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Session 1- Introduction to
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Computers
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Define a computer system

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Describe parts of a computer

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Explain the computer system startup process
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List new technologies in computer

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 A computer can be defined as a system that responds

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to a set of instructions in a well-defined manner
 The computer system consists of different parts

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namely:

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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 Motherboard
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 Random Access Memory (RAM)
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 Hard disk
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 Main cabinet with all the peripheral devices connected to

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the motherboard
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 Operating System (OS)

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 Computers can be classified based on their size and

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processing power

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 The different types of computers are as follows:

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Personal Computers
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WorkStation
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MiniComputer
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SuperComputer
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They are relatively small as compared to

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supercomputers and mainframes

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They are inexpensive and designed for individual users

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They are used in business, homes, and schools for
surfing Internet, playing games, listening to music, and
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so on
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They come in different forms such as desktop

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computers, laptop computers, tablet PCs, Personal

Digital Assistants (PDAs), and so on
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 Laptop
DesktopComputers
Computers

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 Laptop
These computers
computersare
arenot
light-weight
portable and
and are
portable
designed to fit
on desk

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 The physical size of a laptop is the primary factor that

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 determines
They are much
thesmaller
cost of ainlaptop
size, easy to use, and cheap as

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compared to other types of PCs
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 Laptops that are smaller in size are known as notebooks
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 They are most commonly used in offices, homes, cyber
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cafe, and so on
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 Handheld
 Tablet PCsComputers or PDA
A

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PDA PCs
Tablet
Mobile also known
are
phones thatasare
similar atopalmtop computer
notebook
integrated PC and
with or a pocket
have
PDA a touchPC,
is a handheld
screen miniature
or penare
functionality enabled computer
calledinterface
Smartphones

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 They are smaller andand
very useful lighter in weight
popular and can
for writing be carried
notes in the in

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afields
pocket
of law, education, and medicine

 These
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h
devices
This type hold data
of computer suchmobility
offers as schedules, notes,
for a user who does
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appointments,
not have enough address
space book, and
to work many
with more laptop, or
a desktop,
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notebook PC
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SuperComputers are fast computers that can execute trillions

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of instructions per second

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They are used by applications that require intensive numerical
computations such as weather forecasting, nuclear energy
research, oil and gas exploration, and so on
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Mainframe is a large computer that can support hundreds or

thousands of users simultaneously
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 The different mandatory components of a computer

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system are as follows:

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Processor RAM ROM HDD Monitor Keyboard Mouse

•The main •This area in the •ROM is a •It is a non- •The most •The keyboard •A mouse is an

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component of computer memory chip, volatile commonly is one of the input device
a computer stores all the which contains memory used output most common that controls a
that executes instructions in-built because it device is the input devices. pointer, which
all processes
and
instructions
(processes) and
information of
system. It is a
programs

by C
written into it
retains
information,
unless the
monitor. It is
used to display
a variety of
Keyboard
convert
numbers,
is displayed on
the monitor.
The mouse is
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supplied by volatile manufacturers. information information letters, and used to click
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memory unit memory It is a non- itself is deleted other special and drag
volatile or overwritten. characters into objects on the
memory It can store digital signals, graphical
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large amount which the interface as

of data system well as to
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understands select or
activate
options
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Click on More Details button to understand More Details

different types of Monitors
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Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data

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and instructions

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A sequence of instructions is specified to a computer to solve a

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problem
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These sequence of instructions are written in a language, which can
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be comprehended by a computer and they form a computer program

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The program controls the processing of the computer, which performs

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specifically as the program instructs

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 There are two types of software, namely:

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 In order to boot a computer successfully, its Basic Input Output System (BIOS),
operating system and hardware components must work properly

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 Failure of any one of these three elements will likely result in a failed boot
sequence.

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 BIOS is a microchip that stores instructions such as POST in a

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predetermined memory address.

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 Once the POST determines that all components are functioning properly
and the processor has successfully been initialized, then the BIOS look for
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an OS and its boot sequence in the MBR.
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 The MBR shows the BIOS where to find the OS as well as the subsequent
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program file that will initialize the OS.

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 After OS initialization, the files are copied into memory by the BIOS and the
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OS takes over the control of the boot process.

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• Cloud computing evolved from a concept called virtualization
• Using virtualization, you can host multiple Operating Systems at the
Cloud

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same time on a single machine
• A traditional application server may have just 5-10% utilization,

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whereas virtualized servers can reach 50-80% utilization
Computing • By hosting more virtualized instances on fewer physical servers,

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you can lower costs for hardware acquisition, maintenance, energy,
and cooling system usage

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• Grid computing is defined as an interconnected computer system
Grid where the machines utilize the same resources collectively for

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solving a problem or reaching a common goal
• Grid computing usually consists of one main computer that
Computing distributes information and tasks to a group of network computers
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to accomplish a common goal
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Utility
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• In utility computing, the computing resources and infrastructure is

provided to the customer by the service provider

Computing • The customer is charged according to the service usage

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 Cloud computing is divided into three major cloud structures:

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• A public can be accessed by anyone using the Internet

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Public Cloud • The client manages their normal resources that operate
within the cloud and provide appropriate remuneration for

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the services used

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• A private cloud is cloud technology which uses a private
data center to which only one organization has access
Private Cloud C
• The organization maintains its own data center and staff,
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but IT resources within the cloud are available on-demand
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• Hybrid clouds are a combination of private and public

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clouds
Hybrid Cloud • Sometimes an application in a private cloud extends to use
resources present in a public cloud
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 The different types of services provided in cloud computing
platform are:

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 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) - In this model, computers and other resources are

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provided to the users
 Platform as a service (PaaS) - In this model, OS, program execution environment,

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database, and Web server are provided as a service
 Software as a service (SaaS) - In this model, cloud providers install and operate the

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application software in the cloud and the users access it
 Storage as a service (STaaS) - In this model, large service providers rents out storage
infrastructures
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 Security as a service (SECaaS) - In this model, large service providers integrates into the
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corporate infrastructure’s security services
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 Data as a service (DaaS) - In this model, data is provided to the user as and when
required irrespective of geographic location or organization separation between the
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provider and the consumer

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 Test Environment as a service (TEaaS) - In this model, software and its data are hosted
to be accessed by users using a Web browser over the Internet
 Desktop as a service (DaaS) - In this model, desktop is virtualized
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 API as a service (APIaaS) - It enables the creation and hosting of APIs

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 Advantages of grid computing are:

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Large six figure Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) servers for application

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processing are not required

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Idle resources can be utilized much more efficiently by distributing jobs
to idle servers or idle desktops

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A grid environment has modular structure and does not have single
points of failure
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Systems can be upgraded without scheduling downtime

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Jobs are executed in parallel speeding performance

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 Disadvantages of grid computing are:

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Large SMP are still used when applications that

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require high memory do not take advantage of
MPI

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A fast connection in between the computer
resources is required C
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Some applications are required to be fine-tuned to

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take full advantage of the new model

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 Advantages of utility computing are:

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The client is not required to buy all the hardware,

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software and licenses, instead, the client depends on

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the utility computing company to provide these

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services
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It gives companies the option to subscribe to a single

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service and use the same software suite for the

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entire client organization.

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 Disadvantages of utility computing are:

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If a utility computing company has financial

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difficulty or has frequent equipment problems,

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clients could get discontinued from the services
even after paying.

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Utility computing systems are always targets for

hackers. A hacker can access services without
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paying and sneaking around and exploring client

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files.
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 The computer consists of different parts namely, CPU, Motherboard, RAM, hard
disk, main cabinet with all the peripheral devices connected to the motherboard,

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and an OS.

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 A workstation can be defined as a type of computer that is mainly used for
technical and scientific applications, desktop publishing, and so on.

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 Booting is the process of loading the operating system when the user switches ON

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the computer system.
 Cloud computing is an approach enabling convenient and on-demand access
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through the Internet to resources such as networks, servers, storage, applications,
and services.
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 Grid computing usually consists of one main computer that distributes information
and tasks to a group of network computers to accomplish a common goal.
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 Utility computing is a service-provisioning model. In this model, the service

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provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to

the customer as needed, and charges them for specific usage rather than a specific
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rate.