MOLECULAR MODELING WITH CHEM 3D Pro v.

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(GMU classroom) Most of the instructions for using Chem 3D are taken from Chem3D Help. The Help and Tutorial features are quite good and you should expect to consult them if necessary. Choose Help | Get Started and choose Tutorials 2 and 3 for a quick start.

Chem3D's Graphical Interface When you first open Chem3D, you will see two main areas: the model window on the left and ChemDraw on the right. Close the ChemDraw window by clicking the X in the upper right of the window (or leave it open if you wish, but it takes up room). Because Chem3D is a Windows application, the GUI interface is already familiar to you and the File, Edit, Window, and Help menus are similar to those you've seen before.

Useful tools can be placed in the toolbar area. If you dont see the toolbar you need, choose View |Toolbars. To open the three windows that you will commonly use, choose View | Output Box and View | Measurement Table. The windows can be detached and floated anywhere.

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Window Object Model area window

Description Contains a molecular model you are viewing, building, or analyzing. The origin of the Cartesian axes (0,0,0) is always located at the center of this window. Regardless of how the model is moved or scaled, the Cartesian axes do not move relative to the window. Displays information about the active frame of your model and about hidden atoms in your model. Contains all of the messages associated with a model. Contains an area to display tables of measurements, for instance, the bond lengths, bond angles, dihedral angles and other such data. To generate measurements, choose Structure | Measurements | Generate and choose the measurement to display. Used to select an entire record. Clicking a record selector highlights the corresponding atoms in the model window.

Status bar

Output window Measurement window

Record Selector

Tools palette In addition to menus and commands, there are tools that you can use for building and manipulating the model. These tools are available in the Tools palette described below: Tool Name Select Translate tool Trackball tool Use Click or Shift+click or Drag or Shift+drag to select individual or multiple atoms or bonds. Moves the model in the x,y plane of the model window. Use to rotate the molecule in the model window around all three axes. Hold down the left mouse button and drag. When using the Trackball tool, move the cursor to the top edge of the model window. The Rotation bars will appear. Hold down the left mouse key and drag to rotate around the selected x, y, or z axis. Zoom tool Single Bond Reduces or enlarges model in window. Draw single bonds by dragging in the model window.

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Double Bond Triple Bond Uncoordinated Bond Text Building Tool

Draw double bonds by dragging in the model window. Draw triple bonds by dragging in the model window. Draw uncoordinated bonds by dragging in the model window. Draw molecules or fragments by typing in text box or clicking on atoms. Case sensitive Erase bonds and atoms by clicking.

Eraser

Placing a structure in the model area window You can draw structures of molecules directly in the model area window. Chem3D, however, is not a great drawing program and there are many difficulties in drawing useful structures rapidly. Choose the Text tool. For simple molecules, you can type the molecular structure (not formula) in the model window. You must use appropriate upper and lower case letters. You can group like terms in parentheses [ (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 ] Use the Text tool to easily change one atom to another. Most chemical drawing and visualization programs use interchangeable file formats and you can import some of these into the model area window. For example, Chem3D will open ChemDraw (chm), Protein DB (pdb) and MDL (mol) files. ChemDraw and Chem3D are part of the ChemOffice suite of programs. PDB and MDL files are used primarily in visualization programs such as DS Viewer and ChemSketch. Recall that ChemSketch can Export drawings to many file formats, including chm and mol files. You can learn how to draw using Chem3D by trial-and-error and by consulting Chem3D Help Tutorials 2 and 3. But to get off to a fast start in this class, we'll assume you've drawn the relevant molecules in ChemSketch and saved them as chm files to open in Chem3D. Remember, when you want to save a ChemSketch drawing to another file format, you must choose File | Export in the ChemSketch menu bar. In Chem3D, choose File | Open to open the file.

Cleaning a structure You may remember in ChemSketch that you could transform your 2D drawing in the drawing window. The program "cleaned" the bond lengths and angles to more "normal" values. You can do the same in the Chem3D window. Click on the background in the model window. Select the entire molecule (Ctrl+A). Notice that the atoms and bonds are now colored yellow (default). From the menu bar choose Structure | Clean Up.

Rotating a molecule in the model area window Using the Trackball tool in Chem3D, you can perform a variety of rotations on the model:

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Choose the Trackball tool and drag in the window to freely rotate a molecule. or Move the cursor to the top, bottom or right edge of the window to see the Rotate around X, Y and Z axes areas. Hold down the left mouse button and drag to rotate around the selected axis. or Choose the Down arrow to the right of the Trackball tool button. Select an axis and the degrees of rotation.

Selecting atoms and bonds Choose the Selection tool. Click on an atom. Click on a bond. To make multiple selections, hold down the [Shift] key while clicking on atoms and/or bonds. To choose a section of a molecule, or the whole molecule, hold down the left mouse button and draw a rectangle around the desired section. The selected atoms will be colored yellow (default).

Moving atom(s) or molecules Use the Translation tool to move the entire molecule. Use the Move Objects tool to select and then move atoms in a molecule.

Pop-up Information By default, Chem3D displays information about the atoms in the model when the cursor passes over them. Choose File | Preferences | Popup Info . The Pop-up Information control panel contains check boxes that you can select to determine what information appears as you point at atoms and bonds. Note: Chem3D assigns "serial numbers" to uniquely identify each atom in the molecule. These numbers have no relationship to the numbering in nomenclature systems. In all directions for using Chem3D, the atom numbering refers to the nomenclature system, not the atom serial numbers.

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Single Point Energy Calculation

From the Chem3D menu, choose Calculations | MM2 | Compute Properties. Under the Properties tab, choose Steric Energy Summary. Make sure Compute Properties is chosen under the Job Type tab. Click the Run button. Here is the output for one conformation of methyl ethyl ketone:

The units are kcal/mole for all terms. At the beginning of the computation the first message indicates that the parameters are of Quality = 4 meaning that they are experimentally determined/verified parameters that are used in the force field.

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The first steric energy term in the Messages table is the Stretch term. This term represents the energy associated with any bonds that are distorted from their optimal length. The second steric energy term is the Bend term. This term represents the energy associated with any bond angles that are deformed from their optimal values. The third steric energy term is the Stretch-Bend term. This term represents the energy required to stretch the two bonds involved in a bond angle when that bond angle is severely compressed. The fourth steric energy term is the Torsion term. This term represents the energy associated with deforming torsional angles (dihedral angles) in the molecule from their ideal values. The fifth steric energy term, Non-1,4 van der Waals, represents the energy for the throughspace interaction between pairs of atoms that are separated by more than three atoms. The sixth steric energy term, 1,4 van der Waals, represents the energy for the through-space (non-bonded) interaction of atoms separated by two atoms. The seventh and final term, the dipole/dipole steric energy, represents the energy associated with the interaction of bond dipoles.

Be sure you can identify the atoms and bonds referred to above. For example the Bend term involves the change in bond angle between 3 adjacent atoms.

Geometry Optimization/Energy Minimization

From the Chem3D menu, choose Calculations | MM2 | Minimize Energy. Under the Job Type tab, choose Minimize Energy as the Job Type. Click on Display Every Iteration. Leave the Minimum RMS Gradient at 0.100. Click the Run button. The output is shown below. The message that is cut off in the figure says: " Iteration 108: Minimization terminated normally because the gradient norm is less than the minimum gradient norm". The total steric energy of the molecule is much less after geometry optimization. You can see the effect in the picture of the model. In which energy term did the largest relief of strain occur? Note that this conformation might be a local minimum and not the most stable of all possible conformations, known as the global minimum.

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Continue learning about CHEM3D by trying the Exercises in a separate document.

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