#_ Essential Linux Directories Quick Reference

● 🗂️ /bin
○ Usage: Essential command binaries.
○ Common Operations:
■ Listing commands: ls /bin.
■ Using basic commands like cp, mv, rm, echo, etc.
■ Finding binary paths: which command.
● 🔧 /sbin
○ Usage: System binaries.
○ Common Operations:
■ Managing network: ifconfig, route.
■ Shutting down: shutdown -h now.
■ Rebooting: reboot.
■ Managing services: service start/stop.
● ⚙️ /etc
○ Usage: Configuration files.
○ Common Operations:
■ Editing user info: sudo vi /etc/passwd, sudo vi
/etc/group.
■ Configuring network: sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces, sudo
vi /etc/hostname, /etc/resolv.conf.
■ Managing scheduled tasks: crontab -e.
■ Configuring firewalls: sudo vi /etc/iptables.
● 🏠 /home
○ Usage: User home directories.
○ Common Operations:
■ Changing user directories: cd /home/username.
■ Managing user files: mkdir, rm, cp.
■ Setting up user environment: .bashrc, .profile.
■ Securely copying files between servers: scp.

By: Waleed Mousa

● 📊 /var
○ Usage: Variable data like logs.
○ Common Operations:
■ Viewing logs: tail /var/log/syslog.
■ Clearing logs: truncate -s 0 /var/log/syslog.
■ Managing mail queue: mailq.
■ Managing print jobs: /var/spool.
■ Hosting websites in /var/www.
● 📚 /usr
○ Usage: User utilities and applications.
○ Common Operations:
■ Installing software: Package managers like apt, yum.
■ Managing local binaries in /usr/local/bin.
■ Managing man pages: /usr/share/man.
■ Shared libraries: /usr/lib.
● 🚮 /tmp
○ Usage: Temporary files.
○ Common Operations:
■ Storing temp files: mktemp.
■ Clearing old files: tmpwatch.
■ Storing session data: session.save_path in php.ini.
■ Cleaning old files: tmpwatch.
● ➕ /opt
○ Usage: Optional software.
○ Common Operations:
■ Installing third-party software./opt/package_name.
■ Managing software links to /opt.
■ Symlinking: ln -s.
● 🚀 /boot
○ Usage: Boot configuration and kernel files.
○ Common Operations:
■ Updating kernel: sudo apt-get dist-upgrade.
■ Configuring GRUB: update-grub.
■ Managing bootloader: update-grub.

By: Waleed Mousa

● 📟 /dev
○ Usage: Device files.
○ Common Operations:
■ Creating file systems: mkfs.
■ Disk management: fdisk, lsblk.
■ Serial port communication: screen /dev/ttyUSB0.
● 🧠 /proc
○ Usage: Info about system resources.
○ Common Operations:
■ Checking CPU: cat /proc/cpuinfo.
■ Viewing processes: top.
■ Checking memory: cat /proc/meminfo.
■ Kernel tuning: /proc/sys.
● 🎛️ /sys
○ Usage: Kernel's view of the system.
○ Common Operations:
■ Changing kernel parameters: echo value >
/sys/path/to/parameter.
■ Modifying kernel parameters: sysctl.
■ Managing subsystems and devices.
● 📖 /lib
○ Usage: Library files.
○ Common Operations:
■ Updating library cache: ldconfig.
■ Checking library version: ldd.
● 📀 /mnt
○ Usage: Mount point for external devices.
○ Common Operations:
■ Mounting: mount /dev/sdx /mnt/point.
■ Unmounting: umount /mnt/point.
● 🎥 /media
○ Usage: Removable media.
○ Common Operations:
■ Mounting CD-ROM: mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom.
■ Ejecting media: eject.

By: Waleed Mousa

● 🖥️ /srv
○ Usage: Data for system services.
○ Common Operations:
■ Managing FTP data.
■ Managing web server content.
● 🌐 /run - Run-time Variable Data
○ Common Operations:
■ Managing PID files.
■ Temporary sockets.
● 💼 /root - Root User's Home Directory
○ Common Operations:
■ Storing system administration scripts.
■ Root user's settings and files.

By: Waleed Mousa