CITATION INDEX

INTRODUCTION:

A citation index is a kind of bibliographic index, an index of citations

between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents
cite which earlier documents. A form of citation index is first found in 12th-
century Hebrew religious literature.

DEFINITION:

A citation index is an ordered list of cited articles along with a list of citing
articles. The cited article is identified as the reference and the citing article as the
source. The index is prepared utilizing the association of ideas existing between the
cited and the citing articles, as the fact is that whenever a recent paper cites a
previous paper there always exists a relation of ideas, between the two papers.

EXAMPLES OF CITATION INDEX:

1. Science Citation Index-Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information, 1963

2. Social Science Citation Index – Philadelphia; ISI, 1973

Citation indexes have proved to be better than the other indexes and can be
prepared without many complications. They are also amenable to computer
manipulation.

Citation indexing provides subject access to bibliographic records in an indirect but

powerful manner. Since the citation or reference to another scholar’s work implies
an intellectual connection between citing and cited publications, one can make the
fundamental assumption that the citing and cited publications deal with either the
same or closely related subjects.

CITATION ANALYSIS:

A citation is the act of acknowledging or citing the author, year, title, and
locus of publication (journal, book, or other) of a source used in a published work.
Such citations can be counted as measures of the usage and impact of the cited
work. This is called citation analysis or bibliometrics (see below). Among the
measures that have emerged from citation analysis are the citation count for,

An individual article (how often it was cited)

An author (total citations, or average citation count per article)

For a journal (journal impact factor, or the average citation count for the articles in
the journal)

Citation counts are correlated with other measures of scholarly/scientific

performance and impact and can in some cases be enhanced by making a work
open access by self-archiving the complete article on the web, publishing it in an
open access journal, or publishing it as an Open access article in one of the Hybrid
open access journals. There also exists an H-index measure of an individual
scientist's impact and citation record. Major current citation indexing services.

There are two publishers of general-purpose academic citation indexes,

available to libraries by subscription:

ISI is now part of Thomson Scientific. Though the ISI citation indexes are
still published in print and compact disc, they are now generally accessed through
the Web under the name Web of Science, which is in turn part of the group of
databases in WOK.

Elsevier publishes Scopus, available online only, which similarly combines

subject searching with citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and social
sciences.

There are a number of other indexes, more readily available. Some of the
currently notable ones are:

The CiteSeer system provides citation and other searching of scientific

literature, primarily in the fields of computer and information science.

RePec provides this in economics, and other discipline-specific indexes have

also begun to include it in their indexes. Even journal publishers often supply the
facility to link to late citations, at least from the journals they publish.

Google Scholar (GS) has citation functionality, limited to the recent articles
that are included. There is already discussion about the possibility that GS may in
the future have sufficient capabilities to make the commercial products
unnecessary.

Each of these products offer an index of citations between publications and a

mechanism to establish which documents cite which other documents. The
different products offer different ways to access the citation list and also display
their citation index differently. They differ widely in cost: WOK and Scopus are
among the highest-cost subscription databases; the others mentioned are free.

BIBLIOMETRICS:

Biblio-metrics is a set of methods used to study or measure texts and

information. Citation analysis and content analysis are commonly used
bibliometric methods. While biblio-metric methods are most often used in the field
of library and information science, bibliometrics have wide applications in other
areas. In fact, many research fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact
of their field, a set of researchers, or a particular paper.Historically bibliometric
methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations.
Citation analysis, which involves examining an item's referring documents, is used
in searching for materials and analyzing their merit. Citation indices, such as
Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, allow users to search forward
in time from a known article to more recent publications which cite the known
item.

Data from citation indexes can be analyzed to determine the popularity and
impact of specific articles, authors, and publications. Using citation analysis to
gauge the importance of one's work, for example, is a significant part of the tenure
review process

BIBLIOMETRICS APPLICATIONS INCLUDE:

Creating thesauri; measuring term frequencies; exploring grammatical and

syntactical structures of texts; measuring usage by readers.
DESIGN OF CITATION INDEXES:

The role of citation indexes is to make the citation findable.

Weinstock(1971,16) define citation index as a structured list of all citations

in a given collection of documents.

These lists are usually arranged so that te cited document is followed by the
citing documents.

Meveigh explains that a true citation index has two aspects- a defined source
index and a standard/unified cited reference index.

These articles are represented in the part of a citation index called source
index.

For each article a long range of range of metadata is provided including

author names, title.

The source index is therefore a comprehensively described set of the indexed

materials from which cited reference will be compiled.

These references represent the cited reference index where each reference
points back to the article in which it occurs.

A citation index is thus derived from a two port indexing of source material.

The resulting two port structure is the basic architecture of citation index

ADVANTAGES OF CITATION INDEXING:

1. Citation indexing eliminates the need, for intellectual indexing; it has the
potential of being automated to a large degree.

2. Citation indexing overcomes the problems of vocabulary and semantic

difficulties.

3. It overcomes the language barrier, because citation patterns, especially in

scientific disciplines, are similar across languages.

4. Literature searches using citation indexing are highly effective in gathering a

large number of relevant documents quickly.
5. Objective factors such as the number of citations and frequency of being cited
can be used in introducing various weighting and other procedures to improve the
quality and effectiveness of retrieval.

Two marks question:

1) What is citation index?
A citation index is an ordered list of cited articles along with a list of citing articles. It is
identified as reference and the citing article as the source.
It refers the work done by individual to support the research.
2) What is impact factor of a journal?
Impact factor of a journal is defined as total number of citation for the articles published in
preceding two years per total no of articles published in two years.
3) What is self-citation?
Self-citation refers to the researcher’s own citation previously published article.
4) What is institutional citation?
Institutional citation is individual belongs to same institution referring previously published
articles.
5) Why indexing is needed?
 Authenticity for global audience.
 Better readership.
 Information retrieval.
 Identifying relevant research papers.
6) What is a good citation index?
Hirsch Reckons after twenty years of research on h-index of 20 is good, 40 is outstanding and 60
is truly exceptional. For eg. Most the Nobel prize winners have citation index at least 30.
7) How to calculate citation index?
This is done by listing the citation to the papers in descending order and where the number of
citation equal the number of papers. This is nothing but H-index.
8) What is citation formula?
The basic formula for articles citation looks like: last name, first name, ” title of article”, title
of periodical, day, month, years, pages.
9) Parts of a citation?
 Author
 Date
 Title
 Source
10) Why citation index important?
Citation indexing makes links between books and articles that were written in the past and article
that make reference to cite these older publications.
11) What is H-index?
 H-index is metric for evaluating the cumulative impact of an author’s scholarly output and
performance.

12) What are five types of citations?

 APA
 MLA
 Chicago
 Turabian
 IEEE
13) Which citation style is easiest?
APA style is easiest, most commonly used in social science. It follows the parenthetical citation
style for the in-text citation

MCQ)

1) The objective of citation style manuals is

a) A retribution of others’ intellectual work
b) Others’ physical work
c) Others plagiarized work
d) Others’ duplicate work
2) The citation manual published by ASPEN publisher known as alternative to other manuals
useful for law subject is
a) MLA
b) APA
c) MHRA
d) ALWD
3) APA style stands for
a) American psychiatrist Association
b) Australian Psychologist Association
c) Armenian Psychiatrist Association
d) American Psychologist Association
4) Parenthetical referencing is also known as
a) end character referencing
b) end text referencing
c) In text referencing
d) end character referencing
5) Citation of original source available within text of writing is called
a) Footnote referencing
b) end text citation
 c) Parenthetical referencing
d) In text referencing
6) MLA stands for
a) Mobile language association
b) Medieval language association
c) Modern language association
d) Markup language association

7) Two types of reference noting system used in citation styles are

a) Foot note and title note
b) Head note and end note
c) Head note and foot note
d) Foot note ans end note
8) Which journal metric tracks citation for the last two years
a) Impact score
b) Cite factor
c) Cite score
d) Impact factor

9) Which journal metric tracks citation for the last two years
e) Impact score
f) Cite factor
g) Cite score
h) Impact factor
10) For author’s publication, if each 10 persons are cited 10 or more times the h index will be
a) 9
b) 12
c) 10
d) 11
11) I10 index refers to number of paper with
a) 10 or more citation
b) 8 or more citation
c) 9 or more citation
d) 12 or more citation
12) ------------- is a citation index
a) Web of humanities
b) Web of law
c) Web of social
d) Web of science
13) ------------- is used to mention more than four authors of a research work to be cited is et all
a) indexing
b) citation
 c) referencing
d) abstraction
14) -------------- of legal citation has been developed by editors, Harvard law review.
a) Orange book
b) Yellow book
c) Blue book
d) Red book

15) --------------- is developed by the knowledge foundation

a) Indian citation index
b) Science citation index
c)Arts and humanities citation index
d) Social science citation index
16) ----------------- founded science citation index
a) Eugene Grafield
b) Raymond
c) Douglas
d) Simon Greenleaf