MTA2 Guide

AssetWise Performance
Management
APM Maintenance Task

Analysis Guide
Trademark Notice
Bentley, the “B” Bentley logo, AssetWise, Ivara, and Ivara Work Smart
are either registered or unregistered trademarks or service marks of
Bentley Systems, Incorporated or one of its direct or indirect wholly
owned subsidiaries. All other brands and product names are trademarks
of their respective owners.
Copyright Notice
Copyright © 2016, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
Including software, file formats, and audiovisual displays; may only be

used pursuant to applicable software license agreement; contains confi-
dential and proprietary information of Bentley Systems, Incorporated
and/or third parties which is protected by copyright and trade secret law
and may not be provided or otherwise made available without proper
authorization.
For reference, a copy of the End User License Agreement named

“EULA.pdf” is installed in the same folder as the product.
Corporate International Asia Headquarters

Headquarters Headquarters
Bentley Systems, Bentley Systems Bentley Engineering
Incorporated International Limited Software Systems
685 Stockton Drive Second Floor, Block 2, Unit 1402-06, Tower 1
Exton, PA 19341-0678 Park Place China Central Place,
USA Upper Hatch Street Beijing 100022
Phone: (1) 610 458-5000 Dublin 2 China
Fax: (1) 610 458-1060 Ireland Phone: (86) 10 5929 7000
http://www.bentley.com Phone: +353 1 436 4600 Fax: (86) 10 5929 7001
Fax: +353 1 416 1261 http://www.bentley.com
http://www.bentley.com
APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide
Published June 2016
APM Release 7.5
2 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
About This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Related Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Introduction to Maintenance Task Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Overview of Maintenance Task Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Creating the Components of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Using Isograph Availability Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
MTA2 and Failure Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Referencing SAP Plant Maintenance Objects in Analyses . . . . . 14
Overview of Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Overview of Performing Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Create the Analysis and Select Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Record the Primary Asset’s Operating Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Manage the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Add and Analyze Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Using Isograph Availability Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Develop and Implement Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Add Indicators to Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Add Tasks, Documents, and Work to Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Monitor the Status of Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
View Information About the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Link Action Plans to Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Create MTA2 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Two Ways to Access Maintenance Task Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Reusing Failure Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Setting up APM for Maintenance Task Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Define Site Ownership of Analyses and Templates . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Define Employee Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Estimate Failure Modes for Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Set up Analysis Types for MTA2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Define Operating Context Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Define Modification Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Define Checklist Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Set Smart Mapping Options for Failure Mode Copies . . . . . . . . . 36
Set up Document Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Define Failure Mode Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Set up Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Set up Interoperability Options for SAP Plant Maintenance. . . . 38
Glossary of MTA2 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 3

Contents
2. Creating and Managing Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Creating an Analysis from Scratch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Creating an Analysis From a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Setting Failure Mode Options for an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Setting Risk Analysis Options for an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Adding Assets to an MTA2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Excluding Assets from an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Working with Asset Scope on an MTA2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Recording the Primary Asset’s Operating Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Adding Team Members to an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Entering and Reviewing Comments on an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Recording Team Meetings on an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Working with the Analysis Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3. Developing Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Creating Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Creating Analysis Requests for Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Evaluating Susceptibility to Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Performing Failure Mode Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Performing Risk Analysis with Weighted Severities . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Performing Demand Scenario Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Viewing Risk Analyses for Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Recording Failure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Evaluating the Feasibility of Maintenance Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Developing Primary Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Creating Secondary Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Calculating a Failure-Finding Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Adding Indicators, Tasks, and Work to Action Plans. . . . . . . . . . . 192
Reviewing Indicator Collection Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Adding Standard Documents to Action Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Recording and Reviewing Failure Mode Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Adding Symptoms to a Failure Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4. Copying Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Overview of the Copy Failure Modes Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Setting Mapping Options for a Failure Mode Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Browsing for Failure Modes to Add to an MTA2 or Template . . . . 231
Copying Failure Modes to an Analysis or Template. . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Copying an Asset’s Strategy Development Program . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Revisiting Failure Mode Copy Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
5. Working with Maintenance Task Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Changing the Status of Failure Modes and Analyses . . . . . . . . . . 276
Sending an Analysis for Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Working with Action Plan Task Statuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Viewing Information About an Analysis or Template . . . . . . . . . . 284
Reviewing Analysis Assets’ Reliability Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Printing MTA2 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Contents
Linking Action Plans to Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Working With a Project’s Links to Action Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Changing the Primary Asset on an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Updating the Asset Hierarchy Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Viewing Failure Modes and Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Viewing Failure Modes for Standard Tasks and Jobs . . . . . . . . . . 310
Editing an Asset’s Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6. MTA2 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Creating an MTA2 Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Setting up a Template Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Viewing Template Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Moving an Analysis Template to a Different Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Contents

Preface
This preface contains information about the purpose and content of the
APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide. It also points out sections in
other documents that provide information you might need.
Contents
About This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Related Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Preface
About This Guide

Maintenance task analysis (MTA2) is APM’s strategy development meth-
odology that delivers rapid results by enabling the analysis team to
quickly create and implement basic, technically sound reliability pro-
grams. The APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide is meant for analysis
team members who intend to use APM’s software tools to perform,
record, and manage maintenance task analyses. This guide explains how
to use APM to perform and record analyses, manage your analyses, and
create MTA2 templates. Refer to:
• “Introduction to Maintenance Task Analysis” on page 11 for defini-

tions of MTA2 terms and concepts, a summary of the steps required
to perform analyses, and ways to approach analyses.
• “Creating and Managing Analyses” on page 47 for step-by-step
instructions for creating analyses, working with assets, and using
project management tools like meeting notes, checklists, and com-
ment reviews.
• “Developing Failure Modes” on page 111 for information about creat-
ing failure modes, performing risk and feasibility analysis, developing
action plans, and adding indicators, standard tasks and jobs, and doc-
uments.
• “Copying Failure Modes” on page 211 for information about copying
failure modes between assets. The Copy Failure Mode wizard
employs smart asset mapping to match assets, failure modes, and so
on across branches of the asset hierarchy.
• “Working with Maintenance Task Analyses” on page 275 when you
have created analyses and wish to change their statuses, view infor-
mation about them, or modify them in different ways.
• “MTA2 Templates” on page 317 when you are ready to create and
organize the templates on which you will base future analyses.
The APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide is available in APM Help
and as a stand-alone Portable Document Format (PDF) file. This PDF file
is designed as a self-contained document that you can copy to different
computers and use independently of the APM software. The guide is
designed for two-sided printing on an office laser printer so that you can
distribute, read, and annotate it as a printed book.

Preface
Related Documentation
In addition to this guide, you will find the following Help topics useful
when developing maintenance task analyses. Cross-references to these
topics are available throughout the guide, wherever they are pertinent to
the current subject.
See this topic... For information about...

“Setting up Site Types” in Help Specifying the site types that sup-
port maintenance task analyses
“Strategy Development Set- Setting default options for new
tings”, “Failure Mode Settings”, analyses and templates, operating
and “Risk Analysis Settings” in context values, modification types,
Help and failure mode risk assessment
values.
APM Integration Guide for Iso- Using the Availability Workbench
graph Availability Workbench to analyze and optimize failure
modes. The guide is available in the
APM\Docs\English\Integra-
tion_Guides folder.
“Changing an Asset’s Primary Changing the description of an
Function” in Help asset’s primary function, which is
displayed in its analyses
“Setting up Asset Indicators” in Creating indicators to assign to
Help analyses
“Creating and Planning Proj- Creating projects to support modifi-
ects” in Help cations recommended for assets
“Standard Task and Standard Creating standard tasks and stan-
Jobs” in Help dard jobs for performing corrective
actions on assets

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction to Maintenance Task
Analysis
This chapter provides an overview of maintenance task analysis (MTA2),

explaining the steps required to set up for MTA2 and perform analyses.
Contents
Overview of Maintenance Task Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Overview of Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Overview of Performing Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Two Ways to Access Maintenance Task Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Reusing Failure Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Setting up APM for Maintenance Task Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Glossary of MTA2 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 1 • Introduction to Maintenance Task Analysis
Overview of Maintenance Task Analysis

Maintenance task analysis (MTA2) is APM’s unique strategy develop-
ment methodology that enables the analysis team to quickly create and
implement basic, technically-sound reliability programs. MTA2 is most
effective when operational and maintenance knowledge about assets is
well-documented and consistently used by employees. MTA2 provides an
alternative to the resource-intensive RCM2 analysis, while still allowing
you to identify the right work to improve performance across the plant.
MTA2 methodology and tools allow the analysis team to:
• Identify the assets to be analyzed

• Identify the causes of asset failure
• Recommend actions to prevent or mitigate failures
Creating the Components of the Analysis

The following diagram illustrates the components of an MTA2.

To perform maintenance task analysis, the analysis team:
• Selects the assets to be analyzed, which form the analysis asset hier-
archy, a snapshot taken from the site’s physical hierarchy.
• For each of the assets, identifies the causes of asset failure (failure
modes) and the effects of the failure.

• Identifies failure consequences. For key assets, the team can perform
failure mode risk assessments to determine which failure modes have
the highest priority for implementation.
• Develops action plans to deal with each failure mode. A recommended
action is selected for each failure mode, for example, condition-based
maintenance or modification/redesign.
• Optionally evaluates the economic feasibility of implementing pro-
posed maintenance tasks. With the help of the maintenance efficiency
index (MEI), APM uses the avoidance savings and task costs to deter-
mine if the proposed tasks are justified or not.
• Depending on the type of action, adds indicators, corrective standard
tasks or jobs, or procedures to the action plan. One or more secondary
action plans can be recommended for a failure mode.
Using Isograph Availability Workbench

Using the integration functionality in APM, you can export failure modes
from MTA2 and RCM2 analyses to the Isograph Availability Workbench
(AWB), where you can analyze and optimize the data. You can then
import optimization results into the APM analysis, review the recom-
mendations in the Optimization view, and make appropriate changes to
the action plans.
Before you can export failure modes, you must have installed the Avail-
ability Workbench with a valid license. Your APM license must include
the Reliability Strategy Development and Implementation and Perfor-
mance Management modules, and the modules must be active on the
sites where you want to use the functionality.
For information about using this functionality, see APM Integration

Guide for Isograph Availability Workbench.
MTA2 and Failure Tracking

If your organization tracks asset failures using APM, you can link each
failure record that references a failure mode to an existing MTA2. You
can also use a failure record as the starting point for a new MTA2. For
more information, see “Failure Tracking” in Help.
Referencing SAP Plant Maintenance Objects in Analyses

If APM has been configured to access live, read-only information in an
SAP Plant Maintenance system, you can view the following SAP objects
and their properties in APM sites:

• Task lists – General, Equipment, Functional Locations, and Opera-

tions
• Maintenance items – Maintenance items, Equipment Object Lists
and Functional Location Object Lists
• Maintenance plans
SAP objects can be referenced as corrective tasks in action plans and as
proposed tasks in failure mode feasibility evaluations. SAP information
is available in CPR, MTA2, RCM2, RBI, SIF, and HAZOP analyses.
For example, a reliability engineer can reconcile the action plans devel-
oped in a strategy development analysis with actual maintenance items
in SAP. When creating action plans, the engineer browses the SAP data,
using filters to narrow the search for a maintenance item that matches
the action plan. When the item is selected, its number is recorded in the
action plan for later reference, and the engineer can then mark the action
plan as “Implementation completed”. At any time, APM users can view
details about the referenced maintenance item by double-clicking its icon
to open a properties window. These interoperability features help users
to quickly and accurately ensure that their action plans are properly
implemented in SAP, without having to flip back and forth between sys-
tems.
Tip: Interoperability settings at the enterprise and site levels

determine the SAP information available on sites. In the Enter-
prise window, Integrations view, APM administrators can create
interoperability profiles to be assigned to individual sites. Profile
settings determine if SAP objects, APM objects, or both are avail-
able in strategy development analysis and the Reliability Pro-
gram view on site. Similarly, the profile controls whether SAP or
APM information is displayed in action plan details.
Referencing SAP Objects in Analyses

In a strategy development analysis SAP Plant Maintenance objects are
available for selection in two locations:
• In Feasibility evaluations on failure modes, you can select an SAP

item for the proposed task on the Reliability Program tab.

When action plans are updated from the Feasibility evaluation, the
proposed task is referenced in the SAP Tasks tab.
• In primary and secondary action plans, you can select an SAP task
list, maintenance item, or maintenance plan for corrective tasks. This
example of the Maintenance Action Plan window shows both APM
Tasks and SAP Tasks tabs because the site’s profile makes informa-
tion from both systems available.
In the action plan’s Details area, SAP information (System condition

and Work center) can replace APM information (Operating condition and
Maintenance group).
For information about viewing, filtering, and browsing SAP objects, see
“Viewing SAP Plant Maintenance Information in APM” in Help.
For information about setting up interoperability, see

APM Interoperability Guide for SAP Plant Maintenance.

Overview of Risk Analysis

APM maintenance task analysis supports two types of risk analysis:
• Failure mode risk analysis is performed on the failure mode as a

whole
• Demand scenario risk analysis is performed on each demand scenario
identified for the failure mode
This topic explains each type and the concepts that are common to them.
Failure Mode Risk Analysis

In the process of evaluating a failure mode, you can quantify the relative
risk (criticality) associated with the failure by evaluating the conse-
quences (severity of the effect) and the probability of the failure occur-
ring, assigning values for each factor. APM then calculates the relative
risk by multiplying the severity by the probability values.
When the relative risk is established, APM calculates the failure mode’s
priority using a set of customer-defined rules. The consequence priority
rules can be based on the failure mode’s severity, relative risk, downtime
costs, downtime duration, or a combination. For example, the Extreme
priority could be assigned to failure modes whose total severity is equal
to 5.0.
You can apply a confidence factor to the analysis to quantify your faith in
current maintenance or inspection practices to contain the failure mode’s
risk. The confidence factor can adjust the inspection factor or the failure
mode’s position in the risk matrix.
After you have analyzed the failure modes, you can compare failure
modes and identify the relative importance of addressing them. The Risk
Assessment view in the Strategy Development Analysis window
includes failure mode lists based on criticality, consequence priority,
severity, and relative risk, as well as a risk plot, risk matrix, and lists of
the evaluations. This view is also available for the asset.
APM provides two ways to perform failure mode risk analysis:
• Using a simple evaluation that allows you to enter weighted severity

values, probability values, and confidence factors.
• Using evaluation forms for in-depth analysis of consequences and
confidence factors.

With both methods, APM calculates the relative risk and displays it in
the risk matrix chart. The method available in the Maintenance Action
Plan window depends on the option selected in the analysis’ risk analysis
settings.
Before you can perform risk assessments, the severities, probabilities,

failure mode consequence priorities, confidence factors, and risk matrix
entries must be set up in the site’s Strategy Development settings. For
more information, see “Risk Analysis Settings” in Help.
Demand Scenario Risk Analysis

APM provides a method of performing risk analysis on safety devices
that protect equipment, people, and environments from events such as
pressure build-up, fire, or equipment failure. Risk analysis is performed
on one or more demand scenarios identified on the failure mode.
A demand scenario is a situation that requires that an asset, such as a

safety device, be put into operation. Examples of demand scenarios are
fire, power failure, and blocked outlet.
Probability Based on Likelihood of Failure and Demand Rate

When demand scenario analysis is performed, probability of failure is
based on the likelihood of failure and demand rate. The analysis team
determines the probability by:
• Identifying the likelihood of the failure occurring based on past his-

tory or industry experience. This value describes how often the asset
has been required to operate. An example of likelihood of failure is
“Has happened at this location more than once in the last two years”.
• Completing a confidence evaluation that quantifies the team’s faith in
the current maintenance or inspection practices to contain the
demand scenario’s risk. The confidence factor can adjust the likeli-
hood of failure up or down.
• Identifying one or more demand scenarios. These are the situations
that result in the safety device being required. For each scenario, a
demand rate is also selected. The demand rate is the frequency with
which the scenario is likely to occur. Demand rates are typically
defined in terms of 0-0.5 year, 0.5-1.0 year, and so on.
• The demand rate with the highest criticality is used with the likeli-
hood of failure to determine the probability of failure. APM uses the
probability matrix to ascertain the result, and the selected probability
of failure is added to the failure mode.

Demand Scenarios and the Failure Mode

The analysis team can then use questionnaires to evaluate the severity of
consequences (health and safety, economic, environmental, reputation) to
arrive at the demand scenario’s relative risk (criticality). APM uses the
demand scenario with the highest criticality to represent the failure
mode.
For information about setting up probability questionnaires and matri-

ces, as well as likelihood of failure values, demand rates, and scenarios,
see “Failure Probability Settings” in Help.
The rest of this topic provides more detail about risk assessment con-
cepts.
Risk (Criticality)
The risk number is calculated for the failure mode as the product of the
Total failure mode severity and the probability of failure.
Risk = Severity * Probability
Severity
Failure severity measures the consequences when a failure occurs. Sever-
ity can be described in terms of health and safety, environmental, reputa-
tion, and economic categories and is usually described as:
• Severe
• High
• Medium
• Low
• Negligible
An impact statement and numerical value are associated with each
severity value defined in APM. The higher the number, the more severe
the effect. Economic impact can also be associated with each severity
value to help determine avoidance savings and maintenance feasibility.
Probability of Failure
The probability of failure is the likelihood that the asset will fail due to
the failure mode. There are three ways to evaluate probability:
• Using a probability evaluation questionnaire

• Based on the estimated time between failure
• Based on the likelihood of failure and demand rate

Probability is usually described as high, medium, low, or negligible.
Failure Mode Consequence Priority

APM calculates a consequence priority for the failure mode during risk
analysis or for the failure during RCA evaluation. Consequence priorities
allow you to rank and compare an asset’s failure modes and failures. In
failure analysis, the consequence priority is used in the calculation that
determines whether the failure is suitable for RCA.
The rules defined for a priority can be based on any of these properties:
• Downtime cost – the total downtime cost of the failure mode or fail-
ure is used. The total downtime cost is the sum of the downtime
occurrence cost and the downtime rate costs times the length of the
downtime:
Downtime Cost = Downtime Occurrence Costs + (Downtime Rate *
Downtime Duration)
• Downtime duration
• Failure cost
• Relative risk (risk analysis only)
• Severity, which can include the sum, minimum, or maximum value
for any or all of:
• Health and safety consequences
• Economic consequences
• Environmental consequences
• Reputation consequences
• Failure mode consequences (risk analysis only)
The failure mode is assigned the highest ranking consequence priority for
which it satisfies the priority’s rules.
As an example, suppose a set of three consequence priorities. To simplify

the example, the rules are based on a single property (total severity). In
practice, the rules can be more complex and involve multiple properties
and rule groups.
Priority Rank Rule

High 3 Total severity is at
least 12

Priority Rank Rule

Medium 2 Total severity is at
least 6
Low 1 Total severity is at
least 0
A failure mode with a severity of 14 is assigned the consequence priority
High. Although it satisfies the rules for each of the consequence priori-
ties, it is assigned High because that is the highest ranking priority.
Risk Matrices
By combining probability and consequence priority, it is possible to group
failure modes by risk in a two-dimensional matrix. Failure modes with a
high consequence priority and a high probability are grouped together,
followed by failure modes with lower consequences and lower probability,
until at the opposite end of the matrix – the failure modes with negligible
consequence and negligible probability. For example:
Confidence Factor
Confidence factor is used to adjust the location of a failure mode on the
risk matrix based on your faith in the existing maintenance practices and
equipment history. Factors considered can include things like:
• Is the equipment degradation mechanism stable and properly con-

trolled?
• Have multiple reliable inspections been performed?
• Are the relevant process parameters reliably monitored?
A negative confidence factor represents low confidence and moves the
failure mode to the right on the consequence priority axis and up on the
probability axis.
A positive confidence factor represents a high confidence and moves the

failure mode to the left on the consequence priority axis and down on the
probability axis.

An adjustment value of 1 moves the failure mode one position on the

matrix, a value of 2 moves it two positions, and so on.
For example, consider the results of the confidence factor on failure

modes A and B:
• Failure mode A is originally positioned at the Low Probability and

Low Consequence Priority entry on the risk matrix. It has a confi-
dence factor of Low, which has an adjustment value of -2.
The failure mode is adjusted two positions to the right on the Conse-
quence Priority axis and two positions up on the Probability axis,
resulting in an adjusted risk matrix value of Extreme (represented by
a1 in the following diagram).
• Failure mode B is also positioned at Low/Low on the risk matrix. It
has a confidence factor of High. High has an adjustment value of 1.
The failure mode is adjusted one position to the left and down, result-
ing in an adjusted risk matrix value of Negligible (represented by b1
in the following diagram).
The following diagram shows how the confidence factor adjusts the posi-
tions of the two failure modes in the risk matrix:
Risk Plot
A risk plot is used to map the failure modes by severity and probability of
failure. Failure modes with a high severity and high probability of failure
appear in the upper right of the plot. Failure modes with low probability
and low severity are plotted close to the bottom of the axis lines.
The risk plot provides a visual depiction of the relative risk of the failure
modes, easily identifying the failure modes with high consequence and
high probability: the failures modes that need to be addressed.


Overview of Performing Analysis

Performing maintenance task analysis involves defining the causes and
effects of the assets’ functional failures, performing risk analysis, if
required, and developing action plans to prevent or mitigate failures. You
can use APM’s MTA2 tools to record analyses as they are performed by
the team. Performing an analysis involves the following tasks. Links are
provided to topics that explain each task in detail.
Create the Analysis and Select Assets

Starting the maintenance task analysis involves selecting the primary
asset to be analyzed, with or without its descendants. Analyses can be
performed on all types of assets except components. You can create the
MTA2 from scratch or from a template. You can select an analysis type (a
set of predefined options), change the default analysis type, or select
options manually.
For more information:
• “Creating an Analysis from Scratch” on page 48

• “Creating an Analysis From a Template” on page 54
An analysis can also be created from an analysis request. For example,
when an inspector reviews an indicator reading and decides that a failure
mode review is required, the inspector can create a request for a strategy
development analysis. When the request is processed, the analysis is cre-
ated or updated. Information from the request is copied to the analysis:
the requested start and completion dates are copied to the planning
information on the General tab’s, Details tab. The Analysis Requests
tab shows information about the original request.
It is a good idea to review a new analysis’ settings to ensure that they are
appropriate for the asset and process. For more information:
• “Setting Failure Mode Options for an Analysis” on page 64

• “Setting Risk Analysis Options for an Analysis” on page 77
As the analysis progresses, you might wish to add assets or exclude an
asset from the analysis hierarchy that you identified when creating the
analysis. You can also change the primary asset on an analysis and
update the analysis hierarchy.
• “Adding Assets to an MTA2” on page 86

• “Excluding Assets from an Analysis” on page 95

• “Changing the Primary Asset on an Analysis” on page 305

• “Updating the Asset Hierarchy Snapshot” on page 307
In some cases, assets are large enough to warrant separate analyses for
different sections. For example, when the top portion of a large vessel
contains gas and the bottom holds liquid, separate analyses or failure
modes are needed to define and respond to different failure modes and
effects. In this case, you can provide a description of the analysis scope.
The same asset can be added to the analysis as many times as required,
each with a difference scope description.
For more information, see “Working with Asset Scope on an MTA2” on

page 97.
Record the Primary Asset’s Operating Context

The analysis team will find it helpful to define the circumstances in
which the assets operate before they develop failure modes and action
plans. Recording the operating context in APM involves selecting a brief
description from the list of supplied values and then entering the
detailed operating context statement, including how and where the asset
is used and the performance criteria that apply to output, throughput,
safety, environmental integrity, and so on.
• “Recording the Primary Asset’s Operating Context” on page 100
Manage the Analysis

APM provides tools to help you manage the analysis project, from record-
ing team members, to documenting meetings, to recording comments.
• “Adding Team Members to an Analysis” on page 101

• “Entering and Reviewing Comments on an Analysis” on page 103
• “Recording Team Meetings on an Analysis” on page 106
• “Working with the Analysis Checklist” on page 107
Add and Analyze Failure Modes

Create or copy one or more failure modes and failure effects. A failure
mode is an event that causes an asset to fail to perform its function. For
example, if a pump’s impeller becomes worn, the pump cannot convey liq-
uid at the required rate. A failure effect is the result of a failure mode.

For example, when a pump’s impeller becomes worn (failure mode), the
flow through the pump declines until it no longer delivers liquid at the
required rate.
The next step in developing the failure modes is to select a recommended

action from the list provided:
• Scheduled Restoration/Discard: Scheduled restoration entails

restoring the initial capability of an existing asset at or before a
specified age limit, regardless of its apparent condition at the
time. Scheduled discard or replacement tasks entail discarding an
asset at or before a specified age limit, regardless of its condition
at the time.
• Condition-Based Maintenance entails checking for potential
failures so that action can be taken to prevent the functional fail-
ure or to avoid the consequences of the functional failure. On-con-
dition tasks are so called because the items that are inspected are
left in service on the condition that they continue to meet specified
performance standards.
• Failure-Finding Maintenance involves checking a hidden func-
tion at regular intervals to find out whether it has failed. The
intervals are calculated based on the required availability of the
asset and the reliability of the protected function.
• Modification/Redesign is any one-time change to the equip-
ment, training, maintenance or operating procedures, etc.
• No Scheduled Maintenance means assets are left in service
until a functional failure occurs, at which point they are repaired
or replaced.
You can perform failure mode or demand scenario risk analysis, depend-
ing on the requirements of the asset. You can also record failure data,
especially if you intend to use Isograph Availability Workbench to opti-
mize reliability programs.
Tip: Susceptibility to failure evaluation can also be incorporated

into risk analysis. Typically, a questionnaire is used to examine
the asset’s non-age related degradation patterns. It can provide
an alternative to probability of failure analysis for these failure
modes. For example, susceptibility evaluation can be used to
determine the vulnerability of atmospheric storage tanks to corro-
sion under insulation or stress cracking. The evaluation can result
in recommended actions, susceptibility ratings, or both.
• “Creating Failure Modes” on page 112

• “Creating Analysis Requests for Failure Modes” on page 118

• “Overview of Risk Analysis” on page 17

• “Evaluating Susceptibility to Failure” on page 124
• “Performing Failure Mode Risk Analysis” on page 127
• “Performing Risk Analysis with Weighted Severities” on page 144
• “Performing Demand Scenario Risk Analysis” on page 147
• “Viewing Risk Analyses for Failure Modes” on page 160
• “Recording Failure Data” on page 164
• “Recording and Reviewing Failure Mode Details” on page 207
• “Copying Failure Modes” on page 211
Using Isograph Availability Workbench

Using the integration functionality in APM, you can export failure modes
from MTA2 and RCM2 analyses to the Isograph Availability Workbench
(AWB), where you can analyze and optimize the data. You can then
import optimization results into the APM analysis, review the recom-
mendations in the Optimization view, and make appropriate changes to
the action plans.
Before you can export failure modes, you must have installed the Avail-
ability Workbench with a valid license. Your APM license must include
the Reliability Strategy Development and Implementation and Perfor-
mance Management modules, and the modules must be active on the
sites where you want to use the functionality.

Develop and Implement Action Plans

You can evaluate the economic feasibility of implementing the proposed
maintenance tasks. Then develop the action plans for the selected strat-
egy by describing tasks, determining frequencies, and more.
In some cases, you might need to create secondary action plans for failure
modes. For example, a failure mode might require a condition-based
maintenance task to check for signs of wear, a secondary modification to
procedures (for example, training for maintenance personnel), and sched-
uled restoration in the future. You can add secondary actions as you are
developing the MTA2, or you can add them later.
• “Evaluating the Feasibility of Maintenance Tasks” on page 171

• “Developing Primary Action Plans” on page 178

• “Creating Secondary Action Plans” on page 184
• “Calculating a Failure-Finding Interval” on page 186
Add Indicators to Action Plans

Depending on the type of action, you can create or select indicators to
monitor assets for potential failure. When you have developed action
plans, you can generate a report that shows how indicators are distrib-
uted on standard tasks.
• “Adding Indicators, Tasks, and Work to Action Plans” on page 192

• “Reviewing Indicator Collection Information” on page 203
Add Tasks, Documents, and Work to Action Plans

Depending on the type of action, you can create or select a corrective task
to support the recommended action. If the asset is to be modified or rede-
signed, you can assign a standard document to the action plan. You can
also assign work requests and work order tasks for follow-up work.

• “Adding Standard Documents to Action Plans” on page 205
• “Viewing Failure Modes for Standard Tasks and Jobs” on page 310
Monitor the Status of Analyses

Monitor the status of an analysis by reviewing failure modes and mark-
ing them “Facilitation Completed” and “Implementation Completed”.
When implementation has been completed for all of its failure modes, the
analysis’ status automatically changes to “Analysis Completed”.
If your organization uses the APM formal approval process, it is typically

employed to vet the analysis when implementation has been completed
for all failure modes. When the analysis has been approved, you can close
the analysis.
You can define action plan task statuses for use with failure modes and
action plans in addition to the statuses provided by APM (Facilitation
Incomplete, Facilitation Completed, Implementation Completed, and
Implementation Not Required). Facilitators and implementers can then
use the additional statuses to co-ordinate their efforts, for example,
marking an action plan for follow-up or review.

• “Changing the Status of Failure Modes and Analyses” on page 276

• “Sending an Analysis for Approval” on page 280
• “Working with Action Plan Task Statuses” on page 282
View Information About the Analysis

At any time, you can review analysis summaries or detailed information
about an analysis’ status and history. The Analysis Summary view pro-
vides information about the analysis’ assets, action plans, indicators,
tasks, and jobs. The Implementation view provides a list of action
plans, their failure modes, recommended actions, corrective tasks, and
indicators. You can also review the reliability programs for the analysis
assets.
You can also print several reports from the analysis, including lists of
action plan details and failure modes.
• “Viewing Information About an Analysis or Template” on page 284

• “Reviewing Analysis Assets’ Reliability Programs” on page 289
• “Viewing Failure Modes and Action Plans” on page 308
• “Printing MTA2 Reports” on page 296
Link Action Plans to Projects

When the recommended action is to modify or redesign the asset, you can
link the action plan to a project to plan and track the modifications.
• “Linking Action Plans to Projects” on page 301

• “Working With a Project’s Links to Action Plans” on page 303
Create MTA2 Templates

A maintenance task analysis template is a group of settings that can be
used as the basis for an analysis. You can create MTA2 templates and
organize them in a hierarchy.
• “Creating an MTA2 Template” on page 318

• “Setting up a Template Hierarchy” on page 327

• “Viewing Template Hierarchies” on page 332

• “Moving an Analysis Template to a Different Site” on page 333

Two Ways to Access Maintenance Task Analyses

APM provides two ways to access analyses: from the site’s or the asset’s
Strategy Development view. The views provide different types of infor-
mation.
The Site window, Strategy Development view contains tabs that allow
you to review all of the site’s strategy development analyses and to view
failure modes for all assets. For example:
Note: The summary charts shown in this example are set up as

sidebar dashboards and assigned to employees. For more informa-
tion, see “Dashboards” in Help.
On the Asset window, Strategy Development view, you can view the
asset’s failure modes, indicators, functions, functional failures, and the
analyses where the asset is the primary asset. You can also view other
maintenance task analyses that include the asset’s failure modes.


Reusing Failure Modes

When you have performed a number of analyses, you might find that the
same information is reused often. Then it becomes more efficient to copy
analyses than to create them from scratch. You might also wish to ensure
that information is consistent in different analyses. There are several
ways that you can reuse information efficiently. You can:
• Create templates. A strategy development analysis template is a

group of settings that can be used as the basis for a strategy develop-
ment analysis (MTA2 or RCM2). A template identifies failure modes
for a type of asset, rather than for a specific asset. Similarly, it refers
to indicator templates and task templates, not to specific asset indica-
tors and standard tasks. It includes an operating context for assets
and a recommended action plan for each of its failure modes.
• Select an analysis or template and use the Copy to command to copy
failure modes from the selected analysis to another maintenance task
analysis, an MTA2 template, or even to the same analysis.
• Copy failure modes into an open analysis when you are creating it.
You can copy the action plans from any maintenance task analysis or
template.
• Copy an asset’s strategy development program, including MTA2 and
RCM2 failure modes.
Over time, failure modes can be reused in several analyses. Usually, the
failure mode does not change. Instead, action plans change to reflect dif-
ferences in the asset reliability program.

Setting up APM for Maintenance Task Analysis

Before you can begin analyzing assets, your APM environment must be
set up to accommodate MTA2. This topic explains the types of options
that are available to prepare for analysis and provides links to detailed
information.
Define Site Ownership of Analyses and Templates

At the enterprise level, specify which site types can own analyses and
templates. An MTA2 template can be used at the site where it was cre-
ated and at any lower sites.
For more information, see “Setting up Site Types” in Help.
Define Employee Roles

When an employee record is added to APM, by default the person is
allowed to create and update all types of strategy development analysis.
If your organization requires that specific employees take these roles,
employee records can be updated to prevent others from doing so.
For more information, see “Selecting Roles for an Employee” in Help.
Estimate Failure Modes for Assets

To make it easier for the analysis team to estimate the time required to
complete analyses, you can enter the estimated number of failure modes
per asset according to asset type.
Tip: To view the total estimated failure modes for assets according
to type, on the Site window, select the Assets view, Summaries
tab, and then the Failure Modes Estimate tab. This tab shows a
chart of the estimate and count by asset type.
For more information, see “Setting up Asset Types” in Help.
Set up Analysis Types for MTA2

An analysis type is a collection of preferred settings for strategy develop-
ment analysis. The settings range from specifying how analysis titles are
defaulted, to how avoidance savings are recorded on failure modes, to
how risk analysis is performed (if at all), to whether analyses must be
sent for approval. Selecting an analysis type on an analysis quickly
ensures that its settings are correct and consistent with your organiza-
tion’s standards.

When defining an analysis type, you can specify the varieties of analyses
it can be used with: MTA2, RCM2, RBI, CPR, SIF, HAZOP, or a combina-
tion. For example, you could create two types of MTA2, one with risk
analysis and one without. Or you could create a type that applies to both
MTA2 and RBI analyses.
Default analysis types can be assigned to each of the varieties of analysis.

When you create an MTA2, its default analysis type determines the pre-
defined settings and options in the analysis. When a default type has not
been designated, you can select an analysis type when you create the
analysis to quickly set up the options. In the Strategy Development Anal-
ysis window, the Properties view, General tab, Details tab shows the
analysis type. You can change the default selections as required.
For information about defining analysis types and assigning default

types, see “Setting up Analysis Types” in Help.
Define Operating Context Values

In the Strategy Development settings for the site, you can define operat-
ing contexts. These are short values that describe the circumstances in
which a physical asset or system is expected to operate. For example,
Production and Standby are commonly used operating contexts.
When creating maintenance task analyses or templates, you can include

the asset’s operating context by selecting a value and providing a descrip-
tion.
For more information, see “Setting up Operating Contexts” in Help.
Define Modification Types

In the Strategy Development settings for the site, you can define modifi-
cation types for use in action plans that recommend modifications or
redesign of the asset.
For more information, see “Setting up Modification Types” in Help.
Define Checklist Items

An analysis checklist is a list of “things to do” to remind the team of the
steps they need to consider when performing the analysis. For each item
that you add to APM settings, you can specify the varieties of analysis it
applies to, identify it with an icon, and provide a description.

When recording an analysis, you can mark analysis checklist items as

“Performed” and provide comments for them. APM records the employee
who checked off the item, the date, and time. The analysis team can view
the status of checklist items in the analysis window, Properties view,
Checklist tab.
You can set up checklist items in the site’s Strategy Development set-
tings. For more information, see “Setting up Checklist Items” in Help.
Set Smart Mapping Options for Failure Mode Copies

The copy function for failure modes includes smart asset mapping, which
uses information about the source assets to identify matching assets in
the target asset structure. Using the Copy Failure Modes wizard, you can
select source and target asset structures, the failure modes to copy, and
the criteria for identifying target assets. You can then confirm or change
the matches that the system suggests. When you click Process, the wiz-
ard performs the copy and reports the results.
You can select smart mapping settings at the site-level to determine the
default values shown in the Copy Failure Modes wizard. You can also
save the mapping settings that you define for a particular copy request to
the site level.
For more information, see “Setting Smart Mapping Defaults for Failure
Mode Copy Requests” in Help.
Set up Document Numbering

You can define the formatting of failure mode and analysis numbers at
the site level in Strategy Development settings.
Tip: The numbering settings also show the number that APM will
automatically assign to the next failure mode and strategy devel-
opment analysis that is created.
For more information, see “Setting the Numbering Format for Analyses,
Failure Modes, and Unwanted Situations” in Help.
Define Failure Mode Settings

The site’s Strategy Development settings include several objects and set-
tings that are specific to failure modes and apply to MTA2 failure modes:
• Action plan statuses

• Material types and classifications
• Barrier types and more

• Technologies
• Evaluation groups
• MEI override reasons for feasibility evaluations
• Symptoms
• Duty codes
• Severity of usage values
• Task effectiveness ratings
• Process flows
For more information about these options, see “Failure Mode Settings” in
Help.
Set up Risk Analysis

Before the analysis team can perform risk analysis on failure modes or
demand scenarios, several types of objects and tools need to be set up.
For failure mode risk analysis, you will need:
• One or more risk matrices, as well as failure mode criticalities, conse-

quence priorities, and risk plot lines
• Failure probabilities and a probability questionnaire
• Susceptibility to failure questionnaires to evaluate non-age related
degradation, if applicable to your assets
• Severities as well as questionnaires for Health and Safety, Environ-
mental, and Reputation consequences
• Confidence questionnaires, as well as degradation types, inspection
strategies, confidence factors, and inspection factors
For demand scenario risk analysis, you will need:
• One or more risk matrices, as well as failure mode criticalities, conse-

quence priorities, and risk plot lines
• Failure probabilities, as well as likelihoods of failure, demand rates,
demand scenarios, and a probability matrix
• Severities as well as questionnaires for Health and Safety, Environ-
mental, and Reputation consequences
• Confidence questionnaires, as well as confidence factors
For more information about these settings, see:
• “Risk Analysis Settings” in Help

• “Failure Probability Settings” in Help

• “Consequence Severity Settings” in Help

• “Confidence Evaluation Settings” in Help
Set up Interoperability Options for SAP Plant Maintenance

APM provides plugin technology that allows users to view and reference
live, read-only data from an SAP Plant Maintenance system. SAP data,
such as maintenance plans, maintenance items, and task lists, can be
viewed in APM sites and referenced as proposed and corrective tasks in
RCM2 analysis.
For more information, see APM Interoperability Guide for SAP Plant
Maintenance.

Glossary of MTA2 Terms

The following terms are used throughout the MTA2 topics. For a full
glossary of APM terms, see “Glossary” in Help.
Term Definition
Action Plan An action plan in a strategy development
analysis identifies an asset’s failure mode
and recommends an action to prevent the
failure or mitigate its consequences. For
example, MTA2 and SIF action types are con-
dition-based maintenance, failure-finding
maintenance, scheduled restoration or dis-
card, modification or redesign, and no sched-
uled maintenance (run to failure). RBI
analyses support actions such as inspections,
strategy, and modification or redesign.
Asset Reliability Pro- An asset reliability program is a set of pre-

gram planned work (standard tasks and standard
jobs) for an asset. You can also include trig-
gering rules that define when this work is to
be done. Standard tasks and standard jobs
that are not triggered may also be included in
an asset reliability program.
Condition-based Main- A task that entails checking for potential fail-

tenance ures so that action can be taken to prevent
the functional failure or to avoid conse-
quences of the functional failure.
Demand Scenario A demand scenario is a situation that
requires that an asset, such as a safety
device, be put into operation. Examples of
demand scenarios are fire, power failure, and
blocked outlet.
Environmental Conse- A failure mode has environmental conse-

quences quences if it could breach any corporate,
municipal, regional, national, or interna-
tional environmental standard or regulation
which applies to the physical asset or system
under consideration.

Term Definition
Failure Consequence The way in which the effects of a failure
mode matter (evidence of failure, impact on
safety, the environment, operational capabil-
ity, direct and indirect repair costs).
Failure Effect What happens when a failure mode occurs.
Failure-finding Interval A failure-finding interval is the length of
time that it is considered safe to wait before
performing failure-finding maintenance. The
interval is calculated or estimated based on
the desired availability and the frequency of
failure of the protective device or system.
Failure-finding Mainte- A scheduled task used to determine whether
nance a specific failure has occurred.
Failure Mode A failure mode is a single event that causes a
functional failure. For example, if a pump’s
impeller becomes worn, the pump cannot con-
vey liquid at the required rate. Failure modes
are analyzed in maintenance task analysis
(MTA2) and reliability-centered maintenance
(RCM2) analysis, along with the action plans
that prevent or mitigate failures.
Safety instrumented function (SIF) analyses

examine the risk of failure in safety devices,
the effects and consequences of failure, and
ways to reduce risk by putting safety provi-
sions in place.
For risk-based inspection (RBI) analyses, the

failure of concern is loss of containment of
pressurized equipment items. Examples of
failure modes are small hole, crack, and rup-
ture.

Term Definition
Failure Mode Conse- A failure’s or failure mode’s consequence pri-
quence Priority ority provides an indication of the relative
importance of the asset failure. The larger
the number, the greater the severity of the
failure. The priority can be used to recom-
mend root cause analysis for a failure or to
determine the order of action plan implemen-
tations.
Consequence priorities are assigned to fail-

ure modes during risk assessment. In failure
evaluation, the consequence priority is used
in the calculation that determines whether
the failure is suitable for root cause analysis.
APM assigns the consequence priority by
comparing the information to a set of cus-
tomer-defined rules. The consequence prior-
ity rules can be based on the failure severity,
relative risk (risk analysis only), failure
costs, downtime costs, downtime, or a combi-
nation. For example, the Extreme conse-
quence priority could be assigned to failures
or failure modes whose total severity is
greater than 25 or failure costs are more than
$25,000.
Function What the owner or user of a physical asset or

system wants it to do.
See also Primary Function and Secondary

Function.
Function Group A function group is a way of identifying
assets that are responsible for performing a
particular function. For example, the “Pump
Assembly” function group could be used to
indicate the relationship between a centrifu-
gal pump, 20 HP motor, and valves.

Term Definition
Maintenance Task Anal- Maintenance task analysis (MTA2) is APM’s
ysis unique strategy development methodology
that enables the analysis team to quickly cre-
ate and implement basic, technically-sound
reliability programs. MTA2 is most effective
when operational and maintenance knowl-
edge about assets is well-documented and
consistently used by employees. MTA2 pro-
vides an alternative to the resource-intensive
RCM2 analysis, while still allowing you to
identify the right work to improve perfor-
mance across the plant.
MTA2 methodology and tools allow the anal-

ysis team to:
• Identify the assets to be analyzed

• Identify the causes of asset failure
• Recommend actions to prevent or miti-
gate failures
No Scheduled Mainte- A failure management policy that permits a

nance specific failure mode to occur without any
attempt to anticipate or prevent it. Also
referred to as “Run-to-Failure”.
Non-Operational Con- A category of failure consequences that do
sequence not adversely affect safety, the environment,
or operations, but only require repair or
replacement of any item(s) that may be
affected by the failure.
Operating Context The operating context is the circumstances in
which a physical asset or system is expected
to operate.
Operational Conse- A category of failure consequences that

quences adversely affect the operational capability of
a physical asset or system (output, product
quality, customer service, military capability,
or operating costs in addition to the cost of
repair).

Term Definition
P-F Interval The PF interval is the time between the point
at which a potential failure becomes detect-
able and the point at which it degrades into a
functional failure.
Primary Function The function that constitutes the main rea-

son why an asset or system is acquired by its
owner or user.
Reliability Strategy Reliability strategy selection (RSS) analysis
Selection applies a set of criteria to an asset to deter-
mine the most appropriate plan for improv-
ing its reliability. The analysis team uses the
Reliability Strategy Selection questionnaire
to perform, document, and review analyses of
system-level assets. Possible strategies are to
implement (or continue) basic care, perform
maintenance task analysis, perform RCM2
analysis, or escalate the asset risk to stake-
holders for further consideration and action.
Run-To-Failure A failure management policy that permits a

specific failure mode to occur without any
attempt to anticipate or prevent it. Referred
to in APM as “No Scheduled Maintenance”.
Safety Consequences A failure mode has safety consequences if it
could injure or kill a human being.
Scheduled Restoration/ A scheduled task that entails restoring or
Discard discarding an item at or before a specified
age limit, regardless of its condition at the
time.
Secondary Function Function that a physical asset or system has
to fulfill apart from its primary function,
such as those needed to fulfill regulatory
requirements and those which concern issues
such as protection, control, containment,
comfort, appearance, energy efficiency and
structural integrity.

Term Definition
Strategy Development Strategy development analyses are method-
Analysis ologies for evaluating asset priority, defining
asset functions, determining how failures
occur (failure modes), evaluating the risk of
asset failure, and preventing or mitigating
the effect of failures. The varieties of strategy
development analysis include:
• Reliability Strategy Selection (RSS)

• Asset Prioritization Analysis
• Current Practice Review (CPR)
• Maintenance Task Analysis (MTA2)
• Reliability Centered Maintenance
(RCM2)
• Risk-based Inspection (RBI)
• Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)
Analysis
• Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Analy-
sis
Strategy Development A strategy development analysis template is

Analysis Template a group of settings that can be used as the
basis for a strategy development analysis
(MTA2, RCM2, SIF, or HAZOP). A template
identifies failure modes for a type of asset,
rather than for a specific asset. Similarly, it
refers to indicator templates and task tem-
plates, not to specific asset indicators and
standard tasks. It includes an operating con-
text for assets and a maintenance strategy
for each of its failure modes. In addition, an
RCM2 template identifies functions and func-
tional failures.

Term Definition
Susceptibility to Failure Susceptibility to failure evaluation examines
Evaluations the asset’s non-age related degradation pat-
terns. It can provide an alternative to proba-
bility of failure analysis for these failure
modes. For example, susceptibility evalua-
tion can be used to determine the vulnerabil-
ity of atmospheric storage tanks to corrosion
under insulation or stress cracking. The eval-
uation can result in recommended actions,
susceptibility ratings, or both.
Time Between Failure The length of time between failures (TBF) is

used in three ways in APM strategy develop-
ment analyses:
• The time between occurrences of the fail-

ure (TBF) when inspections and/or pre-
ventative maintenance are performed.
This value is recorded in failure statistics.
• The estimated length of time between
failures (ETBF) when no preventive
maintenance is performed on the asset.
This value is sometimes used to deter-
mine probability of failure in risk analy-
sis.
• Estimated time between consequences
(ETBC) – The time between unexpected
consequences or failures when inspec-
tions and preventive maintenance are
performed on the asset. APM calculates
the residual risk using this value when
maintenance feasibility is evaluated.


Chapter 2 Creating and Managing Analyses
Performing maintenance task analysis involves defining the causes and

effects of the assets’ functional failures and developing action plans to
prevent or mitigate the failures. The following sections explain how to
create an MTA2 from scratch or a template. They also explain how to
adjust analysis options and to manage project tasks like recording team
information, meeting minutes, and comments.
Contents
Creating an Analysis from Scratch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Creating an Analysis From a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Setting Failure Mode Options for an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Setting Risk Analysis Options for an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Adding Assets to an MTA2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Excluding Assets from an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Working with Asset Scope on an MTA2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Recording the Primary Asset’s Operating Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Adding Team Members to an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Entering and Reviewing Comments on an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Recording Team Meetings on an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Working with the Analysis Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Chapter 2 • Performing Maintenance Task Analysis
Creating an Analysis from Scratch

The first step in performing a maintenance task analysis is to create the
analysis from scratch or from a template. In the process, you will select
the assets to be analyzed.
This section explains how to create an MTA2 from scratch and includes
links to more detailed explanations of some steps. For information about
basing the MTA2 on a template, see “Creating an Analysis From a Tem-
plate” on page 54.
To Create an MTA2 from Scratch

1. Select the site’s Strategy Development view and tab, and then the
MTA2 tab.
2. From the New list, select From Scratch. The New Analysis dialog
appears.
3. Click the browse icon( ) to select the primary asset. The primary
asset is usually the top asset in the hierarchy of the system to be ana-
lyzed.
Tip: You can also create an MTA2 by opening an asset and select-
ing the Strategy Development view, Strategy Development
tab. Then select the Analyses tab. From the New list, select
MTA2. The New Analysis dialog appears, and the primary asset
information is filled in.

4. The Analysis type box shows the default type for maintenance task
analyses, if a default has been assigned. An analysis type is a collec-
tion of preferred options that can range from the default analysis title
to how risk analysis is performed (if at all). You can change or select
the analysis type to quickly set default options for the analysis.
5. Each analysis is assigned an analysis number by APM. You can

change the number, but the new value must be unique for the site.
6. If analysis titles are created automatically when the asset is selected,

the Title box displays the default name. The name follows this pat-
tern:
Asset type: Primary asset - MTA2

You can change the title, if you wish.
7. Select an SDA study to associate with the analysis, if appropriate.
Study references are used to group, filter, and order analyses.
8. To include the primary asset’s descendants in the analysis, select

Include the asset’s descendants and select the asset hierarchy.
Note: Component locations can be included in the analysis. How-

ever, component assets and their descendants cannot be included.
9. Click OK. If you are including the asset’s descendants in the analysis,
a progress dialog might appear as the analysis is created. The Strat-
egy Development Analysis window appears. The Facilitation view,
Info Worksheet tab is shown.
10. To set the general properties of the analysis, select the Properties
view. The General tab displays information about the analysis. For
example:

Tip: The Optimization view is available if you are using the Iso-
graph Availability Workbench (AWB) to analyze and optimize the
data in failure modes. You can then import optimization results
into the analysis, review the recommendations in the Optimiza-
tion view, and make appropriate changes to the action plans.
Before you can export failure modes, you must have installed the
Availability Workbench with a valid license. Your APM license key
must include the Reliability Strategy Development and Implementa-
tion and Performance Management modules, and the modules must
be active on the sites where you want to use the functionality.
11. The Details tab displays the analysis type, if one has been assigned
to the analysis. You can select an analysis type from the list to set
default options.

12. If appropriate, select a change set from the list. This is usually a
change authorization or change set number from a Management of
Change (MOC) system.

14. If required, enter reference information, for example, the number for
an external document.
15. Review the planned start and completion dates for the analysis and
change them if necessary.
Tip: If the analysis was created when an analysis request was

processed, the planned start and completion dates are copied from
the request.
16. On the Operating Context tab, you can record the circumstances in
which the asset operates. For more information, see “Recording the
Primary Asset’s Operating Context” on page 100.
17. Select the Analysis Description tab to record additional informa-

tion about the analysis.
18. On the Analysis Team tab, you can add team members and identify
the facilitator. For more information, see “Adding Team Members to
an Analysis” on page 101.
Tip: If the analysis was created when an analysis request was

processed, the Analysis Requests tab displays the request.
19. On the Assets tab, you can change the primary asset by clicking
Change and selecting another asset.
20. On the second Assets tab, you can view the assets in a list or select
the Hierarchy tab to see the relationship between assets. You can
add new or existing assets and exclude assets from the analysis. For
more information, see “Adding Assets to an MTA2” on page 86 and
“Excluding Assets from an Analysis” on page 95.
21. The Comments tab helps the analysis team keep track of their work
in analyzing assets. For more information, see “Entering and Review-
ing Comments on an Analysis” on page 103.
22. Use the Meetings tab to record team meetings. For more informa-
tion, see “Recording Team Meetings on an Analysis” on page 106.
23. The Checklist tab displays standard tasks for your organization’s
analysis projects. For more information, see “Working with the Anal-
ysis Checklist” on page 107.

24. Select the Documents tab to browse for standard documents that
are relevant to the analysis.
25. While the analysis progresses, you can attach documents to it using
the Attachments tab. For information about attaching a file, folder,
note, or URL to an analysis, see “Adding Attachments to Objects” in
Help.
26. Select the Analysis Options tab.
27. Specify the sites where the analysis will be available for copies. You
can choose:
• All sites
• This site only
• This site and its descendants only
• Not available for use
28. The New asset options area shows the settings you selected on the
New Analysis dialog when creating the analysis. If you intend to add
assets, you can select a different hierarchy.
29. In some cases, assets are large enough to warrant separate analyses
for different sections. For example, when the top portion of a large
vessel contains gas and the bottom holds liquid, separate analyses are
needed to define and respond to different failure modes and effects. In
this case, select Allow the scope of the analysis to be defined by asset.

On the Assets tab, you can provide a description of the scope covered
by the analysis. The same asset can be added to the analysis as many
times as required. For more information, see “Working with Asset
Scope on an MTA2” on page 97.
30. Select the Failure Mode Options and Risk Options tabs to change
the default settings for the analysis. For more information, see:
• “Setting Failure Mode Options for an Analysis” on page 64

• “Setting Risk Analysis Options for an Analysis” on page 77
31. On the History view, Status tab you can change the Started on
date for the analysis.
Tip: As the analysis progresses, you can select the Analysis

Audit Info tab or the Asset Audit Info tab to monitor the status
of the analysis and its assets.
32. Select the Copy Requests tab when you wish to view failure mode
copies for which the analysis was the source or target. For more infor-
mation, see “Copying Failure Modes” on page 211.
33. Select the Activity Reports tab to view asset activity reports for this
analysis and asset activity reports in which this analysis is included.
When you have completed these steps, you are ready to develop the anal-
ysis by creating failure modes and more. Refer to the following topics for
more information:


Creating an Analysis From a Template

A maintenance task analysis template (MTA2 template) is a group of set-
tings that can be used as the basis for an analysis. An MTA2 template
identifies failure modes for a type of asset, rather than for a specific
asset. Similarly, it refers to indicator templates, task templates, and job
templates, not to specific asset indicators, standard tasks, and standard
jobs. It includes a maintenance strategy for each of its failure modes.
Creating an MTA2 using a template typically involves these tasks:
• Use the Copy Failure Modes wizard to select a template, the assets to
analyze, and the failure modes
• Define additional failure modes as needed
• Check the team members copied from the template and make correc-
tions as needed
• Fine-tune action plans
• Document the project with a description, notes, and attachments, as
required
Note: If you base the new MTA2 on an RCM2 template, the func-
tions and functional failures are not copied from the template.
Tip: To view information about an MTA2’s source template, open

the analysis, select the Action Plans view and the Source Tem-
plates tab.
This topic explains how to start an MTA2 from a template. For informa-
tion about creating an MTA2 from scratch, see “Creating an Analysis
from Scratch” on page 48.
To Create an MTA2 From a Template

1. Select the site’s Strategy Development view, Strategy Develop-
ment tab, and then the MTA2 tab.
2. From the New list, select From a Template. The Copy Failure
Modes wizard appears.

3. Click the browse icon in the Analysis box to select the source tem-
plate. The Strategy Development Analysis selector dialog appears,
displaying analyses. Select an option from the Configuration list to
view templates.
4. Select a template and click OK. The Failure modes to copy table
displays the source’s failure modes. The asset type is displayed. For
example:

5. Select the failure modes to copy to the analysis.
6. Click Next. The Identify Target step appears.

7. Change the target site, if appropriate. If the source template is

allowed to be used at other sites, those sites are available in the Site
list.
8. In the Target structure starts at area, click the browse icon to

select the target asset. This asset will be the primary asset in the
analysis.
9. To set mapping options for finding employees, maintenance groups,

and trades that match those on the template’s failure modes, for
example, if the target asset is on another site, click More Options.
The Options dialog appears. For information about using this dialog,
see “Setting Mapping Options for a Failure Mode Copy” on page 221.
Tip: For quick copies (when you do not need to adjust the mapping
options or create a function), click Finish when you have selected
the asset. The wizard performs the matching process and skips to
the Confirm Selections step. Skip to step 14.
10. Click Next. The wizard matches objects as needed and presents the
mappings for your review. The Employees, Trades, and Mainte-
nance Groups tables display the mappings. For example:

Tip: To view information about a source object on any of the map-

ping tabs, right-click it and click Source. The Source dialog that
appears contains tabs for the asset’s failure modes, indicators,
tasks, jobs, job tasks, as well as the corrective tasks, jobs, and job
tasks for the indicators. You can also view information about any
secondary action plans included in the failure modes.
11. Scroll to the right to review the mappings.
The Suggestion Origin column displays the method used for match-
ing. The options are:
• Previous match – the “Use results of previous copy” option is in
effect
• Suggested – the mapping is based on another criterion, for exam-
ple, hierarchy level or attribute matching
• Default – the source object is used as the target, provided that it is
valid at the target site
• Manual – the user selected the mapping

The Suggested Match Quality, Closeness, and Single Or Multi-

ple Candidates columns show you the results of the smart mapping
process.
12. To view more information about the matching process, click Criteria
and SQL. The Mapping Criteria and SQL window appears. Click
Close when you are finished.
13. To remove an employee, trade, or maintenance group from the copy

request, select it in the table, click Selected, Mark Target As, and
Excluded.
Tip: You can also double-click a mapping to review the Mapping

dialog.
Note: If a mapping is marked as To be determined, the copy

request cannot be processed. However, you can save and close it
until you decide what to do with it. You can then re-open the
request from a Copy Requests tab and finish defining and pro-
cessing it. For more information, see “Revisiting Failure Mode
Copy Requests” on page 270.
14. Click Next or Finish. The Confirm Selections step appears. For
example:

15. Check the items that will be created or updated. If an incorrect copy
request is processed, you will have to make the corrections manually.
Click View to see more details about the items. The Failure Modes
tab displays information about the failure modes. If you wish to
remove a failure mode from the list, right-click it and click Remove.
Click Back to make adjustments on previous pages.
16. In the Confirm Selections step, Acknowledgment tab, select the

processing options:
Setting Name Description
Process Later If this option is selected at the site level, failure

mode copy requests are set to process later by
default. The copy request is saved with the sta-
tus “Process pending”. The user can later open
the request to resume defining it or create a
scheduled action (Process Failure Mode Copies)
to perform the copies for all pending requests.

Open target analy- Target analyses are opened after the copy
ses request is processed.
Review results The Results page is displayed after processing

(if processing has not been deferred).
17. Click Process or Finish if Process later is selected. One of the fol-
lowing occurs:
• If Process later is selected, a confirmation message appears.

Click Yes to save the copy request to be completed later.
• If processing has not been deferred, the copy is completed. If
Review results is selected, the Review Results step appears. For
example:
To view more information, click Details. The Details window dis-

plays information about the source and target asset structures,
asset mappings, employees, trades, maintenance groups, failure
modes, and so on. For example:

Click Close to return to the wizard.

When you are finished reviewing results, click Close. You can
view the information again on the Copy Requests tab for the site
or the analysis.
• If Open target analyses is selected in the Confirm Selections
step, the Strategy Development Analysis window appears.
18. If you selected Open target analyses in the processing options, the
analysis opens. Otherwise, open the analysis.
19. Make sure that editing is enabled.
20. Review and modify the analysis as needed. For related information,
see “Creating an Analysis from Scratch” on page 48.
When you have completed these steps, you are ready to develop the anal-
ysis by creating action plans and more. Refer to the following topics for
more information:



Setting Failure Mode Options for an Analysis

This topic explains how to set the failure mode options for an analysis.
These options include:
• Activate failure mode versioning, if appropriate

• Limit units of measure to the time category for PF intervals, failure-
finding intervals, and Useful Life values
• Define default text for failure effects and tasks
• Select the process flow that specifies the panels users will see when
developing an analysis. When a process flow is available, the user
selects the Process Flow view in the analysis window and then
“steps” through the panels. Hide or show step instructions in the flow.
• Show facilitation and implementation information separately, or com-
bine the information in the Maintenance Action Plan window
• Set failure cost options to specify how avoidance savings values are
used
• Set options for maintenance cost feasibility and the maintenance effi-
ciency index
• Specify whether indicators are automatically added to the failure
mode’s inspection task
• Set options for indicator collection information. You can specify how
default values are assigned to indicators that are added to action
plans. These values make it easier for users to find indicators based
on trade, maintenance group, PdM technology, operating condition,
and expected collection frequency. An indicator created using a tem-
plate can receive its values either from the indicator template or the
action plan to which it is added. Existing indicators can have their
values updated from the action plan.
• Specify failure-tracking values for indicator alarm states. Indicator
alarm states can specify that failure records are automatically cre-
ated when users acknowledge alarms with work orders, work
requests, or by marking the alarms as being fixed during inspection.
The alarm state can also specify the failure mode reference and P-F
interval to be copied to the failure record. You can specify that the
indicator be updated with the failure mode reference and P-F interval
from the action plan to which it is added.
• Define behavior when indicators, standard tasks, or standard jobs are
deleted from action plans

• Using the integration functionality in APM, you can export failure

modes from MTA2 and RCM2 analyses to the Isograph® Availability
Workbench (AWB), where you can analyze and optimize the data.
You can then import optimization results into the APM analysis,
review the recommendations in the Optimization view, and make
appropriate changes to the action plans.
Note: Before you can export failure modes, you must have
installed the Availability Workbench. The Reliability Strategy
Development and Implementation and Performance Management
modules must be active on the sites where you want to use the
functionality.
• Hide or show the Failure mode note sidebar in Maintenance Action

Plan windows
• Specify the information that will be shown or hidden in the Mainte-
nance Action Plan window
This topic explains how:
• To Set Failure Mode Details

• To Set MTA2 Options
• To Set Failure Cost Options
• To Set Feasibility Options
• To Set Indicator Options
• To Set Deletion Behavior Options
• To Enable Optimization
• To Set Format Options
To Set Failure Mode Details

1. Open the Strategy Development Analysis window.
3. On the Properties view, select the Failure Mode Options tab.

4. On the Details tab, set the following options:
Failure mode ver- When versioning is supported, the analysis team

sioning can create a new version of the failure mode.
Limit units of mea- Select this option to restrict PF intervals, fail-

sure to units in the ure-finding intervals, and Useful Life values to
time category measures of time (hours, days, weeks, and so
on). Otherwise, these values can use other units
of measure, for example, cycles, operating hours,
or kilometers.
5. In the Default failure effects text box, you can enter text that will
automatically appear in the Failure Effect box of new failure modes.
6. In the Default task text box, you can enter text that will automati-
cally appear in the Task boxes for new failure modes.

To Set MTA2 Options

1. Select the MTA2 Options tab.
2. Select the following options:
Process flow The process flow definition specifies the panels

for the analysis. Users can select the Process
Flow view in the analysis window and then
“step” through the panels.
Current step Step in the process flow shown by default in the

Process Flow view.
Hide or show step Hide or show the instructions for completing the
instructions steps in the process flow.

MTA2 failure mode When the facilitation and implementation steps

process are combined in the MTA2 Maintenance Action
Plan window, the General tab displays the fol-
lowing:
• Failure mode box

• Failure effects box
• Evident list
• Strategy list
• Analyzed separately option
• Task box
• Details tab for the strategy
• Mark as Implementation Complete but-
ton
To Set Failure Cost Options

1. Select the Failure Costs tab.
2. Select the avoidance savings options:
Include economic When the analyst clicks one of the economic

impact for eco- impact buttons on the risk matrix, that sever-
nomic effects when ity’s economic impact amount is used in the
economic evalua- avoidance savings calculation. The amount is
tion is not per- shown on the failure mode’s Failure Data tab.
formed
However, if the analyst uses the Economic Eval-
uation Questionnaire, the results of the evalua-
tion is used.

Include economic When the analysis team performs a criticality

impact value for analysis, the selected Health and Safety sever-
health and safety ity’s economic impact amount is included when
effects the failure mode’s avoidance savings is calcu-
lated. The amount is shown on the failure
mode’s Failure Data tab.

impact value for analysis, the selected Environmental severity’s
environmental economic impact amount is included when the
effects failure mode’s avoidance savings is calculated.
The amount is shown on the failure mode’s Fail-
ure Data tab.

impact value for analysis, the selected Reputation severity’s eco-
reputation effects nomic impact amount is included when the fail-
ure mode’s avoidance savings is calculated. The
amount is shown on the failure mode’s Failure
Data tab.

To Set Feasibility Options

1. Select the Feasibility tab.
2. Set the options for maintenance feasibility:
Maintenance effi- If the maintenance efficiency index is used,

ciency index (MEI) select Supported.
options
MEI calculation Select the source of the calculation:
• Use the standard APM calculation – The

calculation supplied by APM
• Use this calculation – Select the custom
calculation from the list.
MEI calculation Custom calculation used to determine the main-

tenance efficiency index.

Savings and costs The period (for example, 1.000 year) to use when
period calculating costs, including avoidance savings.
MEI threshold If the feasibility analysis results in a mainte-

nance efficiency index (MEI) that is equal to or
greater than the threshold, the task is justified.
If the MEI is less than the threshold, the task is
not justified.
Minimum MEI Minimum MEI values are supported.
Minimum MEI Minimum MEI value. If the calculation results

in a value lower than the minimum, the mini-
mum value is used. For example, set this option
to 0.00 if negative values are not supported.
Override reason is If selected, this option requires that users select

required a reason when they override a feasibility assess-
ment.
Number of trades The number of trades used in economic conse-

quence and feasibility evaluations to estimate
labor costs for a failure. The maximum number
is 5.
3. For each trade, select a description.
4. Select the default evaluation type:
• Simple – The evaluator can select one statement for each cate-
gory on the form.
• Detailed – The evaluator can select two statements for each cate-
gory on the form.
Tip: If you wish to use a custom MEI calculation, create a trig-

gered calculation in the Customization Center. Set the triggering
method to Through a program. When defining the attribute to
calculate, set the options as follows:
• Class – Maintenance action plan
• Contained class – Maintenance feasibility
• Attribute to update – Maintenance efficiency index
• Data type – Float magnitude
• Result value type – Derived value

• In case of failure – Leave value unchanged
To Set Indicator Options

1. Select the Indicators tab.
2. Specify whether indicators on the action plan are automatically

added to its inspection task. You can choose one of the following:
• Do not add indicators automatically

• Add indicators automatically – when an inspection task is
added, indicators currently on the action plan are added to the
standard task. When indicators are subsequently added to the
action plan, they are automatically added to the standard task.
3. If indicators are added automatically, you can have inactive indica-
tors activated. When an existing standard task is selected as the
inspection task, its indicators are checked when it is added to the
action plan. If collection has been deactivated for any of the indica-
tors, they are activated.
To enable this functionality, select Activate indicators that are

currently inactive for collection.

4. When developing a failure mode on an RBI analysis, you can calcu-

late the next inspection date on a failure mode and then update the
indicators’ next reading dates. Indicators are updated when the
action plan is marked “Facilitation Complete”. On the indicator,
“Next reading due” is set to the failure mode’s next inspection date.
The Next reading date source box displays “Failure mode degradation
rate”.
To enable this functionality, select Update indicator next collec-

tion date with FM’s next inspection date.
5. Specify where an indicator that is created from an indicator template
gets its collection information. You can choose one of the following:
• Use the values from the indicator template

• Use the values from the action plan
• Use the values from the action plan if those from the tem-
plate are blank
Note: When you create an indicator based on an indicator tem-

plate, the system checks to see if the asset already has an indica-
tor based on that template. If such an indicator exists, it is used in
the analysis, and a new indicator is not created. In this situation,
the indicator is not affected by the options described above. If you
want the indicator to be updated with the action plan’s values, be
sure to set the appropriate option for adding existing indicators to
analyses, as described next.
6. For existing indicators that are identified on action plans, specify
where the indicator gets its collection information. You can choose
one of the following:
• Use the values from the indicator

• Use the values from the action plan if those from the indi-
cator are blank
7. Specify where an indicator that is created from an indicator template

gets its failure-tracking values. You can choose one of the following:
• Use the values from the indicator template

• Use the values from the action plan if those from the tem-
plate are blank
8. For existing indicators that are identified on action plans, specify
where the indicator gets its failure-tracking values. You can choose
one of the following:

• Use the values from the indicator

• Use the values from the action plan if those from the indi-
cator are blank
Note: If indicators are to be updated, they are modified when the

action plan’s status changes to “Implementation completed”.
To Set Deletion Behavior Options

1. Select the Deletion Behavior tab.
2. Specify how APM is to respond when you delete an indicator, stan-

dard task, or standard job from an action plan.
To Enable Optimization
1. Select the Optimization tab.
2. Select Failure mode optimization is supported. When this option

is selected, the Optimization view is available in the analysis win-
dow.

To Set Format Options

1. Select the Format tab.
2. Set the options for the appearance of the Maintenance Action Plan
window:
Description and Hide or show the Failure mode note area in

notes sidebar the Maintenance Action Plan window.
Tip: The analyst can add information to

the Notes tab located in the Mainte-
nance Action Plan window’s Facilita-
tion view, Notes tab, if available.

Failure data When this option is selected, the Failure Data

tab appears in the Maintenance Action Plan
window.
Failure pattern When this option is selected, the Failure Pat-

tern tab appears in the Maintenance Action
Plan window.
Details When this option is selected, the Details tab

appears in the Maintenance Action Plan win-
dow.
Details When this option is selected, the second Details

tab appears on the Details tab in the Mainte-
nance Action Plan window.
Usage When this option is selected, the Usage tab

appears on the Details tab in the Maintenance
Action Plan window.
Review requests When this option is selected, the Review

Requests tab appears on the Details tab in the
Maintenance Action Plan window.
Notes When this option is selected, the Notes tab

appears on the Details tab.
Symptoms When this option is selected, the Symptoms tab

appears on the Details tab in Maintenance
Action Plan windows.

Setting Risk Analysis Options for an Analysis

This topic explains how to set the risk analysis options for an analysis. If
the analysis uses an analysis type, the risk analysis settings are copied
from the analysis type. You can review and change them as required.
There are four initial options for risk analysis:
• Use evaluation forms – The analysis team uses pop-up question-

naires to evaluate the probability of failure, consequences (economic,
health and safety, environmental, and reputation), and confidence
factors. APM then calculates the risk and shows it in the risk matrix.
This process can be used with failure modes or demand scenarios.
• Use weighted severity and relative risk – The analyst assesses
the severity of economic, health and safety, environmental, and repu-
tation consequences, assigning a number (weighting) to each factor.
The analyst also enters the probability of failure and the confidence
factor. APM then calculates the relative risk and shows it in the risk
matrix. This process can be used with failure mode risk analysis only;
it cannot be used to evaluate demand scenarios.
• Use embedded evaluation forms – The analysis team selects
options in the Risk tab of the Maintenance Action Plan window to
evaluate probability and consequence factors. Safety analyses (SIF
and HAZOP) use this type of form.
• Not performed – Risk analysis features are not shown in the analy-
sis window.
• To Set Options for Using Pop-up Evaluation Forms

• To Set Options for Using Weighted Severity and Relative Risk
To Set Options for Using Pop-up Evaluation Forms

1. Open the Strategy Development Analysis window.
3. On the Properties view, select the Risk Options tab. Click Use
evaluation forms.

4. On the General tab, select whether risk analysis is performed on

failure modes or on demand scenarios. If you select By demand sce-
nario, the Demand Scenarios tab is added and the Probability
tab is removed.
5. Set the following options:
Risk matrix The risk matrix specified as the default for risk
analyses of this type. The matrix displays the
results of the failure mode’s probability and
severity evaluations, as well as its relative risk
(criticality).
Default the action If this option is selected, when the risk analysis
plan strategy and has been performed, the recommended strategy
frequency from the and frequency (if applicable) are copied from the
risk matrix risk matrix entry to the action plan.
Risk plot target line Style of target line for use in charts, for exam-
ple, the failure mode risk tolerance line.
6. If risk analysis is performed on demand scenarios, select the

Demand Scenarios tab.

Confidence ques- Questionnaire used to perform the confidence

tionnaire evaluation for likelihood of failure.
Probability of fail- Matrix to use when the probability of failure is

ure matrix based on a demand scenario.
8. If risk analysis includes susceptibility to failure analysis, select the

Susceptibility tab.
Susceptibility to A susceptibility to failure evaluation examines

failure analysis is the asset’s non-age related degradation pat-
performed terns. The evaluation uses a questionnaire to
review the asset’s composition and materials, for
example.
Questionnaire A susceptibility to failure questionnaire pres-

ents the analyst with a series of questions. Like
a decision diagram, the response to one question
determines the next question, and so on, until a
conclusion is reached.
10. If risk analysis is performed on failure modes, select the Probability

tab.

Evaluation per- When selected, this option allows the evaluation

formed to be performed.
Use of evaluation When this option is selected, analysts can fill in

questionnaires is an online form.
allowed
Evaluation form Evaluation form that users use to perform the

analysis.
Evaluation type Evaluation forms can have these types:
• Simple – The evaluator can select one state-

ment for each category on the form.
• Detailed – The evaluator can select two
statements for each category on the form.
Use of evaluation When this option is selected, analysts can sim-

buttons is allowed ply click the button that represents the result of
their evaluation.
Evaluation values to The type of values used in the evaluation, for

use example, standard scores or alternates.

Probability is based The probability of failure is determined by the

on estimated time estimated time between failure (ETBF) without
between failures maintenance tasks. When this option is enabled,
the Estimated time between failures with-
out maintenance box appears in the Failure
Mode window, Criticality tab.
12. Select the Economic tab.

Number of trades The number of trades used in economic conse-

quence and feasibility evaluations to estimate
labor costs for a failure. The maximum number
is 5.
14. For each of the trades, select a value from the list defined for the site.
15. Select the default evaluation type:
• Simple – The evaluator can select one statement for each cate-
gory on the form.
• Detailed – The evaluator can select two statements for each cate-
gory on the form.

16. When Use of evaluation buttons is allowed is selected, analysts

can simply click the button that represents the result of their eco-
nomic evaluation. If this option is not selected, the buttons are dis-
abled.
17. Select the Health and Safety tab.

Use of evaluation When this option is selected, analysts can fill in

questionnaires is an online form.
allowed
Evaluation form Evaluation form that users use to perform the

analysis.
Evaluation type Evaluation forms can have these types:
• Simple – The evaluator can select one state-

ment for each category on the form.
• Detailed – The evaluator can select two
statements for each category on the form.
Use of evaluation When this option is selected, analysts can sim-

buttons is allowed ply click the button that represents the result of
their evaluation.

Evaluation values to The type of values used in the evaluation, for

use example, standard scores or alternates.
Economic impact The type of values used in the evaluation for the
and range to use economic impact and range, for example, stan-
dard scores or alternates.
19. Select the Environmental and Reputation tabs in turn and set the
options for using evaluation questionnaires and buttons.
20. Select the Confidence tab.
21. Change the default settings as required:
Inspection factor A confidence evaluation is performed to deter-

confidence evalua- mine the inspection factor. This option is only
tion performed relevant when risk analysis is performed using
pop-up evaluation forms. The Confidence tab
appears in the Maintenance Action Plan win-
dow.
Positive adjust- The maximum positive score for the confidence

ments questionnaire. For example, if the positive
adjustment is “2.0” and the sum of the selected
responses’ confidence adjustments is “2.10”,
APM retrieves the confidence factor assigned an
evaluation score of “2.0”.

Negative adjust- The maximum negative score for the confidence

ment questionnaire. For example, if the negative
adjustment is “-2.0” and the sum of the selected
responses’ confidence adjustments is “-2.10”,
APM retrieves the confidence factor assigned an
evaluation score of “-2.0”.
Note: If you set the positive and negative adjustments to 0.00, the
confidence evaluation questionnaire’s adjustment values are used.
To Set Options for Using Weighted Severity and Relative Risk

1. In the Strategy Development Analysis window, Properties view,
select the Risk Options tab. Click Use weighted severity and rel-
ative risk.
2. On the General tab, set the following options:
Risk matrix The risk matrix specified as the default for risk
analyses of this type. The matrix displays the
results of the failure mode’s probability and
severity evaluations, as well as its relative risk
(criticality).

Default the action If this option is selected, when the risk analysis
plan strategy and has been performed, the recommended strategy
frequency from the and frequency (if applicable) are copied from the
risk matrix risk matrix entry to the action plan.
Risk plot target line Style of target line for use in charts, for exam-
ple, the failure mode risk tolerance line.
3. Select the Probability tab. To determine the probability of failure

based on ETBF, select Probability is based on estimated time
between failures. When this option is enabled, the Estimated time
between failures without maintenance box appears in the Main-
tenance Action Plan window, Criticality tab.
4. Select the type of values used in the evaluation, for example, stan-
dard scores or alternates.

Adding Assets to an MTA2

In a new analysis, the Properties view, Assets tab displays the primary
asset or system and its asset type. The second Assets tab and the Hier-
archy tab display the primary asset and its descendants, if included in
the analysis. As the analysis progresses, you might find it necessary to
add assets to the analysis.
When you create an analysis that includes the primary asset’s descen-
dants, a snapshot is taken of the asset’s physical hierarchy. This analysis
hierarchy remains static. That is, any changes made to the site’s physical
hierarchies are not automatically made to the analysis hierarchy. How-
ever, when you add assets to an analysis, the analysis hierarchy is
refreshed with any changes that have occurred to the physical hierarchy.
Also, at any time you can update the analysis hierarchy to reflect
changes. For more information, see “Updating the Asset Hierarchy Snap-
shot” on page 307.
Tip: An asset can be added to an analysis by dragging the asset

from a table and dropping it on the analysis’ list of assets. For
example, you can drag an asset from the site’s list of assets and
drop it on the analysis’ list of assets. If analysis options specify
that descendants be included, the copied asset’s descendants are
added to the analysis. The asset’s failure modes are not copied to
the analysis.
Assets are given sequence numbers as they are added to the analysis.
The asset’s sequence number contributes to the failure mode’s reference
number. You can change the sequence numbers of assets and failure
modes using the Move Up and Move Down buttons on the Assets tab.
For example, you might wish to renumber the assets after you copy fail-
ure modes from another analysis because the assets bring their sequence
numbers with them.
Tip: In the System Information view, you can review informa-

tion about the analysis assets. You can also edit the following
properties from the Assets tab:
• Asset description
• Process description
• Degradation description
In addition, you can add and edit operating parameters on the Oper-
ating Window tab. Changes that you make in the System Informa-
tion view are saved to the asset record.

Tip: After the analysis is completed, you can return and see a
snapshot of an asset’s properties as they were at the time the
asset was analyzed. In the Strategy Development Analysis win-
dow, select the Properties view and then the Assets tabs (or the
System Information view, Assets tab, and then the Hierarchy
tab). Right-click the asset in the table and click Asset Snapshot.
The Asset Snapshot dialog displays the information that was cur-
rent either on the date that the asset was added or on the date
that the analysis status changed to “Analysis completed”.
You can add assets to the analysis by browsing for existing assets or by
creating one or more child assets in the analysis. When creating assets,
the new child assets are added to the parent asset’s hierarchy.
• To Browse for Assets

• To Create Assets
To Browse for Assets

1. Open the analysis.
3. Select the Properties view, Analysis Options tab. This tab shows
the settings that apply when you add assets to the analysis. For
example:
4. To include child assets, ensure that Include descendant assets is

selected and choose the hierarchy to take them from. APM duplicates
the physical hierarchy for the asset and its descendants in the analy-
sis asset hierarchy.
Note: Descendants that are already included in the analysis are

ignored when the analysis is updated. Component assets and
their descendants cannot be included in the analysis.
5. Select the Assets tab and the second Assets tab. In the New list,
click Browse. The Browse Assets dialog appears.

Tip: You can also select the Hierarchy tab and click Browse.
6. Select one or more assets.
7. Click OK. The dialog closes and the assets are added to the list to be
analyzed. If you chose to include descendants, they are also added to
the analysis hierarchy. If the new asset’s parent is not included in the
analysis hierarchy, the asset is placed beneath the primary asset.
Tip: To re-sequence an asset, select it in the table and click Move

Up or Move Down until it is in the correct position. The asset
sequence numbers are changed appropriately.
To Create Assets
1. On the General tab, select the Assets tab and the second Assets tab.
2. Open the Create Multiple Assets window in either of these ways:

• Click the New list and then Assets. By default, the primary asset
is designated the parent.
• Right-click an analysis asset and click Create Multiple Child
Assets. By default, the asset you selected is designated the par-
ent.
Tip: You can also create assets on the Hierarchy tab. Click New
or right-click an asset and click Create Multiple Child Assets.
The Create Multiple Assets window appears.

3. Enter and select options on the Creation Options tab:
Number to create Specify the number of items to create.
Assign asset num- Select this option to specify names and numbers
ber as follows for the new assets.
Note: If you do not specify numbers, APM

assigns the assets unique, sequential
numbers. If you do not specify names, the
new assets are not named.
Start at Specify the number for the first new item. The
second item’s number is the starting number
plus the increment amount, and so on.
Increment by Enter a value by which to increment the number

on each subsequent item.

Prefix with Enter a value to add to the beginning of each

number.
Note: If the assigned number already exists, “(2)” is added to the

asset number.
Name Specify the name to be given to the items.
Include asset num- Select this option to have the asset number
ber in the asset included in the asset name.
name
Insert at Select whether the item number is inserted at

the beginning or end of the name.
4. In the Asset details area, select the options for the new assets:
Type Asset types are groups of settings that define

the characteristics of your organization’s assets.
For example, you might create asset types called
“pumps” or “piping and valves.” The asset type
contains basic information, policies, and permis-
sions, such as whether or not standard jobs can
be created for assets of the type. When you cre-
ate an asset in APM, you must specify an asset
type, which then determines the information
and functionality available for the asset.
Subtype If the asset type specifies that a subtype is avail-

able for the asset, it is shown in this box. If more
than one subtype is available, you can change
the default selection.
If the asset type has one or more default sub-

types, those subtypes are added to the Creation
Options tab. A tab is added to the window for
each default subtype. These specifications tabs
will appear on the new child assets.

Classification When you select an asset type, APM enters the

asset classification automatically. You might be
able to change the classification for the asset,
depending on the asset type that was selected.
Selecting the correct classification is important
because it affects how APM treats the asset.
You can select from these APM classifications:
• Maintainable assets can be worked on. Users

can enter work requests and work orders for
them, and costs can be charged to them.
• System assets group assets that represent a
system, such as a gas treatment system.
These assets are treated in the same manner
as maintainable assets in that users can
enter work requests and work orders for
• Subsystem assets group assets that repre-
sent a subsystem of a system, such as heat-
ing, cooling, and dehydration subsystems.
These assets are treated in the same manner
as maintainable assets in that users can
enter work requests and work orders for
• Component locations indicate where a com-
ponent is located on a maintainable asset or
asset group.
• Organizations represent organizational
units, such as departments. They are often
used to group other types of assets so that
you can view costs at appropriate levels.
• Asset groups collect similar assets together
to make it easier for or compare data. For
example, all 100hp motors could be repre-
sented by an asset group.
Note: You cannot create component assets using the Create Multi-
ple Assets window.

Consequence prior- Consequence priorities are often used when sort-

ity ing and analyzing the work backlog for schedul-
ing or when analyzing asset failure information.
APM also uses consequence priorities to deter-
mine whether or not to push indicator alarms up
the physical hierarchy so that they will be visi-
ble on higher levels in the indicator monitoring
panel.
Warning: The ranking number assigned

to consequence priorities is also used to
calculate alarm notification rankings for
indicator alarms. If you do not select a
priority setting for an asset, alarm notifi-
cations might not be pushed up the hier-
archy to be displayed on a parent asset.
This can affect the display of the alarm in
the site’s Indicators view.
Status Asset status represents the operational state of

an asset and whether or not it is available for
use. APM uses the status of an asset to deter-
mine whether or not work is triggered and
whether or not components are available for
installation.
Material Type The type of the material, for example, stainless

steel or aluminum.
Material Grade The grade of the material type.
P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram associated

with the asset. In APM, P&IDs are included
with standard documents and can be added to
assets and safety provisions for reference.
In-service Date The date that this asset was first put into ser-
vice.
5. Select the Location tab. This tab displays information about the par-
ent asset in the physical and any alternate hierarchies. For example:

6. To change the parent asset, click the browse icon and select another
analysis asset.
7. Provide the following information:
Hierarchy code A hierarchy code is a string of up to 10 letters

and numbers that identifies an individual asset
or site. APM uses the hierarchy code for the
asset, its parent assets, and the site to create the
hierarchy location.
For the hierarchy location to be useful, enter a

code that gives users some indication of the
asset’s function and location. For example, if a
generator set is located on the north side of the
plant, you might enter “NGenSet”. If the genera-
tor set has a pump location, you might enter
“PmpStation” on the component location asset,
and “Pump1” on the record for the pump compo-
nent asset.
Location Describe the physical location of the asset.
Map coordinates The longitude and latitude coordinates of the

physical location of the object.
Note: Latitude can have values ranging

from -090.000 to +090.000. Longitude
values can be from -180.000 to +180.000.
For values outside these ranges, APM
will accept the values and adjust accord-
ingly. For example, a longitude value of
+200.0 will translate to -160.0 on the
map.
Tip: You can click the browse icon and point to the location on a
map to have APM assign the coordinates. For more information,
see Setting Map Coordinates.

Area An asset can be associated with an area that

identifies its physical location at the site. The
area is used on checksheets to show all of the
indicators within a particular area of the site. A
bar code identifier can also be associated with
an area.
Closest warehouse The default warehouse for the asset, which is

the default “deliver to” warehouse for purchases
that are charged to this asset. If this box is left
blank, APM uses the warehouse of the parent
asset.
8. When the enterprise and sites are set up in APM, up to five different
hierarchies can be created to organize assets. The first hierarchy is
the comprehensive physical hierarchy. Most (if not all) of your assets
should be included in this hierarchy.
If you are using additional hierarchies, you can select parent assets in
alternate hierarchies to establish the position of the new assets. Click
a browse icon to select a parent asset.
9. Select the Description tab to add information to be added to each
asset’s description.
10. Click OK. The child assets are created and added to the asset hierar-
chy.

Excluding Assets from an Analysis

When performing an analysis, you might find that one or more assets do
not need to have failure modes and action plans created for them. For
example, the primary asset might not require analysis although its
descendants do. You can exclude the asset from the analysis, as long as it
does not have action plans defined for it, so that the analysis can be com-
pleted and closed. You can also add an excluded asset back into the anal-
ysis, if necessary.
An advantage of excluding assets is that they cannot be added back into

the analysis when you update the asset hierarchy snapshot. For example,
if you delete an analysis asset, rather than excluding it, it can be
returned to the analysis when the hierarchy is updated. This occurs if the
deleted asset is the descendant of another asset in the analysis.
This topic explains how to exclude an asset and how to return an

excluded asset to the analysis.
To Exclude an Asset
3. Select the Properties view, Assets tab.
4. Select the second Assets tab or the Hierarchy tab.
5. Right-click the asset and click Exclude from Analysis.
The asset is shown as crossed out in the Assets tab.

To Include an Excluded Asset

3. Select the Properties view, Assets tab.
4. Select the second Assets tab or the Hierarchy tab.
5. Right-click the asset and click Include in Analysis.
The asset is added back into the analysis and action plans can be
developed for it.

Working with Asset Scope on an MTA2

In some cases, assets are large enough to warrant separate analyses for
different sections. For example, when the top portion of a large vessel
contains gas and the bottom holds liquid, separate analyses or action
plans are needed to define and respond to different failure modes and
effects. In this case, you can select the analysis option Allow the scope of
the analysis to be defined by asset.
For an analysis asset, you can provide a description of the analysis scope.
The same asset can be added to the analysis as many times as required,
each with a difference scope description. You can then create failure
modes for each of the analysis assets from the Facilitation view, By
Asset and By Hierarchy tabs.
The scope description appears in tables that display the analysis assets
and in reports.
• To Enable Asset Scope on an Analysis

• To Add a Scope Description to an Analysis Asset
• To Add an Analysis Asset
• To Create a Failure Mode for a Scoped Asset
To Enable Asset Scope on an Analysis

3. Select the Properties view, Analysis Options tab.
4. Click Allow the scope of the analysis to be defined by asset.
To Add a Scope Description to an Analysis Asset

1. In the Strategy Development Analysis window, select the Properties
view, Assets tab.
2. On the second Assets tab, select the asset, click the Selected list,
and then Scope of Analysis. For example:

Tip: You can also right-click an asset on the Assets or Hierarchy

tab and click Scope of Analysis.
The Scope of Analysis dialog appears:
3. Describe the section of the asset to be analyzed.
4. Click OK. The dialog closes and the description appears in the Analy-
sis Scope column of the Assets table.
To Add an Analysis Asset

1. In the Strategy Development Analysis window, select the Properties
view, Assets tab.
2. On the second Assets tab, click the New list and then Analysis
Asset. The New Analysis Asset dialog appears.

3. Click a browse icon to open the Asset Selector dialog. Select the asset
and click OK. The dialog closes and the asset information is added to
the New Analysis Asset dialog.
4. Describe the section of the asset to be analyzed.
5. Click OK. The asset is added to the table. For example:
To Create a Failure Mode for a Scoped Asset

1. In the Strategy Development Analysis window, select the Facilita-
tion view, By Asset or By Hierarchy tab.
2. In the left table, select the asset you wish to analyze. For example:
3. Click New at the bottom of the Failure modes table. The Mainte-
nance Action Plan window appears.
4. Develop the failure mode. For detailed information, see “Creating

Failure Modes” on page 112.

Recording the Primary Asset’s Operating Context

The analysis team needs a good understanding of the circumstances in
which the primary asset operates in order to define failure modes and
action plans. Recording the operating context in APM involves selecting
an operating context from the list and then entering a detailed descrip-
tion. The description typically includes how and where the asset is used
and the performance criteria that apply to output, throughput, safety,
environmental integrity, and so on.
Note: Operating context values are defined at the site level, in the
Strategy Development settings. For more information, see “Set-
ting up Operating Contexts” in Help.
To Record the Assets’ Operating Context

1. Open the analysis and select the Properties view, General tab.
3. Select the Operating Context tab.
4. Select an operating context from the list.
Tip: To create an operating context, right-click in the Operating

context box and click New.
5. In the box, you can enter a detailed operating context statement.

Adding Team Members to an Analysis

You can maintain a list of the team members who are working on the
analysis. You can also designate one member as the facilitator of the
team.
Because it is common for some of the team members to be from external

organizations or to be employees who otherwise have no contact with the
APM system, it is not necessary for the team members to have APM
employee records. For these consultants, you can record names, job titles,
and companies or departments.
To Add Team Members

1. From an open analysis, select the Properties view, General tab,
Analysis Team tab.
3. To quickly add one or more employees to the team, click Browse. The
Browse Employees dialog appears. Select the employees and click
OK. They are added to the Analysis Team tab.
4. To create a team member record, click New. The Properties dialog

appears.

5. If the member does not have an APM employee record, select Consul-
tant from the Type list and provide the member’s name, job title,
and company or department.
6. If the member has an APM employee record, select Employee from

the Type list. Select the employee from the list or click the browse
icon to select the employee or create a new record. The employee is
added to the Employee box.
7. Click OK to save the information and close the dialog.
8. On the Analysis Team tab, select the team leader from the Facilita-
tor list.

Chapter 2 • Creating and Managing RSS Analyses
Entering and Reviewing Comments on an Analysis

The commenting feature helps the analysis team keep track of their work
in analyzing assets. The team can record comments on the analysis and
its failure modes, attach documents to comments, respond to comments,
mark them as reviewed, and view the status of comments.
• To Enter a Comment on an Analysis or Failure Mode

• To Edit or Respond to a Comment
• To Review, Delete, or Copy a Comment
To Enter a Comment on an Analysis or Failure Mode

1. Do one of the following:
• Analysis – Open the Strategy Development Analysis window,

select the Properties view, and then the Comments tab.
• Failure mode – Open the Maintenance Action Plan window and
select the Comments view.
The Comments tab or view lists existing comments, showing who
entered them and when, the responses, and their statuses.
2. Click New to add a comment. The Strategy Development Analysis
Comment window appears, where you can record information and
add attachments. For example:
APM Reliability Strategy Selection Guide 103

For more information about adding attachments, see “Adding Attach-

ments to Objects” in Help.
3. Click OK to close the window.
To Edit or Respond to a Comment

1. Double-click the comment in the Comments tab or view to open the
window.
2. Click Edit to modify the comment, add a response, or mark the com-
ment as reviewed. You can also add attachments and view details
about the comment’s history.
104 APM Reliability Strategy Selection Guide

To Review, Delete, or Copy a Comment

1. To mark a comment as reviewed, select it in the Comments tab or
view and click Mark as Reviewed. The Reviewed By, Reviewed
On, and Reviewed columns are populated for that comment.
2. To delete a comment, right-click it in the Comments tab or view and

click Delete. The comment is removed from APM.
3. To copy a comment, right-click it in the Comments tab or view and

click Copy. The Comment window opens showing a copy of the origi-
nal. When you are finished working with the comment, click OK to
close the window.

Recording Team Meetings on an Analysis

Use the meeting note feature to record information about team meetings
for future reference.
This topic explains how to use the meeting note feature.
To Record Meetings on an Analysis

1. Open the analysis, select the Properties view and the Meetings tab.
This tab lists existing meeting notes.
2. Click New. The Meeting Note window appears.
3. You can now describe the meeting, enter the date and time, identify
the team members who attended and the facilitator, and record the
minutes.

Working with the Analysis Checklist

An analysis checklist is a list of “things to do” to remind the team of the
steps they need to consider when performing the analysis. For each item
that you add to APM settings, you can specify the varieties of analysis it
applies to, identify it with an icon, and provide a description.
When recording an analysis, you can mark analysis checklist items as

“Performed” and provide comments for them. APM records the employee
who checked off the item, the date, and time. The analysis team can view
the status of checklist items in the analysis window, Properties view,
Checklist tab.
In the analysis, you can also add checklist items that were added to the
site’s Strategy Development settings after the analysis was created.
For information about adding checklist items to the site’s Strategy Devel-
opment settings, see “Setting up Checklist Items” in Help.
• To Mark a Checklist Item as Performed

• To Add an Item to the Checklist

To Mark a Checklist Item as Performed

1. On the analysis window, select the Properties view, Checklist tab.
This tab lists the checklist items defined for the type of analysis on
the site. For example:
3. Double-click the item in the list to open the Checklist item window.
For example:

4. Click Item performed. APM automatically enters your name and

the date and time that you marked the item as performed.
5. In the Comments box, provide additional information about the

task.
6. Click OK to close the window. The Checklist tab displays a check

mark for the task in the Performed column. The Performed On
and Performed By columns are populated for the item.
To Add an Item to the Checklist

1. On the analysis window, select the Properties view, Checklist tab.
This tab lists the checklist items defined for the type of analysis on
the site.
2. Click New. The Checklist Item window appears. The Checklist item
list contains any items that were defined in the site’s settings after
the current analysis was created.
3. Select an item in the list. If appropriate, you can mark the item as
performed and enter comments.
Tip: To add an item, right-click in the Checklist item box and

click New. The Properties dialog appears, where you can name
and describe the item and select the analysis types to which it
applies. When you click OK, the item is added to Strategy Devel-
opment settings as well as the current analysis.
4. Click OK to close the window. The item is added to the Checklist
tab.


Chapter 3 Developing Failure Modes
A failure mode is a single event that causes a functional failure. For

uid at the required rate. The failure mode consequences are analyzed in
maintenance task analyses to arrive at the recommended actions that
prevent or mitigate failures. The topics in this section explain how to cre-
ate failure modes, perform risk analysis and feasibility evaluations, and
develop action plans.
Contents
Creating Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Creating Analysis Requests for Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Evaluating Susceptibility to Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Performing Failure Mode Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Performing Risk Analysis with Weighted Severities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Performing Demand Scenario Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Viewing Risk Analyses for Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Recording Failure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Evaluating the Feasibility of Maintenance Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Developing Primary Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Creating Secondary Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Calculating a Failure-Finding Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Adding Indicators, Tasks, and Work to Action Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Reviewing Indicator Collection Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Adding Standard Documents to Action Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Recording and Reviewing Failure Mode Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Adding Symptoms to a Failure Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Creating Failure Modes

A failure mode is a single event that causes a functional failure. For
uid at the required rate. The failure mode consequences are analyzed in
maintenance task analyses to arrive at the recommended actions that
prevent or mitigate failures.
There are several ways to add failure modes to an analysis:
• If you subscribe to the APM Online Content Library, you can access
available libraries of failure modes using the Internet. Select the
Facilitation view and the By Asset or By Hierarchy tab. Select the
asset and click Browse APM Online Content. For more informa-
tion, see “Activating and Using APM Online Content Library” in
Help.
• The MTA2 Process Flow view is available in the analysis window if
a custom process flow has been created for MTA2 analyses. This view
provides steps that display panels in the order used by your organiza-
tion to develop failure modes. To create the first failure mode in a pro-
cess flow, select the table view by clicking .
• You can add failure modes and their action plans to an MTA2 by
copying them from another analysis or template. For more informa-
tion, see “Copying Failure Modes” on page 211.
• Create each failure mode individually using the Maintenance Action
Plan window. On the Info Worksheet tab, click the New list and
then From Scratch to open this window.
• Use the form view on the Info Worksheet tab to add two or more
failure modes. You can use this method when the analysis already
has at least one failure mode.
This section explains how to create an individual failure mode using the
Maintenance Action Plan window. When the first failure mode has been
added, you can use the form view to quickly add several failure modes
with their failure effects and recommended strategies. See:
• To Create a Failure Mode

• To Develop Failure Modes Using the Form View
To Create a Failure Mode

1. Open the analysis, select the Facilitation view, and then the Info
Worksheet tab.

3. Click the New list and then From Scratch. The Maintenance Action
Plan window appears.
The Failure mode reference area displays the unique identifier for
the failure mode, which consists of the asset’s sequence number and
the failure mode number.
Tip: You can hide the notes boxes by selecting an option in the
analysis’ failure mode options. In the Strategy Development Anal-
ysis window, select the Properties view and the Failure Mode
Options tab. On the Format tab, click Hide identification sec-
tion.
4. To assign the failure mode to another asset in the analysis:
• Click Change. The Change Asset dialog appears.

• Browse for an asset and enter a note, if required.
• Click OK. The dialog closes and the asset number and name are
shown in the Asset box.

Tip: You can also change one or more failure mode’s assets on the
Strategy Development Analysis window by selecting the Imple-
mentation view and the Action Plans tab. Select the failure
modes, right-click, and click Change Asset.
5. On the General tab, enter a description in the Failure mode box.
6. In the Failure effects box, describe what happens when the failure
mode occurs.
7. In the Evident list, select “Yes” or “No”. A failure mode is evident if

its effects become apparent to the operating crew under normal cir-
cumstances if the failure mode occurs on its own.
8. If you wish to analyze a complex failure mode in its own MTA2, select
Analyzed separately. The Link button becomes available. You can
link the failure mode to an analysis request that is tracked by a proj-
ect. See “Creating Analysis Requests for Failure Modes” on page 118.
You can then close the Maintenance Action Plan window. The current
analysis maintains a reference to the failure mode, but you cannot
assign it a recommended strategy.
9. Select the recommended strategy. The options are:
• Scheduled restoration/discard: Scheduled restoration entails

restoring the initial capability of an existing asset at or before a
specified age limit, regardless of its apparent condition at the
time. Scheduled discard or replacement tasks entail discarding an
asset at or before a specified age limit, regardless of its condition
at the time.
• Condition-based maintenance entails checking for potential
failures so that action can be taken to prevent the functional fail-
ure or to avoid the consequences of the functional failure. On-con-
dition tasks are so called because the items that are inspected are
left in service on the condition that they continue to meet specified
performance standards.
• Failure-finding maintenance involves checking a hidden func-
tion at regular intervals to find out whether it has failed. The
intervals are calculated based on the required availability of the
asset and the reliability of the protected function.
• Modification/redesign is any one-time change to the equip-
ment, training, maintenance or operating procedures, etc.
• No scheduled maintenance means assets are left in service
until a functional failure occurs, at which point they are repaired
or replaced.

• Review existing maintenance is available for secondary action

plans only. This strategy alerts the analysis team to review an
asset’s existing maintenance program to identify items that are no
longer required.
• Not specified is the default task, and it means that an action
type has not been determined.
Tip: At any time, you can select the Asset History view for infor-
mation about the asset’s checksheets, failures, work orders, and
work requests.
10. Select the Criticality tab to perform risk analysis. For more informa-
tion, see “Performing Failure Mode Risk Analysis” on page 127.
11. Select the Failure Data tab to provide failure-tracking information.

For more information, see “Recording Failure Data” on page 164.
12. Select the Failure Pattern tab to record the failure pattern. For
more information, see “Recording Failure Data” on page 164.
14. Select the Details tab to apply an action plan status, select a failure
type and failure classification, assign usage details, and see review
requests and related root causes. For more information, see “Record-
ing and Reviewing Failure Mode Details” on page 207.
15. Select the Notes tab to add and review the failure mode and risk
evaluation notes.
16. Select the Symptoms tab to assign keywords or phrases that sum-
marize the evidence an operator would see when the failure occurs or
is about to occur. For more information, see “Adding Symptoms to a
Failure Mode” on page 210.
17. Select the Feasibility view to evaluate whether the proposed main-
tenance strategies are worth doing; that is, whether implementing
the maintenance tasks will cost less than the savings achieved by
avoiding the failure. For more information, see “Evaluating the Feasi-
bility of Maintenance Tasks” on page 171.
18. Select the Implementation view to develop action plans. For more
information, see “Developing Primary Action Plans” on page 178 and
“Creating Secondary Action Plans” on page 184.
19. Save the failure mode and close the Maintenance Action Plan win-
dow. The failure mode is added to the Info Worksheet tab.

To Develop Failure Modes Using the Form View

1. Open the analysis, select the Facilitation view and then the Info
Worksheet tab.
3. If you have not already done so, create the first failure mode for the
analysis.
4. Click to view failure modes in the form view. Click at the bot-
tom of the window to add a new failure mode. The Failure mode ref-
erence area displays the reference numbers for the new failure
mode. For example:
The buttons at the bottom of the window allow you to navigate

between failure modes and to add failure modes to analyses.
Button Function
Go to the first object
Go to the previous object
Go to the next object
Go to the last object
Create an object

Note: In order for the New button ( ) to work in the Form view,
you must not add filters to the Failure Modes table configuration.
5. Develop the failure mode, as explained in “To Create a Failure Mode”

on page 112.
6. When you are ready to create another failure mode, click .
7. When you have finished, save the analysis.

Creating Analysis Requests for Failure Modes

When developing failure modes on an MTA2, you might wish to analyze a
complex failure mode in its own MTA2. In the Maintenance Action Plan
window, select the General tab. In the Details area, click Analyze sep-
arately. The current analysis maintains a reference to the failure mode,
but you cannot assign it a recommended action.
When you select Analyze separately, the Link button becomes avail-
able. You can link the failure mode to an analysis request that is tracked
by a project. When you are ready to create the analysis, process the
request. Alternatively, you can cancel requests and reopen processed and
canceled requests.
• To Create an Analysis Request for a Failure Mode

• To Process an Analysis Request
• To Cancel or Reopen an Analysis Request
To Create an Analysis Request for a Failure Mode

1. Open the failure mode that has been designated “Analyze sepa-
rately”. For example:
2. Click Link. The Request Strategy Development Analysis dialog

appears.

• To link to a new project, select Create a new project. Select a

project type from the list.
• To link to an existing project, select Link to an existing project.
Click the browse icon ( ) to select the project and click OK. The
project’s number, title, and status are displayed.
4. Select the type of analysis from the list.
5. Provide information about the requested analysis:
• Asset to be analyzed
• Employee assigned to be the project manager
• Requested start and completion dates – These become the
planned start and completion dates in the analysis
• Estimate of the time required to perform the analysis
• Comment
6. Click OK. The project and analysis request are created. The project
number is displayed in the Project box. To open its Project window,
double-click the icon.
7. Work with the project, as required. For more information, see “Creat-
ing and Planning Projects” in Help.

You can view analysis requests and projects in the Facilitation view,
Requests tab. Select the “Analysis requests for the analysis asset” con-
figuration. Double-click an analysis request to view information about it.
To Process an Analysis Request

1. Open the MTA2, select the Facilitation view, and then the
Requests tab. Select the “Analysis requests for the analysis asset”
configuration.
2. Double-click the request that you want to process. The Request dialog
appears.
3. Click Process. The Process Request dialog appears.

4. Select the options that you require:
Analysis level Select one of the following:
• Analysis – You can link to a new or existing

strategy development analysis.
• Failure mode - You can link to a new or
existing failure mode in a new or existing
strategy development analysis.
If you link to a new analysis, you can create
the function (RCM2), functional failure
(RCM2), and failure mode.
If you link to an existing analysis, you can
use a new or existing function (RCM2), func-
tional failure (RCM2), and failure mode.

Analysis identifica- Select one of the following:

tion
• New analysis – Select the analysis type and
identify the asset. The selected asset’s child
assets in the physical hierarchy are auto-
matically added to the new analysis.
• Analysis – Click the browse icon ( ) to
select the analysis.
Function identifica- When you are linking to a failure mode in a new

tion or existing RCM2, you can use a new or existing
function.
Functional failure When you are linking to a failure mode in a new

identification or existing RCM2, you can use a new or existing
functional failure.
Failure mode identi- When you are linking to a failure mode in a new
fication or existing analysis, you can use a new or exist-
ing failure mode.
5. Click OK. The Strategy Development Analysis window appears,

where you can develop the analysis. The request status changes to
“Processed”.
Tip: In the Request dialog, select the Processing tab to view

information about processing, including the analysis and failure
mode that were created and their completion information.
To Cancel or Reopen an Analysis Request

1. Open the MTA2, select the Facilitation view, and then the
Requests tab. Select the “Analysis requests for the analysis asset”
configuration.
2. Right-click the request and click either Cancel or Reopen. For

example:

The request status changes accordingly.

Chapter 3 • Developing RBI Failure Modes
Evaluating Susceptibility to Failure

Susceptibility to failure evaluation examines the asset’s non-age related
degradation patterns. It can provide an alternative to probability of fail-
ure analysis for these failure modes. For example, susceptibility evalua-
tion can be used to determine the vulnerability of atmospheric storage
tanks to corrosion under insulation or stress cracking. The evaluation
can result in recommended actions, susceptibility ratings, or both.
A susceptibility to failure questionnaire presents you with a series of

questions. Like a decision diagram, the response to one question deter-
mines the next question, and so on, until a conclusion is reached. Along
the way, instructions can be displayed to respond to individual answers.
Note: Before you can perform susceptibility evaluation, the ques-

tionnaire must be created and then selected in the analysis’ risk
options. APM users with the Administrator privilege can create
questionnaires in the site’s strategy development settings. For
more information, see “Setting up Susceptibility to Failure Ques-
tionnaires” in Help.
This topic explains how to use a susceptibility to failure questionnaire to

evaluate a failure mode’s asset.
To Evaluate Susceptibility to Failure

1. Open the Maintenance Action Plan window.
3. Select the Facilitation view, Susceptibility tab.
4. Click Analyze. The Susceptibility to Failure Questionnaire appears.

For example:
124 APM Risk-based Inspection Analysis Guide

The Checksheets, Failures, Work Orders, and Work Requests

tabs display information about the analysis assets to aid in the evalu-
ation.
5. Complete the evaluation, selecting an answer for each question,
entering notes, and using the Next and Back buttons to move
between questions. As you move through the analysis, secondary
questions, examples, and instructions might be displayed. When you
have completed the questionnaire, the Finish button is displayed.
6. Click Finish to close the dialog. The questions, instructions, and your
answers and notes are shown in the Susceptibility tab. For exam-
ple:
APM Risk-based Inspection Analysis Guide 125

7. Click Review when you wish to revisit the analysis, change your
answers, or add notes.
126 APM Risk-based Inspection Analysis Guide

Performing Failure Mode Risk Analysis

risk by multiplying the severity by the probability values.
priority using a set of customer-defined rules. The consequence priority
rules can be based on the failure mode’s severity, relative risk, downtime
costs, downtime duration, or a combination. For example, the Extreme
priority could be assigned to failure modes whose total severity is equal
to 5.0.
current maintenance or inspection practices to contain the failure mode’s
risk. The confidence factor can adjust the inspection factor or the failure
mode’s position in the risk matrix.
Assessment view in the Strategy Development Analysis window
includes failure mode lists based on criticality, consequence priority,
severity, and relative risk, as well as a risk plot, risk matrix, and lists of
the evaluations. This view is also available for the asset.

confidence factors
• Using a simpler evaluation that allows you to enter weighted severity
values, probability values, and confidence factors
Plan window depends on the option selected in risk analysis settings.
For instructions on using the simpler evaluation with weighted severi-

ties, see “Performing Risk Analysis with Weighted Severities” on page
144.
Note: APM also provides a method of performing risk analysis on

safety devices that protect equipment, people, and environments
from events such as pressure build-up, fire, or equipment failure.
Risk analysis is performed on one or more demand scenarios iden-
tified on the failure mode. For more information, see “Performing
Demand Scenario Risk Analysis” on page 147.

Note: Before you can perform risk analysis, the severities, proba-
bilities, confidence factors, and risk matrix entries must be set up
in the site’s risk analysis settings. If you are using evaluation
forms, they must also be set up. For more information, see “Set-
ting up APM for Maintenance Task Analysis” on page 34.
1. “To Evaluate the Probability of Failure” on page 129 – The probability

of failure is the likelihood that the asset will fail due to the failure
mode. You can determine the probability score using a questionnaire,
by selecting a value directly, or by entering the estimated time
between failures without maintenance (ETBF). The options available
to you depend on the risk analysis settings.
2. “To Evaluate Economic Effects of Failure” on page 132 – The eco-

nomic consequence of failure reflects the financial effect of the failure
on assets and production. Labor and material costs associated with
lost production and with repairing or replacing the damaged equip-
ment are economic consequences. You can use a questionnaire or
select a value directly, depending on the risk analysis settings.
3. “To Evaluate Health & Safety, Environmental, and Reputation” on

page 136 – Equipment failure can cause hazards in the workplace
and environmental damage. Examples are extreme temperatures,
noxious fumes, and the release of liquids that cause pollution. Miti-
gating factors are considered when assessing health and safety and
environmental consequences. Reputation consequences measure the
impact that negative media attention has on an organization’s ability
to operate in good faith. The levels of severity can also be associated
with monetary costs. You can use questionnaires or select values
directly, depending on the risk analysis settings.
When you have finished the evaluations, the risk matrix shows the
resulting priority score. In this example, the results are Medium High
(criticality) and High (consequences):

4. “To Evaluate Confidence Factors” on page 138 – The confidence rat-

ing reflects the confidence that the inspector and materials or corro-
sion engineer have in current maintenance or inspection practices to
contain the failure mode’s risk. The higher the value, the greater
their confidence. The failure mode’s criticality rating, mediated by the
confidence factor, results in an inspection factor, interval, strategy, or
a combination.
5. “Viewing the Risk Analysis Summary” on page 143 – You can view
the most recent evaluation results by clicking Summary on the Crit-
icality tab. The Risk Summary dialog displays tabs for each of the
questionnaires used in the analysis.
If the appropriate option is enabled in risk analysis settings, the selected

entry in the risk matrix sets the recommended task in the primary action
plan (select the Implementation view). Condition-based maintenance
with or without a frequency can be recommended, as well as modifica-
tion/redesign.
To Evaluate the Probability of Failure

3. Select the Facilitation view and the Criticality tab. For example:

4. If probability can be based on the analysis team’s estimate of the time

between failures, the Criticality tab also displays the Estimated
TBF without maintenance area:
Enter the amount of time and the unit of measure. When the failure
mode is saved, the corresponding probability is selected in the risk
matrix.
5. To use a questionnaire, click Probability. The Probability of Failure
Evaluation appears. The evaluation types (Simple, Detailed), catego-
ries, and questions available to you depend on the form’s design and
the asset properties. Here is an example of a simple evaluation:

You can refer to the History and Barriers tabs for information to
aid in the evaluation, for example, historical inspections, failures, and
work.
6. Complete the evaluation, selecting options for each category, entering
notes, and using the arrow buttons to move between categories. If dif-
ferent evaluation types have been defined in the form’s design, you
can select Simple or Detailed, as required by the complexity of the
failure mode that you are analyzing.
As you move through the analysis, the Probability box displays the
most severe probability assigned to your selections. For example, if
you select options for three categories, two of which have a result of
“Negligible” and one with a result of “High”, the score for the evalua-
tion as a whole will be “High”. This will be the probability used in the
risk analysis.
7. In the Analyzed by list, select the team member performing the
evaluation.
8. In the Notes box, you can provide additional information about the
analysis. Notes are collected and available in several locations.

9. When you have completed the evaluation, click OK. The evaluation
form closes and the result (for example, high, medium, low, or negligi-
ble) is selected in the risk matrix. For example:
To Evaluate Economic Effects of Failure

1. In the risk matrix, click Economic. The Economic Effects Evaluation
form appears. For example:
At any time, you can refer to the FM Asset Properties, History,

and Barriers tabs for detailed information about the asset.
2. For the simple form, provide the following information. If you wish to
perform a detailed analysis, skip to step 3.

Total cost of lost Monetary cost of asset downtime in the event of

production failure. The amount is shown in the site’s cur-
rency.
Total repair costs Monetary cost to repair equipment in the event

of the asset’s failure. The repair cost does not
include labor. The amount is shown in the site’s
currency.
Total labor costs Monetary cost of labor in the event of the asset’s
failure. The amount is shown in the site’s cur-
rency.
Analyzed by The analysis team member who performed the

evaluation.
Note Additional information about the analysis.

Notes are collected and available in several loca-
tions.
As you enter amounts in the Total cost of lost production, Total

repair costs, and Total labor costs boxes, APM calculates the total
amount and the severity.
3. To perform a more detailed evaluation, click Detailed. Here is an

example of a detailed form:

As information is added to the form, APM calculates the total costs

for the failure and displays the Severity score. All monetary
amounts are shown in the site’s currency.
4. Enter information to calculate lost production costs:
Cost equation If downtime or lost production costs are calcu-

lated for the asset, the default cost equation is
selected, if applicable. This is the calculation
rule used to determine the costs of a downtime
incident or reduced throughput.
Tip: Select the FM Asset Properties tab and then the Produc-
tion Loss Accounting tab to view the downtime cost rule.

Downtime Period of time that the asset will not function in

the event of a failure.
Downtime costs APM calculates the downtime cost using the

downtime amount and the cost equation.
Reduced through- When the failure mode results in reduced pro-

put duction instead of downtime, record the amount
of time that reduced throughput is in effect.
Operating at The percentage of production achieved when the

failure results in reduced throughput.
Reduced through- APM calculates the cost of reduced throughput

put cost using the reduced throughput amount, the oper-
ating percentage, and the cost equation.
Miscellaneous costs Additional costs not included in the downtime or

reduced throughput costs.
Total downtime The total is calculated by summing all of the

costs amounts in the Lost production costs area.
5. Enter information to calculate repair costs:
Materials Monetary cost for materials to repair equipment

in the event of the asset’s failure.
Contractors Monetary cost for contract workers to repair

equipment in the event of the asset’s failure.
Equipment Monetary cost for equipment to repair the asset

in the event of failure.
Miscellaneous Additional monetary cost to repair the asset in

the event of failure.
Total repair costs APM calculates the total repair costs.

6. Enter information to calculate labor costs. The number and types of

trades listed in the Labor costs area are defined in the Economic
Evaluations settings. They vary depending on the trades defined for
the site and selected for the evaluation. For each trade, enter the
amount of time required to respond to the failure. APM calculates the
cost based on the trade’s rate.
7. Secondary damage is additional damage caused to other assets by the

initial or primary failure. If appropriate, select Secondary damage
costs and enter an amount and a description of the damage. This
information is included in the total costs and shown on the failure
8. In the Occurrence costs box, enter the estimated fixed cost associ-
ated with a downtime occurrence. For example, this could be a fixed
cost associated with restarting a machine after it has been shut down.
When failure mode optimization requires Isograph Availability Work-

bench, this attribute is mapped to project effect per occurrence cost in
AWB.
9. In the Cost of multiple failures box, enter the estimated cost if a
protected function fails while its protective device or protective sys-
tem is in a failed state.
10. In the Analyzed by list, select the team member who performed the
evaluation.
11. In the Notes box, you can enter additional information about the
evaluation. Notes are collected and available in several locations.
Note: For information about creating production loss rules, see

“Setting up Production Loss Rules on an Asset” in Help.
12. When you are finished the evaluation, click OK. The result of the eco-
nomic evaluation is shown in the risk matrix. For example:
To Evaluate Health & Safety, Environmental, and Reputation

1. Click Health and Safety, Environmental, and Reputation in
turn. The evaluation form appears. The evaluation types (simple,
detailed), categories, and questions available to you depend on the
form’s design and the asset properties.
At any time, you can refer to the FM Asset Properties tab for
detailed information about the asset.

2. Complete each of the evaluations, selecting options for each category,

entering notes, and using the arrow buttons to move between catego-
ries. If different evaluation types have been defined in the form’s
design, you can select Simple or Detailed, as required by the com-
plexity of the failure mode that you are analyzing.
As you move through the analysis, the Severity box displays the
most severe score assigned to your selections. For example, if you
select options for three categories, two of which have a result of “Neg-
ligible” and one with a result of “High”, the score for the evaluation as
a whole will be “High”. However, if a mitigation category has been
defined for the evaluation, its score can raise or lower the severity.
The resulting ranking is used in the risk matrix.
evaluation.
4. In the Note box, you can provide additional information about the
5. When you have completed an evaluation, click OK. The evaluation

form closes and the result is selected in the risk matrix. For example:

To Evaluate Confidence Factors

1. Select the Confidence tab. For example:
The Criticality box shows the result of the evaluation you performed
on the Criticality tab.
Note: Degradation types, their confidence statements, and the

scores assigned to them are set up in failure mode settings and
will vary depending on your organization’s requirements.
2. In the Confidence evaluation area, select a degradation type. One

of the following occurs:
• The Confidence factor box displays the default for the degrada-
tion type. If the degradation type’s settings allow, you can select
another value from the Confidence factor list.
• If the degradation type supports confidence statements, they are
displayed in this area. For example:

For each confidence statement, click a response, for example, No, Yes,
or Intermediate. The Confidence factor box displays the result of
your selection, indicating if confidence is low or high. The inspection
factor, inspection strategy, and interval might also be supplied.
3. The Lining tab is available if the asset has lining properties that
require confidence evaluation. Select the Lining tab. You will see one
or more of the following:
• The Condition list is available. Select a value from the list to

describe the state of the lining at the time of inspection.
• Confidence statements are presented as they are on the Asset
tab. Select the appropriate responses.
Note: If both the Condition list and either confidence statements

or an evaluation are available, the lesser of the two results deter-
mine the life adjustment factor shown in the Details area.
• The Evaluation button is available. For example:

Click Evaluation to open the Confidence Evaluation window. For

example:
Select a statement and click OK. The form closes and the state-
ment is shown in the Lining tab. The Details area displays the
inspection factor, inspection interval, or both, depending on the
evaluation form’s properties.
4. In the Details area, you can add or change the last and next inspec-
tion dates.
The Details area shows information about the criticality and confi-
dence analyses. The asset and degradation type determine whether
inspection interval, inspection strategy, life adjustment factor, or a
combination is shown. For example:

The information in this area includes:
Confidence factor The confidence factor represents the analysis

team’s faith in current maintenance or inspec-
tion practices to contain the failure mode’s risk.
The confidence factor can adjust the inspection
factor or likelihood of failure up or down.
Analyzed by Team member’s name.
Inspection factor An inspection factor is the portion of the normal

frequency to be used when calculating indicator
collection dates. For example, an inspection fac-
tor of “0.5” means that the indicator reading
should be collected at half its normal frequency
(1 year instead of 2 years). The greater the confi-
dence factor, the higher the inspection factor,
meaning that the interval between inspections
is greater. The inspection factor is based on the
confidence factor, degradation type, and the con-
sequence priority (criticality) of the failure
mode.

Life adjustment fac- A life adjustment factor is a portion of an asset’s

tor by-design life span, for example, one tenth of its
original estimated life. Typically, a life adjust-
ment factor is used to estimate asset lining’s
remaining life based on its condition at the time
of inspection. This information is used to track
the asset’s degradation.
Inspection interval An inspection interval is the period of time (usu-

ally years) between regularly scheduled inspec-
tions. Intervals are typically used with failure
modes for assets prone to non-age related degra-
dation, where process monitoring is more effec-
tive in avoiding degradation.
Inspection matrix Inspection interval factor assigned to the combi-

nation of degradation type, criticality, and confi-
dence factor. This factor defines the inspection
factor and whether inspections, strategy, and no
inspections are allowed.
Inspection strategy The inspection strategy describes the action to

be taken for this combination of degradation
type, criticality, and confidence factor. An exam-
ple is “Maintain current inspection / monitor-
ing”.
Last inspection date Most recent inspection. By default, this field

shows the date of the most recent indicator read-
ing. You can change this date, if needed.
Next inspection Date on which the next inspection is to be per-

date formed.

Viewing the Risk Analysis Summary

1. Click Summary to display the results of the risk analysis. For exam-
ple:
A tab is displayed for each of the questionnaires that were used to

evaluation probability of failure and consequence severities.
2. Select a tab to view information about the questionnaire.
Note: If you click a button on the risk matrix, the result is shown
on the Summary tab.
3. Click Close to dismiss the window.
When you have performed risk assessments for all of the failure modes in
the analysis, you can compare them using the Risk Assessment view.
For more information, see “Viewing Risk Analyses for Failure Modes” on
page 160.

Performing Risk Analysis with Weighted Severities

risk by multiplying the severity by the probability.
current maintenance to contain the failure mode’s risk. The confidence
factor can adjust the relative risk up or down.
consequence priority using a set of customer-defined rules. The conse-
quence priority rules can be based on the failure mode’s severity, relative
risk, downtime costs, downtime duration, or a combination. For example,
the Extreme consequence could be assigned to failure modes whose total
severity is equal to 5.0.
Analysis view in the Strategy Development Analysis window includes
failure mode lists based on criticality, consequence priority, severity, and
relative risk, as well as a risk plot, risk matrix, and lists of the evalua-
tions. This view is also available for the asset.
• Using a simple evaluation that allows you to enter weighted severity

values, probability values, and confidence factors.
confidence factors.
Plan window depends on the option selected in risk analysis settings.
For instructions on using evaluation forms, see “Performing Failure

Mode Risk Analysis” on page 127.
Note: Before you can perform risk analyses, the severities, proba-
bilities, failure mode consequence priorities, confidence factors,
and risk matrix entries must be set up in the site’s strategy Devel-
opment settings. For more information, see “Risk Analysis Set-
tings” in Help.

To Perform Risk Analysis using Weighted Severities

1. Open the analysis, select the Facilitation view, and open the failure
mode. The Maintenance Action Plan window appears.
2. Select the Facilitation view and Criticality tab.
4. Select a severity value for each of the categories:
• Economic: The economic consequence of failure reflects the

financial effect of the failure on assets and production. Labor and
material costs associated with lost production and with repairing
or replacing the damaged equipment are economic consequences.
• Health and safety: Equipment failure can cause hazards in the
workplace. Examples are extreme temperatures, noxious fumes,
and the release of liquids that can kill or injure someone.
• Environmental: There is an unacceptable risk that the effects of
this failure mode could breach a known environmental standard
or regulation.
• Reputation: The impact that negative media attention has on an
organization’s ability to operate in good faith. Typically, the sever-
ity of bad press is evaluated in terms of how far-reaching it is and
how long it takes to mitigate.
5. Enter weighting factors for the consequence categories as needed. A
weighting factor must be between 0.10 and 2.00. The default is 1.00.

APM calculates the total severity for each of the categories by multi-
plying the severity by its weighting factor. The failure mode’s total
severity is calculated as the sum of the categories’ severities.
6. If probability can be based on the analysis team’s estimate of the time
between failures, the Criticality tab also displays the ETBF box:
Enter the amount of time and the unit of measure. The corresponding
probability value is displayed in the Failure probability box.
7. You can select a probability of failure from the list. If ETBF is also
available, its value changes accordingly.
APM calculates the relative risk for the failure mode by multiplying
the total failure mode severity by the probability of failure.
8. Select a confidence factor from the list. The confidence factor is used
to adjust the location of a failure mode on the risk matrix based on
your faith in the existing maintenance practices and equipment his-
tory.
When you have entered all of the information that is required by con-
sequence priority rules, APM calculates the criticality number. The
risk matrix entry is shown in the risk matrix chart.
9. Select the most important consequence of failure from the Dominant
consequences options.
When you have performed risk analyses for all of the failure modes in the
analysis, you can compare them using the Risk Analysis view. For more
information, see “Viewing Risk Analyses for Failure Modes” on page 160.

Performing Demand Scenario Risk Analysis

APM provides a method of performing risk analysis on safety devices
that protect equipment, people, and environments from events such as
pressure build-up, fire, or equipment failure. Risk analysis is performed
on one or more demand scenarios identified on the failure mode.
A demand scenario is a situation that requires that an asset, such as a

safety device, be put into operation. Examples of demand scenarios are
fire, power failure, and blocked outlet.
When demand scenario analysis is performed, probability of failure is

based on the likelihood of failure and demand rate. The analysis team
determines the probability by:
• Identifying the likelihood of the failure occurring based on past his-

tory or industry experience. This value describes how often the asset
has been required to operate. An example of likelihood of failure is
“Has happened at this location more than once in the last two years”.
• Completing a confidence evaluation that quantifies the team’s faith in
the current maintenance or inspection practices to contain the
demand scenario’s risk. The confidence factor can adjust the likeli-
hood of failure up or down.
• Identifying one or more demand scenarios. These are the situations
that result in the safety device being required. For each scenario, a
demand rate is also selected. The demand rate is the frequency with
which the scenario is likely to occur. Demand rates are typically
defined in terms of 0-0.5 year, 0.5-1.0 year, and so on.
• The demand rate with the highest criticality is used with the likeli-
hood of failure to determine the probability of failure. APM uses the
probability matrix to ascertain the result, and the selected probability
of failure is added to the failure mode.
Note: Before you can perform demand scenario analysis, the like-
lihoods of failure, confidence questions, demand rates, demand
scenarios, and probability matrix must be set up in the site’s
strategy development settings. For more information, see “Failure
Probability Settings” in Help.
This topic explains using evaluation forms to perform demand scenario

risk analysis. It explains how:
• To View the Failure Mode’s Settings

• To Evaluate Likelihood of Failure and Confidence

• To Add a Demand Scenario and Evaluate Probability of Failure

• To Evaluate Economic Effects of Failure
• To Evaluate Health and Safety, Environmental, and Reputation Con-
sequences
• To View Failure Mode Criticality
To View the Failure Mode’s Settings

The failure mode’s default risk analysis options, for example, the selected
risk matrix, come from one of these sources:
• The strategy development analysis. Risk analysis options can be set

manually (Properties view, Risk Options tab) or derived from the
analysis type assigned to the analysis.
• The asset type and the site. The failure mode asset’s type definition
can include risk analysis settings, including the site where the set-
tings apply.
To quickly see where a failure mode derives its settings, click the Tools
menu and then Settings. The Settings dialog appears, showing the
source and settings. For example:
To Evaluate Likelihood of Failure and Confidence

3. Select the Facilitation view and the Demand Scenarios tab.

4. Select the degradation type from the list, for example, age-related or
non-age-related.
5. Select a likelihood of failure from the list, for example, “Has hap-
pened more than once per year at the location”.
6. In the Confidence area, select responses to the confidence state-

ments. (These statements are defined in the confidence questionnaire
created by your organization.)
The Confidence factor box displays the result of your selection,

indicating if confidence is low or high. The confidence factor can
adjust the likelihood of failure up or down. The result is shown in the
Adjusted likelihood of failure box.
You are now ready to add the demand scenarios that apply to the
asset and complete the probability of failure evaluations for each one.

To Add a Demand Scenario and Evaluate Probability of Failure

1. On the Demand Scenarios tab, click New to add a demand sce-
nario. The Demand Scenario Evaluation dialog appears. For example:
The Scenario area displays the asset and failure mode information,
as well as the adjusted likelihood of failure. For example:
2. From the Demand scenario list, select the event that requires the
safety device to be put into operation, for example, “Power failure” or
“Blocked outlet”.
3. If the demand scenario properties include the demand rate, it is dis-

played in the Demand rate box. You can change or add the demand
rate if one is not supplied. In the Demand rate list, select the fre-
quency with which the device is expected to be needed, for example,
“0.5-4 years”.

The result of the probability evaluation is shown in the risk matrix

chart. For example:
To complete each demand scenario’s risk analysis, evaluate the severity

of failure consequences. Questionnaires are typically available for eco-
nomic, health and safety, environmental, and reputation consequences.
Tip: If risk analysis settings allow, you can click the impact but-
tons in the risk matrix rather than stepping through the question-
naires.

To Evaluate Economic Effects of Failure

1. In the risk matrix, click Economic. The Economic Effects Evaluation
form appears. For example:
2. For the simple form, provide the following information. If you wish to
perform a detailed analysis, skip to step 3.
Total cost of lost Monetary cost of asset downtime in the event of

production failure. The amount is shown in the site’s cur-
rency.
Total repair costs Monetary cost to repair equipment in the event

of the asset’s failure. The repair cost does not
include labor. The amount is shown in the site’s
currency.

Total labor costs Monetary cost of labor in the event of the asset’s
failure. The amount is shown in the site’s cur-
rency.
Analyzed by The analysis team member who performed the

evaluation.
Note Additional information about the analysis.

Notes are collected and available in several loca-
tions.
As you enter amounts in the Total cost of lost production, Total

repair costs, and Total labor costs boxes, APM calculates the total
amount and the severity.
3. To perform a more detailed evaluation, click Detailed. Here is an

example of a detailed form:

As information is added to the form, APM calculates the total costs

for the failure and displays the Severity score. All monetary
amounts are shown in the site’s currency.
4. Enter information to calculate lost production costs:
Cost equation If downtime or lost production costs are calcu-

lated for the asset, the default cost equation is
selected, if applicable. This is the calculation
rule used to determine the costs of a downtime
incident or reduced throughput.
Tip: Select the FM Asset Properties tab and then the Produc-
tion Loss Accounting tab to view the downtime cost rule.
Downtime Period of time that the asset will not function in

the event of a failure.
Downtime costs APM calculates the downtime cost using the

downtime amount and the cost equation.
Reduced through- When the failure mode results in reduced pro-

put duction instead of downtime, record the amount
of time that reduced throughput is in effect.
Operating at The percentage of production achieved when the

failure results in reduced throughput.
Reduced through- APM calculates the cost of reduced throughput

put cost using the reduced throughput amount, the oper-
ating percentage, and the cost equation.
Miscellaneous costs Additional costs not included in the downtime or

reduced throughput costs.
Total downtime The total is calculated by summing all of the

costs amounts in the Lost production costs area.
5. Enter information to calculate repair costs:

Materials Monetary cost for materials to repair equipment

in the event of the asset’s failure.
Contractors Monetary cost for contract workers to repair

equipment in the event of the asset’s failure.
Equipment Monetary cost for equipment to repair the asset

in the event of failure.
Miscellaneous Additional monetary cost to repair the asset in

the event of failure.
Total repair costs APM calculates the total repair costs.
6. Enter information to calculate labor costs. The number and types of

trades listed in the Labor costs area are defined in the Economic
Evaluations settings. They vary depending on the trades defined for
the site and selected for the evaluation. For each trade, enter the
amount of time required to respond to the failure. APM calculates the
cost based on the trade’s rate.
7. Secondary damage is additional damage caused to other assets by the

initial or primary failure. If appropriate, select Secondary damage
costs and enter an amount and a description of the damage. This
information is included in the total costs and shown on the failure
8. In the Occurrence costs box, enter the estimated fixed cost associ-
ated with a downtime occurrence. For example, this could be a fixed
cost associated with restarting a machine after it has been shut down.
When failure mode optimization requires Isograph Availability Work-

bench, this attribute is mapped to project effect per occurrence cost in
AWB.
9. In the Cost of multiple failures box, enter the estimated cost if a
protected function fails while its protective device or protective sys-
tem is in a failed state.
10. In the Analyzed by list, select the team member who performed the
evaluation.
11. In the Notes box, you can enter additional information about the
evaluation. Notes are collected and available in several locations.

Note: For information about creating cost equations, see “Setting

up Production Loss Rules on an Asset” in Help.
12. When you are finished the evaluation, click OK. The result of the eco-
nomic evaluation is shown in the risk matrix. For example:

To Evaluate Health and Safety, Environmental, and Reputation Conse-

quences
1. Click Health and Safety, Environmental, and Reputation in
turn. The evaluation form appears. The evaluation types (simple,
detailed), categories, and questions available to you depend on the
form’s design and the asset properties.
2. Complete each of the evaluations, selecting options for each category,
entering notes, and using the arrow buttons to move between catego-
ries. If different evaluation types have been defined in the form’s
design, you can select Simple or Detailed, as required by the com-
plexity of the failure mode that you are analyzing.
As you move through the analysis, the Severity box displays the
most severe score assigned to your selections. For example, if you
select options for three categories, two of which have a result of “Neg-
ligible” and one with a result of “High”, the score for the evaluation as
a whole will be “High”. However, if a mitigation category has been
defined for the evaluation, its score can raise or lower the severity.
The resulting ranking is used in the risk matrix.
evaluation.
4. In the Note box, you can provide additional information about the
5. When you have completed an evaluation, click OK. The evaluation

form closes and the result is selected in the risk matrix. For example:
To View Failure Mode Criticality

When you have completed the evaluations for a demand scenario, the
risk matrix on the Demand Scenario Evaluation dialog shows the results.
For example:

1. Click OK to close the Properties dialog. Back on the Demand Sce-

narios tab, the scenario is listed in the Demand scenarios table. For
example:
The Selected demand scenario box displays the scenario with the
highest criticality value.
Tip: Scroll to the right in the table to see the Criticality column.
The scenario with the highest number is automatically selected to
represent the failure mode.
2. Select the Criticality tab. This tab shows the risk matrix chart for
the selected demand scenario. You can:
• Click Demand Scenario to open the selected scenario’s Demand

Scenario Evaluation dialog.
• Click Summary to open the Risk Summary dialog. For example:

A tab is displayed for each of the questionnaires that were used to

evaluation probability of failure and consequence severities.
• Click Risk Plot to view a graph of the risk plot.

Viewing Risk Analyses for Failure Modes

After you have assessed the failure modes in an analysis, you can com-
pare failure modes and identify the relative importance of addressing
them. The Risk Assessment view in the Strategy Development Analysis
window includes charts based on severity and relative risk, a risk plot,
risk matrix, and summaries. This view is also available for the asset.
Tip: You can also view risk assessments and risk matrix informa-
tion for all failure modes on the site. On the Site window, select
the Strategy Development view and tab, and then the Risk
Assessment tab. To view an asset’s information, open the Asset
window, and select the Risk Assessment view.
The tabs on the Risk Assessment view provide the following informa-
tion.
Risk Assessment
On this tab, you can view the analysis’ assets by relative risk. Configura-
tions are provided that list failure modes by relative risk, criticality, con-
sequence priority, and so on. There are also summary charts for failure
modes. Here is an example of assets by relative risk:
Criticality
This tab shows a summary chart of failure modes according to criticality.
You can also select the “Failure mode list by consequence priority” config-
uration.

Risk Plot
This tab contains a plot of the failure modes based on their probability
and severity. Click a risk plot in the table to view the failure modes. For
example:
Severity and Relative Risk

These tabs display Pareto charts for the values. Here is an example of the
Relative Risk tab:

Evaluations
This tab shows lists of failure modes for which probability, economic,
health and safety, environmental, and/or reputation evaluations have
been performed. Select the Evaluation Audit tab to view lists of faiure
modes for which evaluations have not been performed.
Explorer
This tab shows summaries and details about risk analysis results. The
tree contains nodes for criticality, consequence priority, relative risk, and
probability scores. Select a node to view summary information. Select an
individual failure mode to view its risk matrix. This example shows the
criticality summary for an analysis with five failure modes:


Recording Failure Data

You can record information about an asset’s failure costs, secondary dam-
age, avoidance savings, statistics, and patterns.
When the team performs risk analysis on the failure mode, the costs
incurred by the consequences (health and safety, environmental, reputa-
tion) are used in the calculation that determines avoidance savings (if the
appropriate failure cost settings are enabled for the analysis).
This is also true of the economic consequence cost, although APM differ-
entiates between the cost assigned to the consequence severity value and
the result of the Economic Evaluation questionnaire. There are three
possible ways to enter the economic consequence, depending on the anal-
ysis’ settings:
• The results of the Economic Evaluation questionnaire are used auto-

matically
• If the Economic Evaluation questionnaire is not used, the selected
economic severity’s monetary impact can be used
• You can manually enter costs on the Failure Data tab if criticality
evaluation is not performed
Avoidance savings also take into account the cost of multiple failures and
secondary damages.
The Failure Data tab displays the estimated downtime, downtime costs,
downtime per occurrence costs, failure costs, cost of multiple failures,
and secondary damage cost. This tab also shows the consequence costs, if
supported by the analysis’ failure mode settings. The following example
shows the results when the detailed economic evaluation has been per-
formed, as well as the other consequence evaluations:

When Calculate avoidance savings is selected, APM sums the follow-

ing values to arrive at the savings:
• Downtime costs
• Failure costs
• Occurrence costs
• Consequence costs
• Cost of multiple failures
• Secondary damage costs
When the failure mode references an indicator with states, the avoidance
savings amount is copied from the failure mode to failure records that are
created when the indicator’s alarms are acknowledged.
On the Failure Pattern tab, you can record random, wear out, and
infant mortality patterns. Typically, you will include information about
failure patterns when you intend to use Isograph Availability Workbench
to analyze and optimize action plans.
• To Record Failure Data

• To Record Failure Patterns

To Record Failure Data

1. Open the MTA2 and select the Facilitation view.
2. Double-click the failure mode to open the Maintenance Action Plan

window.
4. On the Facilitation view, select the Failure Data tab. This example
shows the tab when criticality analysis has not been performed:
Note: If you performed economic evaluation during risk analysis,

the results are displayed in the Failure costs area, and the val-
ues cannot be changed. If you performed evaluations for Health
and Safety, Environmental, or Reputation consequences, the mon-
etary values assigned to the selected severities are displayed in
the Consequence costs area, and the values cannot be changed.
Tip: If the recommended action is failure-finding maintenance,

you can click the Failure Finding Information button on the
Failure Data tab. A dialog appears showing the calculation
inputs for the failure finding-finding interval.
5. Record the failure costs:

Downtime Estimated time that the asset would be out of

service if the failure occurs.
Downtime costs Estimated costs of the downtime if the failure

occurs.
Failure costs Estimated cost to the company if a failure

occurs, excluding the cost of downtime.
Occurrence costs Estimated fixed cost associated with a downtime

occurrence. For example, this could be a fixed
cost associated with restarting a machine after
it has been shut down.
6. Select Secondary damage if the failure mode causes failures on

other assets. Enter the estimated cost and description of secondary
damage.
7. Calculate avoidance savings is selected by default so that APM

sums the costs of the failure, consequences, multiple failures, and sec-
ondary damage. You can clear this option and enter the avoidance
saving amount manually.
Note: If the action plan references an indicator, the avoidance sav-

ings amount can be copied to failure records created when the
indicator’s alarms are acknowledged.
8. Record failure statistics:
Time between fail- The time between occurrences of the failure

ure when inspections and/or preventative mainte-
nance are performed.
When failure mode optimization requires Iso-

graph Availability Workbench, this attribute is
mapped to the cause’s Mean time to failure prop-
erty in AWB.
Time to repair The average time it takes to repair the asset and
return it to service after a failure occurs.

To Record Failure Patterns

1. Select the Failure Pattern tab.
2. Record the failure patterns:
Random failures Random failures exhibit constant failure rate

characteristics; that is, a random failure is just
as likely to occur in the first year of operation as
it is in the second or third years of operation.
Random failures exhibit no infant mortality or
wear-out characteristics.

mapped to the cause’s Random On property in
AWB.
MTTF for random Estimate of the average, or mean time, until an

failures asset’s first failure occurs.
Failure rate APM automatically calculates the failure rate as

the inverse of the MTTF.

mapped to the cause’s random rate property in
AWB.

Wear out Age-related failures that occur due to opera-

tional wear.

mapped to the cause’s Wear out On property in
AWB.
Wear out begins at The operating age at which wear-out begins.

mapped to the cause’s Wear out Start age prop-
erty in AWB.
Majority will have How long after the wear-out period begins that
failed by the majority of assets of this type will have
failed.

mapped to the cause’s Wear out Duration prop-
erty in AWB.
Infant mortality Rate of failure during the period immediately

following an asset’s commissioning for service.

mapped to the cause’s Infant On property in
AWB.
Infant mortality The length of time immediately following an

period asset’s commissioning for service until it reaches
its useful life period. The infant mortality period
is characterized by a progressive improvement
in the failure rate.

mapped to the cause’s Infant period property in
AWB.
MTTF during infant Estimate of the average, or mean time, until an

mortality period asset’s first failure occurs during the infant mor-
tality period.

Failure rate APM automatically calculates the failure rate as

the inverse of the MTTF during the infant mor-
tality period.

mapped to the cause’s Infant Rate property in
AWB.

Evaluating the Feasibility of Maintenance Tasks

The analysis team can determine if their proposed maintenance strate-
gies are worth doing; that is, whether implementing the maintenance
tasks will cost less than the savings achieved by avoiding the failure.
If you have performed risk analysis on the failure mode, when you select
the Feasibility view, you will see that it displays the estimated time
between failures (ETBF), avoidance savings, and initial risk. These val-
ues are based on the following:
• ETBF without maintenance – ETBF value assigned to the failure

probability score. For example, the “Medium” probability could be
assigned the ETBF of 3.500 years.
• Avoidance savings – APM calculates the avoidance savings using:
• Downtime costs
• Downtime per occurrence costs
• Failure costs
• Consequence costs
• Cost of multiple failures
• Secondary damage costs
APM uses the time period specified in feasibility settings to arrive at
the savings per period.
Failure costs can include the economic impact values of the conse-
quence severities. For example, in the failure costs settings for the
analysis, you can select one or more of the health and safety, environ-
mental, and reputation effects to contribute to the calculation of
avoidance savings. The economic evaluation also contributes.
• Initial risk – Overall criticality score from the risk evaluation
To arrive at the residual risk, enter the estimated time between conse-
quences (ETBC), which is the time between unexpected consequences or
failures when inspections and preventive maintenance are performed on
the asset. APM calculates the remaining risk amount and assigns the
corresponding description. You can view the figures for risk reduction
and residual risk by clicking Details to open the Details dialog.
Next, enter the frequency and costs of implementing the recommended

task. You can itemize the costs of labor, repairs, and downtime or lost
production on additional tabs. If you performed a detailed economic eval-
uation, Copy Economic Evaluation becomes available when you select

a maintenance task type. When you click this button, information from
the Economic Effects Evaluation from is copied to the Labor, Repairs,
and Downtime tabs.
APM uses the maintenance efficiency index (MEI) to determine if the

cost of the tasks is justified. The MEI is calculated as follows:
MEI = Risk reduction amount / Task costs every period

You can add as many tasks as needed. To compare the effect of different
tasks, you can select or clear the Include in MEI setting on individual
tasks. The maintenance efficiency index (MEI) value changes accord-
ingly.
When you establish that the tasks are justified, click Update Action
Plans to create or refresh the action plan for the recommended task. Sec-
ondary action plans are created for any additional tasks.
In some situations, you might have to implement a task that is not justi-
fied, for example, to meet regulatory inspection requirements. In this
case, you can override the result, record the reason, and update action
plans.
To view a summary of the feasibility analysis, open the Details dialog. It

displays information such as the projected number of failures per analy-
sis period, the risk reduction value, as well as the costs of the tasks.

To Perform a Feasibility Evaluation

1. In the Maintenance Action Plan window, select the Feasibility view.
In this example, criticality and confidence evaluations were com-
pleted to arrive at the ETBF without maintenance, avoidance sav-
ings, initial risk, and proposed task type:
2. If Estimated TBF without maintenance does not have a value,

enter the estimated time between failures when no maintenance is
performed on the asset. The avoidance savings is calculated for the
period, based on the ETBF and the avoidance savings calculated in
the Facilitation view, Failure Data tab.
3. To determine the residual risk, enter the estimated time between con-
sequences (ETBC). This is the time between unexpected conse-
quences or failures when inspections and preventive maintenance are
performed on the asset. APM calculates the residual risk and displays
its description.
4. If appropriate, select a task type from the list. You can describe the
task in the text box below.

5. The Action plan details area contains information that will be cop-
ied to the task’s action plan when it is created or updated. From the
Frequency list, select the time period that indicates how often the
task should be performed. This information is used in the MEI index
calculation, along with task costs.
Tip: For proposed tasks that are performed as needed, for exam-
ple, restoration or discard, you can select the “As needed” or
“When required” frequency defined for your organization. In the
Numeric frequency box, enter an estimate of how often the task
will be performed.
6. In the Trade list, select the resource that will be copied to the task’s
action plan.
7. In the Duration box, enter the amount of time that the trade person
will need to perform the task.
8. Enter the appropriate amounts for labor, repairs, and downtime costs
in the Total costs area. The total is calculated and displayed in the
Task costs box. Alternatively, you can select one or more of the
Details options. The appropriate tabs (Labor, Repairs, Downtime)
are added, where you can itemize the costs in detail.
Note: When you use the Labor, Repairs, or Downtime tab to

record detailed information, the corresponding cost box on the
Task tab displays the resulting total in read-only format.
9. Select the Reliability Program tab to reference the appropriate

item. You can select an APM standard task, job, or job task. Or, if
interoperability settings have been configured for APM, you can ref-
erence a task list, maintenance item, or maintenance plan in the con-
nected SAP Plant Maintenance system. Alternatively, you can
request a reliability program update in a CMMS system outside of
APM. In this example, the Type list contains the items available
when site interoperability settings specify that both APM and SAP
information can be used:

Do one of the following:

• To select an APM object, select “Job”, “Job task”, or “Task”. The
appropriate boxes are added for that object. Click the browse icon
to select the standard job, job task, or task.
• To select a SAP Plant Maintenance object, select the object, for
example, “General task list”. Click the browse icon to select the
item.
• To specify that a reliability program update is required in a
CMMS system, select “Other”. Describe the task in the CMMS
task box. Click Reliability program update required and
then the action required.
10. Add tasks if they are needed by clicking .
As you enter cost information, the Maintenance efficiency index

boxes show the resulting index and whether the tasks are justified or
not justified.
Note: If you are using a custom MEI calculation, the Calculate

button is available. Click it to determine if the costs are justified.
Tip: To compare the impact of different tasks, you can select or

clear the Include in MEI setting on any of the second and subse-
quent tasks. The Maintenance efficiency index value changes
accordingly.
Note: You cannot clear Include in MEI for the first proposed
task.
11. Click Details to compare the tasks. The Details dialog displays fail-
ure mode and evaluation details. The Proposed Tasks tab lists the
tasks and their costs. For example:

Scroll to the right to view costs for each task, the number of times the
task is performed for the period, and the cost for the period. You can
also double-click a task to view more information about it.
Click Close to close the dialog.
12. When the cost is justified, you can click Update Action Plans. If
action plans have not yet been created, APM adds them to the failure
mode. The following information is copied to the action plans:
• Recommended task type

• Recommended task description
• Frequency
• Trade name and duration from the Task tab
• Item selected on the Reliability Program tab
• From the Reliability Program tab, the CMMS task reference
and action required
When action plans already exist, the primary action plan is updated
with information from the first task on the Feasibility view. For a
secondary plan, APM searches for one with a matching task type. The

first one it finds is updated with information from the first secondary
task on the Feasibility view. If a matching task type is not found, a
secondary action plan is created.
13. On MTA2 and RCM2 failure modes, if the primary proposed task is
not justified, you have the option of selecting Accept no scheduled
maintenance result. When you click Update Action Plans, the
primary action plan’s task type is set to “No Scheduled Maintenance”.
Any existing secondary action plans are deleted.
14. If the proposed task is not justified but it needs to be performed any-
way, for example, because of regulatory requirements, select Over-
ride result. Then select a reason from the list of MEI override
reasons defined for the site, enter a comment manually, or do both.
When you click Update Action Plans to create or revise action

plans.
Tip: You can also select Override result and provide a reason
when a proposed task is justified.

Developing Primary Action Plans

An action plan in a strategy development analysis identifies an asset’s
failure mode and recommends an action to prevent the failure or mitigate
its consequences. For example, MTA2 and SIF action types are condition-
based maintenance, failure-finding maintenance, scheduled restoration
or discard, modification or redesign, and no scheduled maintenance (run
to failure). RBI analyses support actions such as inspections, strategy,
and modification or redesign.
Developing an action plan involves describing and setting options for the
action. Depending on the action type, you can assign indicators, correc-
tive tasks, or a standard document to the plan. If a failure mode requires
more than one type of action, you can create secondary action plans for it.
Tip: If you performed risk analysis on the failure mode, the result-
ing recommended task and related information might appear in
the Implementation view, Primary Action Plan tab, depend-
ing on the analysis risk options. In that case, you cannot change
the task type, but you can develop the action plan as needed.
This topic explains how to develop action plans from the Maintenance
Action Plan window using the Implementation view, Primary Action
Plan tab.
Tip: You can also quickly add action plans from the Strategy
Development Analysis window’s Implementation view, Action
Plans tab. Select a failure mode in the table view and press F2 to
open the row for editing. Press Tab to move to the next editable
field. When you are done, press Enter to close the table to editing.
To Develop Action Plans

1. From the site’s Strategy Development view, Strategy Develop-
ment tab, select the MTA2 tab.
Tip: You can also open an analysis from the asset’s Strategy
Development view, Analyses tab.
2. Double-click the analysis to open the Strategy Development Analysis
window.
3. Double-click the failure mode to open the Maintenance Action Plan

window. In the Facilitation view, General tab, ensure that a strat-
egy has been selected. This makes the Implementation view avail-
able in the window.

5. Select the Implementation view and the Primary Action Plan

tab. The information on this tab varies depending on the recom-
mended strategy. Here is an example for condition-based mainte-
nance:
6. In the Recommended task area, provide a description of the recom-

mended task in the text box.
7. Set the options for the task.
Note: If APM has been configured for read-only access to an exter-

nal CMMS (SAP Plant Maintenance) and site interoperability set-
tings specify that SAP Plant Maintenance references are used in
action plan details, then “System condition” and “Work center”
replace “Operating condition” and “Maintenance group”.
The following table describes the details for each of the types.
Action type Option or tab Description

Scheduled Useful life Age at which there is a rapid
Restoration/ increase in the conditional prob-
Discard ability of failure


Frequency Frequency at which the recom-
mended action needs to be per-
formed
Trade Type of trades person who will
perform the action
Operating Operating condition of the asset
condition when the action is performed
Maintenance Group that will perform the
group action
Technology PdM technology used in the per-
formance of the action
Duration Time required to complete the
task
CMMS task Select this option if a CMMS
task exists for the failure mode
and then provide the CMMS ref-
erence. This information is for
reference only.
Effectiveness Estimated success of the recom-
mended task to prevent a fail-
ure or mitigate its consequences
Condition- P-F Interval Interval between the point
based when a potential failure is
maintenance detectable and the point when
the functional failure occurs
formed
perform the action
group action


task
reference only.
Effectiveness Estimated ability of the recom-
Failure Failure-finding Interval it is considered safe to
finding interval wait before performing failure-
Maintenance finding maintenance. The inter-
val is calculated or estimated
based on the desired availability
and the frequency of failure of
the protective device or system.
Click the calculator icon to open

the Calculate Failure-Finding
Interval dialog, provide inputs,
and calculate the frequency.
formed
perform the action
group action
action
reference only.


Modification/ Trade Type of trades person who will
redesign perform the action
Modification Choose a modification type, for
type example, Maintenance proce-
dure or Training.
Tip: To create a modifi-

cation type, click in the
box and press F3. The
Modification Type dia-
log appears, where you
can provide a name and
icon for the type.
To attach a procedure to the
action plan, click Browse.
No sched- CMMS task Select this option if a CMMS
uled mainte- task exists for the failure mode
nance and then provide the CMMS ref-
reference only.
Note: For information about using the Calculate Failure-Finding

Interval utility, see “Calculating a Failure-Finding Interval” on
page 186.
8. For some actions, you can add an inspection task, indicators, correc-
tive tasks, follow-up work, or standard documents to the analysis. If
the action supports it, the appropriate tab appears in the dialog.
• You can create inspection tasks, indicators, corrective tasks and

follow-up work for condition-based maintenance, failure-finding
maintenance, or scheduled restoration/discard.
• You can create corrective tasks and follow-up work when the
action type is “No scheduled maintenance”.
• You can add standard documents and follow-up work for modifica-
tion/redesign tasks.

For more information, see “Adding Indicators, Tasks, and Work to

Action Plans” on page 192 and “Adding Standard Documents to
Action Plans” on page 205.
9. If you wish to add a secondary action plan for the failure mode, see
“Creating Secondary Action Plans” on page 184.

Creating Secondary Action Plans

Sometimes one action is not enough to deal with a failure mode in a strat-
egy development analysis. For example, an asset’s failure mode might
require a condition-based maintenance task to check for signs of wear, a
physical modification to the asset, and a modification to procedures (for
example, training for maintenance personnel). In cases like this, you can
add secondary action plans to the failure mode, and you can have more
than one task with the same action type. For example, you might need
two modification/redesign tasks.
An additional task type is available for secondary action plans: “Review

existing maintenance”. This action plan alerts the analysis team to
review an asset’s existing maintenance program to identify items that
are no longer required or require modification.
This section explains how to add secondary action plans to existing fail-
ure modes.
Tip: The Action Plans view in the analysis window lists the
action plans for each failure mode. The Action Plan Type column
indicates whether the action plan is primary or secondary.
To Create a Secondary Action Plan

1. From the site’s Strategy Development view and tab, select the
MTA2 tab.
Tip: You can also open a failure mode by opening an asset and
selecting the Strategy Development view, Strategy Develop-
ment tab, and Failure Modes tab.
2. Double-click the analysis to open the Strategy Development Analysis
window.
4. Select the Facilitation view, Info Worksheet tab. Double-click the

failure mode to open the Maintenance Action Plan window.
5. Select the Implementation view and the Secondary Action Plans

tab.
6. Click New. The New Secondary Action Plan window appears.

7. Select a task type from the list. The options available change accord-
ing to the type you select.
8. Complete the options for the action as you would for a primary action
plan.
9. If the action type is condition-based maintenance, failure-finding

maintenance, scheduled restoration/discard, or review existing main-
tenance, you can add an inspection task and individual indicators
using the Indicators tab, corrective tasks using the Tasks tab, and
work requests or work orders using the Follow Up tab. For informa-
tion, see “Adding Indicators, Tasks, and Work to Action Plans” on
page 192.
10. If the action type is modification/redesign, you can add a standard

document to the plan. Click Browse to select a document.
11. When you have finished developing the action plan, close the dialog.
The action plan is saved and displayed on the Secondary Action
Plans tab.

Calculating a Failure-Finding Interval

On a maintenance task analysis’ action plan, you can recommend a fail-
ure-finding maintenance action for a hidden failure and provide the fail-
ure-finding interval. A failure-finding interval is the length of time that
it is considered safe to wait before performing failure-finding mainte-
nance. The interval is calculated or estimated based on the desired avail-
ability and the frequency of failure of the protective device or system. Use
the Calculate Failure-Finding Interval dialog to create an FFI.
Note: The failure-finding interval calculator is not available on

secondary action plans.
Tip: After calculating the FFI, you can view the calculation inputs
in the Facilitation view, Failure Data tab. Click the Failure
Finding Information button to open the Failure Finding Info
window.
To Calculate a Failure-Finding Interval

1. In the analysis’ Facilitation view, double-click the failure mode to
open the Maintenance Action Plan window.
3. Select the Implementation view and the Primary Action Plan

tab. For example:

4. Click the calculator icon next to the Failure finding interval boxes.
The Calculate Failure-Finding Interval window appears:

5. Select the formula that you wish to use. When you select a formula, it
is displayed below the list. The formula’s calculation inputs appear in
the Calculation details area. The following table provides a brief
description of each formula and its inputs.
Formula Inputs
Availability-based formula UTIVE = Unavailability of the
protective device
MTIVE = Mean time between

failure for the protective device

Formula Inputs
Single independent protected MTED = Mean time between
function failure for the protected func-
tion
MTIVE = Mean time between

MMF = Allowed mean time

between multiple failures
Multiple failure modes on a sin- MTED = Mean time between

gle protective device failure for the protected func-
tion
m1 = Mean time between fail-

ure for protective device 1





Multiple redundant protective MTIVE = Mean time between
devices failure for the protective device
Protected system with multiple MTED = Mean time between

independent, fully redundant failure for the protected func-
protective devices tion

n = the number of redundant

protective devices

Formula Inputs
K of n voting system MTIVE = Mean time between
Protected system with a set of
parallel protective devices MTED = Mean time between
failure for the protected func-
tion

n = the number of parallel pro-

tective devices
k = is the number of protective

devices required to activate
the system
r = the number of units which

have to be in a failed state in
order to cause the whole sys-
tem to fail:
r=n-k+1
Failure finding task causes a hid- MOTHER = Mean time between
den failure failure caused by phenomena
other than the test
The failure-finding task could
cause the very failure which it is MTED = Mean time between
suppose to check and so leave the failure for the protected func-
protective device in a (hidden) tion
failed state from the moment the
test is completed MMF = Allowed mean time
p = if P is the probability that

the failure finding test will
leave the device in a failed
state, p (as a decimal) is the
unavailability caused by the
testing process

Formula Inputs
Economic CM = cost of the multiple fail-
ure (cost per event)
CFF = cost of doing the failure

finding task (per task)
MTIVE = MTBF of the protec-

tive device
MTED = MTBF of the protected

function
Economic voting system CM = cost of the multiple fail-
ure (cost per event)
CFF = cost of doing the failure

finding task (per task)
MTIVE = MTBF of the protec-

tive device
MTED = MTBF of the protected

function
n = the number of redundant

protective devices
6. Provide the calculation inputs for the formula. When the inputs are
supplied, the results of the calculation are shown in the Results area.
The frequency closest to the failure-finding interval, without being
longer than the failure-finding interval, is displayed.
7. Click OK. The failure-finding interval is added to the action plan and
the frequency is calculated and displayed.

Adding Indicators, Tasks, and Work to Action Plans

When an action plan’s recommended action is condition-based mainte-
nance, failure-finding maintenance, or scheduled restoration or discard,
you can include the following:
• Inspection task – An inspection task is a standard task that lists the

indicators to be read to perform an asset inspection. You can add an
existing standard task to the action plan or create one from scratch or
from a template. When you create an inspection task from scratch,
you can add new indicators or specify a dynamic route to collect exist-
ing indicators for route assets.
Failure mode settings can specify that indicators are added automati-
cally to inspection tasks. In this case, when you add a manually-col-
lected indicator on the action plan’s Indicators tab, it is added to the
assigned inspection task. Similarly, when you add an inspection task,
any manually-collected indicators currently on the action plan are
added to it.
Note: You cannot add inspection tasks to action plans on analysis

templates.
• Indicators – Create or browse for individual indicators to be read

when the action is performed.
Tip: After you have added an indicator to an action plan, you can
right-click it in the table and click Review Request Details. In
the Review Request Details dialog that appears, specify the reli-
ability program update required. When the action plan is marked
“Facilitation Completed” or “Implementation Completed”, the
request is created automatically.
• Corrective tasks – You can do one or more of the following, depending
on how APM is configured:
• Create or browse for one or more APM standard tasks, task tem-
plates, standard jobs, job tasks, or job templates to correct prob-
lems
• Browse for SAP Plant Maintenance items (for example, equip-
ment task lists) to correct problems if APM has been set up to
access external data
• Corrective action plan tasks – Request that the reliability program be
updated. The action plan task can reference an existing APM or SAP
object. Or you can choose to reference a task in an external CMMS

(select “Other”). You can select update options and enter notes to let
the planner know whether an object needs to be created, modified, or
deleted.
• Follow-up Work – For all types of recommended actions, you can cre-
ate work requests or work orders to define follow-up work.
Note: You cannot add follow-up work to action plans on analysis

templates.
In the process of creating analysis templates, you can add indicator tem-
plates, task templates, and job templates. When an analysis is created
from the template or when the action plan is copied to another analysis,
APM checks the asset for a matching indicator, standard task, or stan-
dard job. If a match is not available, a new indicator, task, or job is cre-
ated using the template. If a match is found on the asset, it is assigned to
the action plan.
Tip: To view consolidated information about an analysis’ action

plans, recommended actions, indicators, corrective tasks, and
projects, select the Implementation view in the Strategy Devel-
opment Analysis window.
Note: If you create an indicator for an action plan and wish to

remove it, you can delete it from APM as long as it is not used
anywhere else. If it is included on another action plan, you can
remove it from the current action plan but not from the system. If
the indicator is used on a standard task, a confirmation dialog
appears when you attempt to delete it. You can choose to remove
the indicator only from the action plan or to delete it from the
action plan, the standard task, and the asset. In this case, the
indicator is removed from APM altogether.
• “To Add an Inspection Task to an Action Plan” on page 193

• “To Add Indicators to an Action Plan on an Analysis or Template” on
page 197
• “To Add a Corrective Task” on page 199
• “To Add Follow-up Work to an Action Plan on an Analysis” on page
201
To Add an Inspection Task to an Action Plan
Note: You cannot add inspection tasks to action plans on analysis

templates.

3. On the appropriate action plan tab, select the Indicators tab.
4. To add an existing standard task, click Browse, select the task, and
click OK.
5. To create an inspection task, click New. The New Indicator Collection

Task dialog appears.
6. To add the indicator to an existing standard task:

• Click Add to existing task.

• Enter a task number or click the browse icon ( ) to open the
Standard Task Selector dialog. Select a task and click OK. The
standard task number and name are shown in the New Indicator
Collection Task dialog.
7. To create a task, click Create a new task. You can create the task
from a standard task template or from scratch.
8. To create the task from a template:
• Click From Template. Enter the template number or click the

browse icon ( ) to select a template. The template number and
name are shown in the dialog.
• In the Asset box, click the browse icon ( ) and select the asset for
the indicator. The asset number and name are displayed in the
dialog.
• Select a collection set from the Collection set list, if appropriate.
A collection set is one of the matching criteria that can be used to
select indicators for a standard task’s dynamic inspection route.
• If the analysis’ Failure Mode options allow indicators to be added
to an inspection task automatically, you can select the indicator
collection information. Skip to Step 10.
9. To create the task from scratch:
• In the Asset box, click the browse icon ( ) and select the asset.
The asset number and name are displayed in the dialog.
• Select a work type from the list.
• Enter a descriptive title for the new task.
• Select a collection set, if appropriate. Collection set is one of the
matching criteria that can be used to select indicators for a stan-
dard task’s dynamic inspection route.
Values for expected frequency, operating condition, maintenance
group, and technology are copied from the action plan.
10. In the Indicator collection information area, select whether
dynamic or static indicators are added to the task:
• Dynamic indicators are automatically added to a work order task

or checksheet when the list of indicators to read is generated from
the standard task. The indicator is included if its properties
match the selection criteria defined in the standard task’s
dynamic route. The properties can be any of trade, expected fre-
quency, operating condition, maintenance group, PdM technology,
and collection set.

• Static indicators are added manually to the standard task.

11. To add dynamic indicators to the task:
• Click Dynamic indicators.

• Specify the route asset for the task. A route asset is typically a
system asset or large piece of equipment with one or more indica-
tors to be read as part of an inspection task or PM inspection
route. Route assets are listed on the standard task in the order in
which they are visited.
• Specify the route sequence of the asset. The sequence number
indicates the order in which the asset is to be visited during
inspection.
• Select a collection group, if appropriate. The collection group is a
selection criterion for the dynamic route. Collection groups typi-
cally identify a location on large assets, for example, the first floor
or second floor. Because a large asset can be included more than
once on the same route, the collection group is used to pinpoint
the stop.
12. To add static indicators to the task:
• Click Static indicators.

• Set the first indicator’s sequence number.
13. Click OK. The new standard task window appears. You can edit the
task as required.
For more information, see “Setting up Standard Tasks” in Help.

To Add Indicators to an Action Plan on an Analysis or Template

1. On the appropriate action plan tab, select the Indicators tab.
2. To create an indicator for an analysis or an indicator template for an

analysis template, do the following:
• Click New at the bottom of the Indicators tab. The Create New
Indicator dialog appears, where you can select either From
scratch or From template. To create from a template, select the
indicator template.
• When you click OK, the Indicator or Indicator Template window
appears, where you can define the indicator or template.
• When you are finished, save the indicator or template and close
the window. The indicator is listed in the table.
For more information, see “Setting up Asset Indicators” in Help.
Tip: In the Create New Indicator dialog, you can also click Create
Multiple to add two or more indicators (not indicator templates).
The Create Multiple Indicators window appears, where you can
specify the number to create, the indicator name, number to add
to the name, indicator type, and so on. When you click OK, the
indicators are added to the table. You can then open them individ-
ually, and modify them as needed.

3. To attach an existing indicator or indicator template to the action

plan:
• Click Browse on the Indicators tab. The Browse Indicators dia-

log appears.
• Find and select one or more indicators or templates to add to the
action plan. You can select indicators for the same or a different
asset.
• If you select an indicator on the failure mode’s asset, the action
plan will link to the indicator. A new indicator will not be created
for the action plan.
However, if you select another asset’s indicator, you have the
option of either copying or linking to the indicator. If you select
Copy the indicators selected, a new indicator is created and
assigned to the asset referenced on the action plan. If the failure
mode is deleted in the future, the indicator is also removed from
the system. If you wish to link to an existing indicator instead of
copying it, click Link to the indicators selected.
• Click OK.
Tip: You can change the position of an indicator in the table by

selecting it and clicking Move Up or Move Down.
4. Add collection notes or other information that the implementer will
need in the Indicators and states notes box.

To Add a Corrective Task

1. Tasks tabs for the available data are shown on the appropriate action
plan tab. For example, if the site is set up to use both APM and SAP
Plant Maintenance objects, the APM Tasks and SAP Tasks tabs are
available:
2. On the APM Tasks tab, to add an existing standard task, standard

job, job task, or task template:
• Select an option from the Browse list. A selector dialog appears.

• Find and select the standard task, job, job task, or standard task
template.
• Click OK. The item is added to the action plan.
3. On the APM Tasks tab, to create a task, job, or template:
• Select an option from the New list:

Note: If you are developing an action plan for an analysis tem-

plate, your options are to create a task or job template.
• The “Create” dialog appears. For example, the Create Standard

Task dialog. Select the options for the object and click OK.
• The appropriate window appears, where you can define the task,
job, or template.
• Save the object and close the window. The task, job, or template is
added to the action plan.
For more information, see:

• “Setting up Standard Tasks” in Help
• “Setting up Task Templates” in Help
• “Setting up Standard Jobs” in Help
• “Setting up Job Templates” in Help
4. On the SAP Tasks tab, to add a reference to a SAP Plant Mainte-
nance object, for example, an equipment task list:
• Select an option from the Browse list. The appropriate browse

dialog appears.
• Select filtering options and click to display the list of objects.
• Select the object.
• Click OK. The reference is added to the action plan.
5. To add a corrective action plan task:
• On the APM Tasks tab, click New Corrective Task in the New
list. Or, on the SAP Tasks tab, click New. The Action Plan Task
dialog appears.
• In the Type list, select an object or “Other”.
• If you selected an object type, click the browse icon to select the
item to reference.
• Enter a reference to the CMMS task, if applicable.
• Click Reliability program update required. Select the update
type: create, modify, or delete a reliability program object. Provide
instructions in the text box.
• Click OK. The task is added to the appropriate Tasks tab.

To Add Follow-up Work to an Action Plan on an Analysis
Note: You cannot add follow-up work to action plans on an analy-

sis template.
1. On the appropriate action plan tab, select the Follow Up tab.
2. Click New. The New Action Plan Follow Up Work dialog appears.

3. Select the type of document to create and provide the required infor-
mation.
4. When you click OK, the document is added to the appropriate table in
the Follow Up Work tab. The Work Order Task or Work Request
window appears, where you can define the document.
For more information, see “Creating a Work Request” in Help and

“Creating Work Orders and Tasks” in Help.

Reviewing Indicator Collection Information

After you have developed the action plans for the analysis, you can gener-
ate a report that identifies which of the indicators assigned to action
plans are already included on one or more standard tasks, as well as
which are not being collected.
This topic explains how to generate an indicator collection report and

view the information.
To Generate an Indicator Collection Report

1. Open the analysis and select the Implementation view.
2. Select the Indicators tab and then the Collection tab.
3. Click Generate Report. The information is added to the tab. Here is

an example for an MTA2:
4. On the second Collection tab, you can select tabs to view indicators
that are not included on a standard task, that are included on two or
more tasks, and that are included on one task. The Tasks tab lists
the standard tasks that the indicators are collected on.
Tip: Right-click in any table and click Export to Excel to create

a printable spreadsheet of the information.

5. Select the Details tab to view information about the report itself, for
example, the date when it was generated.
6. Select the Mismatches tab to view indicators that are assigned to

tasks with differing values.

Adding Standard Documents to Action Plans

Any primary or secondary action plan that recommends modification or
redesign of the asset can have one or more standard documents assigned
to it. For example, if a one-time modification is to train trades people to
perform a new task, you can attach a standard document that describes
the training prerequisites, objectives, and evaluation methods.
Note: For information about adding documents to APM, see “Cre-

ating a Standard Document” in Help.
To Add a Standard Document to an Action Plan

3. Select the Implementation view and the appropriate action plan

tab.
Note: The recommended task type must be Modification/redesign

if you wish to assign a standard document to it.
4. On the Modifications tab, click Browse. The Standard Document

Selector dialog appears.

5. Select a document.
6. Click OK in the selector dialog. The document is added to the Modifi-

cations tab.

Recording and Reviewing Failure Mode Details

Using the Details tab on the Maintenance Action Plan window, you can
assign a failure type and classification to the failure mode, select an
action plan status, and record usage details (criticality, duty code, and
severity of usage). The Details tab displays information such as review
requests and root causes.
The Details tab is available in the Maintenance Action Plan window

Facilitation and Implementation views for primary action plans. For
secondary action plans, open the Maintenance Action Plan window and
select the Implementation view.
This topic explains:
• Failure Mode Information

• Usage Details
Failure Mode Information

The Details tab displays information about the failure mode’s analysis
and status. For example:
The Status area shows the failure mode’s status in regard to facilitation
and implementation. If action plan statuses have been defined for your
organization, you can select a status from the Action plan status list.
Note: Action plan status is specific to the failure mode, primary

action plan, or secondary action plan to which it is assigned.

In the Failure mode details area, you can assign a failure type and
classification to the failure mode. Failure types, along with failure classi-
fications, allow failure modes and records to be grouped for easy identifi-
cation. For example, useful failure types might be Electrical,
Environmental, Mechanical, Operational, Safety, and so on. Examples of
failure classifications are Lubrication, Operator Error, and Installation
Defect.
If the failure mode was created as the result of an analysis request, select
the Review Requests tab to view the request. You can double-click the
request to open its Request dialog, where details such as the project num-
ber and analysis estimate are shown.
If the failure mode was created as a result of a root cause analysis, the
RCA tab lists the root cause. You can double-click the root cause to open
its Properties dialog, where the cause statement, solution, and messages
are displayed.
For related information, see:
• “Working with Action Plan Task Statuses” on page 282

• “Creating Analysis Requests for Failure Modes” on page 118
• “Overview of RCA” in Help
Usage Details
If your organization requires additional usage information for failure
modes, you can review or assign values on the Usage tab. These details
are:
• Failure mode criticality – Criticality (or risk) is determined by the

combination of the probability of failure and the severity of failure
consequences. Criticality is either calculated during a risk analysis or
manually assigned.
• Duty code – A duty code identifies a duty cycle, which is the time that
an asset spends in an active state as a fraction of the total time under
consideration. This could mean that the unit runs 50% during its pro-
duction period of six hours or that it runs every hour for 20 minutes
during a 24 hour day (33%), and so on.
• Severity of usage – “Severity of usage” describes the environment in
which an asset is operating. This could mean an environment that is
cold, hot, dirty, damp, and so on.

To Select Usage Details for a Failure Mode

1. In the Maintenance Action Plan window, select the Details tab and
the Usage tab.
3. Choose a value from the Failure mode criticality list, if it is avail-

able. If criticality has already been determined by risk analysis, the
value in the Failure mode criticality box cannot be changed.
4. Select a duty code from the list.
5. Select a severity of usage value from the list.

Adding Symptoms to a Failure Mode

A symptom is a keyword or phrase that summarizes the evidence that an
operator, engineer, or technician would see when the failure occurs or is
about to occur. For example, “trip-alarm sounds” could be defined as a
symptom. Symptoms are assigned to MTA2, RCM2, and RBI failure
modes to help maintenance personnel track asset faults to the failure
modes that could cause them. Symptoms are listed in the Fault Diagnosis
Guide, a report you can print for the site, an asset, or a strategy develop-
ment analysis.
A Fault Diagnosis Guide lists symptoms and the failure modes that refer-
ence them. You can print a Fault Diagnosis Guide report for the site, an
asset, or a strategy development analysis (MTA2, RCM2, RBI). The
Analysis Summary view in every Strategy Development Analysis win-
dow contains the Fault Guide tab, which lists symptoms, failure modes,
and assets.
For information about printing the Fault Diagnosis Guide, see “Printing
MTA2 Reports” on page 296.
To Add Symptoms to a Failure Mode

1. In the Maintenance Action Plan window, select the Facilitation
view and the Symptoms tab.
3. Click Browse. The Browse Symptoms dialog appears.
4. Select one or more symptoms and click OK. The symptoms are added
to the tab.

Chapter 3 Copying Failure Modes
The topics in this section provide an overview of mapping criteria and

processes, instructions for using the Copy Failure Modes wizard, and
information about re-opening copy requests.
Contents
Overview of the Copy Failure Modes Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Setting Mapping Options for a Failure Mode Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Browsing for Failure Modes to Add to an MTA2 or Template . . . . . . . 231
Copying Failure Modes to an Analysis or Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Copying an Asset’s Strategy Development Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Revisiting Failure Mode Copy Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Chapter 3 • Copying Failure Modes
Overview of the Copy Failure Modes Wizard

The Copy Failure Modes wizard is especially useful when you have ana-
lyzed one branch of the asset hierarchy (for example, the many assets
associated with haul truck #1) and then wish to copy the failure modes to
a similar set of assets (haul truck #2). Failure modes can also be copied
from one site to another, as long as the source analysis’ settings permit it
to be used at the target site.
When a failure mode is copied, its primary and secondary action plans
are included (if the analysis’ implementation method includes action
plans). During implementation, use the wizard to efficiently update fail-
ure modes by copying indicators, standard tasks, jobs, and procedures
into the target analysis.
Tip: You can set up smart mapping processing and mapping

options for the site. These settings provide defaults in the Copy
Failure Modes wizard, which you can change as required for indi-
vidual copy requests.
This topic explains the following aspects of failure mode copy requests:
• “Types of Failure Mode Copies” on page 212

• “Steps in the Wizard” on page 213
• “Smart Mapping” on page 216
• “The Failure Mode Copy Process” on page 219
Types of Failure Mode Copies

The Copy Failure Mode wizard is available for all types of failure mode
copies. You can:
• Browse for failure modes to copy into the analysis that you are work-
ing on
• Select an analysis or template and copy failure modes to a new or
existing analysis
• Create an analysis from an existing analysis’ failure modes

• Copy an asset’s strategy development program, including failure

modes
Steps in the Wizard

Using the Copy Failure Modes wizard can involve as many as seven
steps, depending on the type of copy you are doing:
1. Select the source analysis or template
2. Identify the target asset structure and mapping options
3. Identify the function and functional failure (RCM2 analysis only)
4. Review the mappings and change them as required
5. Review failure mode mappings if you are copying to existing failure

modes
6. Confirm the selections and process the copy
7. Review the results (if you have not deferred processing)
The steps appear at the bottom of each page. The current step is shown in
blue. Any step that is not required for your copy is disabled.
Selecting the Source

If you are browsing for failure modes to add to the analysis that you are
working on, you must select the source analysis or template.
Note: There are a few restrictions on copying failure modes

between different varieties of analysis. For example, you cannot
copy failure modes from an MTA2 analysis or template to an
RCM2 analysis or template. You can only copy RBI failure modes
to a new or existing RBI analysis.
If you are copying failure modes from a source to a target, the source
analysis or template, asset or asset type, and failure modes are displayed
on the Select Source step. You can review the failure modes and de-
selected any that you do not wish to copy.
Smart asset mapping uses the source and target asset structures that
you specify to search for matches between assets, failure modes, and so
on. By default, the starting point for a structure is the primary asset on
the analysis. You might find it useful to return to the Identify Target step

and change the starting points of the asset structures to yield more
matches after you have tested the results of the matching process. The
closer to parallel that the starting assets are in their respective hierar-
chies, the more likely it is that usable matches will be found.
Identifying the Target and Setting Mapping Options

In the Identify Target step, you can select the following information,
depending on the type of copy you are working on:
• Analysis option – you can have the failure modes copied to a new or
existing analysis or template
• Site – you can copy failure modes to another site, as long as the
source analysis can be used at other sites
• Analysis – if you are copying to an existing analysis, identify the tar-
get
• Asset option – if you are creating a new analysis, specify whether to
use new or existing assets. If you choose to create assets, select the
parent asset for them
• Target – specify the assets for the target structure
You can also select analysis criteria for matching assets, including:
• Use matches from previous copies

• Restrict matches to assets at the same relative level of the hierarchy
• Match on an asset attribute
• Match on an asset’s references-one relationship
For example, assets could be matched based on the source asset’s hierar-
chy code (asset attribute), asset type (reference-one relationship), and
function group (reference-one relationship).
To help find matching assets, failure modes, and so on, you can use Tri-
gram searching, a powerful method of searching for text when the exact
syntax or spelling of the target object is not known. For example, use the
Trigram option to match assets with slightly different titles. It finds
objects that match the maximum number of three-character strings in
the entered search terms; that is, it finds near matches. You can specify a
threshold as a cutoff point, after which a result is no longer considered a
match.
Note: If you are running APM with an Oracle database that has
case-sensitivity turned on, you might get unexpected results when
the matching process compares properties identified in mapping
criteria. For example, mapping assets according to their Title
attributes might not result in “PUMP” being matched with

“pump”. For information about setting up case-insensitive

searches, see “Setting Up an Oracle Database” in the APM Instal-
lation Guide.
For more information, see “Setting Mapping Options for a Failure Mode
Copy” on page 221.
Reviewing Mappings
Once you have selected the source objects, target asset structure, and
matching criteria, the system mines the source failure modes to create a
list of assets involved in the copy, as well as the trades, employees, and
maintenance groups. The system then attempts to map each of the source
objects to a corresponding target object.
Depending on the consistency of the data in your source and target struc-
tures and the mapping criteria used, this step might simply require a
visual confirmation of the system’s suggestions. In cases where the struc-
tures are not consistent or the mapping criteria provide too many or too
few matches, a more thorough review is required.
For each source asset, you have the option of:
• Accepting the target asset suggested by the system

• Identifying an alternate target asset, which can include another asset
in the target structure, the primary target asset, or the source asset
• Requesting that a new asset be created in the target structure. The
failure mode information is copied to the new asset
• Excluding the asset from the copy request. The source asset is
excluded from the copy, as well as any failure modes, indicators, and
standard tasks and jobs that refer to it
Confirming Selections and Selecting the Processing Options

Before the copy is started, the Confirm Selections step is displayed. This
page provides you with an opportunity to review a summary of the infor-
mation from the preceding pages and confirm that the values are correct.
You are also able to adjust the options at this point by returning to previ-
ous pages.
You can also change the default processing options on this page. For
example, you can have APM open the target analyses when the copy is
finished, specify that the Review Results step not appear, or delay pro-
cessing.
If Process later is selected, when you click Process, the copy request is
saved and closed. You can finish it manually later or set up a scheduled
action to process all pending copy requests for the site or enterprise. As a
guideline, use deferred processing when you do not want to tie up your

computer while the copy is performed and you do not want to start work-
ing on the new analyses right away. Deferred processing is handy when
you have a number of copies to perform (for example, an asset’s Strategy
Development program is being pushed out to a number of similar pieces
of equipment). If you want to start analyzing the new action plans right
away, you are best to process the copy now.
Reviewing Results
When the copy is completed (assuming that Process later is not
selected), the Review Results step presents a list of the failure modes
that were created or updated. You can open the Details window to view
information about the copy request.
Copying Failure Modes Between Sites

Failure modes can be copied from one site to another, as long as the
source analysis’ settings permit it to be used at the target site. These set-
tings are located in the analysis’ Properties view, Analysis Options
tab.
When you copy failure modes to a different site, their standard docu-
ments are copied only if they are valid at the target site. Any employees,
maintenance groups, or trades included on the failure modes are mapped
to matching objects in the target site, as long as they are valid for use at
the target. If they are not valid, the mapping is set to “To Be Deter-
mined”, and you can specify that the object be excluded or mapped to a
different target.
Smart Mapping
The term “smart asset mapping” is used to identify the process where the
assets in one branch of the hierarchy are matched to the corresponding
assets in another branch of the hierarchy. For example, the assets of one
haul truck (HT100) are matched to those of another haul truck (HT101).

Matching Employees, Trades, and Maintenance Groups

You can also select matching criteria for employees, trades (and other
resources), and maintenance groups. Mapping criteria for these objects
are used most often when failure modes are copied between sites,
although they can also be useful for copying within large sites. The sys-
tem determines if there are any site-specific employees, trades, or main-
tenance groups that are not valid at the target site. If invalid references
exist, they can be mapped to the target site’s values as follows:
• Using the results of previous copies. For example, if the trade

“mechanic” at Site A was previously mapped to “mechanics” at Site B,
the same mapping is suggested.
• If the match cannot be made based on a previous copy, the system can
check for a trade in the target site with the same values as the source
for the matching criteria.
• If no match is made, you can identify the trade to use.
The employees, trades, and maintenance groups on the source objects are
mapped to the target objects based on the identified matches.

Match to Existing Failure Modes

A failure mode’s information can be copied into an existing failure mode.
A new failure mode is not created. Instead, the information from the
source is copied to the target, replacing the values contained in it.
The “match to existing failure modes” option was developed to accommo-

date the separation of Facilitator and Implementer roles. This allows the
Facilitator to create a complete set of failure modes and action plans for
the asset being analyzed. The Implementer is able to implement one of
the action plans and copy the implementation to other failure modes or
action plans.
When failure modes are being copied to existing failure modes, the
Review Failure Mode Mappings page is available in the wizard. The Fail-
ure Modes page displays the failure modes and their mappings. The map-
pings are completed in the same manner as asset mappings.
All of the source information is copied to the target failure mode with the
exception of:
• Failure mode reference number – the target action plan retains its
existing FM reference
• Asset – the target failure mode remains with its existing asset
• MTA2 or RCM2 analysis – the target failure mode remains on the
same analysis; it is not moved to the source failure mode’s analysis
• Functional Failure and Function – in the case of RCM2 analyses, the
target failure mode remains linked to the same functional failure and
function; it is not moved to the source failure mode’s analysis
• RCM2 reference – the target failure mode retains its existing RCM2
reference number (RCM2 analyses only)
In addition, the source failure mode’s indicators, standard task, standard
job, trades, and maintenance group are mapped to the target failure
mode’s assets, trades, and maintenance groups using the same logic as
previously described.
Asset Mapping Process

When the matching process starts, the system uses the mapping criteria
in this order, assuming that all of the criteria are being used:
1. Previous matches:
• If a match exists, the previous source asset is suggested for the

current copy.
• If multiple matches are found, the most recent copy is suggested.
• If no match is found, other criteria are considered.

2. Level of the hierarchy:
• If a match exists, it is suggested for the current copy.

• If multiple matches are found, the closest match is suggested.
• If no match is found, other criteria are considered.
3. Property matching:
• If an exact match is found, it is suggested.

• If an exact match is not found and Trigram matching is used, the
closest match is suggested.
• If a single match is found, it is suggested for the current copy.
• If multiple matches are found, the first matching asset is sug-
gested.
• If no match is found, the result is displayed in the Review map-
pings page of the wizard. No copy will be made to the asset unless
the asset is mapped manually.
The Failure Mode Copy Process

The copy request is processed when you click Process (and the Process
later option is not selected). Processing consists of the following steps:
1. Assets are created as copies of their source assets for each asset map-
ping with the setting Create new.
When a complete target asset structure is being created, the complete

source asset structure is replicated to the new asset. This can include
some assets that are not referenced on the copied failure modes. This
approach ensures that the new asset structure is complete and the
structure is the same as the source asset.
2. Resources are created for the resource mappings with the setting
Create new. The resource is created as a copy of the source.
3. Maintenance groups are created for the mappings with the setting
Create new. The maintenance group is created as a copy of the
source.
4. Analyses are created for the failure modes that are created.
5. In the case of failure modes on safety analyses (SIF and HAZOP), the
safety provisions and HAZOP checklist items are copied.
6. Functions and functional failures required for the new action plans
are created (RCM2 only).

7. Failure modes are copied. This logic maps the failure mode’s indica-
tors, standard tasks, and standard jobs to the target asset. The target
asset’s existing objects are used, if available. Otherwise, a new
instance is defined for the target asset. For example, if the failure
mode refers to the “pump pressure” indicator and a “pump pressure”
indicator already exists on the target asset, the existing indicator is
used. Otherwise, an indicator is created.
8. Status is updated on the copy request. The status changes to “Pro-

cessed”.

Setting Mapping Options for a Failure Mode Copy

When a failure mode copy is requested, the first thing the system does is
copy the site’s smart mapping options to the Copy Failure Modes wizard.
If the criteria are not changed, the site-level criteria are used.
If the site’s mapping settings are not appropriate for the current copy,
you can modify them. Perhaps the asset structures involved use different
properties than your normal conventions. Using the site-level mapping
criteria would result in the system suggesting a number of incorrect map-
pings. By modifying the criteria, you can ensure that the quality of the
system’s suggestions are higher, requiring fewer manual changes.
The options are defined in the same manner as the site-level smart map-
ping options. In addition to defining the criteria for the current copy, you
have the option of replacing the site options with the values defined for
this copy request. This can be handy if the site options have not been
defined or require updating. Define the criteria you want to use and then
click Site Values and Save.
Tip: If you wish to return to the site-level settings, click Site Val-
ues and then Reset. This option is used when you have made a
number of changes to the criteria, are unhappy with the resulting
suggested mappings, and want to start over.
This topic explains how to use the mapping options in the Copy Failure
Modes wizard to ensure that objects are mapped accurately. The follow-
ing sections explain the general procedure for changing the settings.
These settings are then explained in detail:
• “To Set Mapping Options” on page 222

• “Use Results of Previous Copy” on page 222
• “Only Map Assets at the Same Level of the Hierarchy” on page 224
• “Adding Properties to Use in Smart Mapping” on page 224
• “Using Trigram Matching” on page 225
• “Selecting Other Options” on page 227

To Set Mapping Options

1. In the Copy Failure Modes wizard, Identify Target step, click More
Options. The Failure Mode Copy Options dialog appears.
2. Select mapping defaults on the Asset, Employees, Trades and

Resources, Maintenance Groups, and Failure Modes tabs. The
following sections explain the options.
3. When you are finished, click Close.
Use Results of Previous Copy

When a failure mode copy is performed, the asset mappings are saved by
the system. When Use results of previous copy is selected, the next
time a copy is performed for the same asset structures, the system
retrieves the saved asset combinations and reuses them. If more than one
match is found, the most recent of the previous mappings is used.
The following example shows similar source and target asset structures
for haul trucks #1 and #2. The dotted lines show the mappings.

The following mappings are saved:
Source Target
HT100 HT101
HT100-1 HT101-1
HT100-1-A HT101-1-A
HT100-1-B HT101-1-B
HT100-2 HT101-2
HT100-2-A HT101-2-A
HT100-2-B HT101-2-B
Any assets in the structures that were not included in the previous copy
are mapped using the remaining criteria. If the option is not selected,
previous mappings are disregarded and the suggested mappings are
based on the other settings only.

Only Map Assets at the Same Level of the Hierarchy

When this option is selected on the Asset tab, APM limits the suggested
mappings to assets that are at the same relative level in their hierarchy
structure as the source asset. The mapping starts with the starting asset
in the source asset structure and the starting asset in the target asset
structure. The first-level assets are mapped, then the second-level
descendants, and so on. The mappings can also involve ancestors of the
starting assets. As with descendants, first-level source ancestors are
mapped to first-level target ancestors, and so on up the hierarchy.
Like all of the mapping criteria, it is wise to combine “level in the hierar-
chy” with one or more other criteria to get reasonable results. If used on
its own, this criterion can result in questionable suggestions that require
manual adjustments.
If this setting is not selected, the asset hierarchy is not considered in the
mappings. Assets from different levels and sections of the hierarchies can
be mapped.
Adding Properties to Use in Smart Mapping

You can select from several class attributes and references-one relation-
ships to use as criteria for smart mapping. For example, if you select the
Title attribute for the Asset class, exact matches between the source
asset’s Title and the Titles of assets in the target hierarchy structure will
be suggested as matches. As another example, assets could be matched
based on the source asset’s hierarchy code (asset attribute), asset type
(reference-one relationship), and function group (reference-one relation-
ship)
In the case of references-one relationships, the target asset must refer-

ence the same instance as the source asset. For example, if Asset type is
being used, the source and target asset must reference the same asset
type.
You can specify properties for assets, employees, trades and other
resources, maintenance groups, and failure modes. Some objects have
attributes selected in the wizard by the system, and you cannot remove
them. For example, asset Classification is always a criteria in asset map-
ping to prevent problems with components and locations. Similarly, Unit
of Measure and Resource type are default attributes for resources.
Trades must be mapped to trades, services to services, and so on.
Resources can only be mapped to resources with the same unit of mea-
sure.
For background information about class attributes and relationships, see

“Object Model Overview” in Help.

To Add Properties to Use in Smart Mapping

1. Click Browse. The Browse Properties dialog appears. Here is an
example for the Asset class.
The list on each tab contains properties for the class that are best
suited for smart mapping.
2. To view all of the attributes that are available for use in smart map-
ping, select Show all.
3. Select the properties you wish to use.
4. Select the Relationships tab and make any selections you require.
5. When you are finished, click OK. The Properties table now displays
the attributes and relationships you selected.
Tip: To remove a property, right-click it in the Properties table

and click Delete. Click Yes in the confirmation message that
appears.
Using Trigram Matching

Select Use Trigram matching if the string attributes that you selected
for smart mapping might not match the target values exactly. Trigram
searching is useful for identifying the closest match when the exact syn-
tax or spelling of the target object is not precisely known.

To Use Trigram Matching

1. Click Use Trigram matching if an exact match does not exist.
2. Select one of the string attributes that you selected for smart map-
ping (listed in the table). For example, if you select the Title attribute,
the Trigram process searches the candidates for the object whose
Title most closely matches the source object’s Title.
3. Enter a value in the Threshold box if you want to specify a cut-off

point for Trigram matching. For example, if the threshold is 0.5, any
object that returns a score lower than 0.5 will not be presented as a
match.
Reviewing the Results of Trigram Matching

You can see the results of Trigram matching when you are reviewing sug-
gested mappings in the Copy Failure Modes wizard. The Asset map-
pings table includes the following columns. You can also double-click a
mapping to view its properties.
• Suggested Origin displays the method used for matching. The pos-
sible values are:
• Previous match
• Suggested
• Default
• Manual
• Other
• Suggested Match Quality indicates if exact or partial (Trigram)
matching was used. Possible values are:
• No match suggested
• Complete match
• Partial match
• Closeness is the score obtained in the Trigram matching process. A
closeness value of 1.0 is an exact match.
• Single Or Multiple Candidates indicates whether multiple candi-
dates were found. Possible values are:
• No matches found
• Not applicable
• Single candidate
• Multiple candidates

The following example shows that Trigram matching was used (the sug-
gested match quality is “Partial match”), one partial match was found
(single candidate), and a score of 0.545 was obtained. An exact match has
a closeness score of 1.0.
Selecting Other Options

Other smart mapping options that you can modify on the Copy Failure
Modes wizard include processing options, target defaults, and mapping
defaults. These determine what selections appear in other pages of the
wizard, including the default suggestions presented when an object can-
not be matched to a target.
To Select Other Options

1. In the Options dialog, select the Options tab.

2. Review and change the processing options:


Do not use the map- Select this option when the mappings are to be
pings with future used for a single occasion. This option prevents
copies them from being used in subsequent copy
requests that specify “Use the results of previ-
ous matches”.
3. Select the default mapping option for failure modes. The options are:
• Create new – a copy of the object is created when the copy

request is processed
• Copy to existing – the source failure modes’ properties are cop-
ied to the target failure modes
4. The mapping defaults determine which options are suggested by

default when a matching target object cannot be found. The options
are:

Assets Select the default mapping option to be sug-

gested if APM cannot identify a matching target.
The options are:
• Exclude – the source asset is excluded from

the copy, as well as any failure modes, indi-
cators, and standard tasks and jobs that
refer to it
• Map to primary target asset – the source
asset is mapped to the target asset selected
as the starting point for the structure
• New – a copy of the source asset is created
when the copy request is processed. The
appropriate indicators, standard tasks, and
standard jobs are created on the new asset
• Same – the source asset is used as the tar-
get. The source object’s existing objects are
referenced on the target failure modes. For
example, the indicators identified on the
source are also referenced on the new failure
mode.
• To be determined – the user determines
the mapping method in the wizard
Trades and other Select the default mapping option to be sug-

resources gested if APM cannot identify a matching target.
Possible options are:
• New – a copy of the source objects is created

when the copy request is processed
• Same – the source object is used as the tar-
get

Maintenance Select the default mapping option to be sug-

groups gested if APM cannot identify a matching main-
tenance group. Possible options are:
• Blank – no mapping is suggested if a match

is not found. The object can be mapped man-
ually.
get
Employees Select the default mapping option to be sug-

• Blank – no mapping is suggested if a match

is not found. The object can be mapped man-
ually.
get
Failure modes Select the default mapping option to be sug-


Note: If an option described above does not appear in the corre-

sponding list, permission for it has been denied in the site level
settings. For example, it might not be appropriate to create
employees when failure modes are copied.
5. When you are finished setting mapping options, click Close.

Browsing for Failure Modes to Add to an MTA2 or Template

This topic explains how to copy failure modes into the analysis or tem-
plate that you are working on.


modes
Note: When a failure mode is copied, its status changes to Facili-

tation Incomplete in the target analysis.
Note: If you copy a failure mode from a site that uses a different
currency, any monetary amounts defined on the action plan are
converted to the asset’s site currency. If an exchange rate is not
available, the amount is converted at par (for example, one U.S.
dollar is equivalent to one Canadian dollar).
There are differences in the Copy Failure Modes wizard if you are copy-
ing from or to a template. The illustrations in the procedure show an
analysis-to-analysis copy. Any differences in functionality for templates
are explained where they occur.
To Browse for Failure Modes

1. Open the analysis or template into which you wish to copy the failure
modes.
2. Click the Tools menu, Failure Modes, and then Browse.

Tip: You can also open the Facilitation view, Failure Modes
tab, and then click the New list and Browse.
The Copy Failure Modes wizard appears showing the Select Source
step.
3. Click the browse icon ( ) in the Analysis box to select the source
analysis or template. The Strategy Development Analysis Selector
dialog appears, displaying analyses appropriate for the target. Select
an option from the configuration list to view a specific type of analy-
sis.
4. Select an analysis or template and click OK. The Failure modes to

copy table displays the source’s failure modes. If the source is an
analysis, the table also contains any failure modes assigned to child
assets in the analysis. The primary asset is displayed as the start of
the source asset structure. If the source is a template, the asset type
is displayed.
5. Select the failure modes that you wish to copy.
options), click Finish when you have selected the source and the
failure modes to copy. The wizard performs the matching process
and goes to the Confirm Selections step. Skip to step 16.

6. Click Next. The Identify Target step appears. This page differs
depending on the characteristics of the source and target analyses.
• If the target is an analysis, the matching process starts with the

primary assets on the source and target. For example:
In some cases, you might wish to change the source asset struc-
ture, target asset structure, or both. When the starting assets
occupy parallel positions in their respective hierarchies, the map-
ping process is more likely to result in accurate matches.
• You can select Multiple target assets to display the analysis
assets in the Target asset structures table. For example:

You can select the target assets to use in the matching process.
• If you are copying from a template to an analysis, the list is lim-
ited to assets of the type supported by the template. To remove
this filter, clear the Limit assets to matching asset type
option.
• If you are copying from an analysis to a template, only the Source
structure starts at area is enabled. Skip to step 8.
• If you are copying from one template to another, both source and
target structure areas are disabled. Skip to step 8.
7. If the Asset mapping list is available, you can change the asset map-
ping that will be suggested if APM cannot identify a matching target.
The options are:
• Exclude – the source asset is excluded from the copy, as well as

any failure modes, indicators, and standard tasks and jobs that
refer to it
• Map to primary target asset – the source asset is mapped to
the target asset selected as the starting point for the structure
• New – a copy of the source asset is created when the copy request
is processed

• Same – the source asset is mapped to itself

• To be determined – you can select the mapping option later
8. If available, select the option for failure modes:
• Create new – a copy of the failure mode is created when the copy
• Update existing – the source failure modes’ properties are cop-
9. To set additional mapping options, click More Options. The Options

dialog appears. For information about using this dialog, see “Setting
Mapping Options for a Failure Mode Copy” on page 221. Click Close
when you are finished.
mappings for your review. For example:

ping tabs, right-click it and click Source. For example, the Source
dialog that appears for an asset mapping contains tabs for the

asset’s failure modes, indicators, work order tasks, jobs, and job
tasks, as well as the corrective tasks, jobs, and job tasks for the
indicators. You can also view information about any secondary
action plans included in the failure modes.
effect
• Suggested – the mapping is based on another criteria, for exam-
• Default – for assets, the source and target primary assets are
automatically matched. For employees, maintenance groups, and
trades, the source object is used as the target, provided that it is
valid at the target site.
process. The following example shows that Trigram matching was
used (the suggested match quality is “Partial match”), one partial
match was found (single candidate), and a score of 0.5454546 was
obtained. The candidate matches “Conveyor Belt” with “Conveyor”.
An exact match has a closeness score of 1.0.
12. To view more information about matching process, click Criteria

and SQL. The Asset Mapping Criteria and SQL window appears. For
example:

To see information about mappings for other objects, select their tabs
and click Criteria and SQL.
13. To make adjustments to a mapping, select it in the table, click

Selected, Mark Target As, and one of the options. Here is an exam-
ple of the list for asset mappings:
The options are:

• Map To – select this option to view the candidates and select
another, if you wish. For more information, see “Manually Chang-
ing an Asset Mapping” on page 241.
• Mapped to Primary Asset – the source asset is mapped to the
target asset selected as the starting point for the structure
• New – a copy of the source object is created when the copy request
is processed

• Excluded – the source asset is excluded from the copy, as well as

refer to it
• Same as Source – the source object is mapped to itself
• To Be Determined – you can select the mapping option later
For employees, trades, and maintenance groups, the Mark as options
are New, Same As Source, and To Be Determined.
Tip: You can also double-click a mapping to review the Asset Map-
ping dialog.

14. Click Next. If you are updating existing failure modes, the Review
FM Mappings step appears.

Review the mappings before proceeding. To change a mapping, right-

click it, click Mark As, and click one of the options:
• New – the wizard creates a failure mode instead of updating the
existing one
• Excluded – the failure mode is not copied
• To Be Determined – you can save the copy request and finish
processing it later
example:
Click View to see more details about the items.
The Failure Modes tab shows information about the source failure
modes. If you wish to remove a failure mode from the list, right-click
it and click Remove. Click Back to make adjustments on previous
pages.
17. On the Acknowledgment tab, in the Options area, select the pro-
cessing options:



18. Click Process or Finish if Process later is selected. One or more of

the following occurs:

example:



or the analysis.
Manually Changing an Asset Mapping

You can change an asset mapping manually in the Review Mappings step
of the Copy Failure Modes wizard.

1. Select the mapping in the Asset mappings table, click the Selected
list, then Mark As and Map To.
The Map Asset To window appears.
2. To change the mapping options, select an option in the Mapping

option list. The options are:

refer to it
• Map to – map to a matching asset


is processed
3. If you selected “Map To”, the next step is to select a new target asset.
You can adjust the list of assets in the table using the Show options:
• Matching assets – displays candidates identified during the

original matching process
• Assets in target structure – displays all assets in the target
structure
• All assets – displays all assets on the site
4. Select the new target asset from the table or click Browse next to the
Target box and select a target.
5. If the target asset has descendant assets in the analysis, you can
apply the mapping option to them as well. Select one of the Update
options:
• Current mapping only – the default selection limits the update

to the current mapping
• Descendants only – only descendants of the target asset are
remapped
• Current mapping and descendants – both the current map-
ping and the descendants’ mappings are updated
6. If you select to update descendants, the Descendants to update
options are available:
• Only descendants that are currently “to be determined” –

only descendants that have not been mapped are updated
• All descendants – descendants that have been mapped are also
updated
7. When you are finished, click OK to return to the Review FM Map-
pings step.

Copying Failure Modes to an Analysis or Template

This topic explains how to copy failure modes from an analysis or tem-
plate to a new or existing analysis or template.


modes

The options on the Copy Failure Modes wizard differ slightly depending
on whether you are copying from an analysis or template. The illustra-
tions in the procedure show an analysis-to-analysis copy. Any differences
in functionality for templates are explained where they occur.

To Copy Failure Modes to an Analysis or Template

appropriate tab. If you wish to copy a template’s failure modes, select
the appropriate table configuration.
Tip: You can copy failure modes from an MTA2, RCM2, SIF, or
HAZOP analysis or template into an MTA2 or MTA2 template.
You can also copy action plans from a current practice review into
an MTA2 or MTA2 template.
2. Right-click the analysis or template and click Copy.
Note: You can also open the analysis or template, click the Tools
menu, Failure Modes, and then Copy To. You can also click the
Analysis menu, Create, and then Copy.
The Copy Failure Modes wizard appears showing the Select Source
step. For example:
When the source is a template, the Primary asset box displays the
asset type and Source structure starts at is not available.

Tip: You can also copy individual failure modes or action plans
from the current analysis or template to another one. Right-click
the failure mode or action plan in a table and click Copy To. The
Copy Failure Modes wizard appears, displaying the Identify Tar-
get step.
3. All of the source failure modes are selected by default. Clear any that
you do not wish to copy and click Next. The Identify Target step
appears. This example shows the step when the source is an analysis:
If the source is a template, the Asset option box is set to “Existing

asset”.
4. In the Analysis option list, select an option:
• Existing analysis
• New MTA2
• New MTA2 template
The options on the Identify Target step change depending on the
option you select.

5. Change the target site, if appropriate. If the source analysis is

list.
6. Do one of the following, depending on the analysis option that you

selected:
• New analysis – If the source is an analysis, in the Asset option

list, select “Existing asset” or “New asset”. If you choose to create
an asset, a browse icon appears in the Parent box so that you can
select its parent asset.
If you select “Existing asset,” you can select Multiple target
assets and select one or more target assets in the table.
Alternatively, you can select the starting asset for the target
structure by clearing Multiple target assets. Then click the
browse icon in the Target structure starts at box to select a tar-
get asset.
If the source is a template, you can only copy failure modes to
existing assets. Select Multiple target assets to view the Tar-
get asset structures table, which lists all of the assets on the
site that match the template’s asset type. To view other assets,
clear the Limit assets to matching asset type option. Select
the assets to copy to.
• Existing analysis – A browse icon appears in the Analysis box
so that you can select the target analysis or template. The pri-
mary asset or asset type is displayed, and the asset option is set to
“Existing asset”.
If Multiple target assets is selected, the Target asset struc-
tures table lists the assets on the target analysis. To view other
assets, clear the Show only assets on analysis option. Select
the assets to copy to.
If Multiple target assets is not selected, a browse icon appears
in the Target structure starts at box. Select the starting asset
for the target structure.
If you are copying from a template to an existing analysis, the
Target asset structures table lists the assets on the target anal-
ysis that match the asset type of the template. To view other
assets, clear the Limit assets to matching asset type option.
Select the assets to include in the matching process.
• New template – The Asset type list appears in place of the
Asset option box. Select the asset type from the list.

Tip: In some cases, you might wish to change the source asset
structure, target asset structure, or both. When the starting
assets occupy parallel positions in their respective hierarchies,
the mapping process is more likely to result in accurate matches.
options), click Finish when you have selected the target options.
The wizard performs the matching process and goes to the Con-
firm Selections step. Skip to step 16.
7. If the Asset mapping list is available, you can change the asset map-
ping that will be suggested if APM cannot identify a matching target.
The options are:

refer to it
is processed
8. If available, select the option for failure modes:
• Create new – a copy of the failure mode is created when the copy
• Update existing – the source failure modes’ properties are cop-



effect



example:

13. To make adjustments to a mapping, select it in the Asset mappings

table, click Selected, Mark Target As, and one of the options. Here
is an example of the list for asset mappings:
The options for assets are:

• Map To – select this option to view the candidate and select
ing an Asset Mapping” on page 255.
is processed
• Mark as Excluded – the source asset is excluded from the copy,
as well as any failure modes, indicators, and standard tasks and
jobs that refer to it
• Same as Source – the source object is used as the target
Tip: You can also double-click a mapping to review the Asset Map-
ping dialog.

14. Click Next. If you are updating existing failure modes, the Review
FM Mappings step appears.

Review the mappings before proceeding. To change a mapping, right-

click it, click Mark As, and click one of the options:
• New – the wizard creates a failure mode instead of updating the
existing one
• Excluded – the failure mode is not copied
• To Be Determined – you can save the copy request and finish
processing it later
example:

The Failure Modes tab shows information about the source failure
pages.
cessing options:



18. Click Process or Finish if Process Later is selected. One or more of


example:



or the analysis.




refer to it
is processed


structure
options:

remapped

updated
pings step.

Copying an Asset’s Strategy Development Program

This topic explains how to copy an asset’s strategy development program,
which allows you to select MTA2, RCM2, RBI, SIF, and HAZOP failure
modes and current practice review action plans in a single copy request.
You can only copy the objects to new analyses of the same variety, not to
existing ones. For example, RCM2 failure modes are copied to new RCM2
analyses and current practice review action plans are copied to new
reviews.
Using the Copy Failure Modes wizard to copy strategy development pro-
grams can involve as many as five steps:
1. Select the failure modes to copy

To Copy an Asset’s Strategy Development Program

1. From the site window, select the Assets view.
2. Right-click an asset in any of the tabs, click Copy, and then Strat-
egy Development Program.
Note: You can also open the asset, click the Tools menu, and then
Copy Strategy Development Program.
The Copy Failure Modes wizard appears, showing the Select Source
step. For example:

All of the asset’s failure modes are displayed in the table and selected
by default. Because only action plans are defined in current practice
reviews, their Failure Mode and Failure Effect cells are blank.
3. Clear any failure modes or action plans that you do not wish to copy
and click Next. The Identify Target step appears. For example:

4. Change the target site, if appropriate.
5. In the Asset option list, select “Existing asset” or “New asset”. If you
choose to create an asset, a browse icon appears in the Parent box so
that you can select its parent asset.
6. If you are copying to existing assets, select the target asset in either
of these ways:
• Click the browse icon to select the starting asset for the target
structure.
In some cases, you might wish to change the source asset struc-
ture. When the starting assets occupy parallel positions in their
respective hierarchies, the mapping process is more likely to
result in accurate matches.
• Select Multiple target assets if you wish to copy to two or more
assets and select them in the table.
7. You can change the Asset mapping option that determines what will
be suggested if APM cannot identify a matching target. The options
are:


refer to it
is processed

options), click Finish when you have selected the target. The wiz-
ard performs the matching process and skips to the Confirm
Selections step. Skip to step 13.


effect



example:

12. To make adjustments to a mapping, select it in the table, click

Selected, Mark Target As, and one of the options. Here is an exam-
ple of the list for asset mappings:
The options for assets are:

• Map To – select this option to view the candidates and select
ing an Asset Mapping” on page 267
is processed
• Mark as Excluded – the source asset is excluded from the copy,
as well as any failure modes, indicators, and standard tasks and
jobs that refer to it
• Same as Source – the source object is used as the target

example:

14. Review the items that will be created or updated. If an incorrect copy
15. The Failure Modes tab shows information about the source failure
pages.
cessing options:



17. Click Process or Finish if Process later is selected. One of the fol-
lowing occurs:

example:



or the analysis.




refer to it
is processed


structure
options:

remapped

updated
pings step.

Revisiting Failure Mode Copy Requests

You can revisit a failure mode copy request after the Copy Failure Modes
wizard has been closed. The Copy Requests tab is available for the site
and individual analyses. The actions you can perform on a copy request
include:
• Open the request to view information about the source and target,
mappings, and results
• Resume defining and processing pending copy requests
• Keep track of your review process by marking processed requests as
“to be reviewed” and “reviewed”
To View and Open Copy Requests

• On the Site window, select the Strategy Development view and

tab, and then the Copy Requests tab. This tab displays all of the
copy requests for the site. The following configurations are avail-
able: failure mode copy requests, processing to be reviewed, not
processed, and processed.
• Open the analysis. On the History view, select the Copy
Requests tab. This tab displays the copy requests that reference
the analysis as either a source or target.
The Copy Requests tab lists each request’s status, description,
source and target, and more. Here is an example for the site:

The status of the copy request can be one of:

• Being defined – the copy request has not yet been fully defined
• Ready to process – the copy request was saved and closed after
the matches were reviewed
• Process pending – processing was deferred to be completed
later, either manually or by the “Process Failure Mode Copies”
scheduled action
• Processing started – processing was canceled after it started
• Processed – the copy process finished without error
2. Double-click a request to open the Copy Action Plans with Smart
Mapping window. For example:

Detailed information is available in the three views and many tabs.
To Resume Defining and Processing a Copy Request

If a copy request has not yet been processed, you can resume defining it.
You can complete the steps of the wizard and complete the copy.
1. In the site’s Copy Requests tab, select Not Processed from the list
of configurations. Only copy requests that have not been completed
are displayed.
2. Right-click the request and click Resume Definition. The Copy Fail-
ure Modes wizard opens, showing the step where the definition pro-
cess stopped.
3. Complete the steps in the wizard, as explained in “Browsing for Fail-

ure Modes to Add to an MTA2 or Template” on page 231 or “Copying
an Asset’s Strategy Development Program” on page 258.
To Mark Processed Requests as Reviewed

You can keep track of your review process by marking processed requests
as “to be reviewed” and “reviewed”. Only requests with the status “Pro-
cessed” can be flagged in this way.
1. In the Copy Requests tab, select Processed from the list of configu-
rations. The list of copy requests changes accordingly.
2. Right-click a request and click either Mark As Processing to be

Reviewed or Mark As Processing Reviewed.

In the Copy Requests tab, you can scroll to the right to see the Process-
ing Review Status column. You can also select “Processing to be
reviewed” in the list of configurations.


Chapter 4 Working with Maintenance Task
Analyses
This chapter explains how to change and monitor the statuses of analy-
ses, modify analyses, and access analysis information.
Contents
Changing the Status of Failure Modes and Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Sending an Analysis for Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Working with Action Plan Task Statuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Viewing Information About an Analysis or Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Reviewing Analysis Assets’ Reliability Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Printing MTA2 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Linking Action Plans to Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Working With a Project’s Links to Action Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Changing the Primary Asset on an Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Updating the Asset Hierarchy Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Viewing Failure Modes and Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Viewing Failure Modes for Standard Tasks and Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Editing an Asset’s Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Chapter 4 • Working with Maintenance Task Analyses
Changing the Status of Failure Modes and Analyses

You can keep track of the strategy development process by monitoring
the status of analyses and failure modes. For example, the site’s Strat-
egy Development view and tab, MTA2 tab displays the statuses of the
analyses in the Analysis status column:
To view the statuses of failure modes, open the analysis, select the Facil-
itation view and then the By Asset or By Hierarchy tab. The Action
plan status column displays each failure mode’s status. For example:

The following table shows your activities and the resulting status of the
analysis and its failure modes. The analysis statuses are also used for
templates.
Activity Analysis Status Failure Mode Status

Create analysis New analysis
(before adding failure
modes)
Create the first fail- Analysis in progress Facilitation incom-
ure mode plete
Review a failure Analysis in progress Facilitation com-
mode and mark it as pleted
Facilitation Com-
pleted
Review of a failure Analysis in progress Implementation not
mode’s consequence required
priority reveals that
it does not warrant
implementation.
Mark the failure
mode as Implementa-
tion Not Required.
Analyze a failure Analysis in progress Implementation com-
mode that has been pleted
marked Facilitation
completed and recom-
mend an action plan.
Mark the failure
mode as Implementa-
tion Completed
Mark the last failure Analysis completed Implementation com-
mode as Implementa- pleted or Implemen-
tion Completed or tation not required
Implementation Not
Required
Mark the analysis as Closed Implementation com-
Closed pleted or Implemen-
tation not required
When working with action plans, keep the following in mind:

• A failure mode cannot be marked Implementation Completed or

Implementation Not Required unless it has been marked Facilitation
Completed and has a recommended strategy.
• Although a failure mode with the status Implementation Completed
or Implementation Not Required cannot be edited, its status can be
changed back to Facilitation Incomplete.
When working with the status of analyses, keep the following in mind:
• The status of an analysis or template indicates whether or not all of

its failure modes have been marked either Implementation Com-
pleted or Implementation Not Required. At that point, the analysis’
status changes automatically to Analysis Completed.
• An analysis or template must have the status Analysis Completed
before you can mark it Closed.
• If an analysis asset does not need to have failure modes and action
plans created for it, you can exclude the asset from the analysis so
that the analysis can be closed. For example, the primary asset might
not require analysis, although its descendants do. For more informa-
tion, see “Excluding Assets from an Analysis” on page 95.
• Once closed, the analysis or template cannot be edited. However, you
can reopen a closed object.
This topic explains how to change the status of a failure mode. It also
explains how to change the status of a completed analysis to Closed or a
closed analysis to Analysis Completed.
To Change the Status of a Failure Mode

MTA2 tab.
2. Open the analysis containing the failure mode. Select the Facilita-
tion view and the Info Worksheet, By Asset, or By Hierarchy tab.
• To complete a failure mode, right-click it, click Mark As, and then
Facilitation Completed, Implementation Completed, or
Implementation Not Required.
• To reopen a completed failure mode, right-click it, click Mark As,
and then Facilitation Incomplete.
To Change the Status of an Analysis or Template

You can change the status of analyses that have the status Analysis
Completed or Closed.

MTA2 tab.
Tip: You can also view the list of analyses from an asset’s Strat-
egy Development view and tab, Analyses tab.
• To close an analysis, right-click it and click Mark as Closed. The

system updates the analysis’ status to Closed.
• To open a closed analysis, right-click it and click Reopen. The
system updates the analysis’ status to Analysis Completed.

Chapter 3 • Performing Root Cause Analysis
Sending an Analysis for Approval

This topic explains how to send an analysis to be approved.
Tip: For general information about the approval process, see “Doc-
ument Approvals” in Help. For instructions on approving
requests, see “Approving a Document” in Help.
If your organization uses the APM formal approval process, it is typically
employed to vet the analysis when implementation has been completed
for all failure modes. An analysis can be sent for approval when:
• The site’s approval settings specify that strategy development analy-

ses must be approved and there is an approval route that includes
them
• The analysis type requires approvals
Note: You cannot enable the approval process in the properties of

individual analyses. An analysis type that requires the approval
process must be assigned to the analysis.
• The analysis has the status “Analysis Completed” or “Closed”

• The analysis’ study status allows it to be sent for approval
Tip: To view information about the analysis’ approval requests,

select the History view and the Approvals tab. Information
about the current and historical requests is displayed.
To Send an Analysis for Approval

1. Open the analysis that you want to send for approval. Click the Anal-
ysis menu and then Send for Approval.
Tip: You can also right-click the analysis in a table and click Send
for Approval.
The Route Selector dialog appears. For example:
280 Safety Management Guide

Chapter 3 • Performing Root Cause Analysis
2. Select the Approval Route from the list. Only approval routes that
are valid for strategy development analyses and the analysis type are
listed.
3. Select whether or not the approval request’s originator will be noti-

fied by email when the approval route is completed. Depending on the
site’s settings, the originator might be either the originator of the doc-
ument being sent for approval or the employee who is sending the
approval request. The name of the person considered to be the origi-
nator is shown in this section.
To have APM automatically send an email to the originator when all

approvers have reviewed the request, select Yes, send an email
when the approval process is complete.
4. Click Send for Approval. The approval request is sent to the first
approver on the approval route and the approval status is updated
(shown in the window banner). If a study status is linked to the event,
the status is updated.
Safety Management Guide 281

Working with Action Plan Task Statuses

You can define action plan task statuses for use with failure modes and
action plans in addition to the statuses provided by APM (Facilitation
Incomplete, Facilitation Completed, Implementation Completed, and
Implementation Not Required). Facilitators and implementers can then
use the additional statuses to co-ordinate their efforts, for example,
marking an action plan for follow-up or review. The status can be set
manually on the Maintenance Action Plan window, Details tab.
You can set up the statuses required by your organization in failure mode
settings at the site level.
For information about creating action plan task statuses, see “Setting up
Action Plan Task Statuses” in Help.
• To Assign a Task Status to an Action Plan

• Viewing Action Plans’ Task Statuses for the Site
To Assign a Task Status to an Action Plan

1. Open the Maintenance Action Plan window. For example:
• From the site’s Strategy Development view, select the Action

Plans tab. Locate and double-click the action plan to open the
Maintenance Action Plan window.
• On the Strategy Development Analysis window, select the Facili-
tation view and then the By Asset or By Hierarchy tab. Locate
and double-click the failure mode to open the Maintenance Action
Plan window.
2. Select the Details tabs.
Tip: To assign a task status to a secondary action plan, select the

Implementation view in the Maintenance Action Plan window.
Select the Secondary Action Plans tab. Double-click the action
plan to open its Maintenance Action Plan window. Select the
Details tab.
4. In the Action Plan Status list, select a status. Here is an example

for an MTA2 failure mode:

5. Save the failure mode.
Viewing Action Plans’ Task Statuses for the Site

To view action plans with the statuses that you have set up and assigned,
select the site’s Strategy Development view, Action Plans tab. Select
an asset in the tree to list its action plans in the table. The Action Plan
Task Status column displays the statuses assigned to all of the asset’s
primary and secondary action plans. For example:

Viewing Information About an Analysis or Template

There are several ways to view detailed information about a strategy
development analysis or template in the Strategy Development Analysis
window:
• To take a comprehensive look at the analysis, select the MTA2

Explorer view. Select the Hierarchy tab to view assets and their
failure modes. The Analysis tab displays a tree of the items associ-
ated with the analysis, such as assets, feasibility assessments, action
plans, indicators, and team members. The table to the right shows
information about the item selected in the tree. For example, select
an asset to see a list of its failure modes:
Tip: Select the form view to view detailed information about

individual failure modes.
• To view detailed information about an analysis’ failure modes, recom-
mended tasks, action types, corrective tasks, and indicators, select
the Implementation view, Action Plans tab.
• To review how the analysis is implemented, select the Implementa-
tion view and the Implementation Audit tab. This tab provides
table configurations that help you determine if implementation is
complete. You can view lists of inspection tasks with no indicators,
scheduled restoration and discards without corrective tasks, modifi-
cations without projects, and so on.

• To view counts of action plans, indicators, and corrective tasks, select

the Analysis Summary view. This view also lists the symptoms
assigned to failure modes on the Fault Guide tab.
• To view tables of action plans according to action type, select the
Action Plans view and then choose the action type from the list of
configurations. This view also shows a chart comparing the plans by
action type and detailed information about the template on which the
analysis is based.
Tip: To view charts of action plans by task type and status, make
sure that your employee record includes the Site sidebar setting
“APM standard sidebars”.
• To view a history of the changes made to the analysis, select the His-
tory view. The History view displays the Analysis Audit Info,
Asset Audit Info, Status, and Copy Requests tabs.
• To view the failure modes created from a template’s failure mode,
open the Maintenance Action Plan window for the template’s failure
mode and click the Usage view. This view lists the failure modes cre-
ated from the template.
This topic explains the information displayed on the Analysis Sum-
mary view and the History view.
To View an Analysis Summary

MTA2 tab.
Tip: You can also open an analysis from the asset’s Strategy
Development view and tab. Select the Strategy Development
tab.
2. Double-click the analysis or template that you wish to view. The
Strategy Development Analysis window appears.
3. Select the Analysis Summary view.
The Action Plans by Task Type and Action Plans by Status charts
shown in the following example are set up as sidebar dashboards and
assigned to employees. For more information, see “Dashboards” in
Help.

This view displays:
• The Indicators tab shows counts of the action plans for each indica-
tor. Click to expand an indicator’s list of action plans.
• The Corrective Tasks tab shows counts of the standard tasks and
jobs. You can also select configurations that show counts of action
plans by task and by job. Click to see the list of tasks or jobs.
Tip: If APM has been configured for read-only access to an exter-

nal CMMS (SAP Plant Maintenance), any references to corrective
tasks in that system are also displayed in the count of tasks.
• The Inspection Tasks tab shows a list of the inspection standard

tasks assigned to action plans.
• If you record symptoms on failure modes, select the Fault Guide tab
to view the symptoms identified in the analysis.
To View Analysis History

In the Strategy Development Analysis window, select the History view.
For example:

This view displays:
• On the Analysis Audit Info tab, the By Event and By Data Ele-
ment tabs list the actions performed on the analysis, the date when
each action was performed, and the APM user who performed it.
Whether you view the actions according to event or data element, you
can see the new and old values for each data element in the Audit
details table.
• On the Analysis Audit Info tab in the example, the By Event tab
displays an icon for the audit report created when the analysis was
marked “Closed”. Double-click a report icon to open the document.
Tip: The type of report and its format (for example, PDF or plain
text) are defined in the analysis type assigned to the analysis. For
information about enabling this feature, see “Setting up Analysis
Types” in Help.
• The General tab displays the date and time when the analysis was
created and last updated, as well as the APM users who performed
the actions.
• The Asset Audit Info tab displays actions performed on the asset by
event and by data element.
• The Status tab displays the dates on which milestones were com-
pleted on the analysis, as well as its current status.
• The Copy Requests tab lists occasions when the current analysis
was copied, including the status of the copy, the target analysis, and
the APM user who performed the action.

• The Activity Reports tab lists the asset activity reports for this
analysis, and the asset activity reports in which the analysis is
included.

Reviewing Analysis Assets’ Reliability Programs

The analysis team can review reliability programs for the analysis
assets. Review features include:
• APM provides summaries of assets’ strategy development, reliability

programs, and work management.
• You can create requests for Reliability Program Reviews for assets,
standard tasks, standard jobs, job tasks, and indicators. In the
Request dialog, specify an action like create, modify, or delete an item
and optionally add a work planning document (work request or work
order).
• You can view Reliability Program Review requests at the site or
object level. Process an existing request by attaching a work docu-
ment to monitor the requested action. You can also cancel requests or
mark them “Completed”.
Tip: Reliability Program Reviews are useful, for example, when

you are using CMMS integration because they allow you to track
changes that need to be carried out in the CMMS system, outside
of APM.
• In strategy development analyses you can do the following:
• In the Strategy Development Analysis window, select the System
Information view and the System tab to view the primary
asset’s reliability program. Select the Assets tab to view informa-
tion for other analysis assets.
• Add a secondary action plan with the recommended task “Review
existing maintenance”. Add your work document on the Follow
Up tab. For more information, see “Creating Secondary Action
Plans” on page 184.
• When you add a corrective task or job to an action plan, indicate
that a reliability program update is required, specifying whether
the update is to create, modify, or delete an object. When the
action plan is marked “Facilitation Completed” or “Implementa-
tion Completed”, the request is created automatically. For more
information, see “Adding Indicators, Tasks, and Work to Action
Plans” on page 192.
• When you add an indicator to an action plan, you can right-click it
in the table and click Review Request Details. In the Request
dialog that appears, specify the reliability program update
required. When the action plan is marked “Facilitation Com-
pleted” or “Implementation Completed”, the request is created
automatically.

• To View Summaries for the Site

• To Request a Reliability Program Review
• To Work with Requests for Reliability Program Reviews
To View Summaries for the Site

1. In the Site window, select the Assets view and the Summaries tab.
For example:
The Strategy Development Summary tab lists the assets, counts

of their failure modes, and counts of their MTA2, RCM2, RBI,
HAZOP, SIF, CPR, RCA, and RSS analyses.
2. Select the Reliability Program Summary tab. This tab lists the
assets and counts of their standard tasks, standard jobs, job tasks,
indicators, and standard documents.
3. Select the Work Management Summary tab. As well as assets, this

tab lists counts of all work order tasks that have not been canceled or
rejected and have been requested in the past five years. It lists counts
of tasks according to their purposes, for example, inspection tasks
and corrective maintenance. From the configuration list, you can
select “Corrective work orders and failure mode counts”.
Tip: To view similar summaries for an individual asset, open the

Asset window, select the Hierarchies view and then the Summa-
ries tab for the first hierarchy (for example, Physical Hierarchy
Summaries).

To Request a Reliability Program Review

1. Right-click the asset, standard task, standard job, job task, or indica-
tor in a table, click Reliability Program Review, and then New
Request. The Reliability Program Review Request dialog appears.
For example:
The identification area at the top of the dialog shows the ID number
and name of the item you selected, as well as the site. If the request is
for a task, job, job task, or indicator, its asset is also identified.
2. Select the type of action requested: New, Modification, or Dele-
tion.
3. In the Request box, provide a brief description of the request for

identification purposes.
4. On the Description tab, enter detailed instructions for the request.
5. You can add a planning document at this time or when the request is
processed. To add a work request or work order to track the request’s
action:
• Select the Planning Document tab and click Create work doc-
ument. For example:

• Select the appropriate options to add a work request or work

order. If you select Work order, you can create a work order and
task, or you can link the request to an existing work order and
task.
• If you are creating a work document, provide a title, select a work
type, completion date, and maintenance group.
• If work documents need to be approved at this site, select the
appropriate approval route.

Tip: If you added a new work document to a request, open the

request and select the Planning Document tab to view the docu-
ment number. You can double-click the document’s icon to open
its window.
6. Select the Notes tab to record additional details.
7. Click OK to create the request and close the dialog.
To Work with Requests for Reliability Program Reviews

1. On the Site or Asset window, select the Reliability Program view,
Review tab, and Requests tab. This tab lists requests made for
assets, standard tasks, standard jobs, job tasks, and indicators. Here
is an example from the Site window:
Tip: To view requests according to type of object, select the

Assets, Tasks, Jobs, Job Tasks, and Indicators tabs.
Tip: To view requests in a Standard Task, Standard Job, or Indi-

cator window, select the History view and then the Review
Requests tab.
Reliability program requests can have the following statuses:
• Pending – The request does not have a work document.
• Submitted – A work request or work order has been added to the
request.
• Completed – The request has been marked “Completed”.
• Canceled – The request has been marked “Canceled”.
2. To process a request, select it in the table, click the Selected list, and
then Process Request. The Create Work Document dialog appears.
For example:

• Click Create work document.

• Select the option to add a work request or work order. If you select
Work order, you can create a work order and task or link the
request to an existing work order and task.
• If you are creating a work document, provide a title, select a work
type, completion date, and maintenance group.
• If work documents need to be approved at this site, select the
appropriate approval route.
• Click OK to create the document, update the request, and close
the dialog. On the Requests tab, the request’s status changes to
“Submitted”. If you created a work document, you can open the
Request dialog to view its number on the Planning Document
tab.
3. To close a request, select it in the table, click the Selected list and
then Mark as Completed. The request’s status changes to “Com-
pleted”.

4. To cancel a request, select it in the table, click the Selected list and
then Cancel Request. The request’s status changes to “Canceled”.

Printing MTA2 Reports
Several types of analysis reports are provided with APM, which you can
print from the Strategy Development Analysis window or from the site’s
Strategy Development view.
You can also create custom reports or modify existing reports. For more
information, see “Reports” in Help.
Audit Reports
If audit reports are supported for an analysis type, when an analysis of
that type is marked “Closed”, an audit report can be created and added to
the analysis’s History view, Analysis Audit Info tab, By Event tab.
For example:
You can double-click the report icon to open the file.
The type of report and its format (for example, PDF or plain text) are
defined in the analysis type assigned to the analysis. For information
about enabling this feature, see “Setting up Analysis Types” in Help.
Analysis Reports
You can print general reports that are available for all types of strategy
development analysis:
• Asset List: lists the analysis assets by number, their material types,
priority, degradation allowances, in service dates, and names.
• Criticality Analysis: lists the failure modes and the scores from
their probability, confidence, and consequences evaluations.

• Failure Mode Details: lists information about the analysis, includ-

ing status information, team members, and analysis comments. Then
it lists details of each failure mode in the analysis, including refer-
ence number, failure effects, criticality evaluation, maintenance fea-
sibility assessment, recommended strategy and details. Each failure
mode’s indicators and corrective tasks are also listed.
• Failure Modes: lists the analysis team, analysis comments, operat-
ing context, failure modes, failure effects, and asset information.
• Fault Diagnosis Guide: lists the symptoms identified on all failure
modes in the analysis.
Tip: You can also print the Fault Diagnosis Guide for the site or
an asset. On the site window, click the Site menu, Print, Failure
modes, and then Fault Diagnosis Guide. The site report lists
all of the site’s symptoms, the failure modes that reference them,
and their primary assets. On the asset window, click the Asset
menu, Print, and Fault Diagnosis Guide. The asset report lists
all of the symptoms identified on the asset’s failure modes.
• Maintenance Feasibility: lists the analysis information followed by
the failure modes and their proposed tasks, probability and conse-
quence analysis results, MEI support, and the results of the feasibil-
ity assessment. This includes the ETBF, ETBC, avoidance savings,
and original and residual criticality.
• Modifications: lists action plans that recommend redesign as the
desired or compulsory action. The proposed modification is listed, as
well as the trade and modification type.
• Notes and Comments: lists analysis assets, failure modes, and
notes, as well as analysis comments.
• Risk Analysis: lists the analysis number and title, primary asset,
and team facilitator. Failure modes are listed by asset, along with the
results of their probability and consequence severity evaluations. For
each failure mode, the consequence priority and criticality score are
displayed.
• Work Package: lists failure modes according to the trade assigned to
them. The frequency and operating condition are listed, as well as the
asset number, recommended action description, and task duration.
The report does not include action plans that recommend “No sched-
uled maintenance” and have no action type, that are analyzed sepa-
rately, or that have not been analyzed.
You can print a report or save it to a file. When sending a report to a

printer, you can include some or all of the files attached to the analysis
and its failure modes.

This topic describes how to print analysis reports. For information about
saving a report to a file, see “Printing Documents” in Help.
To Print Analysis Reports

1. Open the analysis from the site’s or asset’s Strategy Development
view and tab.
Tip: You can also print the report by right-clicking the analysis in
any list, clicking Print, General, and then the report type.
2. In the Strategy Development Analysis window, click the Analysis
menu, Print, General, and then the report you’d like to print.
Tip: You can also print a failure mode’s details report. Open the
Maintenance Action Plan window, click the Failure mode menu,
Print, and then Failure Mode Details.
The Print Report dialog appears. For example:

3. In the Print to box, select “Default Printer”.
4. To print attachments, do one of the following:
• Click All to print files attached to the analysis and its failure
modes.
• Click Selected from list to choose the attachments to print.
When you click Print or Print with Options, the Attachments
to Print dialog appears, listing the file names, the objects they are
attached to, and their attachment types.
Note: You cannot preview a print job that includes attachments.
5. If you are printing the Work Package, select the filter criteria to
include.
6. If you are not printing attachments, you can click Preview to see
what the report will look like before printing it.
Tip: In the Preview dialog, click the File menu to print the report,
export it to a file, or send it by email in one of several formats.
7. In the Print Report dialog, do one of the following:

• Click Print. If you are printing selected attachments, the Attach-

ments to Print dialog appears. Select the attachments and click
OK.
• Click Print with Options to change printer options.
If you are printing selected attachments, the Attachments to Print
dialog appears. Select the attachments and click OK.
The Print dialog appears, where you can change the printer, select
printer properties, and specify the number of copies to print. If
you are not printing attachments, you can specify a page range.
When you are finished, click OK.
The report and any selected attachments are sent to the printer and a
progress dialog appears.

Linking Action Plans to Projects

Any action plan that recommends modification or redesign of the asset
can be associated with a project to plan and track the modifications. The
action plan must have the status Facilitation Completed before it can be
assigned to a project. You can create a project for an action plan or link
an existing project to it. Each action plan can be linked to more than one
project. Similarly, a single project can have more than one action plan
linked to it.
To view the projects linked to an analysis’ action plans, select the Imple-
mentation view, Projects tab. When viewing a Project window, you can
see a list of the action plans that are linked to it in the Properties view,
Action Plans tab.
This section explains how to link action plans to new and existing proj-
ects.
To Link an Action Plan to a Project

1. Open the analysis and select the Implementation view, Action
Plans tab. This tab lists the action plans and shows their statuses
and whether they are primary or secondary.
2. Right-click the failure mode in the table, click Link to Project, and
then Modifications. The Request Project for Failure Mode Modifica-
tion dialog appears.
Note: An action plan must recommend the Modification/redesign

action and have the status Facilitation Completed, before the
Link to a Project option is available.
3. To link the action plan to a new project, do the following:
• Click Create a new project.

• Select a project type from the list.

• Click OK. A new project is created and the Project window

appears. The action plan is referenced on the Properties view,
Action Plans tab.
• Define the properties of the project, as required, and close the
window.
4. To link the action plan to an existing project, do the following:
• Click Link to an existing project.

• In the Project box, click the browse icon ( ) to open the Project
Selector dialog. Select the project and click OK. The project name,
description, and status are added to the Request Project dialog.
• Click OK. The Project window appears. The action plan is refer-
enced on the project’s list of linked action plans. When you are fin-
ished, close the Project window.
You can link the action plan to as many projects as required.
The project appears in the Implementation view, Projects tab.

Working With a Project’s Links to Action Plans

When viewing a project, you can review the action plans linked to it, link
action plans to it, and remove links to action plans. Only action plans
that were developed during strategy development analysis, that recom-
mend modification or redesign of the asset, and that have the status
Facilitation Completed can be linked to a project.
This topic explains how to add and remove links between a project and
action plan.
To Work With a Project’s Links to Action Plans

1. From the site’s Strategy Development view, select the Projects
tab and open the project.
3. On the Properties view, select the Action Plans tab. This tab lists
the action plans that have been linked to the project.
4. To link an action plan to the project:
• Click Browse. The Failure Mode Selector dialog appears, listing

failure modes that recommend modification/redesign and have the
status Facilitation Completed.
• Select one or more failure modes and click OK. The action plans
are added to the Action Plans tab.

5. To remove a link to an action plan, right-click the action plan and

click Remove. In the confirmation dialog that appears, click Yes.
The link is removed from the project and the action plan.

Changing the Primary Asset on an Analysis

In a new analysis, the Properties view, Assets tab displays the primary
asset and, if specified when the analysis was created, the primary asset’s
descendants. You might find it necessary to change the primary asset in
the analysis.
The original asset remains in the analysis. It is displayed under the new
primary asset in the analysis asset hierarchy. If the analysis options
specify that descendants be included, the new primary asset’s child
assets are added to the analysis.
To Change the Primary Asset on an Analysis

1. Open the analysis and select the Properties view, Analysis
Options tab.
3. In the New asset options area, specify whether or not descendant

assets are included. If they are, select the hierarchy. For example:
4. Select the Assets tab.
5. In the Primary asset or system area, click Change. The Change

Primary Asset dialog appears. The Analysis area displays informa-
tion about the analysis and current primary asset.

6. In the Asset box, click the browse icon to open the Asset Selector dia-
log. Select the new primary asset and click OK. The asset is displayed
as the new primary asset.
7. Select the Hierarchy tab. The original primary asset is moved under
the new primary asset in the analysis hierarchy. Any of the original
primary asset’s descendants that are not also descendants of the new
primary asset are also moved.

Updating the Asset Hierarchy Snapshot

When you create an analysis that includes the primary asset’s descen-
dants, a “snapshot” is taken of the asset’s physical hierarchy. This analy-
sis hierarchy remains static. That is, any changes made to the site’s
physical hierarchy are not automatically made to the analysis hierarchy.
However, when you add assets to an analysis, you can have APM refresh
the analysis hierarchy with any changes that have occurred to the physi-
cal hierarchy.
Also, at any time, you can refresh the analysis hierarchy with new infor-
mation about the physical hierarchy. For example, if a descendant was
added to the primary asset in the physical hierarchy, updating the analy-
sis hierarchy adds the descendant to the analysis. If the position of an
asset changes in the physical hierarchy, the change is reflected in the
analysis.
Note: If you deleted assets from your analysis, updating the snap-
shot might add them back into the analysis. For example, if you
based the analysis on a primary asset and its descendants and
then deleted one of the descendants, the update adds it back into
the snapshot. However, assets that were excluded from the analy-
sis are not re-included when the analysis hierarchy is updated.
To Update the Asset Hierarchy Snapshot

1. From either the site’s or asset’s Strategy Development view, open
the analysis.
3. Select the Facilitation view and the By Hierarchy tab.
4. Click Refresh at the bottom of the asset hierarchy tree.
5. In the confirmation dialog that appears, click Yes. The assets’ hierar-
chy is updated with the latest information from the physical hierar-
chy.

Viewing Failure Modes and Action Plans

APM provides several ways to view failure modes, action plans, and
information about how they are used in analyses.
To view... Select...
All of a site’s failure 1. Strategy Development view and tab
modes and action plans on the Site window
2. Either:
• Failure Modes tab or

• Action Plans tab
Select an asset to view its failure modes or
action plans. You can also view failure
modes for assets above and below the cur-
rent site.
Failure records linked 1. Strategy Development view and tab
to failure modes on the Site window
2. Failure Modes tab
Select an asset and double-click a failure

mode to open the Failure Mode dialog. The
Failures view displays failures that have
been linked to the analysis.
All of an asset’s failure 1. Strategy Development view and tab
modes, as well as sum- on the Asset window
mary charts
2. Failure Modes tab
Charts summarize the number of MTA2,

RCM2, CPR, RBI, and SIF analyses, the
number of action plans according to status,
and the number of action plans according to
strategy.

To view... Select...
An asset’s functions, 1. Strategy Development view and tab
functional failures, and on the Asset window
related failure modes
2. Functions tab
This tab shows the primary function, as well

as a complete list of the asset’s functions.
Select the Functional Failures tab to see a

list of the functions and functional failures.
Double-click a row in either tab to see the

failure modes associated with it.
An asset’s indicators 1. Strategy Development view on the
and failure modes Asset window
2. Indicators and Failure Modes tab
Select the asset and an indicator to view the

failure modes associated with the indicator.

Viewing Failure Modes for Standard Tasks and Jobs

You can view information about where a standard task or job is refer-
enced on failure modes as a corrective action or through an indicator
assigned to the failure mode. You can also view tables listing standard
tasks and jobs and how they are used.
• To View a Standard Task’s Failure Modes

• To View a Standard Job’s Failure Modes
• To View How Standard Tasks and Jobs are Used
To View a Standard Task’s Failure Modes

1. On the site’s Reliability Program view, select the Program tab
and then the Tasks tab.
2. Open the standard task and select the Source view.

The Failure Modes tab displays the failure modes on which the
standard task is referenced as a corrective action. The second table
lists the failure modes that include indicators that reference the stan-
dard task. The third table lists the failure modes that reference the
standard task and indicators.
To View a Standard Job’s Failure Modes

1. On the site’s Reliability Program view, select the Program tab
and then the Jobs tab.
2. Open the standard job and select the Source view.
The Job Tasks tab displays information about the standard job and
its tasks. The Job tab displays the failure modes where the job is
assigned as a corrective task or candidate.
To View How Standard Tasks and Jobs are Used

1. On the Site or Asset window, select the Reliability Program view,
the Program tab, and the Tasks or Jobs tab.
2. In the list of configurations, select “Standard task usage” or “Stan-

dard job usage”.

For each standard task, the table lists:

• Task number and title
• Asset number and name
• Number of indicators and action plans that include the task as a
corrective task
• Number of action plans that include the task as an inspection task
• Number of checksheets, work order tasks, and standard jobs
• Work type
For each standard job, the table lists:
• Job number and title
• Work type
• Asset number, name, and hierarchy location
• Number of indicators that include the job as a corrective job
• Number of action plans, checksheets, and work orders

Editing an Asset’s Failure Modes

A failure mode is an event that causes an asset to fail to perform its func-
tion. For example, if a pump’s impeller becomes sufficiently worn, the
pump cannot convey liquid at the required rate. Failure modes are
described during strategy development analysis, along with the action
plans that prevent or mitigate failures.
After failure modes have been created, you can view and modify them
from the site’s and the asset’s Strategy Development views. You can
change the failure mode definition, failure effect, failure type, failure
classification, and description.
To Edit a Failure Mode

1. Open the Failure Mode window in one of these ways:
• Select the site’s Strategy Development view. Select the Strat-

egy Development tab and the Failure Modes tab. Select the
asset in the tree and then double-click the failure mode that you
wish to edit.
• Select the site’s Assets view. Open the asset and select the Strat-
egy Development view and tab. On the Failure Modes tab,
double-click the failure mode that you wish to edit.
The Failure Mode window appears. For example:

The Analysis view lists the analyses that include the failure mode.
The Failures view displays information about any failures tracked
against the failure mode.
3. Change the following information on the General tab, as required:
• You can edit the failure mode description. A failure mode is an

event that causes an asset to fail to perform its function. For
example, if a pump’s impeller becomes worn (failure mode), the
pump cannot convey liquid at the required rate.
• You can edit the failure effect description. A failure effect is the
consequence of a failure mode. For example, when a pump’s
impeller becomes worn (failure mode), the flow through the pump
declines until it no longer delivers liquid at the required rate.
4. On the Details tab, you can select the failure type and classification
that allow failures to be grouped and categorized for reporting pur-
poses.

5. Select the Description tab to change the long description for the fail-
ure mode.


Chapter 5 MTA2 Templates

tings that can be used as the basis for an analysis. This chapter explains
how to create MTA2 templates, create nodes to organize templates in
hierarchies, and view those hierarchies.
Contents
Creating an MTA2 Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Setting up a Template Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Viewing Template Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Moving an Analysis Template to a Different Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Chapter 5 • MTA2 Templates
Creating an MTA2 Template

tings that can be used as the basis for an analysis. An MTA2 template
identifies failure modes for a type of asset, rather than for a specific
asset. Similarly, it refers to indicator templates, task templates, and job
templates, not to specific asset indicators, standard tasks, and standard
jobs. It includes a maintenance strategy for each of its failure modes. An
MTA2 template can be used in the creation of new analyses and to copy
action plans to existing analyses.
You can create a template from scratch or based on an existing analysis.

Because the template is based on an asset type rather than a specific
asset, there are some key differences between a template and an analy-
sis:
• The asset type, rather than a specific asset, is displayed on the Strat-
egy Development analysis window.
• The Assets tab is not available in the Properties view.
• No information is displayed in the Asset boxes and columns in the
analysis.
• You can create or browse for an indicator template, task template, or
job template to add to an action plan. When an analysis is created
from the template or when the action plan is copied into another anal-
ysis, the system checks the asset for an existing indicator, standard
task, or standard job based on the template. If it does not find one, a
new indicator, task, or job is created using the template.
Note: If your APM environment includes multiple sites, MTA2

templates and failure modes can be used at sites with different
site currencies. Any cost monetary amounts defined in failure
modes are converted to the asset’s site currency. If an exchange
rate is not available, the amount is converted at par (for example,
one U.S. dollar is equivalent to one Canadian dollar).
You can organize analysis templates in a hierarchy that includes MTA2

and RCM2 templates. For more information, see “Setting up a Template
Hierarchy” on page 327.
This section explains how:
• To Create an MTA2 Template Based on an Existing Analysis

• To Create an MTA2 Template from Scratch

To Create an MTA2 Template Based on an Existing Analysis

1. Open the MTA2. The Strategy Development Analysis window
appears.
2. Click the Analysis menu, Create, and then Copy. The Copy Failure
Mode wizard appears.
3. By default, all of the failure modes are selected. Clear the boxes for
the failure modes that you wish to exclude.
4. Click Next. The Identify Target step appears.
5. In the Analysis option list, select “New MTA2 Template”.

6. Change the target site, if appropriate. If the source analysis is

list.
7. The Asset type box displays the asset type of the primary asset of
the source analysis. Select another asset type, if appropriate.
8. If you wish to adjust mapping options for copying employees, trades,

and maintenance groups, Click More Options. For more informa-
tion, see “Setting Mapping Options for a Failure Mode Copy” on page
221.
9. Click Next to view the Review Mappings step. This page displays
matches for employees, trades, maintenance groups, and other
resources.
10. Click Next. The Confirm Selections step appears. For example:

12. The Failure Modes tab displays information about the failure
pages.
cessing options:



14. Click Process or Finish if Process later is selected. One or more of


example:



or the analysis.
To Create an MTA2 Template from Scratch

1. Select the site’s Strategy Development view and tab and the MTA2
tab.
2. In the list of configurations, select MTA2 templates. The tab now

lists all of the templates that have been defined for your site or its
related sites.
3. Click New. The New Analysis Template dialog appears.

4. Each analysis is assigned an analysis number by APM. You can

change the number, but the new value must be unique for the site.
5. Select an asset type from the list.
6. In the Title box, the default name for the template follows this pat-
tern:
Asset type – MTA2 template

7. If appropriate, select an analysis type from the list. An analysis type
is a collection of preferred settings for strategy development analysis.
The settings range from specifying how analysis titles are defaulted,
to how avoidance savings are recorded on failure modes, to how risk
analysis is performed (if at all).

9. Click OK. The Strategy Development Analysis window appears. The

Facilitation view, Info Worksheet tab is shown.
10. To set the general properties of the template, select the Properties
view. The General tab displays information about the template. For
example:

11. On the General tab, select the Template Details tab.
12. You can change the asset type, if required.
13. To add the new template to a hierarchy, select a parent template, for
example, a hierarchy node. In the Hierarchy view, the new template
appears below the parent and its child templates. For example:

For more information, see “Setting up a Template Hierarchy” on page

327.
15. Select the Analysis Options tab to specify the sites where the tem-
plate’s failure modes are to be available. For example, if the template
is available at the current site only, its failure modes cannot be copied
to analyses on other sites. You can also prevent the failure modes
from being copied by selecting Not available for use.
16. Select the Failure Mode Options tab and the Template Options
tab. The Failure mode descriptions can be changed option is
selected by default. Clear this option if you want failure mode descrip-
tions to be read-only.
You are now ready to develop the template by creating failure modes and
more.

Setting up a Template Hierarchy

You can organize strategy development analysis templates into hierar-
chies. A template hierarchy can contain templates for other varieties of
analysis, for example RCM2, as well as templates for different asset
types. You can also create hierarchy nodes to group templates in the hier-
archy. For example, a general “Pump” hierarchy node could be assigned
as the parent of templates that analyze pumps of different kinds:
The simplest way to set up this hierarchy is to create a node for the Pump
asset type. Then, in each template’s properties, assign the node as the
template’s parent. In any template’s Hierarchy view, you can rearrange,
add, and remove templates in the hierarchy. This topic explains how:
• “To Create a Template Hierarchy Node” on page 327

• “To Assign a Parent to a Template” on page 329
• “To Insert and Position an Existing Template or Node in a Hierarchy”
on page 329
To Create a Template Hierarchy Node

1. From the Site window, select the Assets view, Settings tab. Select
the Assets tab and the Asset management settings node in the
tree.
Tip: You can also select the Administration menu, Asset Man-
agement Settings, and then Asset Management. The Asset
Management Settings dialog appears.
2. Select the Asset Types tab and open the asset type for the template
node. The Asset Type window appears.
3. Click Usage to open the Asset Type Usage dialog. Select the Strat-
egy development templates tab. From the New list, select Tem-
plate Hierarchy Node. For example:

The Strategy Development Analysis window appears, open to the

Properties view, General tab.
4. Each template is given an analysis number by APM. You can change

the number, but the new value must be unique for the site.
5. The default title for the hierarchy node follows the pattern:
Asset type - Template hierarchy node


6. Save the hierarchy node and close the window. The node is added to
the Strategy Development Templates tab. Close the Asset Type
Usage dialog and the Asset Type window.
To Assign a Parent to a Template

1. From the site’s Strategy Development view and tab, select the tab
and configuration for the type of template.
2. Open the template and select the Properties view.
4. On the General tab, select the Template Details tab.
5. Click the browse icon to select a parent template, for example, a hier-
archy node. In the Hierarchy view, the template appears below the
parent and any existing child templates.
To Insert and Position an Existing Template or Node in a Hierarchy

1. From the site’s Strategy Development view and tab, select the tab
and configuration for the type of template.
2. Open the template and select the Hierarchy view.
3. Select a node or template in the hierarchy. On the Selected list, click

Insert Existing Child:

Tip: Other useful options in this list are Change Parent and
Remove from Hierarchy.
The Strategy Development Analysis Selector dialog appears. To view
a list of templates and nodes, select one of the template configura-
tions.
4. Select the template or node and click OK. The template or node is
added to the template hierarchy, along with its descendant templates
and nodes, if any.
5. You can move templates up or down and left or right in the hierarchy
using the arrow buttons at the bottom of the Template Hierarchy
tab. The availability of the buttons varies depending on the position
of the selected template.

Tip: You can also drag and drop templates to change their posi-
tions.

Viewing Template Hierarchies

You can view an individual template’s hierarchy, as well as details about
the templates.
To View a Template’s Hierarchy

1. Open the template and select the Hierarchy view.
2. Select a template in the hierarchy to view its details and action plans.
For example:

Moving an Analysis Template to a Different Site
You can move a strategy development analysis template from one site to
another.
Note: If action plans exist that are based on the template’s action
plans, the link between the template and action plans might be
broken. This occurs if the template is moved to a lower level site
or to a different branch of the site hierarchy.
To Move an Analysis Template to a Different Site

1. On the site’s Strategy Development view and tab, open the tem-
plate that you wish to move.
2. From the Tools menu, select Move To. The Move Strategy Develop-
ment Template dialog appears.
The Strategy development analysis template area displays infor-

mation about the template you are moving.
3. Select the site that you want to move the template to.
4. If you want to move the template’s children in the template hierar-

chy, select Move the template’s descendants too.
5. In the Comment box, provide a reason or context for the move.

6. Click OK. The template is moved to the other site and renumbered.

Documents
Index Adding to MTA2 Action Plans 205
Duty Codes, Assigning to Failure Modes
MTA2 207
A
Action Plan Task Statuses E
Assigning for MTA2 282 Estimated Time Between Consequences
Action Plans, MTA2 178 MTA2 Feasibility Evaluations 171
Adding Corrective Tasks 192 Estimated Time Between Failures
Adding Follow-up Work 192 MTA2 Feasibility Evaluations 171
Adding Indicators 192 Expected Frequencies
Adding Inspection Tasks 192 Selecting on MTA2 Action Plans 179
Adding Standard Documents 205
Creating Primary 178 F
Creating Secondary Plans 184 Facilitation Completed Status, MTA2 276
Creating, Overview 24 Failure Data
Indicator Collection Reports 203 MTA2 164
Linking to Projects 301 Failure Mode Copy Wizard, MTA2 211
Reopening 276 Asset WIP 258
Asset Reliability Programs, for MTA2 39 Browse for Failure Modes 231
Assets 86 Copy in Place 246
Adding to MTA2 Analysis 86 Copy To 244
Changing Primary on MTA2 305 Mapping Options 221
Editing Failure Modes for MTA2 309 Quick Finish 232
Editing in MTA2 86 Resume Defining 270
Excluding from MTA2 95 Smart Copy Settings 212
Strategy Development View 31 Steps in Wizard 213
Updating Hierarchy for MTA2 307 Trigram Matching 221
Avoidance Savings Viewing Requests 270
MTA2 Feasibility Evaluations 171 Failure Mode Risk Analayis, MTA2 144
Failure Mode Risk Analysis, MTA2 127
B Viewing Assessments 160
Before 124 Failure Mode Risk Assessment, MTA2
Overview 17
Failure Modes, MTA2 40
C
Analysis Requests 118
Checklists on Maintenance Task Analyses
Analyze Separately 118
107
Creating 112
Comments on Maintenance Task Analyses
Demand Scenario Risk Analysis 147
103
Editing for MTAs 309
Corrective Tasks
Feasibility Evaluations 171
Adding to MTA2 Action Plans 192
MTA2 Process Flow View 112
Criticality, Assigning to Failure Modes
Options on Analyses 64
MTA2 207
RCA Source 207
Risk Analysis 127
D Risk Analysis with Weighted Severities
Demand Scenario Risk Analysis, MTA2 147

Index
144 Plans 303

Risk Assessment 17
Risk Options on Analyses 77 M
Susceptibility to Failure Evaluations 124 Maintenance Efficiency Index (MEI)
Symptoms 210 MTA2 Feasibility Evaluations 171
Usage Details 207 Maintenance Task Analyses 12
Viewing 313 Failure Tracking 14
Viewing Risk Analysis 160 Isograph Availability Workbench 14
Viewing Standard Tasks and Jobs 310 Overview 12
Failure Patterns SAP Plant Maintenance 14
MTA2 164 Maintenance Task Analyses, Settings
Failure-finding Intervals, MTA2 40 Failure Mode Options 64
Calculating 186 Risk Analysis Options 77
Fault Diagnosis Guide, Printing 297 Mark MTA2 Failure Mode as Completed 276
Fault Diagnosis Guides Meeting Notes on Maintenance Task Analy-
MTA2 285 ses 106
Feasibility Evaluations MEI Override Reasons
MTA2 171 Using in MTA2 Feasibility Evaluations
FFI, Calculating 186 171
Follow-up Work
Formulas, FFI 188
Frequencies
Selecting on MTA2 Action Plans 179
Functions, MTA2 41
G
Glossary, MTA2 39
H
Hierarchy Node 327
I
Implementation Completed Status, MTA2
276
Indicator Collection Reports
For MTA2 203
Indicators
Initial Risk
MTA2 Feasibility Evaluations 171
Inspection Tasks
L
Linking
Removing Project Links to MTA2 Action

Index
MTA2 12 Operational Consequences 42

Adding Assets 86 P-F Intervals 43
Adding Corrective Tasks 192 Preparing APM 34
Adding Follow-up Work 192 Primary Asset, Changing 305
Adding Indicators 192 Primary Asset, Selecting 48, 54
Adding Inspection Tasks 192 Primary Functions 43
Adding Team Members 101 Printing Reports 296
Analysis Requests for Failure Modes 118 Recommended Actions 26
Analysis Summary View 285 Resequencing Assets 88
Analysis Types 34 Reviewing Reliability Programs 289
Analyze Failure Mode Separately 118 Risk Analysis Options 77
Asset Scope 97 Run-To-Failure 43
Asset Snapshots 86 SAP Plant Maintenance, Setting up 38
Audit Reports 284, 296 Scheduled Restoration 43
Checklist 107 Secondary Action Plans 184
Comments 103 Secondary Functions 43
Condition-based Maintenance 39 Sending Analysis for Approval 280
Copying, Overview 33 Setting Smart Mapping Options 36
Creating Failure Modes 112 Site Ownership 34
Creating from Scratch 48 Updating Hierarchy Snapshot 307
Creating from Template 54 Viewing History 284
Creating Primary Action Plans 178 Viewing Standard Tasks and Jobs 310
Creating Templates 318 Viewing Status 284
Creating, Overview 24 Viewing Template Hierarchies 332
Document Numbering 36 MTA2 Templates 317
Editing Failure Modes 309 Creating 318
Employee Roles 34 Creating MTA2 With 54
Entering Start Date 48, 54 Hierarchies 327, 332
Environmental Consequences 39 Moving 333
Excluding Assets 95 Overview 33
Failure Consequences 40 Selecting Asset Type 318
Failure Data 164 Site Ownership 34
Failure Mode Options 64 Sites 326
Failure Modes 40 Top Analysis in Hierarchy 34
Failure Patterns 164
Failure-finding Intervals 40 O
Failure-finding Maintenance 40 Operating Contexts
Feasibility Evaluations 171 MTA2 100
Functions 41 Operating State, MTA2 100
Glossary of Terms 39
History View 287 P
Implementation Audit 284 Primary Asset, MTA2 305
Indicator Collection Reports 203 Printing
Meeting Notes 106 MTA2 Reports 296
Moving Templates 333 Projects
Non-Operational Consequences 42 Links to MTA2 Action Plans 301
Operating Contexts, Defining 34 Removing Links to MTA2 Action Plans
Operating State 100 303

Index
R
RCA
Failure Modes, Source of 207
Reliability Program Review Requests
MTA2 289
Reports, MTA2 296
S
Secondary Action Plans, MTA2 184
Severity of Usage Values, Assigning to Fail-
ure Modes
MTA2 207
Standard Documents
Standard Jobs
Viewing Failure Modes 310
Standard Tasks
Viewing Failure Modes 310
Status
Changing MTA2 276
Strategy Development View, MTA2 31
Susceptibility to Failure Evaluations
MTA2 124
Symptoms, Assigning to Failure Modes
MTA2 210
T
Template Hierarchies, MTA2 327

MTA2 Guide

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MTA2 Guide

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MTA2 Guide

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AssetWise Performance

APM Maintenance Task

Including software, file formats, and audiovisual displays; may only be

For reference, a copy of the End User License Agreement named

Corporate International Asia Headquarters

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

Published June 2016

APM Release 7.5

2 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

1. Introduction to Maintenance Task Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 3

2. Creating and Managing Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3. Developing Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

4. Copying Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

5. Working with Maintenance Task Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

4 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

Linking Action Plans to Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

6. MTA2 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 5

6 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 7

About This Guide

• “Introduction to Maintenance Task Analysis” on page 11 for defini-

8 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

See this topic... For information about...

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 9

10 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

This chapter provides an overview of maintenance task analysis (MTA2),

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 11

Overview of Maintenance Task Analysis

MTA2 methodology and tools allow the analysis team to:

• Identify the assets to be analyzed

Creating the Components of the Analysis

12 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

To perform maintenance task analysis, the analysis team:

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 13

Using Isograph Availability Workbench

For information about using this functionality, see APM Integration

MTA2 and Failure Tracking

Referencing SAP Plant Maintenance Objects in Analyses

14 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

• Task lists – General, Equipment, Functional Locations, and Opera-

Tip: Interoperability settings at the enterprise and site levels

Referencing SAP Objects in Analyses

• In Feasibility evaluations on failure modes, you can select an SAP

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 15

In the action plan’s Details area, SAP information (System condition

For information about setting up interoperability, see

16 APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide

Overview of Risk Analysis

• Failure mode risk analysis is performed on the failure mode as a

Failure Mode Risk Analysis

APM provides two ways to perform failure mode risk analysis:

• Using a simple evaluation that allows you to enter weighted severity

APM Maintenance Task Analysis Guide 17

Before you can perform risk assessments, the severities, probabilities,

Demand Scenario Risk Analysis

A demand scenario is a situation that requires that an asset, such as a

Probability Based on Likelihood of Failure and Demand Rate