Sources cite at least 118 identified "Egyptian" pyramids.

[1][2] Approximately 80
pyramids were built within the Kingdom of Kush, now located in the modern country
of Sudan. Of those located in modern Egypt, most were built as tombs for the
country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.[3]
[4][5]

The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis,
although at least one step-pyramid-like structure has been found at Saqqara, dating
to the First Dynasty: Mastaba 3808, which has been attributed to the reign of
Pharaoh Anedjib, with inscriptions, and other archaeological remains of the period,
suggesting there may have been others.[6] The otherwise earliest among these is the
Pyramid of Djoser built c. 2630–2610 BCE during the Third Dynasty.[7] This pyramid
and its surrounding complex are generally considered to be the world's oldest
monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.[8]

The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of
Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever
built.[9] The Pyramid of Khufu is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one
of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence, despite its being the
oldest wonder by about 2,000 years.[10]

Name
U23 G17
r O24

Unicode: 𓍋𓅓𓂋𓉴
Pyramid
in hieroglyphs
The name for a pyramid in Egyptian is myr, written with symbol 𓉴 (O24 in the
Gardner Sign List). Myr is preceded by three other signs used as phonetics. The
meaning of myr is unclear, as it only self-references the built object itself. By
contrast architecture of similar function like 'temple', per-ka, is a compound of
'house' and 'soul'. It has been speculated myr belongs to a class of words like
djed and ankh, which refer to objects already in existence when the Egyptian
language split off from afroasiatic.[citation needed] A typical translation of myr
is given as 'High Place'. By graphical analysis, myr uses the same sign, O24, as
benben. The benben is the mound of existence that rose of out of the abyss, nun, in
the Egyptian creation myth. The relationship between myr and benben is further
linked by the capstone architectural element of pyramids and obelisks, which was
named benbenet, the feminine form of benben.

Sign O24 related terms

Hieroglyph Sign Egyptian English
U23 G17
r O24
O24 myr Pyramid
D58
N35 D58
N35 O24
O39
O24 benben Primeval Mound
D58
N35 D58
N35 X1
O24
O24 benbent Pyramidon
Historical development

The Mastabat al-Fir’aun at Saqqara

Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara, tumuli with megalithic
monuments developed as early as 4700 BCE in the Saharan region of Niger.[11] Fekri
Hassan (2002) indicates that the megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of
Niger and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the mastabas and
pyramids of ancient Egypt.[11] During Predynastic Egypt, tumuli were present at
various locations (e.g., Naqada, Helwan).[11]

From the time of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150–2686 BCE), Egyptians with
sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.[12][13] At
Saqqara, Mastaba 3808, dating from the latter part of the 1st Dynasty, was
discovered to contain a large, independently built step-pyramid-like structure
enclosed within the outer palace facade mastaba. Archaeological remains and
inscriptions suggest there may have been other similar structures dating to this
period.[14]

The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed by Egyptologists

to the 3rd Dynasty pharaoh Djoser. Although Egyptologists often credit his vizier
Imhotep as its architect, the dynastic Egyptians themselves, contemporaneously or
in numerous later dynastic writings about the character, did not credit him with
either designing Djoser's pyramid or the invention of stone architecture.[15] The
Pyramid of Djoser was first built as a square mastaba-like structure, which as a
rule were known to otherwise be rectangular, and was expanded several times by way
of a series of accretion layers, to produce the stepped pyramid structure we see
today.[16] Egyptologists believe this design served as a gigantic stairway by which
the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens.[17]

Though other pyramids were attempted in the 3rd Dynasty after Djoser, it was the
4th Dynasty, transitioning from the step pyramid to true pyramid shape, which gave
rise to the great pyramids of Meidum, Dahshur, and Giza. The last pharaoh of the
4th Dynasty, Shepseskaf, did not build a pyramid and beginning in the 5th Dynasty;
for various reasons, the massive scale and precision of construction decreased
significantly leaving these later pyramids smaller, less well-built, and often
hastily constructed. By the end of the 6th Dynasty, pyramid building had largely
ended and it was not until the Middle Kingdom that large pyramids were built again,
though instead of stone, mudbrick was the main construction material.[18]

Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-
building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the
rule of the Kingdom of Kush, which was then based at Napata. Napatan rule, known as
the 25th Dynasty, lasted from 750 BCE to 664 BCE. The Meroitic period of Kushite
history, when the kingdom was centered on Meroë, (approximately in the period
between 300 BCE and 300 CE), experienced a full-blown pyramid-building revival,
which saw about 180 Egyptian-inspired indigenous royal pyramid-tombs constructed in
the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities.[19]

Al-Aziz Uthman (1171–1198), the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, tried to destroy
the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after only damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure
because the task proved too large.[20]

Pyramid symbolism

Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates
the pyramid's present profile, the outer line indicates the original profile.
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from
which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is also
thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids
were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them
a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named
in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the
Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senusret II
at El Lahun was Senusret Shines.

While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is

continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have
given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of
"resurrection machine."[21]

The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear
to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that
extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid
points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the
pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased
pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.[21]

All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site
of the setting sun, was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian
mythology.[22]

Number and location of pyramids

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Egyptian pyramids.
In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids—now known
as the Lepsius list of pyramids—in which he counted 67. A great many more have
since been discovered. At least 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified.[3] The
location of Pyramid 29 which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid", was lost for a
second time when the structure was buried by desert sands after Lepsius's survey.
It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.[23]

Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If

visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a
consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown
pyramid structures.

The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Neith, a wife of Teti.[24]

All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid at Zawyet el-
Maiyitin, are sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are grouped together in
a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are listed geographically,
from north to south, below.

Abu Rawash
Main article: Abu Rawash

The largely destroyed Pyramid of Djedefre

Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of
Lepsius pyramid number one),[citation needed] the mostly ruined Pyramid of
Djedefre, son and successor of Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid
had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only
was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of
Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in
Egypt.[citation needed]

Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone.

Quarrying, which began in Roman times, has left little apart from about fifteen
courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the
pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of
preservation.

Giza
Main article: Giza pyramid complex

Map of the Giza pyramid complex

Aerial view of the Giza pyramid complex

The Giza Plateau is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great
Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or
Chephren), the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along
with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids", and the
Great Sphinx of Giza. Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its
original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than
the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper
angle of inclination of its construction—it is, in fact, smaller in both height and
volume.

The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity and
was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater
of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one
of those wonders still in existence.

Zawyet el-Aryan
See also: Zawyet el'Aryan
This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir, is the location for two unfinished Old
Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka,
while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to
the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this
attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished
state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been
completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft).

Abusir
Main article: Abusir

The Pyramid of Sahure at Abusir, viewed from the pyramid's causeway

There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal
necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir
pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty—perhaps signaling a decrease in
royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors and
are built of low-quality local limestone.

The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also the best-preserved,
Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of
Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abusir were built using similar
construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mudbricks
with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these Fifth Dynasty pyramids, the
Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have been built originally as a step
pyramid some 70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by
having its steps filled in with loose masonry.

Saqqara
Main article: Saqqara

The Pyramid of Djoser

Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser—generally identified as
the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone—
the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to
the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas,
which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt.
Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the
earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II.
[25] Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's
successor Sekhemkhet, known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had
this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.

South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller
pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Djedkare Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most
of these are in a poor state of preservation.

The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in or have
the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb,
which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large
mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastabat al-
Fir’aun.[26]

A previously unknown pyramid was discovered in north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed
to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft)
high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft).

Dahshur
Main article: Dahshur

Sneferu's Red Pyramid

This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and
Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a
military base and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.

The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid, is believed to
be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided
pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its
finished state, but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its
steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a
true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success—albeit a
unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain
a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As
such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians
intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the north of the Bent
Pyramid is the last—and most successful—of the three pyramids constructed during
the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully completed
smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the third-largest pyramid in Egypt,
after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.

Also at Dahshur is one of two pyramids built by Amenemhat III, known as the Black
Pyramid, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.

Mazghuna
Main article: Mazghuna
Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area
in the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.

The Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht

Lisht
Main article: Lisht
Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht: those of Amenemhat I and
his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller
subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of
Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II.[27] The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of
the Faiyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of
Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the
precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt
during the Twelfth Dynasty.

Meidum
Main article: Meidum

The pyramid at Meidum

The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and
is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor,
Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been
found at the site. It was constructed as a step pyramid and then later converted
into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid, when the steps were filled in and an
outer casing added. The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient
and medieval times. Medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps,
although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its
odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a
natural landscape feature, it is the small mountain of debris created when the
lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.

Hawara
Main article: Hawara

The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawara

Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, and the pyramid
he built at Hawara, near the Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black
Pyramid" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawara pyramid that is
believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place.

El Lahun
Main article: El Lahun

The Pyramid of Senusret II. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible
as the yellow stratum at its base.
The Pyramid of Senusret II at El Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid
structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct
it by using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill.

El-Kurru
Main article: El-Kurru

Piye's pyramid at El-Kurru

Piye, the king of Kush who became the first ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty,
built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a
pyramid in centuries.

Nuri
Main article: Nuri

Taharqa's pyramid at Nuri

Taharqa, a Kushite ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built his pyramid at Nuri. It
was the largest in the area (North Sudan).

Construction dates and heights

The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the
major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who
ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location.

Pyramid / Pharaoh Reign Field Height

Djoser c. 2670 BCE Saqqara 62 meters (203 feet)
Sneferu c. 2612–2589 BCE Dahshur 104 meters (341 feet)
Sneferu c. 2612–2589 BCE Meidum 65 meters (213 feet) (ruined)

Would have been 91.65 meters (301 feet)[citation needed] or 175 Egyptian Royal
cubits.

Great Pyramid of Giza

Khufu c. 2589–2566 BCE Giza 146.7 meters (481 feet) or 280 Egyptian Royal cubits
Djedefre c. 2566–2558 BCE Abu Rawash 60 meters (197 feet)
Pyramid of Khafre
Khafre c. 2558–2532 BCE Giza 136.4 meters (448 feet)

Originally: 143.5 m (471 ft) or 274 Egyptian Royal cubits

Menkaure c. 2532–2504 BCE Giza 65 meters (213 feet) or 125 Egyptian Royal
cubits
Pyramid of Userkaf
Userkaf c. 2494–2487 BCE Saqqara 48 meters (161 feet)
Sahure c. 2487–2477 BCE Abusir 47 meters (155 feet)
Neferirkare Kakai c. 2477–2467 BCE Abusir 72.8 meters (239 feet)
Nyuserre Ini c. 2416–2392 BCE Abusir 51.68 m (169.6 feet) or 99 Egyptian
Royal cubits
Amenemhat I c. 1991–1962 BCE Lisht 55 meters (181 feet)
Senusret I c. 1971–1926 BCE Lisht 61.25 meters (201 feet)
Senusret II c. 1897–1878 BCE el-Lahun 48.65 m (159.6 ft; 93 Egyptian Royal
cubits) or
47.6 m (156 ft; 91 Egyptian Royal cubits)

Amenemhat III c. 1860–1814 BCE Hawara 75 meters (246 feet)

Pyramid of Khendjer
Khendjer c. 1764–1759 BCE Saqqara about 37 metres (121 ft), now completely
ruined
Piye c. 721 BCE El-Kurru 20 meters (66 feet) or
30 meters (99 feet)

Taharqa c. 664 BCE Nuri 40 meters (132 feet) or

50 meters (164 feet)

Construction techniques

Drawing showing transportation of a colossus. The water poured in the path of the
sledge, long dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual, but now confirmed as feasible,
served to increase the stiffness of the sand, and likely reduced by 50% the force
needed to move the statue.[28]
Main article: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Further information: Diary of Merer
Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. While most
blocks came from nearby quarries, special stones were transported on great barges
from distant locations, for instance white limestone from Tura and granite from
Aswan.[29]

In 2013, papyri, named Diary of Merer, were discovered at an ancient Egyptian

harbor at the Red Sea coast. They are logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by an
official with the title inspector, who documented the transport of white limestone
from the Tura quarries, along the Nile River, to the Great Pyramid of Giza, the
tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu.[30]

It is possible that quarried blocks were then transported to the construction site
by wooden sleds, with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction. Droplets
of water created bridges between the grains of sand, helping them stick together.
[31] Workers cut the stones close to the construction site, as indicated by the
numerous finds of cutting tools. The finished blocks were placed on the pre-
prepared foundations.[32] The foundations were levelled using a rough square level,
water trenches and experienced surveyors.[33]

See also
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of finds in Egyptian pyramids
List of megalithic sites
Pyramidion
Nubian pyramids
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