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    SEPARABLE ODEs

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    Daniel Quartey
    This document discusses separable differential equations, which can be written in the form M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0, where M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only. It provides examples of solving separable equations using separation of variables and calculus. It finds implicit and explicit solutions, solves initial value problems, and graphs the solutions.

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    SEPARABLE ODEs

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Quartey
    12 views8 pages
    This document discusses separable differential equations, which can be written in the form M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0, where M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only. It provides examples of solving separable equations using separation of variables and calculus. It finds implicit and explicit solutions, solves initial value problems, and graphs the solutions.

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    SEPARABLE_ODEs

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    This document discusses separable differential equations, which can be written in the form M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0, where M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only. It provides examples of solving separable equations using separation of variables and calculus. It finds implicit and explicit solutions, solves initial value problems, and graphs the solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views8 pages

    SEPARABLE ODEs

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Quartey
    This document discusses separable differential equations, which can be written in the form M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0, where M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only. It provides examples of solving separable equations using separation of variables and calculus. It finds implicit and explicit solutions, solves initial value problems, and graphs the solutions.

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    You are on page 1of 8

    Separable Equations

    In this section we examine a subclass of linear and nonlinear


    first-order equations. Consider the first-order equation
    dy
    = f ( x, y)
    dx
    We can rewrite this in the form
    dy
    M ( x, y) + N ( x, y) =0
    dx
    For example, let M(x, y) = - f (x, y) and N(x, y) = 1. There
    may be other ways as well. In differential form,
    M ( x, y)dx + N ( x, y)dy = 0
    If M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only, then
    M ( x)dx + N ( y)dy = 0
    In this case, the equation is called separable.
    Example 1: Solving a Separable Equation
    Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
    dy x 2 + 1
    = 2
    dx y − 1
    Separating variables, and using calculus, we obtain
    (y − 1)dy = (x + 1)dx
    2 2

     (y − 1)dy =  (x + 1)dx
    2 2

    1 3 1
    y − y = x3 + x + C
    3 3
    y 3 − 3 y = x 3 + 3x + C
    The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. A graph
    showing the direction field and implicit plots of several
    integral curves for the differential equation is given above.
    Example 2:
    Implicit and Explicit Solutions (1 of 4)
    Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
    dy 3x 2 + 4 x + 2
    =
    dx 2( y − 1)
    Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain
    ( )
    2( y − 1)dy = 3x 2 + 4 x + 2 dx
    (
    2 ( y − 1)dy =  3x 2 + 4 x + 2 dx )
    y 2 − 2 y = x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
    The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. An
    explicit expression for the solution can be found in this case:

    (
    y − 2 y − x + 2x + 2x + C = 0  y =
    2 3 2
    )2  4 + 4 x 3
    (+ 2 x 2
    + 2x + C )
    2
    y = 1  x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
    Example 2: Initial Value Problem (2 of 4)
    Suppose we seek a solution satisfying y(0) = -1. Using the
    implicit expression of y, we obtain
    y 2 − 2 y = x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
    (−1) 2 − 2(−1) = C  C = 3
    Thus the implicit equation defining y is
    y 2 − 2 y = x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3
    Using explicit expression of y,
    y = 1  x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
    −1 = 1  C  C = 4
    It follows that
    y = 1 − x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 4
    Example 2: Initial Condition y(0) = 3 (3 of 4)

    Note that if initial condition is y(0) = 3, then we choose the


    positive sign, instead of negative sign, on square root term:
    y = 1 + x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 4
    Example 2: Domain (4 of 4)
    Thus the solutions to the initial value problem
    dy 3x 2 + 4 x + 2
    = , y(0) = −1
    dx 2( y − 1)
    are given by
    y 2 − 2 y = x 3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 (implicit)
    y = 1 − x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 4 (explicit)
    From explicit representation of y, it follows that
    y = 1 − x 2 (x + 2) + 2(x + 2) = 1 − (x + 2)(x 2 + 2)
    and hence domain of y is (-2, ). Note x = -2 yields y = 1,
    which makes denominator of dy/dx zero (vertical tangent).
    Conversely, domain of y can be estimated by locating vertical
    tangents on graph (useful for implicitly defined solutions).
    Example 3: Implicit Solution of Initial Value
    Problem (1 of 2)
    Consider the following initial value problem:
    y cos x
    y = , y(0) = 1
    1+ 3y 3

    Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain


    1+ 3y3
    dy = cos xdx
    y
    1 2
      y + 3 y dy =  cos xdx
    ln y + y 3 = sin x + C
    Using the initial condition, it follows that
    ln y + y 3 = sin x + 1
    Example 3: Graph of Solutions (2 of 2)
    Thus
    y cos x
    y = , y ( 0) = 1  ln y + y 3
    = sin x + 1
    1+ 3y 3

    The graph of this solution (black), along with the graphs of


    the direction field and several integral curves (blue) for this
    differential equation, is given below.

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