Introduction To Heat Transfer

Introduction to Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
• Heat always moves from a warmer place to
a cooler place.
– Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room
temperature.
– Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to
room temperature.
Question
– If a cup of coffee and an ice cube were left on
the table in this room what would happen to
them? Why?
• The cup of coffee will cool until it reaches
room temperature. The popsicle will melt
and then the liquid will warm to room
temperature.
• HEAT: The energy in transit is termed HEAT
• HEAT TRANSFER: The transmission of energy
from one region to another as a result of
temperature gradient.
• Driving potential: Temperature difference
• Temperature: The temperature is a thermal
state of a body which distinguishes a hot body
from a cold body.
Areas covered
• Heating and cooling of fluids etc. in chemical
operations.
• Refrigeration and air conditioning units.
• Thermal and Nuclear power plants
– Heat engines
– Steam generators
– Condensers
– Heat exchange equipments
– Catalytic converters
– Furnaces etc
The study of heat transfer is carried out for the
following purposes
• To estimate the rate of flow of energy as heat
through the boundary of a system under study
(both under steady and transient conditions)
• To determine the temperature field under
steady and transient conditions.
Plant Layout
Process Equipment's
• Evaporators
• Heat Exchangers
– Shell and Tube Heat exchanger
– Double Pipe HE
– Plate and Frame HE
– Spiral HE….. Etc…
Shell and Tube HE
Shell and Tube HT Animation
Double Pipe HE
Other HE
Distillation
Boilers and Condensers
Mode
of
HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Transfer Methods
• Heat transfers in three ways:
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation
Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat
travels to the other end.
As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these

vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and
so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
Metals are different
The outer e______

lectrons of metal atoms
drift, and are free to move.
When the metal is

heated, this ‘sea of
inetic
electrons’ gain k_____
energy and transfer it
throughout the metal.
Insulators, such as w___

ood and p____,
lastic do not
have this ‘sea of electrons’ which is why they
do not conduct heat as well as metals.
Why does metal feel colder than wood, if they
are both at the same temperature?
Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. Metal

conducts the heat away from your hands. Wood
does not conduct the heat away from your hands as
well as the metal, so the wood feels warmer than
the metal.
Convection
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a
gas when you heat them?
The particles spread out and

become less dense.
This effects fluid movement.

Fluid movement
Cooler, more d____,

ense fluids
sink through w_____,
armer less
dense fluids.
In effect, warmer liquids and

gases r___
ise up.
Cooler liquids and gases s___.

ink
Water movement
Cools at the Convection

surface current
Cooler Hot water

water sinks rises
Cold air sinks
Where is the Freezer

freezer compartment
compartment
put in a fridge?
It is warmer
at the
It is put at the bottom, so
top, because this warmer
cool air sinks, air rises and
so it cools the a convection
food on the current is
way down. set up.
The third method of heat transfer
How does heat energy get

from the Sun to the Earth?
There are no particles
between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT
travel by conduction or
by convection.
RADIATION
?
Radiation
Radiation travels in straight lines

True/False
Radiation can travel through a vacuum
True/False
Radiation requires particles to travel
True/False
Radiation travels at the speed of light
True/False
Radiation
Three modes
Objectives
• Principles
• Governing Equations
• Applications
Fourier law of heat conduction
Thermal conductivity of some
materials at room temperature
Composite wall
Rate of heat transfer by convection
Radiation:Stefans boltzman law
Heat Transfer equipment
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Highlights
• Simple in construction.
• Used when required surface area is small
• Can be operated in true counter current
• Differential expansion is absent due to U-
bend construction
• Wide variety of materials used for tubes and
shells.
Shell and tube Heat Exchanger
Highlights
• Used when surface are required is large
• Widely used in industries
• Used for extremely high pressures and
temperatures.
• The tube pitch, arrangement, length,
number, and diameter can be modified. In
other words, the designs of the shell and
tube heat exchangers are very flexible.
Evaporators
Multi effect [forward feed]

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Introduction to Heat Transfer

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these

The outer e______

When the metal is

Insulators, such as w___

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. Metal

The particles spread out and

This effects fluid movement.

Cooler, more d____,

In effect, warmer liquids and

Cooler liquids and gases s___.

Cools at the Convection

Cooler Hot water

Where is the Freezer

How does heat energy get

Radiation travels in straight lines

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

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