WF industial Ac Machines (Electrical’Sem. SIMSBTE) 2.1 Introduction : = Till now we have discussed about the three phase induction motors. ~ In this chapter we will discuss the operating principle, working, types and applications of some of some single phase motors like single phase induction motors, Repulsion type, Series motor, Universal motor and Hysteresis motor. 2.2 _ Single Phase Induction Motors — We have discussed the principle of DC motors and their applications earlier. But in practice, the single phase a. supply is used, ~ Hence it is more convenient to use single phase ac motors instead of d.c. motors. Therefore practically the single phase induction motors are being used in many applications. 2.2.1 Construction of Single Phase Induction Motors : Windings = A Single phase induction motor has two main parts namely stator (the one which is stationary) and rotor (the one which is rotating). — The stator winding is connected across a single phase,ac supply. The ac supply produces a rotating magnetic field in the air gap between the stator and rotor. — The field rotates at a speed called synchronous speed and it is denoted by Ns, It is mathematically expressed as N. et RPM. = Bt nee, = The induction motor actually rotates ata speed which is slightly less than the synchronous speed. Construction : = The rotor is said to be of squirrel cage type. As the construction of rotor appears to be like the squirrel's cage, the name squirrel cage rotor has been used. Copper or aluminium bars en ae) Shaft (4.1096) Fig. 2.2.1 : Construction of a squirrel cage rotor Single Phase Induction Motors {As shown in Fig, 22.1, the rotor consists of copper or aluminum bars which are permanently short circuited at both the ends using the conducting rings called end rings. Principle of operation : ‘A single phase ac supply is connected to the stator winding. This forces an alternating current through the stator winding. = This current produces an alternating flux in the air gap between the stator and rotor. ~ The altemating flux passes over the stationary rotor conductors and induces an emf into it due to the transformer action. = Due to this induced voltage, @ current starts flowing through the rotor conductors. This current will then produce its own flux called as the rotor flux. = The main flux produced by the stator winding interacts with the rotor flux to produce a torque which will make the rotor to rotate in same direction as that of the RMF. The rotor flux gets produced due to the principle of induction hence the name of the motor is induction motor. = It is important to note that the single phase induction motor are not self starting, like the de motors. 2.2.2, Double Revolving Field Theory : TESTES ARSE PA SEED TERESA AAS ESET ee : Q.1 Explain the double-revolving field theory for single phase induction motors, (W-08, S-11, W-13, S-16, 4 Marks) &.2 Why single phase induction does not have a sef| starting torque ? Explain double field: revalving theory. (8-10, W-10, 2 Marks, W-4, W-15, 5-17, S18, 4 Marks). Explain with necessary diagrams double field revolving theory in connection with starting of = single phase IM, (W214, W-12, 4 Marks) Explain why single phase induction motors are not. self starting ? What is done to make them self ~ starting ? (S-12, 4 Marks) Why single phase induction motor is not ~ starting ? Given reason. zIndustrial AC Machines (Electrical/Sem. S/MSBTE) in order to make the induction motor self starting, itis necessary to produce a rotating magnetic field. ‘And in order to do so, there should be at least two magnetic fields which satisfy the following two conditions : 1. The two magnetic fluxes should be shifted by 90° with respect to each other in space i. if one flux is horizontal then the other one should be vertical. 2. Also the two magnetic fluxes should be in time quadrature. If the fluxes are represented by phasors, then there should be a 90° phase shift between them. = Assingle phase stator winding cannot satisfy these two conditions because a single winding can produce only one flux. Hence some modifications are required to be done, which have been discussed later on. wee a i sanitudes which | ftemating quanti. — Let us apply this theory to the single phase induction motors. Assume that the stator winding produces an alternating flux with the peak value of say dn Then as per the revolving field theory, we can resolve this flux into two revolving flux components. One of them will rotate in the clockwise direction and the other ‘one will rotate in the anticlockwise direction. Both these components are of magnitude $n / 2, as shown in Fig. 2.2.2. ae rotation (Forward Flux) ‘nt? mi2 ‘Anticlockwise rotation (Backward Flux) (A-2194(0) Fig. 2.2.2 : $y resolved into two revolving components =. The resultant of these two components will be the tant of time and the continuous rotation of the two components will result in the original stator flux. resultant stator flux, at any given it Single Phase Induction Motors Why not self starting? Both the revolving flux components will cut the armature conductors and induces emf in them. ‘The rotor currents induced due to these components will circulate in the rotor in opposite directions to each other. = Hence rotor flux corresponding to both the revolving components will be produced. The torque produced due to the interaction of main flux with these two flux components will be in opposite directions to each other. = Hence the net torque exerted on the rotor will be zero at the time of starting the motor. Therefore the single phase ac motors are not self starting motors. How to make it self starting ? In order to make a single phase motor self starting, itis necessary to modify its construction, Two windings are provided instead of one, that carry currents displaced by of 90°with respect to each other. 2.2.3 Torque Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Induction Motor : ~The torque speed characteristics of a single phase induction motor is shown in Fig. 2.2.3 = It shows that the torques produced by the two oppositely rotating flux components, are exactly ‘opposite to each other. = Fig, 2.23 shows that the resultant torque is equal to zero at N = 0 ie, at the time of starting. Hence the induction motor is not self starting — But if we rotate the rotor in any direction by some external means then the motor will start rotating in that direction. — But practically it is not possible to rotate the motor by iving the initial thrust therefore it is necessary to modify the construction of the single phase induction ‘motors, in order to make them self starting Torque produced dus tothe forward fold Torque produced —/” tome ls zor at duo tho backvara tho time of sartna tela (4-1099) Fig. 2.2.3 : Torque speed characteristics Ee Techkaowledgy¥ Industrial AC Machines (Electrical/Sem. 5/MSBTE) 2.2.4 Split Phasing Principle of Starting : Cee spit phasing in| (wet, 6 Marks) Discuss about the spliphasing principle usec e starting. of ‘single phase induction motor, In order to make the single phase motor self starting two windings are provided instead of one as shown in Fig. 22.4, - The axes of stator winding are: displaced by of 90” electrical = The winding currents are 90° phase shifted with respect to each other, — The two winding produce a rotating magnetic field in the air gap between stator and rotor. = This rotating field will then make the rotor rotate in the same direction as per the principle of induction. — Thus the split phasing principle makes the single phase induction motor self starting. = The currents flowing through the two windings should be appropriately phase shifted in order to produce the rotating magnetic field. ‘Squirrel cage rotor Main winding I) Auxiliary or starter winding (4.2607 Fig. 2.2.4 Spit phase motor 2.2.5. Types of Single Phase Induction Motors : ferent split ~ phasing principles used in : oy of single phase LM, and explain any one in aaa (8-14, 4 Marks) 24 Single Phase Induction Motors [a2 Compare efficiency and operating power factor of single phase induction motor. State any four types. ‘of single phase induction motor based on. their | - operating principle. _ (S12, 4 Marks) ‘List any four types of 1-} induction motor. Write | “down any one application for each. (S-13, 4 Marks) Types : There are various methods used for obtaining these phase shifted currents. Some of these methods are 1. Resistance split phase motor. 2. Capacitor split phase motor. = Practically some modifications are made in order to make the resultant stator flux become rotating type instead of being an alternating one, because the torque produced by a rotating field is a unidirectional one. This torque can then make the motor self starting. = Some of the methods used to make an induction motor self starting are as follows, Based on these techniques, the single phase induction motor are classified as follows 1. Split phase induction motor. 2. Capacitor start induction motor. 3. Capacitor start, capacitor run induction motor. 4, Shaded pole induction motors 2.3 Split Phase ILM. (Resistance Start Induction Run) : SEEDS TREE ESSE Teas : : G1 Draw a schematic diagram of single phase _fesistance split phase, induction motor and explain brief. (8-09, W-09, W-11, S-12, 4 Marks) _ Draw and explain the working of resistance start induction run 1-$ induction. ($-10, W-10, 2 Marks) State different split - phasing principles used in starting of single phase I.M. and explain any one in detail (S-11, 4 Marks). Explain the construction and operation of resistance start induction run single phase Induction motor. Draw torque speed curve. (W-13, 4 Marks) Discuss about the split-phasing principle used in the starting of single phase induction motor. Explain the construction and working of resistance split phase induction motor in detail 15,4 Marks). Tedinouledgéindustrial AC Machines (Electical/Sem, 5/MSBTE) Connection diagram __ The construction of a split phase induction motor is as shown in Fig. 23.1. This motor consists of two windings namely the main and the auviliary winding or the starting winding. - The main winding is highly inductive whereas the auxiliary winding is resistive, Centrifugal tp Switch Auxillary winding RE@)v 3 Main ea supply winding KC ) WA Rotor (4.1103) Fig. 2.3.1: Split phase type induction motor 2.3.1 Principle of Operation : Wi) SESE 1. With the help of neat diagram, explain the working fof resistance start induction run, single phase. induction motor. (W-10, 2 Marks) | 2. Draw a schematic diagram of a single phase, resistance split phase |M. and explain in bret. (We11, 4 Marks) Explain the construction and operation of resistance start induction run. single phase induction motor, Draw torque speedcurve. (W213, W-15, 4 Marks) | = The current flowing through the main winding (I) lags behind V by 90° inductive. since the main winding is highly The current flowing through the stating winding (L) is almost in “phase with the supply voltage V as this winding is resistive. i. ~The fluxes produced by these currents will be placed at about 90° with respect to each other. And the resultant of these flues will bea rotating magnetic field. Due to the rotating magnetic field a non-zero starting torque, acting in one ditection will be produced. Single Phase Induction Motors The centrifugal switch connected in series with the starting winding gets automatically open circuited when the motor speed reaches about 70% to 80% of the synchronous speed. ‘After that the motor rotates only on the main winding, Thus under the running condition the auxiliary winding remains out of the circuit. ‘The direction of rotation of split phase motor can be reversed by reversing the terminals of either main winding or the starter winding. The direction of rotation changes due to the reversal in direction of rotating magnetic feld 2.3.2 -Phasor Diagram : = The phasor diagram for split phase induction motor is as shown in Fig. 23.2. = Vis the supply voltage and it is being treated as a reference phasor. ~The main winding is inductive. So the current through it (i) lags behind V by an angle 4 which is large in value. v I, Starter = winding current Main winding current 4-212) Fig. 2.3.2: Phasor diagram The current through starting winding (1, ) is almost in phase with V because this winding is resistive. The phase difference between ly and ky is large (a). So there will be a large phase difference between the fluxes produced by these windings. These two fluxes add and subtract to produce a resultant flux which is rotating magnetic field, 2.3.3. Torque Speed Characteristics : | Explain the construction and operation of _ fesistance start induction run Single phase, _ induction motor, Draw torque speed curve. (W-13, WA5, 4 Marks) SF TectnowiedgtSingle Phase Induction Motors Industrial AC Machines (Electical/Sem. SIMSBTE) _ 2-6 N=0 Speed L_— saaning N=No © Lomi switch open (u-213) Fig. 23.3 : Torque speed characteristics — The torque speed characteristics of split phase induction ‘motor is shown in Fig. 23.3, ‘The starting torque T,. of split phase induction motors is poor (about 1.25 to 1.5 times the full load torque). = The centrifugal switch opens at a speed N = No and for speeds above this, the motor operates on only the main winding, The starting torque is proportional to the angle a. 2.3.4 Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor : (8-13, 4 Marks) (0 applications of © Resistance start (8-16, W48, 2Mari) | Coates induction run motor, _Resisance start induction run n motor “16-17, W-A7, 4 Marks). The starting torque of these motors is poor. Hence they are preferred for the following applications : 1. Fans and blowers, 2. Washing machines. 3. Centrifugal pumps. 2.3.5 Possible Reasons for Slow Speed : If the split phase motor is running too slowly, then its possible reasons can be as follows : 1. _The supply voltage can be low. 2. Bearings need to be replaced. not being produced. Sufficient torque ‘Soin. Step 1: Draw circuit diagram SECON dy ‘Aux winding 2 z, z -1206) Fig, P. 2.3.1: Split phase induction motor = Let (5 + j20) @ be present in the main as well as auxiliary windings. — Let the addition resistance and capacitive reactance to be connected in series with the auxilliary windings. = Let Z; be the impedance of the main windi 9 and Z; be the impedance of the aunilliary winding. Step 2: Find Rand C: — As per the statement of the problem, Il = (Zl And-Zb = ,-90° Z = 5+j20= 2062275960 [Z| = 20620 and 26, = 75.96° = 76" IZ,| = 20629 and 2 4, = 76-90 =-4 a) But Z, = +5) +j20-x) ae = +5) + 20-xeF = (2062)? = 425 RP 1OR +25 + 400-40 Xe +2 = 425 RP + 10R- 40% +X? = 0 2) We reateemeattndustrial AC Machines (Electrical/Sem, S/MSBTE) € ) Single Phase Induction Motors. 1 (20- Xo) ‘Starting Also tor gy oe vwincing be Capacitor 20=Ke Res > O85 20-Xe = -025R- AG. ‘Centitugel Xe 25R-125 fy ena 2 O25R=Xe = ~21.25 Fat = O25R+ Xe 2125 4) Rotor —__ Substitute Equation (4) into Equation (2) to get, (0.2106) Fig, 2.4.1 : Capacitor start motor Re + 10R- 40 (0.25 R + 21.25) + (0.25 R + 21.25)" = 0 Operation : “_ RE+ 10R—10R - 850 + 0.0625 R’ + 10.625R+45156=0]~ TH ‘auxiliary (starting) winding connected in series with the capacitor draws a leading current while the main =. 1,0625 R? + 10.625 R- : JOSS Rete winding continues to draw the lagging current. A 625 + \f(10625) — 4 (1.0625 — Dueto this the fluxes produce a rotating magnetic field, 2x 10625 which results in the rotation of the motor. 310625 + 425 — the construction of capacitor start motor is as shown in 2425 Fig. 2.42. The current (1) through the main winding will = Discarding the negative value of R we get, lag behind the source voltage as the main winding is inductive, R= 15a Ans. = Substituting into % = ¢ Equation (4) we get, (0.25 x15) + 21.25 =250 —_._i— Daf Xe ~ Dew 50x25 12732 x10 For 12732 pF wns. 2.4 Capacitor Start Induction Run ut the current 1, through the auxiliary winding (1) leads the supply voltage by some angle due to the presence of capacitor. Hence the angle between the fluxes produced by I, and Ipwill be large. — Dueto this large angle, the starting torque produced by the capacitor start motor produces a larger starting ‘torque as compared to that produced by the split phase Motors : induction motor. TEERUEEAMERISETASET] |- “soon 2 the speed reaches 75% to 80% of the ae maximum speed, the centrifugal switch is automatically phase (.M. “fun t-phase i Connection diagram 1 Draw and explain single phase capacitor start induction run motor. induction motor. (S-17, $-18, (W-08, 4 Marks) 2.2 State the power ratings; characteristics, and © applications of capacitor start induction run single . (W-09, 4 Marks) Explain the role of capacitor in a single phase (0-787 Fig. 2.8.2 : Torque-speed characteristics of de series and ac series motors — However the performance of ac. series motor is inferior to that of dc. series motor due to following reasons 1. Large voltage drops. 2. Low PF. 3. Increased losses. 4. Lowefficiency = Hence the speeds obtained for same value of torque are lower for ac. motor as compared with that of a de. motor. = For a given kilowatt rating, ac series motor is 15 - 2 times in size and weight of the corresponding de series motor. The construction cost of an ac series motor is much more than that of a de series motor. ~The performance of the ac series motor gets improved if itis connected to a low frequency ac source (inverter 2.8.4 Applications : Draw a schematic diagram of an AC senes motor, “How to change its speed and its direction of rotation ? Give two applications of AC series motor (5-08, W-14, $47, 6 Marks What is AC seres motor ? Explain constructional ae features OFAC series motor. State its applications, 5 (8-12, WA2, 4 Marks), 2:16 ~ This motor is mainly used in electric traction to drive locomotives and also in hoists, because it can produce high starting torque and can have a variable speed operation 2.9 Universal Motor ‘an n universal ala 2 Comment ao Single Phase Induction Motors Definition : The motor which can be operated satisfactorily on ac, as well as dc. supply is universal motor. — Basically it is an ac. series motor which was described earlier. = Auniversal motor is small fractional HP motor. Types of universal motors : Universal motors are of two types namely 1. Uncompensated type universal motors. 2. Compensated universal motors. 2.9.1 Uncompensated Universal Motor hot aa and oe raul G.1 What is an universal motor its constructional features A motor is to be operated from 230 V, 60 Hz si hase AC and 220 V DC supply, Identity ‘motor and describe it Construction : — The construction of uncompensated universal motor is shown in Fig. 29.1(a) and its characteristics is shown in Fig. 2.9.1(b). torque speed Field 4 Winding ae. [ZX t @ahmae Seen Torque —> (@) Construction (b) Torque speed characteristics (4.1629) Fig. 2.9.1 : Uncompensated type universal motor TE Teainouteagh¥E industrial AC Machines (Electrcal'Sem. S/MSBTE) Windings : — There are two types of windings used, namely armature and field winding. sare connected in series with each other since this is basically a series motor. = Field winding produces flux. It is a stationary winding. Armature is a rotary winding, Operation : Operating principle is same as that of de series motor. = These motor produce a high starting torque but their speed decreases with increase in lod. Their speed regulation is not very good. Torque speed characteristics : — The torque speed characteristics of an uncompensated universal motor is as shown in Fig. 2.9.1(b), which differ alot for DC and AC supply. — Inthe non compensated type motor the capacity is low. Normally itis designed for two pole structure. =. Pole and pole shoe both are laminated to reduce eddy current losses. Armature is similar to d.c. motor armature. = Non compensated universal motor is cheaper due to simple construction. Its therefore preferred even its d. and a. supply characteristics differ by large margin. = The compensated type universal motors have better characteristics than the uncompensated ones. But practically the uncompensated universal motors are used more, especially for the small power applications. = This is due to their simpler construction and less cost. These are high speed light weight motors and have @ high starting torque. 2.9.2 Compensated Universal Motor: ia at ~ What ig an universal motor ? Comment brief on “ts constiucional features and speedtoraue characteristics. Mention any two applications (W-14, 4 Marks) | “Explain with diagram the working of @ univ motor. 1) (8-15, 4 Marks) os Explain the construction of universal rotor and | _ draw its toraue-speed cheracteristics.. ‘ 247 (98,4 Marks). Single Phase Induction Motors Construction : — The construction of compensated universal motor is shown in Fig. 292(2) and its torque speed characteristics is shown in Fig. 2920). Main field i As ) Amature » oe, supply ‘Compensating faa (a) Construction t 2. supy Ac speed ely Torque —> (b) Torque speed characteristics (4-1630) Fig, 2.8.2 : Compensated type universal motor Windings : — There are three types of windings used, namely armature, main field and compensating winding, — Out of which the compensating winding is used only for the compensated universal motors. ~All the windings are connected in series with each other since this is basically a series motor. — In compensated type motor main field winding and ‘compensating winding are distributed over entire stator. = Armature is similar to dc. (Refer Fig. 29.2) = The motor characteristics can be modified as per requirements with the help of the compensating winding. motor armature. = Itis seen that speed-torque characteristics on de. and 2a.c. supply almost coincide. = Hence this type of motor is better suited even for higher speeds, rametsWF industrial AC Mas (ElectricalSem. S/MSBTE) = Compensated motors are more expensive due to complicated construction. Hence they are preferred for higher capacity loads. The compensated type universal motors have better characteristics than the uncompensated ones. 2.9.3 Advantages of Universal Motors : Simple construction. Low cost. ‘Small size, 1 2 3 4, They can be operated on DC as well AC supply. 5. High starting torque. 4 Disadvantages of U1 ersal Motors : Poor speed regulation. 2. They are fractional H.P. motors. 3. Construction of compensated universal motors is complicated. 2.9.5 Speed Range and Direction Reversal : The full load operating speeds of universal motors range between 3000 to 20,000 rpm. Sometimes they are provided with the in built speed reduction gears for low speed applications. ~The direction reversal is achieved by reversing the connections to either the armature or field winding. 2.9.6 Applications of Universal Motors : ‘an tel mot ingle Phase Induction Motors The compensated type universal motors have better characteristics than the uncompensated ones. But practically the uncompensated universal motors are used more, specially for the small power applications. This is due to their simpler construction and less cost These are high speed light weight motors and have a high starting torque. = Due to all these features, they are preferred for the following applications : Washing machines. Mixers and grinders. Food processors. Small driling machines. Vaccum cleaners. ‘Sewing machines. Hair driers. Electric shavers. 2.10 Hysteresis Motor There are some special types of synchronous motors which are designed to work on the single phase ac supply. = Two of them are : 1. Reluctance motor. 2. Hysteresis motor. ~ Its a single-phase motor whose operation depends upon the hysteresis effect ie, magnetization produced ina ferromagnetic material lags behind the magnetizing force. Construction : ~The hysteresis motor consists of a main stator winding, a rotor winding and an auxiliary winding, ~The stator of a hysteresis motor carries a main winding as well as an auxiliary winding. - A capacitor is permanently connected in series with auxiliary winding to have the phase split. Fig. 2.10.1 shows the sectional view of a hysteresis motor. We TechKnowledgeA stator has a construction similar to the capacitor start, capacitor run induction motor. That means both the windings (.e. main as well as starting ‘ fing) remain connected in the circuit during running operation as well as at the time of start. ‘The value of capacitance is so adjusted that a rotating magnetic flux revolving at synchronous speed is created, ‘The rotor is a smooth cylinder of magnetically hard steel, without winding or teeth, Main winging Asian winding Fig. 2.10.1 : Construction of hysteresis motor Operation : When stator is supplied with single phase supply it produces a revolving magnetic field The rotor is a solid hard steel cylinder and it does not carry any cage or a winding, {as the rotor is made up of solid steel, a large hysteresis loss takes place in it. ‘Due to the phenomenon of hysteresis the rotor flux lags behind the stator flux. Interaction between stator and rotor fluxes creates @ torque and the motor starts rotating. ‘The rotor material chosen must be such that it has high retentiviy. Such a material is hard steel or ‘aluminium-nickel-cobalt (Alnico) with iron, The area of hysteresis loop is large. ‘The rotor pole tries to catch the rotating magnetic field in the stator and starts running in the same direction as that of the RMF, The torque produced by the motor depends upon the retentivty of the rotor material ‘At the start, the torque is produced due to current induced in the solid rotor and hysteresis effect. But when motor is pulled into synchronism, then current induced in rotor becomes zero. Therefore only the torque produced due to hysteresis will remain. = After starting, the rotor rotates at synchronous speed with a uniform torque. The motor, therefore, develops constant torque from the standstill to synchronous speed. = After reaching synchronism, the motor continues to run at synchronous speed and adjusts to run at synchronous speed and adjusts its torque angle so as to develop the torque required by the load. = The hysteresis motor is well known for its notseless operation. Therefore it-is generically used in audio recording related equipment. ‘Torque-Speed Characteristics : = Torque speed characteristic is as shown in Fig. 2.102. The hysteresis motor, develops a constant torque from the standstill to synchronous speed. Tora] Spood—> NS co Hyori Re () Hysteresis loop Fig. 210.2 = tis seen that starting torque remains constant. Also starting torque is comparatively high than other motors. Direction reversal : ‘The direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing direction of rotating magnetic field. For this purpose either main winding or aunilliary winding connections has to be reversed. Characteristics of Hysteresis Motor : = A hysteresis motor can synchronize any load which it can accelerate, no matter how great the inertia. It is because the torque is uniform from standstill to synchronous speed,