Module 4 Exponential Functions
Module 4 Exponential Functions
Module 4 Exponential Functions
Name: __________________________________
Grade & Section: _________________________
Allotted Time: October 1-15, 2021
Prepared by:
JEAHME R. SOTTO, LPT
Subject Teacher
Email: jeahmesotto@gmail.com
FB Account: Jeahme Roble Sotto
Directions: Follow the steps given then answer the questions that follow.
Materials. One 2-meter string and a pair of scissors.
a. At Step 0, there is 1 string.
b. At Step 1, fold the string into two equal parts and then cut at the middle. How many strings of
equal length do you have? Enter your answer in the table below.
c. At Step 2, again fold each of the strings equally and then cut. How many strings of equal
length do you have? Enter your answer in the table below.
d. Continue the process until the table is completely filled-up.
Step 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of Strings
Questions.
1. What pattern can be observed from the data? Explain briefly.
2. Define a formula for the number of strings as a function of the step number.
Definition.
Example 1. Complete a table of values for x=−3 ,−2 ,−1 , 0 ,1 , 2 and 3 for the exponential
()
x
1
functions y= , y=10 x , and y=(0.8) x.
3
Solution. The solution is as follows:
Since π ≈ 3.14159 is irrational, the rules for rational exponents are not applicable. We define
π
f ( x )=3 can be approximated by 33.14 . A better approximation is 33.14159 . Intuitively, one can
obtain any level of accuracy for 3 π by considering sufficiently more decimal places of π .
Definition.
Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. A transformation of an exponential function with
base b is a function of the form
g ( x )=a ⋅b x−c +d
where a , c , and d are real numbers.
Many applications involve transformations of exponential functions. Some of the most common
applications in real-life of exponential functions and their transformations are population
growth, exponential decay, and compound interest.
a. Population
On several instances, scientists will start with a certain number of bacteria or animals and watch
how the population grows. For example, if the population doubles every 3 days, this can be
represented as an exponential function.
Example 3. Let t=¿ time in days. At t=0 , there were initially20 bacteria. Suppose that the
bacteria doubles every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the bacteria as a function of t .
b. Exponential Decay
Definition.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for of half of the substance to
decay.
Example 4. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days and there
are 10g initially, determine the amount of substance remaining after 30 days.
Solution. Let t=¿ time in days. We use the fact that the mass is halved every 10 days (from
definition of half-life). Thus, we have:
Initially, at t=0 Amount of substance ¿ 10 g
at t=10 days Amount of substance ¿ 5 g
at t=20 days Amount of substance ¿ 2.5 g
at t=30 days Amount of substance ¿ 1.25 g
().
t
1 10
An exponential model for this situation is y=10
2
c. Compound interest
A starting amount of money (called the principal) can be invested at a certain interest rate that
is earned at the end of a given period of time (such as one year). If the interest rate is
compounded, the interest earned at the end of the period is added to the principal, and this
new amount will earn interest in the next period. The same process is repeated for each
succeeding period: interest previously earned will also earn interest in the next period.
Example 5. Mrs. De la Cruz invested ₱100, 000 in a company that offers 6% interest
compounded annually. How much will this investment be worth at the end of each year for the
next five years?
Solution. Let t be the time in years. Then we have:
Example 6. A large slab of meat is taken from the refrigerator and placed in a pre-heated oven.
The temperature T of the slab t minutes after being placed in the oven is given by
0.006 t
T =170165 e degrees Celsius. Construct a table of values for the following values of t : 0, 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and interpret your results. Round off values to the nearest integer.
Solution. The solution is as follows:
t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T 5 15 24 32 40 47 54
The slab of meat is increasing in temperature at roughly the same rate.
Definition.
The definitions of exponential equations, inequalities, and functions are shown below.
An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy the equation or
inequality. An exponential function is not ‘solved’ rather, it expresses a relationship between two
variables ( x and y ), and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.
()
r r
a a
(5) = r
b b
Theorem.
Some exponential equations can be solved by using the fact that exponential functions are one-
to-one.
Remember!
One strategy to solve exponential equations is to write both sides of the equation as power of
the same base.
Solution. We write both sides with 4 as the Alternate Solution. We can also write bot
base. sides with 2 as the base.
You can verify that x=3 is a solution by substituting it back to the original equation:
3−1 2
4 =4 =16 .
This example shows that there may be more than one way to solve an exponential equation.
The important thing is to write both sides using the same base.
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Example 2. Solve the equation 125 x−1 =25x +3.
If b> 1, then the exponential function y=b x is increasing for all x . This means that b x <b y if an
only if x < y .
If 0< b<1, then the exponential function y=b x is decreasing for all x . This means that b x >b y
if and only if x < y .
Remember!
Be careful when solving exponential inequalities such as b m< bn . The resulting direction of the
inequality ¿ or m>n ¿ is based on whether the base b is greater than 1 or less than 1.
Thus, the solution set is ¿. (You can verify that x=5 and 6 are the solutions, but x=4 and 3 are
not.)
( ) ( ).
x+5 3x
1 1
Example 4. Solve the inequality ≥
10 100
( )
2
1 1 1
Solution. Since = , then we write both sides of the inequality with as the base.
100 10 10
1
Since the base <1 , then this inequality is equivalent to
10
(the direction of the inequality is reversed)
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Thus, the solution set is ¿. (You can verify that x=1 and 2 are solutions, but x=0 and 1 are
not.)
Example 5. The half-life of Zn-71 is 45 minutes. Initially, there were y 0 grams of Zn-71, but only
1
of this amount remains after some time. How much time has passed?
256
Solution. Using exponential models on the previous lesson, we ca determine that after t
()
t
1 2.45
minutes, the amount of Zn-71 in the substance is y= y 0 . We solve the equation
2
()
t
1 2.45 1
y0 = y 0:
2 256
() ( )
3 x+5 x−6
1 1
a. ≤ b. 4 x+2=82 x
9 243
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Module 4.4: Graphing Exponential Functions
The graph of an exponential function is a necessary tool in describing its behavior and
characteristics – its intercepts, asymptotes, and zeroes. A graph can also provide insights as to
real-life situations that can be modeled by exponential functions.
We first graph by plotting a few points. Results will be generalized later on.
Solution. Step 1. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. The table
of values for f (x) is as follows:
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
f (x) 1 2 4 8
16 8 4 2
Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth curve.
It can be observed that the function is defined for all values of x , is strictly increasing, and
attains only positive y -values. As x decreases without bound, the function approaches 0. That
is, the line y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.
()
x
1
Example 2. Sketch the graph of g ( x )= .
2
Solution. Step 1. The table of values for g(x ) is as follows:
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
g(x ) 8 4 2 1
2 4 8 16
Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth curve.
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It can be observed that the function is defined for all values of x , is strictly decreasing, and
attains only positive values. As x increases without bound, the function approaches 0. That is,
the line y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.
In general, depending on whether b> 1 or 0< b<1, the graph of f ( x )=b x has the following
behavior:
()
x
1
(b) Graph of g ( x )=
2
The following properties of f ( x )=b x, where b> 0 and b ≠ 1, can be observed from the graph:
(e) The horizontal asymptote is he line y=0 (or the x -axis). There is no vertical asymptote.
Remember!
Although graphs of exponential functions generally look like one of the two graphs above, the
graph changes as the base changes.
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Graph the function f ( x )=5−x . Identify the domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal
()
x
−x 1 1
asymptote. Hint: Note that 5 = x
= .
5 5
Horizontal
Function Domain Range y -intercept
Asymptote
−x
f ( x )=5
Graph:
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Module 4.5: Graphing Transformations of
Exponential Functions
Reflecting Graphs
Example 1. Use he graph of y=2x to sketch the graphs of the functions y=2−x .
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
x
y=−2 -0.125 -0.25 -0.5 -1 -2 -4 -8
−x
y=2 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125
x
The y -coordinate of each point the graph of y=−2 is the negative of the corresponding y -
coordinate of the graph of y=2x . Thus, the graph y=−2x is the reflection of the graph of y=2x
about x -axis.
The value of y=2−x at x is the same as that of y=2x at −x . Thus, the graph of y=−2x is the
reflection of the graph of y=2x about the y -axis.
Reflection
The graph of y=−f (x ) is the reflection about the x -axis of the graph of y=f (x ).
The graph of y=f (−x ) is the reflection about the y -axis of the graph of y=f (x ).
Example 2. Use the graph of y=2x to graph the function y=3 (2x ) and y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ .
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y=3 (2¿¿ x)¿ 0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6 12 24
y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2
The y -coordinate of each point on the graph of y=3 (2¿¿ x)¿ is 3 times the y -coordinate of the
corresponding point on y=2x . Similarly, the y -coordinate of each point on the graph of
y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ is 0.4 times the y -coordinate of the corresponding point on y=2x . The graphs
of these functions are shown below.
Observations
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(a) The domain for all three graphs is the set R .
(b) The y -intercept were also multiplied correspondingly. The y -intercept of y=3 (2¿¿ x)¿ is 3,
and the y -intercept y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ is 0.4.
(c) All three graphs have the same horizontal asymptote y=0.
Let a> 0 be a constant. The graph of y=af (x) can be obtained by multiplying the y -
coordinate of each point on the graph of y=f (x ) by a . The effect is a vertical stretching if
a> 1, or a vertical shrinking, if 0< a<1, of the graph of y=f (x ).
Example 3. Use the graph of y=2x to graph the functions y=2x −3 and y=2x +1.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
x
y=2 −3 -2.875 -2.75 -2.5 -2 -1 1 5
x
y=2 +1 1.125 1.25 1.5 2 3 5 9
The graphs of these functions are shown below:
Observations
(a) The domain for all three functions is the set R .
is y=−3.
Vertical Shift
Let d be a real number. The graph of y=f ( x )+ d is a vertical shift of d units up, if d >0 , or a
vertical shift d units down if d <0 , of the graph of y=f (x ).
Example 4. Use the graph of y=2x to graph the functions y=2x−2 and y=2x−4.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
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x−2
y=2 0.031 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2
x+ 4
y=2 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
The graphs of these functions are shown below:
Observations
(a) The domain of all three functions is the set
R.
(b) The range of all three functions is the set
(0 ,+ ∞).
Horizontal Shift
Let c be a real number. The graph of y=f (x−c) is a horizontal shift of c units to the right, if
c >0 , or a horizontal shift of c units to the left, if c >0 , of the graph of y=f (x ).
The examples above can be generalized to form the following guidelines for graphing
transformations of exponential functions:
Graph of f ( x )=a ⋅b x−c + d
The value b , where b> 1 or 0< b<1, determines whether the graph is increasing or
decreasing.
The value of |a| determines the stretch or shrinking of the graph. Further, if a is
negative, there is a reflection of the graph about the x -axis.
The vertical shift is d units up if d >0 , or d units down if d >0 .
The horizontal shift is c units to the right if c >0 , or c units to the left if c <0 .
Directions: For function y=2x−3+ 1, (a) use transformations to describe how the graph is
related to an exponential function y=b x, (b) sketch the graph, (c) identify the domain, range, y -
intercept, and horizontal asymptote.
1.) y=2x−3+ 1
a. b.
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c. Domain: ___________ Range: ___________ Horizontal Asymptote: ____________
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Performance Task!
Make an explosion box about different function that has been discussed from the
previous module up to this current module. The topics are the following:
Rational Functions
One-to-one Functions
Inverse of One-to-one Functions
Exponential Functions
In the box, provide each topic a short description, an example, and graph of
the function. Then, make a brief conclusion/summary of what you have learned about
those topics. You can refer to your modules or search on the internet for additional
information but just make sure you use reliable sites.
You may refer to this Youtube video on how to make an explosion box:
https://youtu.be/6ck2TO9leBw\ or you can look for more video tutorial on the internet.
Be creative as possible.
"Success seems to be connected with action. Successful people keep moving. They make
mistakes, but they don't quit."
-- Conrad Hilton
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REFERENCES
Books:
Oronce, O. A. (2016) General Mathematics (1st ed.) Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.
Rex Bookstore, Inc pp. 1-40.
Versoza, D.B., et al., (2016) Teaching Guide for SHS General Mathematics, Diliman,
Quezon City, Philippines. Commission on Higher Education pp. 1-14.
Other Resources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mobs12KVR1A&feature=share
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21 | P a g e General Mathematics