A

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

ON

“Prepare a report on
cogeneration system on basis of
sequence of energy use.”
SUBMITTED BY

Roll No. Enrollment No. Students name

28 2116440181 Aditya Prakashsing Rajput

29 2116440182 Pranamya Sachin Swami

30 2116440183 Atharva Nivas Kamble

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr.S.R.Patil

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SANJAY GHODAWAT INSTITUTE

(POLYTECHNIC), ATIGRE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

 Certificate
This is to certify that the Micro project work entitled
“Prepare a report on cogeneration system on basis of
sequence of energy use”
Has been successfully completed by

Roll No. Enrollment No. Students name

28 2116440181 Aditya Prakashsing Rajput

29 2116440182 Pranamya Sachin Swami

30 2116440183 Atharva Nivas Kamble

In fulfillment for the

Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

During the academic year 2023-2024 under the guidance of

Mr.S.R.Patil Mr. N. S. Patil Dr. V. V. Giri

Project Guide H.O.D Principal

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

During the selection of topic entitled as “Prepare a report on Cogeneration System on

basic of sequence of energy use”, the helpwe received from our professors, family, and friends is
invaluable and we are forever indebtedto them.

We would first like to express our gratitude to our Principal Prof. V. V. Giri Our HOD Mr.
N. S. Patil our Project Guide Mr.S.R.Patil for their immense support, suggestion,
encouragement and interest in our micro project work. Without their valuable suggestions our
project selection would be incomplete.

Last but not least, we would like to thank our friends, parents and group members for their
belief and patience in our endeavor.

Roll No. Enrollment No. Students name

28 2116440181 Aditya Prakashsing Rajput

29 2116440182 Pranamya Sachin Swami

30 2116440183 Atharva Nivas Kamble

Date:-

Place:-Atigre
 ABSTRACT

Cogeneration or multigeneration (MG) cycles try to make use of the fuel energy as much as
possible. In fact, designers try to propose new cycles for generating different demands. They may
be designed to produce water, heating, cooling, hydrogen, dried products, etc. in addition to power
or electricity. As a result of cogeneration or multigeneration, the efficiency would improve
significantly, and pollution and GHG would decease as well. In this chapter, several designed and
evaluated multigeneration cycles are introduced and discussed to make the reader prepared for
designing new cycles.
 INDEX

Sr.No. Contents Page No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Cogeneration 2

3 3
Overview

4 4-6
Types of plants

5 7-10
Cogeneration using biomass

6 Conclusion 11

7 Refrences 12
 INTRODUCTION

Cogeneration systems can be defined as energy systems that have the capability to produce two
useful outputs simultaneously. They are unique techniques to benefit from an energy source in a more
effective and sustainable way. they are one the most significant branches of the smart energy portfolio
introduced by Dincer.. In the past few decades, the use of cogeneration systems has increased due to
their crucial benefits. Today, one of the most used types of cogeneration systems is the combined power
and heat systems. They are also generally used for building applications as they meet both electricity
and heating demands. In combined heat and power cogeneration systems, fuel or fuel blends are used in
furnace or gas turbine, and then electricity is generated as the primary output. The waste heat is used for
heating purposes such as space heating and domestic hot water. When the number of useful outputs is
more than two, the system is called as the multigeneration system. Today, in the practical applications,
it is possible reach six useful output effectively. However, when the building application is considered,
cogeneration systems called the combined heat and power systems are the most common one. The
electricity and heating demand of the building are met by these cogeneration systems.

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 1

 Cogeneration
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engineor power
station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.Cogeneration is a more
efficient use of fuel or heat, because otherwise-wasted heat from electricity generation is put
to some productive use. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants recover otherwise
wasted thermal energy for heating. This is also called combined heat and power district
heating. Small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By-product heat at
moderate temperatures (100–180 °C, 212–356 °F) can also be used in absorption
refrigerators for cooling.

The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a gas or steam turbine-powered

generator. The resulting low-temperature waste heat is then used for water or space heating.
At smaller scales (typically below 1 MW), a gas engine or diesel engine may be used.
Cogeneration is also common with geothermal power plants as they often produce
relatively low grade heat. Binary cycles may be necessary to reach acceptable thermal
efficiency for electricity generation at all. Cogeneration is less commonly employed
in nuclear power plants as NIMBY and safety considerations have often kept them further
from population centers than comparable chemical power plants and district heating is less
efficient in lower population density areas due to transmission losses.

Cogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation.

Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power used exhaust
steam for process heating. Large office and apartment buildings, hotels, and stores commonly
generated their own power and used waste steam for building heat. Due to the high cost of
early purchased power, these CHP operations continued for many years after utility
electricity became available..

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 2

 Overview

Many process industries, such as chemical plants, oil refineries and pulp and paper mills,
require large amounts of process heat for such operations as chemical reactors, distillation
columns, steam driers and other uses. This heat, which is usually used in the form of steam,
can be generated at the typically low pressures used in heating, or can be generated at much
higher pressure and passed through a turbine first to generate electricity. In the turbine the
steam pressure and temperature is lowered as the internal energy of the steam is converted to
work. The lower-pressure steam leaving the turbine can then be used for process heat.

Steam turbines at thermal power stations are normally designed to be fed high-pressure
steam, which exits the turbine at a condenser operating a few degrees above ambient
temperature and at a few millimeters of mercury absolute pressure. (This is called
a condensing turbine.) For all practical purposes this steam has negligible useful energy
before it is condensed. Steam turbines for cogeneration are designed for extraction of some
steam at lower pressures after it has passed through a number of turbine stages, with the un-
extracted steam going on through the turbine to a condenser. In this case, the extracted steam
causes a mechanical power loss in the downstream stages of the turbine. Or they are
designed, with or without extraction, for final exhaust at back pressure (non-
condensing).[4][5] The extracted or exhaust steam is used for process heating. Steam at
ordinary process heating conditions still has a considerable amount of enthalpy that could be
used for power generation, so cogeneration has an opportunity cost.

A typical power generation turbine in a paper mill may have extraction pressures of 160
psig (1.103 MPa) and 60 psig (0.41 MPa). A typical back pressure may be 60 psig (0.41
MPa). In practice these pressures are custom designed for each facility. Conversely, simply
generating process steam for industrial purposes instead of high enough pressure to generate
power at the top end also has an opportunity cost (See: Steam supply and exhaust conditions).
The capital and operating cost of high-pressure boilers, turbines, and generators is substantial.
This equipment is normally operated continuously, which usually limits self-generated power
to large-scale operations.

Many process industries, such as chemical plants, oil refineries and pulp and paper mills,
require large amounts of process heat for such operations as chemical reactors, distillation
columns, steam driers and other uses. This heat, which is usually used in the form of steam,
can be generated at the typically low pressures used in heating, or can be generated at much

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 3

 higher pressure and passed through a turbine first to generate electricity. In the turbine the
steam pressure and temperature is lowered as the internal energy of the steam is converted to
work. The lower-pressure steam leaving the turbine can then be used for process heat.

The viability of CHP (sometimes termed utilisation factor), especially in smaller CHP
installations, depends on a good baseload of operation, both in terms of an on-site (or near
site) electrical demand and heat demand. In practice, an exact match between the heat and
electricity needs rarely exists. A CHP plant can either meet the need for heat (heat driven
operation) or be run as a power plant with some use of its waste heat, the latter being less
advantageous in terms of its utilisation factor and thus its overall efficiency. The viability can
be greatly increased where opportunities for trigeneration exist. In such cases, the heat from
the CHP plant is also used as a primary energy source to deliver cooling by means of
an absorption chiller.

Types of plants

Topping cycle plants primarily produce electricity from a steam turbine. Partly expanded
steam is then condensed in a heating condensor at a temperature level that is suitable
e.g. district heating or water desalination.

Bottoming cycle plants produce high temperature heat for industrial processes, then
a waste heat recovery boiler feeds an electrical plant. Bottoming cycle plants are only used in
industrial processes that require very high temperatures such as furnaces for glass and metal
manufacturing, so they are less common.

Large cogeneration systems provide heating water and power for an industrial site or an
entire town. Common CHP plant types are:

 Gas turbine CHP plants using the waste heat in the flue gas of gas turbines. The fuel used
is typically natural gas.
 Gas engine CHP plants use a reciprocating gas engine, which is generally more
competitive than a gas turbine up to about 5 MW. The gaseous fuel used is
normally natural gas. These plants are generally manufactured as fully packaged units
that can be installed within a plantroom or external plant compound with simple
connections to the site's gas supply, electrical distribution network and heating systems.
Typical outputs and efficiencies see

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 4

  Biofuel engine CHP plants use an adapted reciprocating gas engine or diesel engine,
depending upon which biofuel is being used, and are otherwise very similar in design to a
Gas engine CHP plant. The advantage of using a biofuel is one of reduced fossil
fuel consumption and thus reduced carbon emissions. These plants are generally
manufactured as fully packaged units that can be installed within a plantroom or external
plant compound with simple connections to the site's electrical distribution and heating
systems. Another variant is the wood gasifier CHP plant whereby a wood pellet or wood
chip biofuel is gasified in a zero oxygen high temperature environment; the resulting gas
is then used to power the gas engine.
 Combined cycle power plants adapted for CHP
 Molten-carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells have a hot exhaust, very suitable for
heating.
 Steam turbine CHP plants that use the heating system as the steam condenser for the
steam turbine
 Nuclear power plants, similar to other steam turbine power plants, can be fitted with
extractions in the turbines to bleed partially expanded steam to a heating system. With a
heating system temperature of 95 °C it is possible to extract about 10 MW heat for every
MW electricity lost. With a temperature of 130 °C the gain is slightly smaller, about 7
MW for every MWe lost. A review of cogeneration options is in [9] Czech research team
proposed a "Teplator" system where heat from spent fuel rods is recovered for the
purpose of residential heating.

Smaller cogeneration units may use a reciprocating engine or Stirling engine. The
heat is removed from the exhaust and radiator. The systems are popular in small sizes
because small gas and diesel engines are less expensive than small gas- or oil-fired steam-
electric plants.

Some cogeneration plants are fired by biomass, or industrial and municipal solid
waste (see incineration). Some CHP plants use waste gas as the fuel for electricity and heat
generation. Waste gases can be gas from animal waste, landfill gas, gas from coal
mines, sewage gas, and combustible industrial waste gas.

Some cogeneration plants combine gas and solar photovoltaic generation to further improve
technical and environmental performance.[13] Such hybrid systems can be scaled down to the

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 5

 building level and even individual homes.

Cogeneration using biomass

Biomass refers to any plant or animal matter in which it is possible to be reused as a

source of heat or electricity, such as sugarcane, vegetable oils, wood, organic waste and
residues from the food or agricultural industries. Brazil is now considered a world reference
in terms of energy generation from biomass.

A growing sector in the use of biomass for power generation is the sugar and alcohol
sector, which mainly uses sugarcane bagasse as fuel for thermal and electric
power generation

Power cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol sector

In the sugarcane industry, cogeneration is fueled by the bagasse residue of sugar

refining, which is burned to produce steam. Some steam can be sent through a turbine that
turns a generator, producing electric power.

Energy cogeneration in sugarcane industries located in Brazil is a practice that has

been growing in last years. With the adoption of energy cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol
sector, the sugarcane industries are able to supply the electric energy demand needed to
operate, and generate a surplus that can be commercialized.

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 6

 Dvantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse

In comparison with the electric power generation by means of fossil fuel-

based thermoelectric plants, such as natural gas, the energy generation using sugarcane
bagasse has environmental advantages due to the reduction of CO2 emissions.

In addition to the environmental advantages, cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse

presents advantages in terms of efficiency comparing to thermoelectric generation, through
the final destination of the energy produced. While in thermoelectric generation, part of the
heat produced is lost, in cogeneration this heat has the possibility of being used in the
production processes, increasing the overall efficiency of the process.[38]

Disadvantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse

In sugarcane cultivation, is usually used potassium source's containing high

concentration of chlorine, such as potassium chloride (KCl). Considering that KCl is applied
in huge quantities, sugarcane ends up absorbing high concentrations of chlorine.

Due to this absorption, when the sugarcane bagasse is burned in the power
cogeneration, dioxins and methyl chloride ends up being emitted. In the case of dioxins,
these substances are considered very toxic and cancerous.

In the case of methyl chloride, when this substance is emitted and reaches
the stratosphere, it ends up being very harmful for the ozone layer, since chlorine when
combined with the ozone molecule generates a catalytic reaction leading to the breakdown of
ozone links.[40]

After each reaction, chlorine starts a destructive cycle with another ozone molecule. In
this way, a single chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules. As these
molecules are being broken, they are unable to absorb the ultraviolet rays. As a result, the UV
radiation is more intense on Earth and there is a worsening of global warming.[40]

Distributed generation

Most industrial countries generate the majority of their electrical power needs in large
centralized facilities with capacity for large electrical power output. These plants benefit from
economy of scale, but may need to transmit electricity across long distances causing
transmission losses. Cogeneration or trigeneration production is subject to limitations in the
local demand and thus may sometimes need to reduce (e.g., heat or cooling production to

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 7

 match the demand). An example of cogeneration with trigeneration applications in a major
city is the New York City steam system.

Gas turbine cogeneration systems

Gas turbine cogeneration systems can produce all or a part of the energy requirement of the
site, and the energy released at high temperature in the exhaust stack can be recovered for
various heating and cooling applications (Fig. 19.4). Though natural gas is most commonly
used, other fuels such as light fuel oil or diesel can also be employed. The typical range
of gas turbines varies from a fraction of a MW to around 100 MW.

Gas turbine cogeneration has probably experienced the most rapid development in the
recent years due to the greater availability of natural gas, rapid progress in the technology,
significant reduction in installation costs, and better environmental performance.
Furthermore, the gestation period for developing a project is shorter and the equipment can
be delivered in a modular manner. Gas turbine has a short start-up time and provides the
flexibility of intermittent operation. Though it has a low heat to power conversion efficiency,
more heat can be recovered at higher temperatures. If the heat output is less than that required

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 8

 by the user, it is possible to have supplementary natural gas firing by mixing additional fuel
to the oxygen-rich exhaust gas to boost the thermal output more efficiently.
On the other hand, if more power is required at the site, it is possible to adopt a combined
cycle that is a combination of gas turbine and steam turbine cogeneration. Steam generated
from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine is passed through a backpressure or extraction-
condensing steam turbine to generate additional power. The exhaust or the extracted steam
from the steam turbine provides the required thermal energy.

Thermal efficiency

Every heat engine is subject to the theoretical efficiency limits of the Carnot cycle or
subset Rankine cycle in the case of steam turbine power plants or Brayton cycle in gas
turbine with steam turbine plants. Most of the efficiency loss with steam power generation is
associated with the latent heat of vaporization of steam that is not recovered when a turbine
exhausts its low temperature and pressure steam to a condenser. (Typical steam to condenser
would be at a few millimeters absolute pressure and on the order of 5 °C/11 °F hotter than the
cooling water temperature, depending on the condenser capacity.) In cogeneration this steam
exits the turbine at a higher temperature where it may be used for process heat, building heat
or cooling with an absorption chiller. The majority of this heat is from the latent heat of
vaporization when the steam condenses.

Thermal efficiency in a cogeneration system is defined as:

Where:

 Thermal efficiency
 Total work output by all systems
 Total heat input into the system

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 9

 Heat output may also be used for cooling (for example, in summer), thanks to an
absorption chiller. If cooling is achieved in the same time, thermal efficiency in a
trigeneration system is defined as:

Where:

 Thermal efficiency
 Total work output by all systems
 Total heat input into the system

Typical cogeneration models have losses as in any system. The energy distribution below is
represented as a percent of total input energy:[47]

 Electricity = 45%
 Heat + Cooling = 40%
 Heat losses = 13%
 Electrical line losses = 2%

Conventional central coal- or nuclear-powered power stations convert about 33-45% of

their input heat to electricity.[48][5] Brayton cycle power plants operate at up to 60%
efficiency. In the case of conventional power plants, approximately 10-15% of this heat is
lost up the stack of the boiler. Most of the remaining heat emerges from the turbines as low-
grade waste heat with no significant local uses, so it is usually rejected to the environment,
typically to cooling water passing through a condenser.[5] Because turbine exhaust is
normally just above ambient temperature, some potential power generation is sacrificed in
rejecting higher-temperature steam from the turbine for cogeneration purposes.[49]

For cogeneration to be practical power generation and end use of heat must be in
relatively close proximity (<2 km typically). Even though the efficiency of a small distributed
electrical generator may be lower than a large central power plant, the use of its waste heat
for local heating and cooling can result in an overall use of the primary fuel supply as great as
80%.[48] This provides substantial financial and environmental benefits.

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 10

 Conclusion

It can be concluded that cogeneration is the process of creation of electricity from wasted
form of heat. During the generation of electricity from natural gas or coal, only a part of the
actual energy has been released by the process of combustion and is responsible for the
conversion into electricity. The remaining form of energy has been lost in the form of the
wasted part of heat. In CHP plant, this wasted heat has been recovered for various types of
applications such as the process of space heating and other industrial phenomenon that
requires the presence of heat.

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 11

 Refrences

 https://unacademy.com/content/wbpsc/geography/cogeneration/
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B97817824226935
0019X
 https://www.google.com/search?q=Conclusion+FOR+Cogeneration+Syst
em&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi69I3IuPOBAxXh2zgGHRHIB3QQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Conclusion+FOR+Cogeneration+System&gs_lcp=C
gNpbWcQAzoHCAAQExCABDoICAAQBRAeEBNQrApY6jlgzjtoAH
AAeACAAYICiAHCC5IBBTAuNi4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pb
WfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=_G8pZbqGEuG34-
EPkZCfoAc&bih=603&biw=1280

Sanjay Ghodawat Instutite,Atigre 12