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    Oyindamola Taiwo-Olupeka Assignment 1 Part 1

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    Oyinda
    This document discusses several key concepts related to operating systems: 1. Control cards provide instructions for a program to execute, and terminate the current job to start the next. The CPU can only access hardware devices in kernel mode for protection. 2. Privileged instructions allow access to I/O devices and memory, while non-privileged instructions read clocks or status. 3. Time-shared systems provide short time slots to each user rapidly to simulate simultaneous access, allowing resource sharing. Interrupts signal hardware events needing attention, while traps signal user requests for the OS.

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    Oyindamola Taiwo-Olupeka Assignment 1 Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Oyinda
    30 views2 pages
    This document discusses several key concepts related to operating systems: 1. Control cards provide instructions for a program to execute, and terminate the current job to start the next. The CPU can only access hardware devices in kernel mode for protection. 2. Privileged instructions allow access to I/O devices and memory, while non-privileged instructions read clocks or status. 3. Time-shared systems provide short time slots to each user rapidly to simulate simultaneous access, allowing resource sharing. Interrupts signal hardware events needing attention, while traps signal user requests for the OS.

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    This document discusses several key concepts related to operating systems: 1. Control cards provide instructions for a program to execute, and terminate the current job to start the next. The CPU can only access hardware devices in kernel mode for protection. 2. Privileged instructions allow access to I/O devices and memory, while non-privileged instructions read clocks or status. 3. Time-shared systems provide short time slots to each user rapidly to simulate simultaneous access, allowing resource sharing. Interrupts signal hardware events needing attention, while traps signal user requests for the OS.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views2 pages

    Oyindamola Taiwo-Olupeka Assignment 1 Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Oyinda
    This document discusses several key concepts related to operating systems: 1. Control cards provide instructions for a program to execute, and terminate the current job to start the next. The CPU can only access hardware devices in kernel mode for protection. 2. Privileged instructions allow access to I/O devices and memory, while non-privileged instructions read clocks or status. 3. Time-shared systems provide short time slots to each user rapidly to simulate simultaneous access, allowing resource sharing. Interrupts signal hardware events needing attention, while traps signal user requests for the OS.

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    Oyindamola Taiwo-Olupeka

    101155729
    SYSC 4001 Assignment 1

    PART I - CONCEPTS

    a.
    i. Special cards are control cards used to provide instructions that the program is meant to
    execute.
    ii. The program is immediately terminated and the next job is carried out.

    b. Some instructions can only be carried out while the CPU is in kernel mode, like how the hardware
    devices can only be accessed when in kernel mode. Additionally, when in user mode, the CPU has limited
    capacity, therefore, providing a simple form of protection for critical resources.

    c.
    Privileged instructions
    ● Access Input/Output devices
    ● Clear the memory
    ● Turn off all interrupts

    Non-privileged instructions
    ● Read the clock
    ● Generate trap instruction
    ● Reading processor status

    d. An advantage to this would be the fact that the OS will be protected and not be able to be modified but
    sensitive information required by the operating system will have to be passed through unprotected
    memory giving access to all users.

    e.

    ● Interactive - This allows the user to directly interact with the operating system whilst one or
    more programs are running.
    ● Real-Time - This helps the user to use maximum time and resources to get the desired output and
    it takes care of execution & monitoring & controlling processes.
    ● Distributed - This can easily adapt to a changing size because it is scalable.
    ● Parallel - Each processor in a system can perform tasks concurrently.

    f. Interrupts are used by hardware devices to indicate changes that require time-sensitive attention and to
    implement computer multitasking(multiprogramming).
    A trap is a signal raised by a user program instructing the operating system to perform some functionality
    immediately On the other hand, an interrupt is a signal to the CPU emitted by hardware that indicates an
    event that requires immediate attention.
    g. A time-shared system uses CPU scheduling and multi-programming to provide each user with a small
    portion of a time-shared computer. It allows many users to share computer resources simultaneously. As
    the system switches rapidly from one user to the other, a short time slot is given to each user for their
    executions.

    h.
    i. New to Ready
    - A process has been inputted
    -

    ii. Running to Terminated


    - An interrupt could have occurred.
    - The process has ended.

    k.
    i. The CPU can initiate a DMA (Direct Memory Access) operation by writing values into special
    registers that can be independently accessed by the device. When the CPU receives a command it initiates
    the operation.
    ii. The device interrupts the CPU to indicate the completion of the operation.
    iii. if the CPU is still allowed to access data, a problem could occur if both the CPU and the DMA
    controller access the memory at the same time.

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