Basic

Electrical
Engineering
s
es
Pr Second Edition
ity

FEC 105 Basic Electrical Engineering

Based on the 2019–20 syllabus of University of Mumbai
rs
ve
ni
U
ord

B.R. Patil
xf
O

Principal
Vishwaniketan’s Institute of Management Entrepreneurship
& Engineering Technology (iMEET)
Mumbai

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

Prelim.indd 1 19-08-2019 13:29:49

 3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.

Published in India by
Oxford University Press
22 Workspace, 2nd Floor, 1/22 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110002

© Oxford University Press 2017, 2018, 2019

The moral rights of the author/s have been asserted.

First Edition published in 2017

Revised first edition published in 2018
Revised second edition published in 2019

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

s
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted

es
by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
Pr
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.
ity

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
rs

ISBN-13: 978-0-19-012411-3
ve

ISBN-10: 0-19-012411-3
ni

Typeset in Times New Roman

U

by P.N. Computers, New Delhi

Printed in India by
rd

Cover image: Bimbim / Shutterstock

o

Third-party website addresses mentioned in this book are provided

xf

by Oxford University Press in good faith and for information only.

O

Oxford University Press disclaims any responsibility for the material contained therein.

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

Prelim.indd 2 19-08-2019 13:29:49

 Preface
Basic electrical engineering is a core subject offered to engineering students of all
disciplines. This subject deals with the basic concepts and fundamentals of electrical
engineering. Although technology is advancing rapidly, basic principles and funda-
mentals remain the same. Engineering students must have a good understanding of
their subject as it lays the foundation of many streams of engineering.
The University of Mumbai has revised the syllabus for first year engineering
courses in the academic year 2019–20. This book is designed and developed as per
the revised syllabus and is aimed at addressing the needs of the students as well as
the teachers dealing with this subject.
The purpose of this book is to provide a firm foundation to the study of electrical
engineering. This book is the outcome of my long experience of teaching engineering
stundets and training industrial employees.

s
es
About the Book Pr
Basic Electrical Engineering is written strictly according to the revised syllabus
of the University of Mumbai. The topics in each chapter are developed from the
ity

fundamental concepts and presented in a graded manner so as to lead the students

rs

gradually from simple to more complex concepts.

The lucid explanation of topics and the simple language used throughout the book
ve

would help the students assimilate the intricate concepts with ease. The principles are
ni

illustrated by means of numerous carefully selected examples. Some unconventional

U

steps, methods, and procedures for solving examples and drawing phasor diagrams
are also presented. Step-by-step procedures and simple methods to solve problems
rd

are provided to enable the students to develop their problem-solving skills.

o

At the end of each chapter, a wide variety of unsolved problems are given for
xf

practice. The appendices at the end of the book provide a review of the key concepts
O

required for the understanding of this subject.

Content and Coverage

This book comprises seven chapters and four appendices. The topics in the book
are arranged in a sequential order, thus each topic leading to a new topic.
Chapter 1 explains the basics of electricity. It further discusses various laws,
theorems, techniques, rules, and methods for analysing dc networks.
Chapter 2 deals with the types of ac circuits and is divided into three parts: fun-
damentals of ac circuits, ac series circuits, and ac parallel circuits. Phasor algebra
is used to analyse single-phase ac circuits. Series and parallel resonance is also
discussed in detail.
Chapter 3 is devoted to three-phase ac circuits and explains the generation of
three-phase voltages and different types of three-phase connections. It derives
the relationships between different lines and phase quantities. The two-wattmeter
method used for measurement of a three-phase power is also covered.

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

Prelim.indd 3 19-08-2019 13:29:49

 iv Preface

Chapter 4 discusses single-phase transformers. It deals with the basic principles,

working, efficiency, and regulation of a single-phase transformer.
Chapter 5 dwells on DC machines and discusses their basic principles, working,
types, and applications.
Chapter 6 discusses electrical machines. It also deals with topics of rotating magnetic
field, principle of operation of three-phase induction motor, and concept of slip.
Chapter 7 deals with the principle of operation of single-phase induction motors
and stepper motor.
Appendix A explains the concepts of charge, current, emf, potential difference, and
resistance.
Appendix B presents electrostatics, capacitance, types of capacitors, and their
charging and discharging. The significance of time constant is also discussed.
Appendix C deals with electromagnetism, magnetic circuit, and electromagnetic

s
induction. It also explains hysteresis and eddy current losses, energy stored in an

es
inductor, and significance of time constant in inductive circuits.
Appendix D provides 20 solved examples illustrating the concepts learnt in the book.
Pr
Acknowledgements
ity

I would like to gratefully acknowledge the feedback and suggestions given by

rs

various faculty members for the improvement of the book. I wish to express my
ve

deep gratitude to all my colleagues and others who have directly or indirectly
encouraged me and assisted me in the realization of this book. I am thankful to
ni

Dr. S.S. Inamdar and Dr. Janhavi Inamdar for their moral support and encouragement
U

during the making of the book.

I am obliged to the editorial team at the Oxford University Press for bringing
rd

out this edition in quick time and in a very elegant format.

o

I am grateful to my elder brother, Mr Dada Patil, and my father-in-law,

xf

Mr D.B. More, for their support and encouragement. I also appreciate the patience,
O

understanding and support of my wife, Yogita, and two daughters, Neha and Nikita,
during the preparation of the book.
Any suggestions for improving the presentation and contents are welcome.

B.R. Patil

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

Prelim.indd 4 19-08-2019 13:29:49

 Contents
Preface iii
Syllabus v
Symbols and Acronyms ix
1. DC Circuits 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electric Current 2
1.3 Electric Potential 2
1.4 Potential Difference 3
1.5 Resistance 4
1.5.1 Effect of Temperature on Resistance 4
1.5.2 Effect of Temperature on Temperature Coefficient 5
1.6 Ohm’s Law 9
1.7 Electric Power 10

s
1.8 Electrical Energy 11

es
1.9 DC Circuit 12
1.9.1 Series Circuit 12 Pr
1.9.2 Parallel Circuit 13
1.10 Types of Sources 33
ity

1.10.1 Ideal Voltage Source 33

rs

1.10.2 Ideal Current Source 33

1.11 Source Transformation 33
ve

1.12 Kirchhoff’s Laws 39

1.12.1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) 40
ni

1.12.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) 41

U

1.12.3 Sign Conventions 41

42
rd

1.12.4 Solving Circuit Problems by using Kirchhoff ’s Laws

1.13 Star–Delta (Y–D) Transformation 56
o

1.13.1 Delta (D) to Star (Y) Transformation 56

xf

1.13.2 Star (Y) to Delta (D) Transformation 57

O

1.14 Maxwell’s Mesh Current Method 69

1.15 Nodal Analysis (Node Voltage Method) 77
1.16 Superposition Theorem 89
1.17 Thevenin’s Theorem 101
1.18 Norton’s Theorem 128
1.19 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 145
2. AC Circuits 171
2.1 AC Fundamentals 171
2.1.1 Alternating Voltage and Current 172
2.1.2 Sinusoidal Alternating Voltage and Current 172
2.1.3 Generation of Alternating Voltage 173
2.1.4 AC Terminology 175
2.1.5 Standard Forms of Alternating Quantity 176
2.1.6 Values of Alternating Voltage and Current 179
2.1.7 Form Factor and Peak Factor 188
2.1.8 Phase Angle and Phasor 198
2.1.9 In Phase, Out of Phase, and Phase Difference 200

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

Prelim.indd 6 19-08-2019 13:29:49

 Contents vii

2.1.10 Phasor Algebra 202

2.1.11 Addition and Subtraction of Alternating Quantities 203
2.1.12 Fundamental AC Circuits 212
2.2 AC Series Circuits 225
2.2.1 R-L Series Circuit 226
2.2.2 R-C Series Circuit 228
2.2.3 R-L-C Series Circuit 230
2.2.4 Analysis of AC Series Circuit 232
2.2.5 Series Resonance 262
2.3 AC Parallel Circuits 278
2.3.1 Phasor Diagram 279
2.3.2 Phasor Algebra 279
2.3.3 Admittance (Y) 301
2.3.4 Parallel Resonance 312
2.3.5 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 316
3. Three-Phase Circuits 324

s
3.1 Introduction 324

es
3.2 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages 325
3.2.1 Advantages of Three-Phase System 326 Pr
3.2.2 Some Concepts 327
3.3 Interconnection of Three Phases 327
ity

3.3.1 Star or Wye Connection 328

rs

3.3.2 Delta Connection 331

3.4 Power Triangle for Three-Phase Load 334
ve

3.5 Comparison between Star Connection and Delta Connection 335

3.6 Three-Phase Power Measurement 349
ni

3.6.1 One-Wattmeter Method 350

U

3.6.2 Two-Wattmeter Method 351

3.6.3 Effect of Load Power Factor on Wattmeter Readings 354
rd

4. Single-Phase Transformer 364

o

4.1 Introduction 364

xf

4.2 Working Principle 364

O

4.3 Construction Details 366

4.3.1 Core 366
4.3.2 Two Windings 366
4.4 EMF Equation of a Transformer 367
4.5 Transformation Ratio (K) 368
4.6 Actual (Practical) and Ideal Transformers 369
4.7 Transformer Losses 371
4.8 Transformer Parameters 372
4.8.1 Winding Resistance 372
4.8.2 Leakage Reactance 373
4.8.3 Impedance 374
4.9 Transformer on No-Load 375
4.10 Transformer on Load 377
4.10.1 Phasor Diagram: Without Considering Winding Resistance and Magnetic
Leakage 378
4.10.2 Phasor Diagram: Considering Winding Resistance and Magnetic
Leakage 379
4.11 Transformer Ratings 380

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

Prelim.indd 7 19-08-2019 13:29:49

 viii Contents

4.12 Equivalent Circuit 390

4.13 Transformer Tests 392
4.13.1 Open-Circuit Test (No-Load Test) 392
4.13.2 Short Circuit (SC) Test 394
4.14 Regulation of a Transformer 396
4.15 Efficiency of a Transformer 398
4.16 Condition for Maximum Efficiency 399
4.17 All-Day Efficiency 402
5. DC Machines 426
5.1 Introduction 426
5.2 Principle and Working of DC Machines 426
5.2.1 DC Generator 427
5.2.2 DC Motor 430
5.3 Construction of DC Machine 432
5.3.1 Types of Armature Winding 435
5.4 EMF Equation of DC Generator 436

s
5.5 Types of DC Generators 537

es
5.5.1 Separately Excited DC Generator 438
5.5.2 Self-excited DC Generator 439 Pr
5.6 Operation of DC Motor and Back EMF 443
5.7 Torque Equation of a DC Motor 445
ity

5.8 Types of DC Motor 446

5.8.1 Shunt Motor 446
rs

5.8.2 Series Motor 447

ve

Appendix A: Fundamentals of Electricity 449

ni

Appendix B: Capacitor 457

Appendix C: Relation between Magnetic and Electric Fields 468
U

Appendix D: Additional Examples 493

rd

Bibliography 520
o

Solved Question Papers (from May 2014 to December 2016) 521

xf

Model Question Papers I & II 607

O

Solved Question Papers (from May 2017 to December 2017) 615

6. Three-Phase Induction Motors 647
6.1 Introduction 647
6.1.1 Construction 647
6.1.2 Rotating Magnetic Field 650
6.1.3 Production of a Rotating Magnetic Field 651
6.1.4 Principle of Operation of Three-Phase Induction Motor 653
6.1.5 Slip 654
7. Single-Phase Induction Motors and Stepper Motors 656
7.1 Single-Phase Induction Motors 656
7.1.1 Construction 656
7.1.2 Double-Field Revolving Theory 657
7.1.3 Working Principle 659
7.1.4 Types of Single-Phase Induction Motors 660
7.2 Stepper Motors 663
7.2.1 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor 664
7.2.2 Permanent–Magnet Stepper Motor 665

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

Prelim.indd 8 19-08-2019 13:29:49

 Symbols and Acronyms
r specific resistance E phasor emf
m absolute permeability of the medi- Eb back emf
um (H/m) F force (N)
m0 permeability of free space = 4p ¥ f frequency (cps or Hz)
10–7 (Wb/ATm or Hm) fr resonant frequency (Hz)
mr relative permeability of the medium f1 lower cut-off frequency of band-
q angle (rad or deg) width (Hz)
w angular velocity = 2p f (rad/sec) f2 upper cut-off frequency of band-
w1 lower cut-off frequency of band- width (Hz)
width (rad/sec) G conductance, i.e., real part of admit-
w2 upper cut-off frequency of band- tance (mho)
width (rad/sec) i instantaneous value of current (A)

s
es
wr resonant frequency (rad/sec) Im rms value of magnetizing current
l time constant (A)
h efficiency I
Pr current phasor
e0 permittivity of free space = 8.85 ¥ I rms value of current (A)
ity

10–12 (F/m) IW rms value of magnetizing current

e permittivity of the medium (F/m) (A)
rs

er relative permittivity of the medium Ia armature current (A)

ve

F magnetic flux (Wb) IF field current (A)

Fm maximum magnetic flux Ise series field current (A)
ni

s conductivity or specific conduct- Iph phase current (A)

U

ance of a material (mho/m or S/m) IL line current (A); load current (A)
d

|| in parallel with Ish shunt field current (A)

or

u velocity (m/sec) j operator in complex form

at temperature coefficient of resistance K transformation ratio
xf

at temperature t (per degree centi- KCL Kirchhoff’s current law

O

grade) KVL Kirchhoff’s voltage law

f phase or power factor angle L inductance (H)
a cross-sectional area (m2) l length (m)
A number of parallel paths LV low voltage
ac alternating current mmf magnetomotive force
B magnetic flux density (Wb/m2 or T); M mutual inductance (H)
susceptance (mho) max maximum
Bm maximum magnetic flux density min minimum
(Wb/m2 or T) n speed of revolution (rps); Steinmetz
C capacitance (F) constant
Ceq equivalent capacitance (F) N speed of rotation (rpm); number of
dc direct current turns
emf electromotive force NS synchronous speed (rpm)
e emf (V) oc open circuit
E rms value of emf (V) OCC open-circuit characteristics
p instantaneous value of power

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

x Symbols and Acronyms

P number of poles; active power (W, V rms voltage (V); dc voltage (V)
kW, MW) vs (t) instantaneous time-varying voltage
PL power delivered to the load Vsc short-circuit voltage
Pm mechanical power developed VTH Thevenin’s voltage
pd potential difference (V) VN Norton’s voltage
pf power factor VS source voltage
q charge (C) Vph phase voltage
Q constant value of charge (C); reac- VL line voltage
tive power (VAR, kVAR, MVAR) V voltage phasor
R, r resistance (W) w work done (Nm); energy in joules
Ra armature resistance (W) (J)
RL load resistance (W) We eddy current loss (W)
RT, Req total or equivalent resistance (W) Wh hysteresis loss (W)
RTH Thevenin’s equivalent resistance X reactance (W)
(W) XL inductive reactance (W)

s
RN Norton’s equivalent resistance (W) XC capacitive reactance (W)

es
rms root mean square Y admittance (mho)
S apparent power (VA, kVA); reluc- Y Prphasor admittance (mho)
tance (AT/Wb) Y–D star–delta
s slip in induction motor Z impedance phasor
ity

sc short circuit Z impedance (W)

rs

t temperature (°C); unit of time (sec) ZL load impedance (W)

T torque (Nm); time period (sec)
ve

v instantaneous voltage
ni
U
d
or
xf
O

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

 1
DC Circuits

ss
1.1 Introduction

e
Electricity is an indispensable part of our daily life. Although the exact nature of
Pr
electricity is unknown, a great deal is known about what it can do. By mere pressing
a switch, buildings are lighted, wheels are turned, meals are cooked, distant voices
ity

are heard, and countless other tasks—ordinary and extraordinary—are performed.

rs

The study of nature of electricity has been attracting the attention of scientists for
ve

hundreds of years. Several theories about electricity were developed through ex-
periments and by observation of its behaviour. The only theory that has survived
ni

over the years to explain the nature of electricity is the modern electron theory of
U

matter. This theory has been the result of research works conducted by scientists
such as Sir William Crooks, J.J. Thomson, Robert A. Millikan, Sir Earnest
rd

Rutherford, and Neils Bohr. The main points of this theory are given below:
o

(i) Every matter is electrical in nature, i.e., it contains particles of electricity,

xf

viz. protons and electrons.

O

(ii) In normal state, in an atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number
of protons. Therefore, an atom is neutral as a whole. This explains why a
body does not exhibit any charge under ordinary conditions.
(iii) If from a neutral body, some electrons are removed, there occurs a deficit of
electrons in the body. Consequently, the body attains a positive charge.
(iv) If a neutral body is supplied with electrons, there occurs an excess of elec-
trons. Consequently, the body attains a negative charge.
The charge on an electron is so small that it is not convenient to select it as the
unit of charge (see Section A.2, Appendix A). In practice, coulomb (C) is used as
the unit of charge. One coulomb of charge is equal to the charge on 6.28 ´ 1018
electrons, i.e.,
1 coulomb = charge on 6.28 ´ 1018 electrons
Thus, when we say that a body has a positive charge of 1 coulomb, it means that
it has a deficit of 6.28 ´ 1018 electrons.

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

2 Basic Electrical Engineering

1.2 Electric Current

Flow of free electrons is called electric current. A copper strip has a large number
of free electrons. When electric pressure or voltage is applied to it, free electrons,
being negatively charged, will start moving towards the positive terminal round
the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.1.This directed flow of electrons is called electric
current. The actual direction of current (i.e., flow of electrons) is from the nega-
tive terminal to the positive terminal through the part of the circuit external to the
cell. However, prior to the electron theory, it was assumed that current flowed
from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the cell via the circuit. This
convention is so firmly established that it is still in use. This assumed current is
now called conventional current.

e ss
Pr
ity
rs
ve

Fig. 1.1 Flow of electric current

ni

The substances that have large number of free electrons will permit the flow of
U

current easily. Such substances are called conductors, e.g., copper, zinc, silver,
aluminium. On the other hand, atoms of some substances have valence electrons
rd

that are tightly held to their nuclei, i.e., they have few free electrons. Such
o

substances will not permit the flow of electric current and are called bad conductors
xf

or insulators, e.g., glass, mica, porcelain.

O

The strength of electric current I is the rate of flow of electrons, i.e., charge
flowing per second.
Q
So, Current, I =
t
The charge Q is measured in coulomb and time t in second. Therefore, the unit of
electric current will be coulomb/sec, also known as ampere (A). If Q = 1 C, t =
1 sec, then I = 1/1 = 1 A.
One ampere of current is said to flow through a wire if at any section one
coulomb of charge flows in one second.

1.3 Electric Potential

A body is neutral under ordinary conditions, i.e., it contains the same number of
protons and electrons so that the total positive charge of protons is exactly
neutralized by the total negative charge of electrons. A body can be charged by

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

 DC Circuits 3

removing the electrons from it or by supplying the electrons to it. Work is done in
this process because electrons have to be removed or supplied against the opposing
forces. This work done is stored in the body in the form of potential energy. The
charged body has the capacity to do work by moving other charges either by
attraction or by repulsion. This ability of the charged body to do work is called
electric potential.
Thus, the capacity of a charged body to do work is called electric potential.
The greater the capacity of a charged body to do work, the greater is its elec-
tric potential. Obviously, the work done to charge a body to 1 C will be a measure
of its electric potential, i.e.,
Work done
Electric potential, V = W
Charge Q
The work done is measured in joule and the charge is measured in coulomb.

ss
Therefore, the unit of electric potential will be joule/coulomb, also known as volt
(V). If W = 1 J, Q = 1 C, then V = 1/1 = 1 V.

e
Thus, when we say that a body has an electric potential of 5 V, it means that
Pr
every coulomb on a charge possesses an energy of 5 J.
ity

1.4 Potential Difference

rs

The difference in the potentials of two charged bodies is called potential

ve

difference.
ni

If two bodies have different electric potentials, a potential difference exists

U

between the bodies. Consider two bodies A and B having potentials of 5 V and
3 V respectively as shown in Fig. 1.2(a). Each coulomb of charge on body A has
rd

energy of 5 J while each coulomb of charge on body B has energy of 3 J. Clearly,

o

body A is at higher potential than body B.

xf
O

Fig. 1.2 Potential difference and flow of current

If the bodies A and B are joined through a conductor [see Fig. 1.2(b)], then elec-
trons will flow from body B to body A. When the two bodies attain the same
potential, the flow of current stops. Therefore, we arrive at a very important con-
clusion that current will flow in a circuit only if potential difference exists. No
current will flow if there is no potential difference. It may be noted that potential
difference is sometimes called voltage.
A device that maintains potential difference between two points is said to
develop electromotive force (emf ). A simple example is that of a cell or dc
generator. Thus, potential difference causes current to flow while an emf maintains
the potential difference.

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.

4 Basic Electrical Engineering

1.5 Resistance
The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current is called
resistance.
Since current is the flow of free electrons, resistance is the opposition offered
by the substance to the flow of free electrons. This opposition occurs because
atoms and molecules of the substance obstruct the flow of these electrons. Cer-
tain substances (e.g. metals such as silver, copper, aluminium) offer very little
opposition to the flow of electric current and are called conductors. On the other
hand, the substances that offer high opposition to the flow of electric current (i.e.
flow of free electrons) are called insulators, e.g., glass, rubber, mica, dry wood.
The resistance of a conductor has the following characteristics:
(i) It is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
(ii) It is inversely proportional to the area of cross section of the conductor.

ss
(iii) It depends on the nature of the material of the conductor.

e
(iv) It also depends on the temperature of the conductor.
Pr
Hence, if R is resistance of a conductor of length l and cross-sectional area A, then

Rµ
l l
ity

or R = S
A A
rs

where r is a constant known as specific resistance or resistivity of the material of

the conductor.
ve

The specific resistance of a material is defined as the resistance offered by unit

ni

length of the material of unit cross section. If the length is in metre and the cross
section is in square metre, then the resistivity is expressed in ohm metre (W m).
U
rd

1.5.1 Effect of Temperature on Resistance

o

In general, the resistance of a material changes with the change in its tempera-
xf

ture. The effect of temperature upon resistance varies according to the type of
O

material as discussed below.

(i) The resistance of pure metals (e.g., copper, aluminium) increases with the
increase in temperature. The change in resistance is fairly regular for normal
range of temperatures so that temperature–resistance graph is a straight
line as shown in Fig. 1.3 (for copper). Since the resistance of metals increases
with rise in temperature, they have positive temperature coefficient of
resistance [see Eq. (1.2)].
(ii) The resistance of electrolytes, insulators (e.g., glass, mica) and semicon-
ductors (e.g., germanium, silicon) decreases with the increase in tempera-
ture. Hence, these materials have negative temperature coefficient of resist-
ance [see Eq. (1.2)].
(iii) The resistance of alloys increases with the rise in temperature but this
increase is very small and irregular. For some high-resistance alloys (e.g.,
eureka, manganin) the change in resistance is negligible over a wide range
of temperatures.

© Oxford University Press India. All rights reserved.