The document describes a lab experiment to determine the amount of chloride in an unknown sample using gravimetric analysis. Key steps included weighing samples, dissolving them and adding silver nitrate to precipitate out silver chloride, filtering and weighing the precipitate. Calculations using the precipitate masses and stoichiometry provided the percentage of chloride in each sample. The average percentage across trials was calculated along with the standard deviation. The objective to quantify chloride using gravimetric techniques was achieved.
The document describes a lab experiment to determine the amount of chloride in an unknown sample using gravimetric analysis. Key steps included weighing samples, dissolving them and adding silver nitrate to precipitate out silver chloride, filtering and weighing the precipitate. Calculations using the precipitate masses and stoichiometry provided the percentage of chloride in each sample. The average percentage across trials was calculated along with the standard deviation. The objective to quantify chloride using gravimetric techniques was achieved.
The document describes a lab experiment to determine the amount of chloride in an unknown sample using gravimetric analysis. Key steps included weighing samples, dissolving them and adding silver nitrate to precipitate out silver chloride, filtering and weighing the precipitate. Calculations using the precipitate masses and stoichiometry provided the percentage of chloride in each sample. The average percentage across trials was calculated along with the standard deviation. The objective to quantify chloride using gravimetric techniques was achieved.
The document describes a lab experiment to determine the amount of chloride in an unknown sample using gravimetric analysis. Key steps included weighing samples, dissolving them and adding silver nitrate to precipitate out silver chloride, filtering and weighing the precipitate. Calculations using the precipitate masses and stoichiometry provided the percentage of chloride in each sample. The average percentage across trials was calculated along with the standard deviation. The objective to quantify chloride using gravimetric techniques was achieved.
Objective/Aim: To illustrate typical techniques used in gravimetric analysis by quantitatively
determining the amount of chloride in an unknown.
Materials/Apparatus:
1. Digital Balance
2. (6) 250 ml Beaker
3. Bunsen Burner Kit
4. Funnels (3)
5. Ring clamp and stand
6. 10 ml measuring cylinder
7. 100 ml measuring cylinder
8. Wire Gauze
9. Stirring Rods (3)
10. Filter Paper (3)
11. Watch Glass
12. Weighing containers
Chemicals
1. An Unknown Chloride sample
2. 6 M Nitric Acid 3. 0.5 M Silver Nitrate
4. Acetone
5. Distilled Water
6. Soap Solution
Procedure:
1. On a piece of weighing paper, the nearest .001g about 0.2 to 0.4g of the unknown sample
was weighed. The sample weight was recorded.
2. The sample was transferred quantitatively to a clean 250 ml beaker (The weight of the
beaker was not weighed) and label it Beaker 1.
3. 150 ml of distilled water and 1 ml of 6 M HNO3 was added to the beaker.
4. The sample numbers 2 and 3 and label the beaker #2 and #3 was repeated respectively.
5. A different stirring rod for each solution was used, the entire sample was stirred until
dissolved.
6. The stirring rods were left in the beaker and were not placed on the desktop.
7. While stirring one of the solutions, About 20 ml of 0.5 AgNO3 solution was added.
8. A watch glass was placed over the beaker.
9. The solution was warmed gently with the Bunsen burner and it was kept warm for about 5 -
10 minutes.
10. The solution was not boiled.
11. A filter paper was obtained and folded to be used for filtration and it was weighed
accurately. 12. Completely and quantitatively the precipitate was transferred and all the warm solution
from the beaker onto the filter into another beaker. A wash bottle was used to wash out the
last traces of the precipitate
13. The level of solution in the funnel supposed to be below the top of the filter paper.
14. The Filter paper was removed from the funnel and was made sure that no precipitate got
lost and it was placed on a clean and numbered watch glass. This was stored in the locker
and waited for the next day for it to be weighed.
15. The above process was repeated with the other two samples, it was made sure that watch
glasses were numbered so that the samples were identified.
16. The filter papers were weighed plus AgCl and the mass of AgCl was calculated. From these
data, the percentage of chloride was calculated in the original sample.
17. The standard deviation was calculated from the percentages of the chloride samples.
Observations/ Results:
TABLE SHOWING THE GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CHLORIDE SALT
Description Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Mass of Sample 0.40 0.39 0.39 Mass of the filter Paper and AgCl 2.04 2.20 2.37 Mass of the Filter paper 1.03 1.03 1.05 Mass of AgCl 1.01 1.17 1.32
The table is showing the masses of the substances and the gravimetric analysis of chloride salt generally.
Calculations:
Mols of AgCl= 1.01g AgCl/143.32g
= 0.00704mols 0.00704 mols= 0.00704 mol of Cl 0.00704mol x 35.45= 0.249g Cl 0.249g/0.40 x 100= 62.39% Cl Mols of AgCl= 1.17g AgCl/ 143.32g =0.00816 mols of Cl 0.00816 x 35.45 = 0.289g of Cl 0.289g /0.39g x 100= 74.10% of Cl
Mols of AgCl = 1.32g AgCl/143.32g
= 0.00921mols of Cl 0.00921mols x 35.45= 0.326g of Cl 0.326g/ 0.39g x 100= 83.58%
Standard 0.01^2 + 0.37^2 + 0.1^2 + 0.24^2= √0.2046/2= 0.32
Relative Standard deviation
0.32/32.51= 0.0098 or 0.98% Yes the result can be discarded.
Barium can be analyzed by precipitating it as BaSO4 and weighing the precipitate.
When a 0.369g sample of barium compound was treated with excess H2SO4. 0.153g of BaSO4 formed. What is the percentage of barium in the compound?
Mols of Ba= 0.153g/0.369g/mol BaSO4 = 0.000657mol of barium
0.000657mol x 137g/mol= 0.090g Ba Percentage of Ba=0.050g x 100%/ 0.369g= 24.39% Percentage of sodium in pure table salt 23g/mol x 100%/ 58.5g/mol= 39.32% of Na
How many milligrams of sodium are contained in 2.00g of NaCl?
2.0g/58.5 g/mol = 0.0342 mol Na 0.0342 mol Na x 23g/mol= 0.7866g Na x 1000mg = 786.6mg
An impure sample of table salt that weighed 0.4652 g, when dissolved in water and treated with excess AgNo3, formed 1.044g of AgCl. What is the percentage of NaCl in the impure sample? Mols NaCl= 1.044g/143.5g/mol = 0.00728mol NaCl 0.00728mol NaCl x 58.5g/mol = 0.42588g NaCl 0.42588g x 100/ 0.4652g= 91.55% NaCl
Discussion: Gravimetric analysis is a method of quantitative chemical analysis in which the constituent sought is
converted into a substance of known composition that can be separated from the sample and weighed.
Volumetric analysis is a quantitative analytical method of determining the amount of substance
contained in a sample solution by gradually adding a standard solution of known concentration and measuring the volume at the time of reaction. The difference is that in gravimetric analysis, the mass of
the analyte is determined whereas, in volumetric analysis, the volume of the analyte is determined.
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry in which relationships are involved between reactants and
products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data and relates to the mass and
volume ratios. Silver chloride should be protected from light because it will decompose into silver and
chlorine and be turned to purple or grey, a process known as photodecomposition. Silver nitrate is very
reactive to sunlight as it is known to be photosensitive. Silver's mass is smaller than silver chloride
making the results low. In order to find the mean, the mol and mass of silver nitrate was found. The first,
second and third trial of moles was found then multiplied by the mass of sodium chloride. The
percentages of the three trials was found then all of the percentage was added together and was
divided by three. To find the deviation, the average was subtracted from each trial percentage and for
determining the standard deviation, by using the formula which was the sum of the deviation from the
mean(s=√). The deviation was divided by the average which was 0.144. Lately after doing all the
calculations, the relative standard deviation resulted in 0.0243. The standard deviation measures a test's
precision is used to show how close individual measurements are to each other. The folded filter paper
is not opened two pieces or touched each side of the funnel because the substance would rip up the
filter paper. The gravimetric factor is a ratio used in gravimetric analysis to predict the mass of the
sample from a precipitate or residue. The residue color was dried easily due to the substance being left
to dry. A source of error was adding more HCl acid than needed and a next source of error was not
labeling the glasses to distinguish which is trial one and two. Limitations vary which was to weigh to the
nearest 0.01 but the scale could have only been able to weight to the nearest 0.1.
Conclusion: The average of Chlorine was 73.35% by using stoichiometry method and mean. Other
results were obtained using different methods such as: standard deviation, finding moles and grams of
chlorine in formula methods. All procedures and calculations were done and the objective was met. References
Madhusha, B. (2018, February 12). Difference Between Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis |
Definition, Requirement, Process and Differences. Pediaa.Com.
J = current density (mA mm V d = distance between anode and cathode (mm) K is a constant given by K = (4/9) ε ε q/m = charge (C) to mass (kg) ratio of particle (absolute
J = current density (mA mm V d = distance between anode and cathode (mm) K is a constant given by K = (4/9) ε ε q/m = charge (C) to mass (kg) ratio of particle (absolute
