GRADE 8

ENGLISH
➜Quarter 4 Reviewer

Punctuation- The marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in

writing to separate sentences.
Commas- Use between three or more items that form a series.
Semicolons- Use to separate two independent clauses not linked by a
coordinating conjunction.
Colons- Use at the end of a complete sentence to introduce a list.
Dashes- Set off parenthetical phrases and clauses.
Combining Sentences- A better way to express one’s ideas without boring your
readers or listeners.
Complex sentence- Consists of one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
Compound sentence- An example of coordination because it brings together
word groups of equal rank.
Coordinating conjunctions- And, but, or, nor.
Subordinating conjunctions- When, as, since, before, after, where, because.
Descriptive essay- The writer provides the readers with a “word of picture”
Descriptive words- Add color and vividness to the details they describe.
Active voice- Used when the subject is the doer of the action.
Passive voice- Used when the subject is the receiver of the action.
Journalism- Plays an important role in today’s world.
Journalism- Associated with competent writing which requires the correct use of
language and style.
5 principles being observed/followed in journalism- Accuracy, objectivity, Brevity,
Conciseness, Directness.
Direct speech- When we report something using the exact words.
Indirect speech- When we report something using our own words.
News writing- Refers to it as a report of current events, something that wasn’t
known.
Criteria by which news is judged- Is it new, is it unusual, is it interesting or
significant, is it about people and other things related to them.
Inverted pyramid- Used for news writting.
First paragraph- The most important information/ details are included.
Second/third/fourth paragraph- Give the readers details.
Last paragraph- Wraps up the report.
The lead- The most important info.
The body- The crucial info.
The tail- Extra info.
News lead- The most important part of the news.
5 types of lead- Straight lead, descriptive lead, quotation lead, contrast lead,
delayed/ suspended lead.
Straight lead- Uses the inverted pyramid style.
Descriptive lead- Describe how an event happened instead of telling what the
event is about.
Quotation lead- A verbatim quotation from someone involved in the news is
important or interesting.
Contrast lead- To avoid monotony, contrast of two elements involved in the news.
Delayed/ suspended lead- A situation is used to hook the readers.
Editorial- Article that presents the newspaper's opinion on an issue.
-May explain or interpret, criticize, persuade or praise.
Types of Features
Personality profile- This is written to make readers more acquainted.
Human interest story- This is written to show a subject oddity or it's practical.
Trend stories- This examines people, things or organization that are having an
impact on the story.
In-depth stories- This requires extensive research and interviews.
MAPEH
➜Quarter 4 Reviewer

Music

Common characteristics of asian theater-

-Scripts are often sung, chanted, danced, mimed.
-There are more visual and sensual scenes than literary or intellectual ones.
-A kabuki script is seen by the Japanese as a production vehicle not a literary
or intellectual one.
-The play are roughly plotted.
-Story telling is common and popular.
China- Beijing opera
Japan- Noh drama
Indonesia- Kabuki, Wayang kulit
Japanese puppet- Bunraku
Tradition- The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
Culture- Is a term that refers to a large and diverse set of mostly intangible
aspects of social life.
Theater- The word is from a greek word theatron, “a place of seeing”.
Origin of Asian theater- Early religious rituals, Animal movements, Martial arts,
Art of storytelling, The etiquette and the formulation of the present classical
traditions.
Shaman- A person regarded as having access to, and influence in the world of
good and evil spirits.
Wayang- Refers to kinds of puppet theaters, sometimes the puppet referred to as
wayang.
Kulit- Skin, refers to the leather construction of the puppets.
November 7, 2003- recognition as a masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage
of humanity.
Hindu epics- Ramayana, Mahabharata, Serat Menak (a story about the heroism
of Amir Hamza)
Gunungan- Is the most important part of the show. It is used to signal the
beginning and the end of the performance.
Elements of performance- Kelir, blencong, puppet, gawang, gedebong, cempala,
kothak, dhalang.

ARTS

Woodblock printing- Ink is applied to letters carved on a wooden board, which is

then pressed onto paper.
Xylography- The art of making engravings on wood especially for printing.
Printmaking- Is the process of making artworks by printing.
Intaglio- Where ink is applied beneath the original surface of the matrix.
Engraving- This process can be repeated many times, this is done using a tool
called burin.
Mezzotint- Is a method of engraving the areas of tone rather than lines.
Etching- The opposite of a woodcut.
Aquatint- Form of engraving with acid on a plate to some extent covered with
varnish that produces a print.
Screen printing- Occasionally known as “silkscreen” or “serigraph” creates print
by using a fabric stencil technique.
Stencil- A thin sheet of cardboard, used to produce the cut design on the surface
below.
Paraffin- Used for its friability.
Wajan- Container that holds the melted wax.
Anglo- The wajan is placed on a small brick charcoal stove, a spirit burner.
Beewaxes- Used for its malleability.
Resins- Can be added to increase adhesiveness and animal fats.
Sheng- Peking opera main role
-Xiaosheng- Actors are often involved with beautiful women by virtue of the
handsome and young image they project.
-Wusheng- It is the martial character for roles involving combat.
-Laosheng- A dignified older role.
Dan- It refers to any female role in Peking opera.
Laodan- An old woman.
Wudan- A martial woman.
Daomadan- A young female warrior.
Qingyi- An elite, virtuous woman.
Huadan- An unmarried, vivacious woman.
Jing- A painted face male role who plays either primary or secondary roles.
Chou- A male clown that usually plays secondary roles.

PE

Binislakan- Francisca Reyes-Aquino

Lingayen, Pangasinan
Sua-Ku-Sua- Ramon A. Obusan
Jolo, Sulu
Pangalay- Francisca Reyes-Aquino
Sulu
Sakuting- Francisca Reyes-Aquino
Abra and Ilocos Norte

Health

Gateway drugs- Such as cigarettes and alcohol.

Smoking- Is a practice in which a substance is burned.
Tobacco- Is a tall, leafy plant, originally grown in south and central america.
Cigarette- A thin cylinder of finely-cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.
Mainstream smoke- Refers especially to the smoke that a smoker directly inhales.
Sidestream smoke- The smoke that comes out of the lighted end of a cigarette or
pipe.
Third hand smoke- Smoke left for a long time on the sofa, beddings, pillow and
other objects.

Dangers of Smoking

High blood pressure- Too much exertion of blood against the arteries causing
damage.
Heart disease- Involves the cardiovascular system.
Body odor- Effect of cigarette smoke to your body scent.
Bad breath- Foul smell exhaled from the mouth.
Bronchitis- Inflammation of the airways from the trachea into the lungs.
Emphysema- Damage air sacs in the lungs.
Pneumonia- Infection of the lungs.
Asthma- A chronic disease which affects the airways.
Cancer- A group of diseases which makes body cells grow uncontrollably.
TLE

Table manners

Factors to consider in preparing foods

-Budget
-Nutrients
-Palatability
-Sanitation
-Variation
-Likes and Dislikes

Food preparation techniques

Paring- Removing the skin with a knife.

Peeling- Removing the skin between thumbs and forefinger.
Blending- Mixing of two ingredients together using a spoon or an electric mixer.
Scraping- Holding the blade of a knife over the surface of vegetables.
Shelling- Cracking or pressing hard cover by drawing out the seeds or meat.
Beating- Mixing the ingredients with air bubbles with repeated round motions.
Basting- Brush or spoon pan drippings.
Creaming- The process of beating or mixing ingredients with a spoon.
Caramelizing- Melt sugar without burning.
Chopping- The cutting of foods such as pork, carrots and onions.
Shredding- Cutting food into thin strips.
Slicing- Cutting of foods into pieces.
Pounding- The process of pulverizing foods using a mortar or mantle.
Sifting- Is to pass dry ingredients through a fine mesh sifter.
Marinating- Soaking the food in a seasoned liquid.
Cubes- Cutting food into square pieces.

Methods of cooking

Baking- Is to cook, covered or uncovered, by dry heat in an oven.

Braising- Is a cooking technique in which the ingredient is seared.
Broiling- Is derived from the french word bruler. Cooking directly over a fire.
Boiling- Is the process of cooking food in boiling water.
Frying- Is cooking in hot oil in a short time.
Deep frying- Is a method in which food is submerged in hot oil or fat.
Grilling- Is a form of cooking that involves dry heat from above or below.
Sautéing- Is a method of cooking food that uses a small amount of fat in a
shallow cookware.
Roasting- Is a cooking method that uses dry heat.
Microwaving- Is an extremely rapid method of cooking meat.
Simmering- Is a technique in which food is cooked in hot liquids.
Steaming- Is cooking food on a rack or in a steamer basket over a boiling liquid.

Guidelines in choosing and purchasing good quality food

Characteristics
-Fish should be fine grained and firm
-Its color may range from pale to red to deep red
-It has bright red color and no disagreeable odor
-It is covered with the smooth and creamy white fat that is evenly distributed
over the exterior portion of the meat.

Different cuts of meat

-Tender cuts
-Less tender cuts
-Tough cuts
-Glandular organs
-Ground meat
-Cured meat
-Canned meat

Wise buying of food items

hi
Francisco de la cruz balagtas- May akda ng florante at laura.
-Kilala din bilang Kiko
-Pinanganak noong Abril 2, 1788
-Isang Panday ang ama na si Mang Juan
-Pinatuloy sya sa maynila ng kanyang kamag-anak na si Trinidad.

Mga natapos sa pag-aaral

-Kanones
-Kastila
-Humanidades
-Teolohiya
-Pilosopiya

Padre mariano pilapil- Guro at nagsulat ng pasyong mahal ni hesukristo.

Jose de la cruz- (Huseng sisiw) pinakamahusay na makata noon.
Noong 1835- Lumipat sa Pandacan.
Maria asuncion rivera- Magandang dilag na tinatawag nyang Selya.
-Pinaghandugan niya ng kanyang awit na florante at
laura
Kapule- Karibal ni balagtas.
Juana tiambeng- Naging kabiyak nya.
Pebrero 20, 1862- Namatay si balagtas.

Florante- Pangunahing bida ng Florante at Laura, Anak ni Duke Briseo.

Laura- Minamahal ng lubos ni Florante. Anak ng Haring Linceo ng Albanya.
Flerida- Kasintahan ni Alading.
Konde Adolfo- Isa sa mga pangunahing kontrabida nito. Anak ni Konde Sileno.
Aladin- Isang morong persyanong tumulong kay Florante.
Menandro- Matalik na kaibigan ni Florante.
Duke Briseo- Maarugaing ama ni Florante.
Prinsesa Floresca- Ang ina ni Florante.
Haring Linceo- Hari ng kahariang ng Albanya.
Sultan Ali-Adab- Ang sultan ng persyanong umagaw sa kasintahan ni Aladin.
Menalipo- Pinsan ni Florante.
Heneral Osmalik- Heneral ng hukbong persyanong sumakop sa krotona.
Heneral Miramolin- Pinuno ng mga mananakop ng Albanya.
Konde Sileno- Ang ama ni konde adolfo.
Antenor- Isang guro sa atenas.
Higera- Malaking punong kahoy.
Buwitre- Ibon na nagtangkang patayin si florante noong bata.
Tayutay- Pahayag na ginagamit ng makata o manunulat.
Talinghaga- Mga salitang may malalamin na kahulugan.

Pagtutulad (Simili)- Ang pagpapahayag na ito ay naghahambing sa dalawnag

magkaibang bagay.
Pagwawangis (Metaphor)- Ang pagpapahayag na ito’y tiyakang naghahambing
at naiiba sa pagtutulad.
Pandiwantao (Personidication)- Ang pagsasalin ng talino, gawi at katangian ng
tao sa mga karaniwang bagay.
Pagmamalabis (Hyperbole)- Sa pagpapahayag na ito’y lubhang pinalalabis o
pinakukulang ang tunay na kalagayan ng tao.
Pagpapalit-tawag (Metonymy)- Ang pagpapahaag na ito ay nagpapalit ng
katawagan o ngalan sa bagay na tinutukoy.
Pagpapalit-saklaw (Synecdoche)- Ang pagpapahayag na ito’y naisasagawa sa
dalawang pamamaraan.
Pagtatanong (Rhetorical Question)- Ginagamit sa pagpapahayag na ito ang
pagtatanong upang tanggapin ang isang bagay.
Pagdaramdam (Exclamation)- Ang pagpapahayag na ito’y nagsasaad ng di-
pangkaraniwang damdamin.
Pagtawag (Apostrophe)- Sa pagpapahayag na ito’y ginagawa ang pakikipag-
usap sa karaniwang bagay o sa isang di-nadaramang kaisipan.
Pag-uyan (Sarcasm)- Ang pagpapahayag na ito’y pananalitang nangungutya sa
tao o bagay.

Tula- Isang pagbabagong-hugis ng buhay.

Aspeto ng paglikha ng tula

Damdamin- Kailangn ng tula ay nagmula sa damdamin.
Guniguni- Mayamang imahinasyon na magpapalawak at bubuo ng mga
larawang-diwa.
Kaisipan- Tayog at lawak ng kamalayan na magbibigay katarungan sa
damdamin.
Pananalita- Makasining na paggamit ng matatalinghagang panalita na
hahamon sa lawak at talas ng isip.

Sangkap ng tula
-Bilang ng pantig sa bawat taludtod ng tula
-Tugma ➜ Pagkakasintunog ng mga huling pantig sa bawat taludtod ng tula.
Uri ng tugma: Tugmang ganap- parepareho ang paraan ng pagkakabigkas.
Tugmang di-ganap- hindi parepareho ang paraan.
-Talinghaga ➜ Mga pananalitang nagpapahayag ng ibayong kahulugan kasya pagkakatitik.
-Sining ➜ Kagandahan ng pagpapahayag ng kaisipang napapaloob sa tula.

Saligang panlabas ng tula

-Sukat ➜ Tumutulong sa wastong paghinto at pagtigil sa pagbigkas ng tula.
-Tugma ➜ Nagpapadulas sa pagbigkas at nagdudulot aliw-iw sa pandinig.
-Estilo ➜ Paraan ng makata sa pagbuo ng tula.
Uri ng Estilo: Karaniwan, Di karaniwan, May paningit.

Saligang panloob ng tula

-Kariktan ➜ Kagandahan ng tula na ang kabuuan ay namamahay sa puso’t diwa.
-Aliw iw ➜ Mahimig na pagkakabigkas ng tula na siyang nagpap-lutang ng damdaming namayani sa
tula.
-Guniguni at Imahinasyon ➜ Paglalakbay-diwa sa dako paroon upang makabuo ng isang
kalagayan at kaangkinang angat sa kasalukuyan.
-Talinghaga ➜ Paggamit nf mga tagutay ba siyang tutulong sa pagbuo ng larawang-diwa.
-Sagisag ➜ Mga pananalitang naglalarawan ng ibayong kahulugan kaysa pagkakatitik.

Mga anyo ng tula

-May tugma at sukat
-May tugma, Walang sukat
-May sukat, Walang tugma

Ika-20 siglo - nagkaroon ng malawakang digmaang pandaigdig

Ika-19 siglo - natuklasan ang mga bagong imbensyon tulad ng submarino,
eroplano, at ibat-ibang makinarya at instrumenpaggawa ng mga bagay

MGA NAGING MAYAMAN AT MATAGUMPAY

-GERMANY
-ITALYA
-FRANCE
-AMERIKApy 6rhh
-BRITANYA

JUNKER- sa prusia at germany sila ang mga mayayaman at

makapangyahirang noble
BIG BROTHER-mga bansang nag isip na kailangan nilang pangalagaan ang
kapakanan ng ibang teritoryo
BOSNIA AT HERZEGOVINA- sumakop sa austria
ALSACE AT LORRAINE- ang mga sinakop ng germany sa france
U-BOAT - salitang aleman na unterseeboot na ang ibigsabihin ay barko sa
ilalim ng dagat, kaunaunahang sub marine
ARMS RACE- paramihan ng sundalo, palakasan ng sandata girian at
modernisasyon ng mga sasakyang pandagat.

ANG EUROPA AY NAHATI SA 2NG KAMPIHAN

-TRIPLE ENTENTE
-TRIPLE ALLIANCE

TAONG 1879- magpasyang magkasundo ng mga bansang germany at

austria-hungary sa isang alyansa
TAONG 1882- nang makibahagi ang italya sa alyansa at kinilala sila bilang
triple alliance

TRIPLE ALLIANCE
GERMANY- Emperador(o kaiser) Wilhelm II
Nakipaglaban- 11m
Namatay- 1.8m

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY- Emperador Franz Josef

Nakipaglaban- 7.8m
Namatay- 980k

ITALYA- Punong Ministro Vittorio Orlando

Nakipaglaban- 5.6m
Namatay-46k

-Lumahok kinalaunan

IMPERYO NG OTTOMAN - Sultan Mehmed V

Nakipaglaban- 2.85m
Namatay- 325k

BULGARIA- Tzar Ferdinand I

Nakipaglaban- 267k
Namatay- 100k

TRIPLE ENTENTE

FRANCE- Punong Ministro Georges Clemenceau

Nakipaglaban- 8.4m
Namatay- 1.36m

RUSSIA- Tzar Nicolas II

 Nakipaglaban- 12m
Namatay- 1.7m

BRITANYA- Haring George V

Nakipaglaban- 8.9m
Namatay- 900k

-Lumahok kalaunan

AMERIKA- Presindente Woodrow Wilson

Nakipaglaban- 4.75m
Namatay- 120k

Hunyo 28, 1914- Pinaslang si Archduke Franz Ferdinand at kanyang asawa na

si Sarajevo.
GAVRILLO PRINCIP- isang nasyonalistang magaaral mula sa serbia.
Hunyo 28, 1914- nagdeklara ng laban ang Austria mula sa Serbia.

ALLIED POWERS

-Russia
-Germany
-France
-Italya
-Japan
-Brazil
-Thailand
-China
-Romania
-Portugal
-Serbia
-Belgium

CENTRAL POWERS (Quadruple allience)

-Germany
-Austria
-Hungary
-Ottoman
-Bulgaria

NEUTRAL NA BANSA

-Espanya
-Switzerland
-Netherland
-Denmark
-Norway
-Sweden

GREAT WAR- dahil sa lawak ng nagaganap na digmaan ito ay tinaguriang

great war.
-65 milyon sundalo ang nakipag laban
-8.5 milyon ang nasawi
-21 milyon ang nasugatan
-40 na bansa ang nakilahok

Machine gun- ang baril na kayang magpaputok ng sunod-sunod.

Hiram Maxim- nagimbento ng machine gun noong 1884.
Zeppelin- Isang malaking eroplano na pinapalipad ng hydrogen.
Orville and Wilbur Wright (Wright brothers)- Nagtuklas ng zeppelin.
Flying ace- mga nakapagpabagsak bawat ng limang eroplano.
Manfred Von Richthofen- tanyag bilang red baron ng germany.
Nakapagpabagsak ng 80 na eroplano.
Trench warfare- malamin na hukay sa lupa na ginagamit bilang himpilan ng
mga sundalo.
No man's land- ang malawak na lupa sa gitna ng magkatunggali
matatagpuan dito ang mga landmines, barbed wires.
Chemical warfare- poisonous gas na ikinamatay ng libong-libo na mga
sundalo.
Armistice- tigil putukan.
Treaty of Versailles- kondisyon sa pag atras ng germany sa digmaan.
Great depression of amerika- pagbagsak ng stock market o tiwala ng mga
namumuhunan ng negosyo sa panahon na ito.
Adolf hitler- diktador ng germany.
Nazi- partido ni hitler.
Swastika- simbolo ng partido ni hitler.
Mein kampf- kauna unahang aklat kanyang isinulat.
Third reich- demokrasyang ideolohiya sa germany na itinatag ni hitler.
1933- nagsisimulang kondenahin ng mga nazi ang mga hudyo.
1938- nagsimulang gulagurin ng mga militar ang siyudad at lugar na
pinaninirahan ng mga hudyo.
Gas chamber- ang mga mahihina at matatanda ay sa pamamagitan ng
paglanghap ng nakamamatay na gas.
Holocaust- ang malungkot na panahon na ito ay tinawag sa kasaysayan.
-6 Milyon (Pinaslang na hudyo sa holocaust)
Benito Mussolini- diktador ng italya.
Pasista- itinatag ni mussolini na partido noong 1919.
Black shirts- karaniwang nagsusuot ng itim na damit.
-30,000 black shirts
Pasismo- ideolohiyang nasyonalista na may paniniwalang dapat suportahan
ng lahat ng mamamayan ang isang gobyerno.
Haring victor emmanuel III- nagtalaga kay mussolini bilang II duce.
Rome-Berlin Axis- isang pangkat na bakal na hindi mabubuwag.
Falangismo- Paniniwalang kailangan maging makapangyarihan ang mga
militar.
Francisco franco bahamonde- kastilang heneral na nagsulong ng
ideolohiyang falangismo.
Hirohito- Emperador ng japan.
Showa- kapayapaan at pagmulat.
Rape of nanking- malawakang pagpatay at pang aabuso sa mga intsik.
-300,000 na intsik

AXIS

Germany- Adolf Hitler

sundalong namatay: 5.5 milyon

Italya- Benito Mussolini

sundalong namatay: 319,000

Japan- Hirohito
sundalong namatay: 2.1 milyon

ALLIED

France- Charles de Gaulle

sundalong namatay: 217,000

Britanya- Winston Churchill

sundalong namatay: 382,000

Amerika- Franklin D. Roosevelt

sundalong namatay: 416,000

Russia- Joseph Stalin

sundalong namatay: 9.75 milyon

Taiwan- Chiang Kai Shek

sundalong namatay: 3.5 milyon

China- Mao Tse Tung

 sundalong namatay: 3.5 milyon

Rhineland- itinuturing na demilitarized zone.

Albert Einstein- isang dalubhasang aleman na nakatuklas ng atomic bomb.
Little boy- ika-6 ng agosto, 1945, nang ibinagsak ng amerika ang atomic
bomb sa hiroshima mula sa eroplanong Enola Gay.
Fat man- ika-9 ng agosto, 1945, ibinagsak ang atomic bomb sa nagasaki.