Lab#7

Digital Communication Sampling and Quantization

Lab#7 Sampling and Quantization

Introduction:
The goal of the lab is to present the students with first essential signal processing step, formatting, which is to a transform an analog signal from a source into digital symbols. The information in analog form is first transformed into a digital format by means of sampling and quantization. The process of transforming an analog waveform into a form that is compatible with a digital communication system starts with sampling the waveform to produce a discrete pulse-amplitude-modulated waveform, as described below.

Sampling:
To sample a continuous-time signal x(t) is to represent x(t) at a discrete number of points, t = nTs, where T s is the sampling period. The sampling theorem states that a band-imited signal x(t) with a bandwidth W can be reconstructed from its sample values x(n)= x (nT s) if the sampling frequency f s= 1/T s is greater than twice the bandwidth W of x(t). Otherwise, aliasing would result in x(t) . The minimum sampling rate of 2fs for an analog band-limited signal is called the Nyquist rate.

Quantization:
In order to process the sampled signal digitally, the sample values have to be quantized to a finite number of levels, and each value can then be represented by a string of bits. For example, if the signal is quantized to N different levels, then log2(N) bits per sample are required. Notice that to quantize a sample value is to round it to the nearest point among a finite set of permissible values. Therefore, a distortion will inevitably occur. This is called quantization noise (or error). Quantization can be classified as uniform and non-uniform. In the case of uniform quantization, the quantization regions are chosen to have equal length. However, in non-uniform quantization, regions of various lengths are allowed. Non-uniform quantization can be implemented through compression-expansion (or companding) of the signal, and this is commonly used (as in telephony) to maintain a uniform signal-to-quantization noise ratio over the full dynamic range of the signal (refer to your textbook for more details).

Procedure:
Lab Manual: Digital Communication Department of Electrical Engineering, WEC Mohsin Mushtaq (UW-07-EE-015)

Lab#7

Digital Communication Sampling and Quantization

Code :
clc clear all close all t=0:0.1:10; m=length(t); a=sin(2*pi*0.1*t); n=8; amax=max(abs(a)); b=a+amax; c=(n-1)*(b/(2*amax)); d=round(c); a_quan=2*amax.*d/(n-1)-amax; a_error=a-a_quan; square_a=a.*a; square_a_error=a_error.*a_error; S=0; N=0; for i=1:length(square_a) S=S+square_a(i); end S for p=1:length(square_a_error) N=N+square_a_error(p); end N SQNR=10.*log10(S/N) binary=dec2bin(SQNR) for n=8 output is S = 50.0000 : N =0.6104 : SQNR =19.335 binary =10011 For n=16 output is S =50.0000 : N =0.1423 binary =11001 : SQNR =25.4561

Quantization

Simulate the following diagram in Simulink

Lab#7

Digital Communication Sampling and Quantization

Sine Wave

Quantizer1

Scope log10 Math Function 10 Gain Quantizer2

Figur e3 4.1 Change the quantization step size (Quantization interval) and note the changes in the diagram. By changing the step size output quantized width increases ; in other words your output binary gets changed 4.2 Change the scaling factor in the logarithmic quantization and note the effect of it. By changing lorathimic quantization amplitude, phase & shape of quantized signal changes .

4.3 Generate a sine wave using t=0:0.01:2*pi; then quantize the signal using the following: > key function quantiz par =
Lab Manual: Digital Communication Department of Electrical Engineering, WEC Mohsin Mushtaq (UW-07-EE-015)

Lab#7

Digital Communication Sampling and Quantization

clc par =[-3.5000 -2.5000 -1.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 1.5000 2.5000]; code =[-3.5000 -2.5000 -1.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 1.5000 2.5000 3.5000]; T=0 : 0.01 : 2*pi ; Y=sin(T); [index,x] = quantiz(Y,code,par); q=quantizer([3 0]); m=num2bin(q,x) plot(x) hold on plot(Y,'+')

-3.5000 -2.5000 -1.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 1.5000 2.5000; code = -3.5000 -2.5000 -1.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 1.5000 2.5000 3.5000; Example: T=0 : 0.01 : 2*pi ; Y=sin(t); [index,quantY] = quantize(y,code,par); Now convert the index into binary using the command num2bin. Use quantizer=([3,0]); % 3 for total number of bit, % 0 for total number of bits Used for decimal points Code :

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subplot 321 plot(t,a) title('graph1') xlabel('time axis') ylabel('a') subplot 322 Lab Manual: Digital Communication Department of Electrical Engineering, WEC Mohsin Mushtaq (UW-07-EE-015)

Lab#7 plot(t,b) title('graph2') xlabel('time axis') ylabel('b') subplot 323 plot(t,c) title('graph3') xlabel('time axis') ylabel('c') subplot 324 plot(t,d) title('graph4') xlabel('time axis') ylabel('d') subplot 325 plot(t,a_quan) title('graph5') xlabel('time axis') ylabel('a-quan') subplot 326 plot(t,a) hold on plot(t,a_quan) title('graph6') xlabel('time axis') ylabel('a-error')

Digital Communication Sampling and Quantization

graph1 1 a b 0 -1 0 5 time axis graph3 10 2 1 0 0

graph2

5 time axis graph4

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10 d 0 5 time axis graph5 10 c 5 0

10 5 0 0 5 time axis graph6 10

1 a-quan 0 -1 0 5 time axis 10 a-error

1 0 -1 0 5 time axis 10

Made by Mohsin Mushtaq

Lab Manual: Digital Communication

Department of Electrical Engineering, WEC Mohsin Mushtaq (UW-07-EE-015)