QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral is a closed shape and a type of polygon that has four

sides, four vertices and four angles.

Types of Quadrilaterals :
There are six basic types of quadrilaterals. They are:
(i) Trapezium , ( ii ) Parallelogram , ( iii ) Rectangle , ( iv )
Rhombus , ( v ) Square , and ( vi ) Kite .

Trapezium
A trapezium is a closed plane shape having four sides in which one pair
of opposite sides are parallel .The two parallel sides of a trapezium are
called bases .

Properties :
1) The bases of a trapezium are parallel to each other i.e . AB DC
2) The sum of adjacent interior angles is 180° i.e.

3) A trapezium has two parallel sides and two non-parallel sides .

4) The diagonals of a trapezium always intersect each other.
5) The sum of all the interior angles in a trapezium is always 360°.
Formula related to Trapezium :
Area of Trapezium = ( Sum of parallel side ) Height

= ( AB + DC ) AE

Perimeter Of Trapezium = Sum of all sides

= AB + BC + CD + DA

Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a special type of quadrilateral that has both pairs of
opposite sides parallel and equal .

Properties :
1) The opposite sides are parallel and equal .
2) The opposite angles are equal .
3) The consecutive or adjacent angles are supplementary i.e, sum of
adjacent angle is 180° .
4) If any one of the angles is a right angle, then all the other angles will
be at right angle .
5) The two diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other .
6) Each diagonal bisects the parallelogram into two congruent
triangles .

Formula related to parallelogram :

Area = Base × Height
= DC AE
Perimeter = 2 ( Sum of two adjacent sides )
= 2 ( AD + DC )

Rectangle
A rectangle is a type of quadrilateral that has its parallel sides equal to
each other and all the four vertices are equal to 90 degrees.

Properties :
1) A rectangle is a quadrilateral .
2) The opposite sides are parallel and equal to each other .
3) Each interior angle is equal to .
4) The sum of all the interior angles is equal to .
5) The diagonals bisect each other .
6) Both the diagonals have the same length .
7) The diagonals bisect each other at different angles. One is acute, and
another one is an obtuse angle .
8) If the two diagonals bisect each other at right angles, then the
rectangle is known as a square .

Formula related to Rectangle :

Area = Length Breadth
= AB AD
Perimeter = 2 ( Length + Breadth )
= 2 ( AB + AD )

Diagonal = √

= √

Rhombus
A rhombus is a type of parallelogram in which opposite sides are
parallel and the opposite angles are equal .
Properties :
1) All four sides are equal in length .
2) Opposite sides are parallel .
3) Opposite angles are equal .
4) Diagonals bisect each other at right angles i.e., .
5) The sum of two adjacent angles is supplementary, i.e., 180° .

Formula related to Rhombus :

Area = ( product of two diagonal )

= ( AC )

Side = √

= √

Here, First Diagonal = AC

Second Diagonal = DB
Perimeter = 4
In Rhombus , AB = BC = CD = DA

Square
A square is a type of polygon whose 4 equal sides and 4 vertices. The
opposite sides of a square are parallel to each other.

Properties :
1) All four interior angles are equal to 90° .
2) All four sides of the square are congruent or equal to each other .
3) The opposite sides of the square are parallel to each other .
4) The diagonals of the square bisect one another at 90° .
5) The sum of all angles of a square is 360° .

Formula related to square :

Area = Side Side =
Perimeter = 4 Any side

Diagonal = √ Any side

Kite
A kite is type of four-sided polygon in which two pairs of adjacent sides
that are equal to each other .

Properties :
1) Opposite Angles between unequal sides are equal .
2) A kite has two pairs of congruent triangles with a common base .
3) Diagonals of a kite intersect each other at right angles or 90°.
4) The diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly .
Formula related to kite :
Area = (d₁ x d₂) =

Perimeter = Sum of all sides = AB + BC + CD + DA

POLYGON
A polygon is a flat, two-dimensional (2D) shape with straight sides that is
fully closed .

Formula related to Polygon :

1) Sum of all interior angle =
2) Value of each interior angle =
3) Sum of all exterior angle =
4) Value of each exterior angle =
5) Number of diagonal =
 Similarity of Triangle
Similar triangles are triangles that have the same shape, but their sizes
may vary.
If two triangles are similar, then their corresponding angles are
congruent and corresponding sides are in equal proportion .

The word similarity is denoted by the symbol by ‘~’ .

Triangle is the three-sided polygon. The condition for the similarity of

triangles is :
1) Corresponding angles of both the triangles are equal, and
2) Corresponding sides of both the triangles are in proportion to each
other.

Properties :
1) Both have the same shape but sizes may be different .
2) Each pair of corresponding angles are equal .
3) The ratio of corresponding sides is the same .

AA (or AAA) or Angle-Angle Similarity :

If any two angles of a triangle are equal to any two angles of another
triangle, then the two triangles are similar to each other .
From the figure given above, if ∠ A = ∠X and ∠C = ∠Z , then ΔABC ~ΔXYZ .
From the result obtained, we can easily say that,
AB/XZ = BC/XY = AC/ZY
and ∠B = ∠Y

SAS or Side-Angle-Side Similarity :

If the two sides of a triangle are in the same proportion of the two sides
of another triangle, and the angle inscribed by the two sides in both the
triangle are equal, then two triangles are said to be similar.

if ∠A = ∠X and = then ΔABC ~ΔXYZ .

From the congruency,

= =

And ∠B = ∠Y and ∠C = ∠Z

SSS or Side-Side-Side Similarity :

If all the three sides of a triangle are in proportion to the three sides of
another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
Thus, if = = then ΔABC ~ ΔXYZ .

From this result, we can Say that -

∠A = ∠X , ∠B = ∠Y and ∠C = ∠Z

Congruence of Triangles
Two triangles are said to be congruent if they are copies of each other
and when superposed, they cover each other exactly.
Therefore ,
Two triangles are congruent if the sides and angles of one triangle are
equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle.
If a triangle PQR is congruent to a triangle ABC, we write it as :
∆ PQR ≅ ∆ ABC

SSS Congruence Rule (Side – Side – Side) :

Two triangles are said to be congruent if all the sides of a triangle are
equal to all the corresponding sides of another triangle.

SAS Congruence Rule (Side – Angle – Side) :

Two triangles are said to be congruent if two sides and the included
angle of one triangle are equal to the two sides and the included angle of
the other triangle

Proof :
In the given figure OA = OB and OD = OC.
Show that : (i) ∆ AOD ≅ ∆ BOC and (ii) AD || BC .

(i) You may note that in triangle AOD and triangle BOC,
Given data are : OA = OB and OC = OD
Also , ∠AOD and ∠BOC form a pair of vertically opposite angles , we
may write as ∠AOD = ∠BOC .
So, we get ∆ AOD ≅ ∆ BOC (Using the SAS congruence rule) .
(ii) In congruent triangles, AOD and BOC, the corresponding parts of the
triangle sides are also equal.
So , we get ∠ OAD = ∠ OBC and these conditions form a pair of alternate
angles for line segments AD and BC.
Therefore ,
The sides AD || BC ( Proved )

ASA Congruence Rule ( Angle – Side – Angle ) :

Two triangles are said to be congruent if two angles and the included
side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the included side of
another triangle.

Proof :
From the given two triangles, ABC and DEF in which:
∠B = ∠E, and ∠C = ∠F and the BC = EF
To prove that ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF
Let AB = DE
We will observe that , AB = DE (Assumed)
Given ∠B = ∠E and BC = EF
So, from SAS Rule we get , ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF .