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MODULE
Computer Programming 1
CC112

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

 MODULES FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 1

Credits : 2 units lecture (2 hours/week), 1 unit laboratory (3 hours/week)

Pre-Requisite : -

I. Lesson Title:
Basic Input / Output

II. Lesson Objective:

At the end of the module, the learners will be able to:
1. Have a better understanding when it comes to Basic Input / Output in C ++.

Texts:
1. Learn C++ Programming, Turtorialspoint, 2014, Chapter XXI: Basic Input/Ouput
Reference List:
1. Tutorialspoint. (2014). Learn C++ Programming Language. Hyderabad, Telangana,
India. Retrieved from www.tutorialspoint.com

III. Lectures and Annotations:

Based on Turtorialspoint (2014), the C++ standard libraries provide an extensive set of
input/output capabilities which we will see in subsequent chapters. This chapter will discuss
very basic and most common I/O operations required for C++ programming.
C++ I/O occurs in streams, which are sequences of bytes. If bytes flow from a device
like a keyboard, a disk drive, or a network connection etc. to main memory, this is called
input operation and if bytes flow from main memory to a device like a display screen, a
printer, a disk drive, or a network connection, etc., this is called output operation
(Tutorialspoint, 2014).

I/O Library Header Files

There are following header files important to C++ programs:
Header File Function and Description
<iostream> This file defines the cin, cout, cerr and clog objects, which
correspond to the standard input stream, the standard output
stream, the un-buffered standard error stream and the
buffered standard error stream, respectively.
<iomanip> This file declares services useful for performing formatted
I/O with so-called parameterized stream manipulators, such
as setw and setprecision.
<fstream> This file declares services for user-controlled file processing.
We will discuss about it in detail in File and Stream related
chapter.
Source: Tutorialspoint. (2014). Learn C++ Programming Language. Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Retrieved from www.tutorialspoint.com
The Standard Output Stream (cout)
The predefined object cout is an instance of ostream class. The cout object is said to be
"connected to" the standard output device, which usually is the display screen. The cout is
used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator, which is written as << which are two
less than signs as shown in the following example (Tutorialspoint, 2014).

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char str[] = "Hello C++";
cout << "Value of str is : " << str << endl;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Value of str is : Hello C++

The C++ compiler also determines the data type of variable to be output and selects the
appropriate stream insertion operator to display the value. The << operator is overloaded to
output data items of built-in types integer, float, double, strings and pointer values
(Tutorialspoint, 2014).
The insertion operator << may be used more than once in a single statement as shown
above and endl is used to add a new-line at the end of the line.

The Standard Input Stream (cin)

The predefined object cin is an instance of istream class. The cin object is said to be
attached to the standard input device, which usually is the keyboard. The cin is used in
conjunction with the stream extraction operator, which is written as >> which are two greater
than signs as shown in the following example (Tutorialspoint, 2014).
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )

{
char name[50];
cout << "Please enter your name: ";
cin >> name;

cout << "Your name is: " << name << endl;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it will prompt you to enter a name.
You enter a value and then hit enter to see the following result:
Please enter your name: cplusplus
Your name is: cplusplus
 Tutorialspoint (2014) says that the C++ compiler also determines the data type of the
entered value and selects the appropriate stream extraction operator to extract the value and store
it in the given variables.
The stream extraction operator >> may be used more than once in a single statement. To
request more than one datum you can use the following:
cin >> name >> age;
This will be equivalent to the following two statements:
cin >> name;
cin >> age;
The Standard Error Stream (cerr)
Tutorialspoint (2014) stated that the predefined object cerr is an instance of ostream class. The
cerr object is said to be attached to the standard error device, which is also a display screen but the object
cerr is un-buffered and each stream insertion to cerr causes its output to appear immediately.
The cerr is also used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator as shown in the following
example.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main( )
{
char str[] = "Unable to read ... ";
cerr << "Error message : " << str << endl;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Error message : Unable to read....

The Standard Log Stream (clog)

The predefined object clog is an instance of ostream class. The clog object is said to be attached to
the standard error device, which is also a display screen but the object clog is buffered. This means that
each insertion to clog could cause its output to be held in a buffer until the buffer is filled or until the
buffer is flushed (Tutorialspoint, 2014).
The clog is also used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator as shown in the following
example.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char str[] = "Unable to read ... ";
clog << "Error message : " << str << endl;
}
 When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Error message : Unable to read....

You would not be able to see any difference in cout, cerr and clog with these small examples,
but while writing and executing big programs the difference becomes obvious. So it is good
practice to display error messages using cerr stream and while displaying other log messages
then clog should be used (Tutorialspoint, 2014).

GOOD JOB!