Chapter 9

Many physical and geometric quantities can be expressed as integrals.

Our applications of integration in Chapter 4 were limited to area, distance-

velocity, and rate problems. In this chapter, we will see how to use integrals to
set up problems involving volumes, averages, centers of mass, work, energy,
and power. The techniques developed in Chapter 7 make it possible to solve
many of these problems completely.

9.1 Volumes by the Slice

Method
The volume of a solid region is an integral of its cross-sectional areas.

By thinking of a region in space as being composed of "infinitesimally thin

slices," we shall obtain a formula for volumes in terms of the areas of slices. In
this section, we apply the formula in a variety of special cases. Further
methods for calculating volumes will appear when we study multiple integra-
tion in Chapter 17.
We will develop the slice method for volumes by analogy with the
computation of areas by integration. Iff and g are functions with f(x) & g(x)
on [a, b], then the area between the graphs off and g is [ g(x) - f(x)] dx (see
Section 4.6). We recall the infinitesimal argument for this formula. Think of
the region as being composed of infinitesimally thin strips obtained by cutting
with lines perpendicular to the x axis. Denote the vertical line through x by
Lx; the intersection of Lx with the region between the graphs has length
l(x) = g(x) -:f(x), and the corresponding "infinitesimal rectangle" with thick-
ness dx has area I(x) dx (= height X width) (see Fig. 9.1.1). The area of the
Figure 9.1.1. The area of entire region, obtained by "summing" the infinitesimal areas, is
the shaded region is
J t l ( x )dx.

Given a region surrounded by a closed curve, we can often use

the same formula Jb,l(x)dx to find its area. To implement this, we posi-
tion it conveniently with respect to the axes and .determine a and b
by noting where the ends of the region are. We determine I(x) by using the ge-
ometry of the situation at hand. This is done for a disk of radius r in

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 420 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

Fig. 9.1.2. We may evaluate the integral 1'_,2 I/- dx by using integral
tables to obtain the answer vr2, in agreement with elementary geometry. (One
can also readily evaluate integrals of this type by using the substitution
x = r cos 8.)

Figure 9.1.2. Area of the

disk = j ? , 2 J Z 7 dx.

To find the volume of a solid region, we imagine it sliced by a family of

parallel planes: The plane P, is perpendicular to a fixed x axis in space at a
distance x from a reference point (Fig. 9.1.3).
The plane P, cuts the solid in a plane. region R,; the corresponding
"infinitesimal piece" of the solid is a slab whose base is a region R, and whose
thickness is dx (Fig. 9.1.4). The volume of such a cylinder is equal to the area

Figure 9.1.3. The plane P, Figure 9.1.4. An infinites-

is at distance x horn Po. imally thin slice of a solid.

of the base R , times the thickness dx. If we denote the area of R, by A(x),
then this volume is A (x) dx. Thus the volume of the entire solid, obtained by
summing, is the integral ~ b , ~ ( x ) dwhere
x, the limits a and b are determined
by the ends of the solid.

The Slice Method

Let S be a solid and P, be a family of parallel planes such that:
1. S lies between Pa and P,;
2. the area of the slice of S cut by P, is A(x).
Then the volume of S is equal to

lb~ (x) dx.

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 9.1 Volumes by the Slice Method 421

The slice method can also be justified using step functions. We shall see how
to do this below.
In simple cases, the areas A (x) can be computed by elementary geometry.
For more complicated problems, it may be necessary to do a preliminary
integration to find the A(x)'s themselves.

Example 11 Find the volume of a ball' of radius r.

Solution Draw the ball above the x axis as in Fig. 9.1.5.

region R, of area A ( x )

Figure 9.1.5. The area of Y

the slice at x of a ball of

radius r is
A ( x ) = n-(r2 - x2).

Let the plane Po pass through the center of the ball. The ball lies
between P-, and P,,and the slice R, is a disk of radius .-d
The area of
the slice is s x (radiu~)~;
i.e., A(x) = ~(d-)~ = n(r2 - x2). Thus the
volume is

Example 2 Find the volume of the conical solid in Fig. 9.1.6. (The base is a circle.)

Figure9.1.7. IDEI/IABI
= .lGEI/lGBI = IG~IIIGCI
by similar triangles. But
Figure 9.1.6. Find the lABl= r, lGCl= h, and
volume of this oblique IGFI = h - x , andso
circular cone. 1 D E 1 = [(h - x ) / h ] r .

Solution We let the x axis be vertical and choose the family P, of planes such that Po
contains the base of the cone and P, is at distance x above Po.Then the cone
lies between Po and P,, and the plane section by P, is a disk with radius
[(h - x)/h]r and area n[(h - x)/h12r2 (see Fig. 9.1.7). By the slice method,

' A sphere is the set of points in space at a fixed distance from a point. A ball is the solid region
enclosed by a sphere, just as a disk is the plane region enclosed by a circle.

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

422 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

the volume is

Example 3 Find the volume of the solid W shown in Fig. 9.1.8. It can be thought of as a
wedge-shaped piece of a cylindrical tree of radius r obtained by making
two saw cuts to the tree's center, one horizontally and one at an
angle 0.

Figure 9.1.8. Find the

volume of the wedge W.
Solution With the setup in Fig. 9.1.8, we slice W by planes to produce triangles R, of
area A(x) as shown. The base b of the triangle is b = dm, and its height
is h = b tan0 = $-tan$. Thus, A (x) = $ bh = $(r2- x2)tan0. Hence,
the volume is

Notice that even though we started with a region with a circular boundary, n
does not occur in the answer! A

Example 4 A ball of radius r is cut into three pieces by parallel planes at a distance of r/3
on each side of the center. Find the volume of each piece.
Solution The middle piece lies between the planes P_,/, and P,/, of Example 1, and
the area function is A(x) = n(r2 - x2) as before, so the volume of the middle
piece is

This leaves a volume of (4 - E)nr3 = nr3 to be divided between the two

outside pieces. Since they are congruent, each of them has volume nr3. (YOU
may check this by computing JiI3n(r2 - x2)dx.) A .
One way to construct a solid is to take a plane region R,,as shown in Fig. 9.1.9
and revolve it around the x axis so that it sweeps out a solid region S. Such
solids are common in woodworking shops (lathe-tooled table legs), in pottery

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 9.1 Volumes by the Slice Method 423

Revolve

3
Figure 9.1.9. S is the solid
of revolution obtained by
revolving the plane region
R about the x axis.

studios (wheel-thrown pots), and in nature (unicellular organisms).' They are

called solids of revolution and are said to have axial symmetry.
Suppose that region R is bounded by the lines x = a, x = b, and y = 0,
and by the graph of the functiony = f(x). To compute the volume of S by the
slice method, we use the family of planes perpendicular to the x axis, with Po
passing through the origin. The plane section of S by P, is a circular disk of
radius f(x) (see Fig. 9.1. lo), so its area A (x) is m [ f(x)12. By the basic formula
of the slice method, the volume of S is

Figure 9.1.10. The volume

of a solid of revolution
obtained by the disk I
method. k x A
We use the term "disk method" for this special case of the slice method since
the slices are disks.

Disk Method
The volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving the region
under the graph of a (non-negative) function f(x) on [a,b] about the x

Exarnple 5 The region under the graph of x2 on [0, I] is revolved about the x axis. Sketch
the resulting solid and find its volume.
Solution The solid, which is shaped something like a trumpet, is sketched in Fig. 9.1.1 1.

Figure 9.1.11. The volume

of this solid of revolution is
nJ:(x2)' dx.

See D'Arcy Thompson, On Growth and Form, abridged edition, Cambridge University Press
(1969).

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

424 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

According to the disk method, its volume is

Example 6 The region between the graphs of sinx and x on [0, n/2] is revolved about the
x axis. Sketch the resulting solid and find its volume.
Solution The solid is sketched in Fig. 9.1.12. It has the form of a hollowed-out cone.

Figure 9.1.12. The region

between the graphs of sin x
and x is revolved about the
x axis.
The volume is that of the cone minus that of the hole. The cone is obtained by
revolving the region under the graph of x on [O, 11 about the axis, so its
volume is

The hole is obtained by revolving the region under the graph of sinx on
[O, n/2] about the x axis, so its volume is

nc'2sin2x dx = ni'/2 - 2x dx (since cos 2x = 1 - 2 sin2x)

Thus the volume of our solid is r4/24 - r 2 / 4 w 1.59. A

The volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region between the graphs of
two functionsf and g (with f(x) < g(x) on [a, b])can be done as in Example 6
or by the washer method which proceeds as follows. In Fig. 9.1.13, the volume
of the shaded region (the "washer") is the area x thickness. The area of the
washer is the area of the complete disk minus that of the hole. Thus, the
washer's volume is
r.( mi2- n [ f ( x ) ~ 2dx.
)
Thus, the total volume is

The reader should notice that this method gives the same answer as one finds
by using the method of Example 6.

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 9.1 Volumes by the Slice Method 425

Figure 9.1.13. The washer

method.

Our formula for volumes by the slice method was introduced via infinites-
imal~.A more rigorous argument for the formula is based on the use of upper
and lower sums.3To present this argument, we first look at the case where S is
composed of n cylinders, as in Fig. 9.1.14.
If the ith cylinder Ci lies between the planes P , - , and Pxi and has
cross-sectional area. k,, then the function A (x) is a step function on the
interval [x,, x,]; in fact, A(x) = k, for x in (xi-, ,xi). TI, :volume of C, is the
product of its base area k, by its height Ax, = xi - xi-,, so the volume of the
total figure is C?, ,k,Ax,; but this is just the integral pOA(x)dx of the step
function A(x). We conclude that if S is a "stepwise cylindrical" solid between
9.1.14. A "stepwise the planes Pa and P, , then
cylindrical" solid.
volume s = l b
A (x) dx.

If S is a reasonably "smooth" solid region, we expect that it can be squeezed

arbitrarily closely between stepwise cylindrical regions on the inside and
outside. Specifically, for every positive number E , there should be a stepwise
cylindrical region S, inside S and another such region Sooutside S such that
(volume So) - (volume S,) < E . If Ai(x) and A,(x) are the corresponding
functions, then A, and A, are step functions, and we have the inequality
A,(x) < A (x) < A,(x), so

volume S, = Lb~, (x) dx < (x) dx < Ib~, (x) dx = volume So.

Since S encloses Si and So encloses S, volume Si < volume S < volume So.
Thus the numbers (volume S ) and (x) dx both belong to the same interval
[(volume S,), (volume So)], which has length less than E . It follows that the
differencebetween (volume S ) and Jb,~(x)dxis less than any positive number
E ; the only way this can be so is if the two numbers are equal.

Supplement to Section 9.1:

Gavalieri's Delicatessen
The idea behind the slice method goes back, beyond the invention of calculus,
to Francesco Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598-1647), a student of Galileo and
then professor at the University of Bologna. An accurate report of the events
leading to Cavalieri's discovery is not available, so we have taken the liberty of
inventing one.

Even this justification, as we present it, is not yet completely satisfactory. For example, do we
get the same answer if we slice the solid a different way? The answer is yes, but the proof uses
multiple integrals (see Chapter 17).

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

426 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

Cavalieri's delicatessen usually produced bologna in cylindrical form, so

that the volume would be computed as 1 ~ radius2. . length. One day, the
casings were a bit weak, and the bologna came out with odd bulges. The scale
was not working that day, either, so the only way to compute the price of the
bologna was in terms of its volume.
Cavalieri took his best knife and sliced the bologna into n very thin slices,
each of thickness Ax, and measured the radii r , ,r,, . . . , r,, of the slices
(fortunately, they were round). He then estimated the volume to be
C'i'=,~r?Ax~, the sum of the volumes of the slices.
Cavalieri was moonlighting from his regular job as a professor at the
University of Bologna. That afternoon, he went back to his desk and began
the book "Geometria indivisibilium continuorum nova quandum ratione
promota" ("Geometry shows the continuous indivisibility between new rations
and getting promoted"), in which he stated what is now known4 as Cavalieri's
principle :
If two solids are sliced by a family of parallel planes in such a way that
corresponding sections have equal areas, then the two solids have the same
volume.
The book was such a success that Cavalieri sold his delicatessen and
retired to a life of occasional teaching and eternal glory.

Honest!

Exercises for Section 9.1

In Exercises 1-4, use the slice method to find the 1. The solid in Fig. 9.1.15(a); each plane section is
volume of the indicated solid. a circle of radius I.
2. The parallelepiped in Fig. 9.1.15(b); the base is a
rectangle with sides a and b.
3. The solid in Fig. 9.1.15(c); the base is a figure of
area A and the figure at height x has area
A, = [(h - x ) / h I 2 ~ .
4. The solid in Fig. 9.1.15(d); the base is a right
triangle with sides b and I.
5. Find the volume of the tent in Fig. 9.1.16. The
plane section at height x above the base is a
~ i. The height of the
square of side i(6 - x ) -
a tent is 5 feet.

6. What would the volume of the tent in the previ-

ous exercise be if the base and cross sections
were equilateral triangles instead of squares (with
the same side lengths)?
7. The base of a solid S is the disk in the xy plane
with radius 1 and center (0,O). Each section of S
Figure 9.1.15. The solids cut by a plane perpendicular to the x axis is an
for Exercises 1-4. equilateral triangle. Find the volume of S .

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 9.1 Volumes by the Slice Method 427

8. A plastic container is to have the shape of a 20. The region under the graph of J G on2
truncated pyramid with upper and lower bases lo, 11.
being squares of side length 10 and 6 centime- 21. The semicircular region with center (a,O) and
ters, respectively. How high should the container radius r (assume that 0 < r < a, y > 0).
be to hold exactly one liter (= 1000 cubic centi- 22. The region between the graphs of and
meters)? 5 + x on [0, I]. (Evaluate the integral using geo-
9. The conical solid in Fig. 9.1.6 is to be cut by metry or the tables.)
horizontal planes into four pieces of equal vor- 23. The square region with vertices (4,6), (5,6),
ume. Where should the cuts be made? [Hint: (5,7), and (4,7).
What is the volume of the portion of the cone 24. The region in Exercise 23 moved 2 units upward.
above the plane P,?] 25. The region in Exercise 23 rotated by 45" around
10. The tent in Exercise 5 is to be cut into two pieces its center.
of equal volume by a plane parallel to the base. 26. The triangular region with vertices (1, I), (2,2),
Where should the cut be made? and (3,l).
(a) Express your answer as the root of a fifth- *27. A vase with axial symmetry has the cross section
degree polynomial. shown in Fig. 9.1.18 when it is cut by a plane
8 (b) Find an approximate solution using the through its axis of symmetry. Find the volume of
method of bisection. the vase to the nearest cubic centimeter.
11. A wedge is cut in a tree of radius 0.5 meter by
making two cuts to the tree's center, one horizon-
tal and another at an angle of 15' to the first.
Find the volume of the wedge.
12. A wedge is cut in a tree of radius 2 feet by
making two cuts to the tree's center, one horizon-
tal and another at an angle of 20" to the first.
Find the volume of the wedge.
13. Find the volume of the solid in Fig. 9.1.17(a).
14. Find the volume of the solid in Fig. 9.1.17(b).

*28. A right circular cone of base radius r and height

14 is to be cut into three equal pieces by parallel
planes which are parallel to the base. Where
should the cuts be made?
*29. Find the formula for the volume of a doughnut
with outside radius R and a hole of radius r.
*30. Use the fact that the area of a disk of radius r is
?rr2= Y-JJ- dx to compute the area in-
Figure 9.1.17. Find the +
side the ellipse y2/4 x2 = r2.
volumes of these solids. *3 1. Prove Cavalieri's principle.
*32. Using Cavalieri's principle, without integration,
In Exercises 15-26, find the volume of the solid ob- find a relation between the volumes of:
tained by revolving each of the given regions about the (a) a hemisphere of radius 1;
x axis and sketch the region. (b) a right circular cone of base radius 1 and
15. The region under the graph of 3x + 1 on [O, 21. height 1;
16. The region under the graph of 2 - (x - 1)' on (c) a right circular cylinder of base radius 1 and
[O, 21. height 1.
17. The region under the graph of cos x 1 on + [Hint: Consider two of the solids side by side as
[O, 2 4 . a single solid. The sum of two volumes will equal
18. The region under the graph of cos 2x on [0, ?r/4]. the third.]
19. The region under the graph of x(x - 1)' on
[1,21.

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

428 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

9.2 Volumes by the Shell

Method
A solid of revolution about they axis can be regarded as composed of cylindrical
shells.

In the last section, we computed the volume of the solid obtained by

revolving the region under the graph of a function about the x axis. Another
way to obtain a solid S is to revolve the region R under the graph of a
non-negative function f(x) on [a, b] about they axis as shown in Fig. 9.2.1.
We assume that 0 < a < b.

Y =f(x)

Figure 9.2.1. The solid S is

obtained by revolving the
plane region R about they
axis.
To find the volume of S , we use the method of infinitesimals. (Another
argument using step functions is given at the end of the section.) If we rotate a
strip of width dx and height f(x) located at a distance x from the axis of
rotation, the result is a cylindrical shell of radius x, height f(x), and thickness
dx. We may "unroll" this shell to get a flat rectangular sheet whose length is
'2?ix, the circumference of the cylindrical shell (see Fig. 9.2.2). The volume of
the sheet is thus the product of its area 2?ixf(x) and its thickness dx. The total
volume of the solid, obtained by summing the volumes of the infinitesimal
shells, is the integral J:2?ixf(x)dx. If we revolve the region between the graphs
of f(x) and g(x), with f(x) < g(x) on [a, b], the height is g(x) - f(x), and so
the volume is 257Jb,x[ g(x) - f (x)] dx.

revolve I unroll

Figure 9.2.2. The volume of

the cvlindrical shell is
27~xf(x) dx. I

Example 1 The region under the graph of x2 on [O,l] is revolved about they axis. Sketch
the resulting solid and find its volume.
Solution The solid, in the shape of a bowl, is sketched in Fig. 9.2.3. Its volume is

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 9.2 Volumes by the Shell Method 429

Figure 9.2.3. Find the

volume of the "bowl-like"
solid.

The volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving about they

axis the region under the graph of a (non-negative) function f(x) on
[a,b] (0 < a < b) is

If the region between the graphs of f(x) and g(x) is revolved, the

Example 2 Find the capacity of the bowl in Example 1.

Solution The capacity of the bowl is the volume of the region obtained by rotating the
region between the curves y = x2 and y = 1 on [0, 11 around they axis.
By the second formula in the box above, with f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 1, the
volume is

We could have found the capacity in Example 2 by subtracting the result of

Example 1 from the volume of the right circular cylinder with radius 1 and
height 1, namely mr2h = m. Another way to find the capacity is by the slice
method, using y as the independent variable. The slice at height y is a disk of
radius x = 5, so the volume is ,

Example 3 Sketch and find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving each of the
following regions about they axis: (a) the region under the graph of ex on
+
[l, 31; (b) the region under the graph of 2x3 + 5x 1 on [0, 11.
Solution (a) Volume = 2mJixexdx. This integral may be evaluated by integration by
parts to give 2m(xexl: - J:exdx) = 2m[ex(x - 1)]f = 4me3. (see Fig. 9.2.4(a)).

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

430 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

Figure 9.2.4. Find the

volume of the shaded
solids.

(See Fig. 9.2.4(b)). A

Example 4 Find the volume of the "flying saucer" obtained by rotating the region
between the curves y = - + ( l - x4) and y = i ( 1 - x6) on [O,I] about the y
axis.

Revolve '"

about

Figure 9.2.5. The flying

saucer.

Solution See Fig. 9.2.5. The height of the shell at radius x is i ( 1 - x6) + a(l - x4)
= (5/ 12) - (x6/6) - (x4/4), so the volume is

Example 5 A hole of radius r is drilled through the center of a ball of radius R. How
much material is removed?
Solution See Figure 9.2.6. The shell at distance x from the axis of the hole has height

Figure 9.2.6. A ball with a

hole drilled through it.

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 9.2 Volumes by the Shell Method 431

2JR2 - x 2 . The shells removed have x running from 0 to r, so their total

volume is

Notice that if we set r = R, we get $ nR 3; we then recover the formula for the
volume of the ball, computed by the shell method. A

Example 6 The disk with radius 1 and center (4,O) is revolved around they axis. Sketch
the resulting solid and find its volume.
Solution The doughnut-shaped solid is shown in Fig. 9.2.7.5 We observe that if the solid
is sliced in half by a plane through the origin perpendicular to they axis, the
top half is the solid obtained by revolving about they axis the region under
the semicircley = d l - (x - 4)2 on the interval [3,5].

Figure 9.2.7. The disk

( ~ - - 4 ) ~ +l i s~ ~ <
revolved about they axis.

The volume of that solid is

Now j\ Id- udu = 0 because the function f(u) = d m

u is odd: f(- u)
,
= Lf(u) SO that J'? f(u) du is exactly the negative of Jif (u) du.
On the other hand, j!. du is just the area of a semicircular region
of radius 1-that is, n/2-so the volume of the upper half of the doughnut is
8n . (n/2) = 4n2, and the volume of the entire doughnut is twice that, or 8n2.
(Notice that this is equal to the area n of the rotated disk times the
circumference 8n of the circle traced out by its center (4, O).) A

5Mathematicians call this a solid torus. The surface of this solid (an "inner tube") is a torus.

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

432 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

We conclude this section with a justification of the shell method using step
functions. Consider again the solid S in Fig. 9.2.1. We break the region R into
thin vertical strips and rotate them into shells, as in Fig. 9.2.8.
What is the volume of such a shell? Suppose for a moment that f has the

Figure 9.2.8. The volume of

c,,/,
1 i
a solid of revolution
obtained by the shell
method.
I?, Xi-1

constant value ki on the interval (xi-, ,xi). Then the shell is the "difference" of
two cylinders of height ki, one with radius xi and one with radius xi-, . The
volume of the shell is, therefore, n-x,?ki- n-x,?- ,ki = n-ki(x,?- :X ,); we may
observe that this last expression is 12-,2n-kixdx.
Iff is a step function on [a, b], with partition (x,, . . . , x,) and f(x) = ki
on (xi-, ,xi), then the volume of the collection of n shells is

i:Ixi
i=l xi-1
2n-kixdx;

but ki = f(x) on (xi-, ,xi), so this is

i=l
Ixi
2n-xf(x) dx,
Xi-{

which is simply j:2n-xf(x)dx. We now have the formula

b
volume = 2 n - i xf (x) dx,

which is valid whenever f(x) is a step function on [a, b]. To show that the
same formula is valid for general f, we squeeze f between step functions above
and below using the same argument we used for the slice method.

Exercises for Section 9.2

In Exercises 1-12, find the volume of the solid obtained 9. The square region with vertices (4,6), (5,6),
by revolving each of the following regions about the y (5,7), and (4,7).
axis and sketch the region. 10. The region in Exercise 9 moved 2 units upward.
1. The region under the graph of sin x on [0, TI. 11. The region in Exercise 9 rotated by 45" around
2. The region under the graph of cos 2x on [O,n/4]. its center.
3. The region under the graph of 2 - (x - on 12. The triangular region with vertices (1, I), (2,2),
[O, 21. and (3,l).
4. The region under the graph of Jn on 13. The region under the graph of 6 on [0, I] is
[O, 11. revolved around they axis. Sketch the resulting
5. The region between the graphs of \ I nand solid and find its volume. Relate the result to
+
5 x on [0, I]. Example 5 of the previous section.
6. The region between the graphs of sinx and x on 14. Find the volume in Example 4 by the slice
10, n/21. method.
7. The circular region with center (a, 0) and radius r 15. A cylindrical hole of radius !is drilled through
(0 < r < a). the center of a ball of radius 1. Use the shell
8. The circular region with radius 2 and center
method to find the volume of the resulting solid.
(690).

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.

 9.3 Average Values and the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals 433

16. Find the volume in Exercise 15 by the slice *21. (a) Find the volume of the solid torus T,,,ob-
method. tained by rotating the disk with radius a and
17. Find the volume of the solid torus obtained by center (b, 0) about they axis, 0 < a < b.
+
rotating the disk (x - 3)' y 2 < 4 about the y (b) What is the volume of the region between
axis. the solid tori Ta,band T,,,,,, assuming
18. Find the volume of the solid torus obtained by O<a+h<b?
+
rotating the disk x2 (y - 5)' < 9 about the x (c) Using the result in (b), guess a formula for
axis. the area of the torus which is the surface of
19. A spherical shell of radius r and thickness h is, T,,,. (Compare Exercise 19).
by definition, the region between two concentric *22. Let f(x) and g(y) be inverse functions with f(a)
spheres of radius r - h/2 and r + h/2. = a , f(b) = p, 0 < a < b, 0 < a < p. Show that
(a) Find a formula for the volume V(r, h) of a
spherical shell of radius r and thickness h.
(b) For fixed r, what is (d/dh)V(r,h) when
h = O? Interpret your result in terms of the Interpret this statement geometrically.
surface area of the sphere. *23. Use Exercise 22 to compute the volume of the
20. In Exercise 19, find (d/dr) V(r, h) when h is held solid obtained by revolving the graph y =
fixed. Give a geometric interpretation of your cos-lx, 0 < x < 1, about the x axis.
answer.

9.3 Average Values and

the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
The average height of a region under a graph is its area divided by the length of
the base.

The average value of a function on an interval will be defined in terms of an

integral, just as the average or mean of a list a , , . . . , a, of n numbers is
defined in terms of a sum as (l/n)Cr= ,ai.
If a grain dealer buys wheat from n farmers, buying bi bushels from the
ith farmer at the price of pi dollars per bushel, the average price is determined
not by taking the simple average of the pi's, but rather by the "weighted
average":

Paverage -
- L'r=I pib; - total dollars
C?=,bi total bushels '

If a cyclist changes speed intermittently, travelling at v, miles per hour

from to to t,, v, miles per hour from tl to t,, and so on up to time t,, then the
average speed for the trip is
-
- Cr=10i(~i- ti- I) -
- total miles
"average
Cr=,(ti - ti- ,) total hours
If, in either of the last two examples, the b;s or (ti - ti- ,)'s are all equal,
then the average value is simply the usual average of the pi's or the vi's.
I f f is a step function on [a, b] and we have a partition (xo,x,, . . . , x,)
with f(x) = ki on (xi-, ,xi), then the average value off on the interval [a, b] is
defined to be

In other words, each interval is weighted by its length.

How can we define the average value of a function which is not a step
function? For instance, it is common to talk of the average temperature at a

Copyright 1985 Springer-Verlag. All rights reserved.