Ordered Pairs Cartesian Product Relations and Functions

Ordered Pairs
In the ordered pair (a, b), a is called the first component and b is
called the second component. In general, (a, b)  (b, a).
Example: Determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. (2, 5) = (9 – 7, 2 + 3) Since
True2 = 9 – 7 and 2 + 3 = 5, the ordered pair
is equal.
b. {2, 5}  {5, 2} Since

Falsethese are sets and not ordered pairs,
the order in which the elements are listed is
not important.
c. (2, 5)  (5, 2) True ordered pairs are not equal since they
These
do not satisfy the requirements for equality
of ordered pairs.
Cartesian Product
The Cartesian product of sets A and B, written AxB, is

AxB = {(a, b)  a  A and b  B}
Example: Let A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {7, 8}. Find each set.
a. AxB = {(2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 7), (3, 8), (5, 7), (5, 8)}
b. BxA = {(7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 5), (8, 2), (8, 3), (8, 5)}
c. AxA = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 2), (5, 3),
(5, 5)}
Relation
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of AxB.
Given an ordered pair (x,y), in AxB, x is related to y by R, written
x R y, if and only if, (x, y) is in R. The set A is called the domain of
R and set B is called its co-domain or range.
Functions
In the previous discussion, it is said that ordered pairs can be defined in
terms of sets and Cartesian products is also defined in terms of ordered
pairs. It is also said that relation is a subset of Cartesian products.
A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first component of

the ordered pairs, there is exactly one value of the second component.
When two quantities x and y are related so that for some range of values
of x, the value of y is determined by that of x.
A relation F from A to B is a function if and only if:

1. Every element of A is the first element of a ordered pair of F.
2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same first element.
The set X is called the domain of the
function.
For each element of x in X, the corresponding element y in Y is

called the value of the function at x, or the image of x.
Range – set of all images of the elements of the domain is

called the value of the function.
Example 1:
Determine whether each of the following relations is a function.
A = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)}
B = {(–2, 7), (–1, 3), (0, 1), (1, 5), (2, 5)}
C = {(3, 0), (3, 2), (7, 4), (9, 1)}
Example 2:
How else do we determine whether a
given relation is a function or not?
Use the vertical line test to determine whether or not a

graph represents a function. If a vertical line is moved
across the graph and, at any time, touches the graph at
only one point, then the graph is a function. If the vertical
line touches the graph at more than one point, then the
graph is not a function.
Which of the following is the graph of a function?
Binary Operation
Binary Operation
Binary operation includes addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division.
Let G be a set. A binary operation on G is a
function that assigns each ordered pair of element
of G.
Symbolically, a  b = G, for all a, b, c  G.
A binary operation ∗ on a set G is a function from G x G

to G such that for each 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐺,∗ 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 ∈ 𝐺.
Closure property. If any two elements are combined
using the operation, the result must be an element
of the set. a  b = c  G, for all a, b, c  G.
An operation on a set which meets this property is a
binary operation.
Example
Determine whether the set of all non-negative integers under addition is
a binary operation.
Solution:
Apply the closure property to test the set of all non-negative integers
under addition is a binary operation.
Choose any two positive integers,

8 + 4 = 12 and 5 + 10 = 15
The sum of two numbers of the set, the result is always a number of the
set.
It is closed under addition, therefore, addition of non-negative integers is
a binary operation.
Determine if the following operation is a binary operation
on the indicated set:
1. Addition on the set of rational numbers.
2. Division on the set of integers.
3. Addition on the set of negative integers.
4. Multiplication on the set of negative integers.
Let ∗ be a binary operation on the set of R and

defined as x ∗ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , find 5 ∗ 4.
Activity
1. 2.
Determine whether the set

of all negative integers
under subtraction is a
binary operation.

Ordered Pairs Cartesian Product Relations and Functions

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Ordered Pairs

Example: Determine whether each statement is true or false.

b. {2, 5}  {5, 2} Since

The Cartesian product of sets A and B, written AxB, is

Example: Let A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {7, 8}. Find each set.

A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first component of

A relation F from A to B is a function if and only if:

For each element of x in X, the corresponding element y in Y is

Range – set of all images of the elements of the domain is

Use the vertical line test to determine whether or not a

Binary operation includes addition, subtraction,

A binary operation ∗ on a set G is a function from G x G

Choose any two positive integers,

Let ∗ be a binary operation on the set of R and

Determine whether the set

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