2011 Census of India

The 2011 Census of India or the 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases, house listing and
15th Census
population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of
information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the of India
first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents
by Unique Identification Authority of India. The second population enumeration phase was conducted 9 to 28 February 2011
between 9 and 28 February 2011. Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first
time biometric information was collected. According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the
Indian population increased to 1.21 billion with a decadal growth of 17.70%.[2] Adult literacy rate increased to
74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of the census was 'Our Census, Our future'.

Spread across 28 states[a] and 8 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts, 7,935
towns and more than 600,000 villages. A total of 2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935 towns and
600,000 villages, classifying the population according to gender, religion, education and occupation.[3] The
cost of the exercise was approximately ₹2,200 crore (US$280 million)[4] – this comes to less than $0.50 per
person, well below the estimated world average of $4.60 per person.[3] Conducted every 10 years, this census President of India Pratibha Patil receiving the
faced big challenges considering India's vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower 2011 Census report from the Census
involved.
Commissioner C. Chandramouli
Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition leaders General information
including Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Country India
Party, Akali Dal, Shiv Sena and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[5] Information on caste was last
Results
collected during the British Raj in 1931. During the early census, people often exaggerated their caste status to
garner social status and it is expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government Total 1,210,193,422 ( 17.70%[1])
benefits.[6] Earlier, There was speculation that there would be a caste-based census conducted in 2011, the population
first time for 80 years (last was in 1931), to find the exact population of the "Other Backward Classes" Most populous Uttar Pradesh (199,812,341)
(OBCs) in India.[7][8][9][10] This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was state
conducted whose first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.[11]
Least populous Sikkim (610,577)
Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52%, though National Sample Survey
state
Organisation (NSSO) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41%.[12]

There is only one instance of a caste count in post-independence India. It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the
Government of Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower
castes. The census was termed Socio-Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala,
1971.[13]

History
C. M. Chandramauli was the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India for the 2011 Indian Census. Census
data was collected in 16 languages and the training manual was prepared in 18 languages. In 2011, India and Bangladesh Postage stamp dedicated to the
also conducted their first-ever joint census of areas along their border. [14][15] The census was conducted in two phases. The 2011 Census of India
first, the house-listing phase, began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of data about all the buildings and census
houses.[16] Information for the National Population Register was also collected in the first phase. The second, the
population enumeration phase, was conducted from 9 – 28 February 2011 all over the country. The eradication of epidemics, the availability of more effective
medicines for the treatment of various types of diseases and the improvement in the standard of living were the main reasons for the high decadal growth of
population in India.

Information

House-listings

The House-listing schedule contained 35 questions.[17]

1. Building number
Census house number
2. Predominant material of floor, wall and roof of the census house
3. Ascertain use of actual house
4. Condition of the census house
5. Household number
6. Total number of persons in the household
7. Name of the head of the household
8. Sex of the head
9. Caste status (SC or ST or others)
10. Ownership status of the house
11. Number of dwelling rooms
12. Number of married couple the household
13. Main source of drinking water
14. Availability of drinking water source
15. Main source of lighting
16. Latrine within the premises
17. Type of latrine facility
18. Waste water outlet connection
19. Bathing facility within the premises
20. Availability of kitchen
21. Fuel used for cooking
22. Radio/Transistor
23. Television
24. Computer/Laptop
25. Telephone/Mobile phone
26. Bicycle
27. Scooter/Motor cycle/Moped
28. Car/Jeep/Van
29. Availing Banking services.

Population enumeration

The Population enumeration schedule contained 30 questions.[18][19]

1. Name of the person

2. Relationship to head
3. Sex
4. Date of birth and age
5. Current marital status
6. Age at marriage
7. Religion
8. Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe
9. Disability
10. Mother tongue
11. Other languages known
12. Literacy status
13. Status of attendance (Education)
14. Highest educational level attained
15. Working any time during last year
16. Category of economic activity
17. Occupation Nature of industry
18. Trade or service
19. Class of worker
20. Non economic activity
21. Seeking or available for work
22. Travel to place of work
23. Birthplace
24. Place of last residence
25. Reason for migration
26. Duration of stay in the place of migration
27. Children surviving
28. Children ever born
29. Number of children born alive during last one year

National Population Register

The National Population Register household schedule contained 9 questions.[20]

1. Name of the person and resident status

2. Name of the person as should appear in the
population register
3. Relationship to head
4. Gender
5. Date of birth
6. Marital status
7. Educational qualification
8. Occupation/Activity
9. Names of father, mother and spouse
Once the information was collected and digitised, fingerprints were taken and photos collected. Unique Identification Authority of India was to issue a 12-digit
identification number to all individuals and the first ID have been issued in 2011.[21][22]

Census report
Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 (and was updated on
20 May 2013).[23][24][25][26] Transgender population was counted in population
census in India for the first time in 2011.[27][28] The overall sex ratio of the population
is 0 females for every 1,000 males in 2011.[29] The official count of the third gender in
India is 490,000[30]

Population Total 1,210,854,977

Males 623,724,568

Females 586,469,294
Literacy Total 74%

Males 82.10%
Females 65.46%

Density of population per km2 382

Sex ratio per 1000 males 943 females

Child sex ratio (0–6 age group) per 1000 males 919 females Decadal growth of Indian population (1901–2011).

Population
The population of India as per 2011 census was 1,210,854,977.[31] India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of
Brazil. India, with 2.4% of the world's surface area, accounts for 17.5% of its population. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million
people. Over half the population resided in the six most populous states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Of the 1.21 billion Indians, 833 million (68.84%) live in rural areas while 377 million stay in urban areas.[32][33] 453.6 million people in India are migrants, which
is 37.8% of total population.[34][35][36]

India is home to many religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism, while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions
which have been practiced alongside major religions for centuries. According to the 2011 census, the total number of households in India is 248.8 million. Of
which 202.4 million are Hindu, 31.2 million are Muslim, 6.3 million are Christian, 4.1 million are Sikh, and 1.9 million are Jain[37][38] According to 2011 census,
there are around 3.01 million places of worship in India.[39]

Ever since its inception, the Census of India has been collecting and publishing information about the religious affiliations as expressed by the people of India. In
fact, population census has the rare distinction of being the only instrument that collects this diverse and important characteristic of the Indian population.
 Population distribution in India by states

State / % of
Sex
Rank
Union
Capital Type Population
total
Males Females Ratio Literacy Rural[42] Urban[42] Area
Territory popula- [41] rate (%) Population Population (km
(UT) tion[40]
Uttar
1 Lucknow State 199,812,341 16.50 104,480,510 95,331,831 912 67.68 155,111,022 44,470,455 240
Pradesh

2 Maharashtra Mumbai State 112,374,333 9.28 58,243,056 54,131,277 929 82.34 61,545,441 50,827,531 307

3 Bihar Patna State 104,099,452 8.60 54,278,157 49,821,295 918 61.80 92,075,028 11,729,609 94
4 West Bengal Kolkata State 91,276,115 7.54 46,809,027 44,467,088 950 76.26 62,213,676 29,134,060 88

Andhra
5 Hyderabad State 84,580,777 6.99 42,442,146 42,138,631 993 67.02 56,361,702 28,219,075 275
Pradesh[a]

Madhya
6 Bhopal State 72,626,809 6.00 37,612,306 35,014,503 931 69.32 52,537,899 20,059,666 308
Pradesh

7 Tamil Nadu Chennai State 72,147,030 5.96 36,137,975 36,009,055 996 80.09 37,189,229 34,949,729 130
8 Rajasthan Jaipur State 68,548,437 5.66 35,550,997 32,997,440 928 66.11 51,540,236 17,080,776 342

9 Karnataka Bengaluru State 61,095,297 5.05 30,966,657 30,128,640 973 75.36 37,552,529 23,578,175 191

10 Gujarat Gandhinagar State 60,439,692 4.99 31,491,260 28,948,432 919 78.03 34,670,817 25,712,811 196
11 Odisha Bhubaneshwar State 41,974,218 3.47 21,212,136 20,762,082 979 72.87 34,951,234 6,996,124 155

12 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram State 33,406,061 2.76 16,027,412 17,378,649 1,084 94.00 17,445,506 15,932,171 38

13 Jharkhand Ranchi State 32,988,134 2.72 16,930,315 16,057,819 948 66.41 25,036,946 7,929,292 79
14 Assam Dispur State 31,205,576 2.58 15,939,443 15,266,133 958 72.19 26,780,526 4,388,756 78

15 Punjab Chandigarh State 27,743,338 2.29 14,639,465 13,103,873 895 75.84 17,316,800 10,387,436 50

16 Chhattisgarh Raipur State 25,545,198 2.11 12,832,895 12,712,303 991 70.28 19,603,658 5,936,538 135
17 Haryana Chandigarh State 25,351,462 2.09 13,494,734 11,856,728 879 75.55 16,531,493 8,821,588 44

18 Delhi Delhi UT 16,787,941 1.39 8,887,326 7,800,615 868 86.21 944,727 12,905,780 1

Jammu(winter)
Jammu and
19 State 12,541,302 1.04 6,640,662 5,900,640 889 67.16 9,134,820 3,414,106 222
Kashmir Srinagar(summer)

20 Uttarakhand Dehradun State 10,086,292 0.83 5,137,773 4,948,519 963 79.63 7,025,583 3,091,169 53
Himachal
21 Shimla State 6,864,602 0.57 3,481,873 3,382,729 972 82.80 6,167,805 688,704 55
Pradesh

22 Tripura Agartala State 3,673,917 0.30 1,874,376 1,799,541 960 87.22 2,710,051 960,981 10
23 Meghalaya Shillong State 2,966,889 0.25 1,491,832 1,475,057 989 74.43 2,368,971 595,036 22

24 Manipur Imphal State 2,721,756 0.21 1,290,171 1,280,219 992 79.21 1,899,624 822,132 22

25 Nagaland Kohima State 1,978,502 0.16 1,024,649 953,853 931 79.55 1,406,861 573,741 16
26 Goa Panaji State 1,458,545 0.12 739,140 719,405 973 88.70 551,414 906,309 3

Arunachal
27 Itanagar State 1,383,727 0.11 713,912 669,815 938 65.38 1,069,165 313,446 83
Pradesh

28 Puducherry Pondicherry UT 1,247,953 0.10 612,511 635,442 1,037 85.85 394,341 850,123
29 Mizoram Aizawl State 1,097,206 0.09 555,339 541,867 976 91.33 529,037 561,997 21

30 Chandigarh Chandigarh UT 1,055,450 0.09 580,663 474,787 818 86.05 29,004 1,025,682

31 Sikkim Gangtok State 610,577 0.05 323,070 287,507 890 81.42 455,962 151,726 7
Andaman
32 and Nicobar Port Blair UT 380,581 0.03 202,871 177,710 876 86.63 244,411 135,533 8
Islands

Dadra and
33 Silvassa UT 343,709 0.03 193,760 149,949 774 76.24 183,024 159,829
Nagar Haveli

Daman and
34 Daman UT 243,247 0.02 150,301 92,946 618 87.10 60,331 182,580
Diu
35 Lakshadweep Kavaratti UT 64,473 0.01 33,123 31,350 946 91.85 14,121 50,308

India 35 1,210,854,977 100 623,724,248 586,469,174 943 74.04 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287

Religious demographics
The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015.[44][45][46] Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million) while Sikhs
are 20.8 million comprising 1.72% of the population,[47] Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India.[45][48][49] and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million).
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India.[50][51] For the first time, a "No religion" category was added in the 2011 census.[52] 2.87
million were classified as people belonging to "No Religion" in India in the 2011 census[53][54] 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion.[55][56] Given below is
the decade-by-decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census.[57][58][59] There are six religions in India that have been awarded "National Minority"
status – Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis.[60][61] Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in
India.[62][63][64] As per 2011 census, six major faiths- Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population,
while "other religions, persuasions" (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths- 4.957 million-strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million-strong Gond,
506,000-strong Sari, Donyi-Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate.[65] Maharashtra is
having the highest number of non-religious in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala.[66]

Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951–2011)

Religious Population Population Population Population Population Population Population

group % 1951 % 1961 % 1971 % 1981 % 1991 % 2001 % 2011
Hinduism 84.1% 83.45% 82.73% 82.30% 81.53% 80.46% 79.80%

Islam 9.8% 10.69% 11.21% 11.75% 12.61% 13.43% 14.23%

Christianity 2.3% 2.44% 2.60% 2.44% 2.32% 2.34% 2.30%

Sikhism 1.79% 1.79% 1.89% 1.92% 1.94% 1.87% 1.72%

Buddhism 0.74% 0.74% 0.70% 0.70% 0.77% 0.77% 0.70%

Jainism 0.46% 0.46% 0.48% 0.47% 0.40% 0.41% 0.37%

Zoroastrianism 0.13% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.06% n/a

Other religions / No religion 0.8% 0.8% 0.41% 0.42% 0.44% 0.8% 0.9%

Language demographics
Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India.[67] The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of
"Hindi languages".[68] According to 2011 Census, 57.1% of Indian population know Hindi,[69] in which 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their
native language or mother tongue.[70][71] The language data was released on 26 June 2018.[72] Bhili/Bhilodi was the most spoken unscheduled language with
10.4 million speakers, followed by Gondi with 2.9 million speakers. 96.71% of India's population speaks one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother tongue
in the 2011 census.

The 2011 census report on bilingualism and trilingualism, which provides data on the two languages in order of preference in which a person is proficient other
than the mother tongue, was released in September 2018.[73][74][75] The number of bilingual speakers in India is 314.9 million, which is 26% of the population in
2011.[76] 7% of Indian population is trilingual.[77] Hindi, Bengali speakers are India's least multilingual groups.[78]

Numbers regarding languages spoken available in the 2011 Indian Census data may not reflect actual data in India due to how the data was collected, with
participants being allowed to give any response they wished for what languages they spoke.

First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2011 Census)
First First language Second Third Total speakers Total speakers as a percentage of total
Language language speakers as a percentage of total language language [69][80] population
speakers[79] population speakers speakers

Hindi 528,347,193 43.63 139,207,180 24,000,000 692,000,000 57.1

English 259,678 0.02 83,125,221 46,000,000 129,000,000 10.6

Bengali 97,237,669 8.3 9,037,222 1,000,000 107,000,000 8.9

Marathi 83,026,680 7.09 13,000,000 3,000,000 99,000,000 8.2

Telugu 81,127,740 6.93 12,000,000 1,000,000 95,000,000 7.8

Tamil 69,026,881 5.89 7,000,000 1,000,000 77,000,000 6.3

Gujarati 55,492,554 4.74 4,000,000 1,000,000 60,000,000 5

Urdu 50,772,631 4.34 11,000,000 1,000,000 63,000,000 5.2

Kannada 43,706,512 3.73 14,000,000 1,000,000 59,000,000 4.94

Odia 37,521,324 3.2 5,000,000 390,000 43,000,000 3.56

Malayalam 34,838,819 2.97 500,000 210,000 36,000,000 2.9

Punjabi 33,124,726 2.83 2,230,000 720,000 36,600,000 3

Sanskrit 24,821 <0.01 1,230,000 1,960,000 3,190,000 0.19

Literacy
Any individual above age 7 who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered literate. In censuses before 1991, children below
the age 5 were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age
7 and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate". Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04% with 82.14% of the males and 65.46% of the
females being literate.[81]
 Effective literacy rate (1901-2011)

S.No. Census year Total (%) Male (%) Female (%)

1 1901 5.35 9.83 0.60

2 1911 5.92 10.56 1.05

3 1921 7.16 12.21 1.81

4 1931 9.50 15.59 2.93

5 1941 16.10 24.90 7.30

6 1951 16.67 24.95 9.45

7 1961 24.02 34.44 12.95

8 1971 29.45 39.45 18.69

9 1981 36.23 46.89 24.82

10 1991 42.84 52.74 32.17

11 2001 64.83 75.26 53.67

12 2011 74.04 82.14 65.46

See also
India portal

Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011

Demography of India
Irreligion in India
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Other Backward Class

Notes
a. Prior to the creation of Telangana.

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External links
Census of India Official Website (https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/)
Data catalogues on Official Website (https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog)
Census tables on Official Website (https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables)
Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 (https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876)
"Bhujbal, Munde pitch for OBC census" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Bhujbal-Munde-pitch-for-OBC-census/article16365507.ec
e). The Hindu. 11 April 2010. ISSN 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X). Retrieved 24 July 2020.

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