Computer Graphics

(Week-1)

Presentation by: Ms. Ifrah Mansoor

Contents
• Introduction to Computer Graphics
• Why Computer Graphics
• Graphics System
• Interactive and non Interactive Graphics
• Types of Computer Graphics
• History of Computer Graphics
• Applications of Computer Graphics
• 1D, 2D and 3D Computer Graphics
• Computer Graphics Disciplines
• Computer Graphics Simulations and Animations
 Introduction to Computer Graphics (CG)
• Graphics : Any sketch, drawing or a special network that pictorially
represents some meaningful information.

• Computer Graphics: Manipulation or the creation of the set of image

in the form of pixels on the computer.

• The field began humbly 50 years ago, with the display of a few lines on a cathode-
ray tube (CRT).

• William Fetter coined term “Computer Graphics” in 1960 to describe new design
methods.
Why Computer Graphics?
• Computer Graphics can be used in digital photography, film,
entertainment, electronic gadgets, and all other core technologies.

• It is a vast subject and area in the field of computer science.

• Can be used in UI design, rendering, geometric objects, animation,

and many more.
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Graphics System
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Non-interactive Graphics
• Disney rendered its new animated film on a 55,000-core
supercomputer

http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pixars-pete-docter-promises-inside-
713756
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Interactive Computer Graphics

• User controls content, structure, and appearance of objects and their displayed
images via rapid visual feedback e.g smartphones, smart watches

• Basic components of an interactive graphics system

• input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus, multi-touch…)
• processing (and storage)
• display/output (e.g., screen, projectors, paper-based printer,
video recorder…)

• First truly interactive graphics system,

Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT by Ivan
Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.D. thesis
Types of Computer Graphics
• Vector (calligraphic, stroke, random-scan)
• commands tell the electron gun where to move and when to turn on/off
• slower with more elements to be drawn, can start to flicker/flash
• only lines possible, no filled polygons, or bitmaps
• Example: Oscilloscopes

• Raster (TV, bitmap, pixmap)

• image represented by a rectangular grid of pixels (picture elements)
• electron gun(s) continually scanning in a regular pattern (line by line across
entire screen)
• constant time to redraw any number of elements
• used in displays and laser printers
History of Graphics
• The term “computer graphics” was coined in 1960 by William Fetter
to describe the new design methods that he was developing at
Boeing.
• He created a series of widely reproduced images on a plotter
exploring cockpit design using a 3D model of a human body.
 History

• Whirlwind: early graphics using Vector Scope (1951)

• Whirlwind I was a Cold War era vacuum tube computer developed by the MIT
Servomechanisms Laboratory for the U.S. Navy.
• Operational in 1951, it was among the first digital electronic computers that
operated in real-time for output, and the first that was not simply an
electronic replacement of older mechanical systems.
• Whirlwind, the first real-time computer—that is, a computer that can respond
seemingly instantly to basic instructions, thus allowing an operator to
interact with a “running” computer.
• It was built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) between 1948
and 1951.
History: Whirlwind I in computer Graphics
• A Whirlwind I computer generates and displays aircraft positions and
auxiliary information on the console.
• The direction and length of the vector indicate the aircraft's direction
and speed.
History: Space wars:
first computer graphics game (MIT 1961)
History:
History:
History:
• Early texture-mapped image
(Catmull 1974)
 History:
• First distributed ray traced image
• In 3D computer graphics, ray tracing is a rendering technique for generating an image by
tracing the path of light as pixels in an image plane and simulating the effects of its
encounters with virtual objects.
• The technique is capable of producing a high degree of visual realism, more so than
typical scanline rendering methods, but at a greater computational cost.
• This makes ray tracing best suited for applications where taking a relatively long time to
render can be tolerated, such as in still computer-generated images, and film and
television visual effects (VFX), but generally more poorly suited to real-time applications
such as video games, where speed is critical in rendering each frame.
• The 2013 Pixar film Monsters University was the first animated film
to use ray tracing for all lighting and shading.
 History:
• First ray traced image (Whitted 1980)
Brief History of Computer Graphics
History of Computer Graphics
History of Computer Graphics
History of Computer Graphics
History of Computer Graphics
History of Computer Graphics
History of Computer Graphics
History of Computer Graphics
 Applications of Computer Graphics
• Computer Aided Design : Graphics are used for an aided design for engineering and
architectural system- These are used in electronic devices. For example gears and bolts.

• Computer Art : MS Paint.

• Presentation Graphics : It is used to summarize financial statistical scientific or
economic data. For example- Bar chart, Line chart.
• Entertainment: It is used in motion pictures, music videos, television gaming.

• Education and training: It is used to understand the operations of complex systems. It

is also used for specialized system such for framing for captains, pilots and so on.
• Visualization: To study trends and patterns.For example- Analyzing satellite photo of
earth.
 1D, 2D and 3D Computer Graphics
• Dimension?
• Dimensions are used to describe the structure of an object — whether it's flat or not — and
its extent in space.

• 1 Dimensional/ 1 D:
1 D graphics are those containing only one dimension. This is only possible when you're
dealing with a line

A B
1D, 2D and 3D Computer Graphics
• 2 Dimensional/ 2 D:
2 D graphics are the type of real life objects that have length and
width and the objects on the graphics are flat. OR the graphics
with just two coordinates (x,y).
y

x
 1D, 2D and 3D Computer Graphics
• 3 Dimensional/ 3 D:
The 3 D graphics contain yet another dimension: depth.
This type is the most realistic one, as the depiction of objects or
environments resembles the way we see them through our own eyes..
The graphics with three coordinates (x,y,z). Where x is length, y is width and
z is depth of the object.
y

x 2D 3D
z
Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR COMPARISON

2D SHAPES 3D SHAPES

Basic Only 2 dimensions are there that Three dimensions are there, X,
are X and Y. Y and Z.

Constructs Square, circle, triangle, Cube, sphere, cone, cuboid,

rectangle, hexagon, etcetera. etcetera.

Represents Top view, side view, bottom Isometric and orthogonal

view, front view while making shapes.
engineering drawings.

Involves Length and breadth Length, breadth and height

Ease of construction Simple to create Quite complex

Edges Are completely visible in the Not visible or hidden due to

drawings. overlapping.
Disciplines of Computer Graphics
• Some topics in computer graphics include
• User interface design
• Geometry processing
• Computer animation
• Vector graphics
• 3D modeling,
• Visualization,
• Image processing
• Computer vision
Graphics Simulation and Animation

• Simulation by all means is a very

helpful tool to show the idea you
have or the work you are doing or to
see the results of your work.
• Given below is the picture in which
you can see wave’s ripples on
water; no doubt looking like
original but is simply a simulation.
• A number of software packages are
used for simulation including:
• Crackerjack Computer Skills
• Keen Artistic Eye
• Flash
• Maya
Simulation

• A simulation is the imitation of the

operation of a real-world process
or system over time.
• Often, computers are used to
execute the simulation.
• Simulation is used in many
contexts, such as simulation of
technology for performance tuning
or optimizing, safety engineering,
testing, training, education, and
video games.
Simulations
 Advantages and disadvantages of simulation

• Advantages • Disadvantages
• It can avoid danger and loss of life. • It can be expensive to measure how
• Conditions can be varied and one thing affects another, to take
outcomes investigated. the initial measurements and to
create the model itself (such as
• Critical situations can be aerodynamic wind tunnels).
investigated without risk. • To simulate something, a thorough
• It is cost effective. understanding is needed and an
• Simulations can be sped up so awareness of all the factors
behavior can be studied easily over involved. Without this, a simulation
a long period of time. cannot be created.
• Simulations can be slowed down to
study behavior more closely.
Computer Graphics Simulations and
Animations Examples.
Computer Graphics Simulations and
Animations Examples..
Computer Graphics Simulations and
Animations Examples..
Computer Graphics Simulations and
Animations Examples.
THANKYOU