GRINDING RESIN
ORGANIC
PIGMENTS, Grinding in Grinding in
CARBON WATER WATER (slurry)
BLACK (slurry) or GRINDING RESIN
Additive Selection Principles for Aqueous Binders
GRINDING GRINDING in
in WATER RESIN
Acrylic & styrene-

acrylic emulsions ✓.
PVAc emulsions ✓ (best: anionic)
Styrene/butadiene ✓ (best: anionic)

emulsions
VeoVa copolymer
✓.
emulsions
Colloidal acrylic & ✓. ✓.

PU emulsions
Anionic: BYK-156 (inorg.) Cationic: Disperbyk-191
Disperbyk-190 Disperbyk-184
Cationic: Disperbyk-191
Additive Selection Principles for Aqueous Binders
GRINDING GRINDING in
in WATER RESIN
Water reducible
alkyds, polyesters, ✓. ✓.
acrylates etc.
Alkyd emulsions ✓ (best: anionic)
Two-pack epoxy ✓ (only anionic)

systems/epoxy side
Two-pack epoxy ✓ (best: cationic)
✓?
systems/hardener
Melamine & urea- ✓? ✓ (side effects ?)
formaldehyde resins
Anionic: Disperbyk-190 Cationic: Disperbyk-191
Cationic: Disperbyk-191 Disperbyk-184
Summary (1.)
• Pigments must be stabilized to prevent flocculation

• Low polarity systems are stabilized by steric hindrance
• High polarity systems are stabilized by electrostatic
repulsion
• Suitable molecular structures, adsorbed onto pigment
surfaces, can provide both types of stabilization
Summary (2.)
• The true color of any pigment can only be achieved

when completely deflocculated
• High molecular weight wetting and dispersing
additives are available to stabilize (almost) any
pigment and resin combinations, products become
more specific in their applications

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Principles of Pigment Wetting, Dispersion

and Stabilization in Organic Coatings

Presented by: János Hajas

Agglomerate ideal dispersion

Wetting Dispersing Stabilizing

Control Disperbyk® -161

Control Disperbyk® -110

Horizontal pigment separation= floating

Eddy currents during drying

Vertical pigment separation = flooding

Uniform color in surface

Phthalocyanine Blue + TiO2

Red iron oxide

Electrostatic Repulsion:the higher the polarity,

Coating System Stabilization Mechanism

Solvent-Based Steric Hindrance / Charge

Water Reducible Charge / Steric Hindrance

Emulsion Charge/Steric hindrance

Particles are separated Particles are separated

Deflocculation Contr. flocculation

Gloss, haze Improved Slightly reduced

Anti-settling, sag Reduced Improved

Ideal for: TOPCOATS PRIMERS, high build low

Essential structural elements:

pigment affinic group

Pigment affinic groups: -COOH, -NO2, N, -PO4...

1 anchor group - 1-2 compatible

Many anchor groups in block

• Lower MW polymers: based mainly on fatty acid

Pigment type Optimal levels (s.o.p.)

Titanium dioxide 2-4 %

Color inorganic p. 5-8 %

Organic pigments 15-25 %

Carbon black 30-80 %

• Increased hiding power

Gloss at 60°[%] White OEM Topcoat, not polished

1. Better deflocculation of TiO2 provides

Pigment surface Best W&D additive selection

Gloss 20° [%]

Gloss 20° [%]

Interfacial CHARGE STERIC

Wetting agents HIGH slight slight

Dispersants NONE HIGH NONE

Typical wetting agents:

Product examples: ammonium polyacrylates, sodium

Disperbyk®-190 Hydrophylic chain

INORGANIC CHARGE CHARGE

INORGANIC Grinding in Grinding in

Acrylic & styrene-

PVAc emulsions ✓ (best: anionic)

Styrene/butadiene ✓ (best: anionic)

Colloidal acrylic & ✓. ✓.

Two-pack epoxy ✓ (only anionic)

• Pigments must be stabilized to prevent flocculation

• The true color of any pigment can only be achieved

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