Chương 4 TACN

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CHAPTER 4: ENDOCRINE AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

KEY TERMS:
1. delirium
delirious /dɪˈlɪriəs/ (adj)
delirious with something
2. gangrene
3. goiter
4. Hashimoto's disease
5. lethargy
6. muscle cramp
7. protrude
protruding (adj)
protrude from something
8. windpipe
9. Hodgkin's lymphoma
10. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
11. Hyperglycemia
12. Graves’ disease
13. Blood is thicker than water
14. To get blood from a stone
15. To run in one's blood
16. To be after one's blood
17. insulin
18. Therapy
19. bone marrow
20. autoimmune disease
21. metabolism
22. concentration
23. lightheaded
24. allergic
25. Leukemia
26. lymph node
27. lymphoma
28. hypothyroidism
29. hyperthyroidism
30. diabetes
31. Adam’s apple
32. thyroid

KEY TERM DEFINITION:


1. delirium /dɪˈlɪriəm/ (n): a mental state where somebody becomes excited and not
able to think or speak clearly, usually because of illness.
delirious /dɪˈlɪriəs/ (adj)
delirious with something
2. gangrene /ˈɡæŋɡriːn/ (n): the decay that takes place in a part of the body when the
blood supply to it has been stopped because of an illness or injury.
3. goiter /ˈɡɔɪtə(r)/ (n): a swelling of the throat caused by a disease of the thyroid.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that can cause hypothyroidism, or
underactive thyroid.
5. lethargy /ˈleθədʒi/ (n): the state of not having any energy or enthusiasm for doing
things. SYNONYM listlessness, inertia
6. muscle cramp /ˈmʌsl kræmp / (n): is a sudden, unexpected tightening of one or more
muscles.
7. protrude /prəˈtruːd/ (n): to stick out from a place or a surface.
protruding (adj)
protrude from something
8. windpipe /ˈwɪndpaɪp/ (n): the tube in the body that carries air from the throat to the
lungs. SYNONYM trachea
9. Hodgkin's lymphoma /ˌhɑːdʒ.kɪnz lɪmˈfoʊ.mə/ (n): a serious form of cancer that
makes the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen become larger, resulting in anaemia (= not
enough red blood cells in the blood) and a decreased ability to fight infection.
10. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma /nɑːnˌhɑːdʒ.kɪnz lɪmˈfoʊ.mə/ (n): cancer that starts in one
or more lymph nodes or the spleen and spreads to any part of the body, often the liver
and bone marrow.
11. Hyperglycemia /ˌhaɪ.pə.ɡlaɪˈsiː.mi.ə/ (n): a condition in which there is too much
glucose in the blood
12. Graves’ disease /ˈɡreɪvz dɪˌziːz/ (n): a condition affecting the thyroid that makes
every function in the body speed up. People who have Graves' disease often have eyes
that stick out because of tissue swelling behind the eyes.
13. Blood is thicker than water (idiom) said to emphasize that you believe that family
connections are always more important than other types of relationship.
14. To get blood from a stone (idiom) means it is difficult to get something, such as
money from a person.
15. To run in one's blood (idiom) means that a person characteristic is passed down by
family tradition.
16. To be after one's blood (idiom) means a person hates or wants to harm another
person.
17. insulin /ˈɪn.sjə.lɪn/ (n) : A polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate
metabolism.
18. Therapy /ˈTHerəpē / (n): Treatment of disease or disability, physical or mental
19. Bone marrow /bəʊn ˈmærəʊ/ (n): The fatty vascular tissue that fills the cavities of
bones; the place where new blood cells are produced.
20. Autoimmune disease /ɔː.təʊ.ɪˈmjuːn dɪˌziːz /(n) any of a large group of diseases
characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune
system to produce antibodies against your own tissues
21. Metabolism /mə.ˈtæ.bə.ˌlɪ.zəm/ (n): it is the medication converted chemically inside
the body
22. Concentration /ˈkɒn.sən.treɪt/ (n): The act, process or ability of concentrating; the
process of becoming concentrated, or the state of being concentrated.
23. Lightheaded /ˌlaɪtˈhed.ɪd/ (adj) : Dizzy or feeling faint, usually caused by a drop in
blood pressure to the brain.
24. Allergic /əˈlɜː.dʒɪk/ (adj) : Excessively sensitive; susceptible.
25. Leukemia /luːˈkiːmiːə/ (n) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone
marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells.
26. Lymph node /ˈlɪmf ˌnəʊd/ (n) is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and
the adaptive immune system.
27. Lymphoma /lɪmˈfəʊ.mə/ (n) is cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the
immune system, called lymphocytes.
28. Hypothyroidism /ˌhaɪ.pəʊˈθaɪ.rɔɪd.ɪzəm/ (n) is when the thyroid gland doesn't make
enough thyroid hormones to meet your body's needs.
29. Hyperthyroidism /ˌhaɪ.pəˈθaɪ.rɔɪd.ɪzəm/ (n) is when the thyroid gland makes more
thyroid hormones than your body needs.
30. Diabetes /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiː.tiːz/ (n) a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or
respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of
carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.
31. Adam’s apple /ˌæd.əmz ˈæp.əl/ (n) the part of your throat that sticks out, especially
in men, and moves up and down when you speak or swallow.
32. Thyroid /ˈθaɪ.rɔɪd/ (n) in the front of the neck that is involved in contrlling the way
the body develops and works.

EXERCISE
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with these words:
delirious gangrene lethargy muscle cramps
Hashimoto's disease goiter protruding windpipe
1. He became __________ and couldn't recognize people, able to think or speak. (ans:
delirious)
2. __________ set in and he had to have his leg amputated. (ans: Gangrene)
3. A __________ is an enlargement of the thyroid gland (ans: goiter)
4. __________ is a state of tiredness, sleepiness, weariness, fatigue, sluggishness or lack
of energy. It can be accompanied by depression, decreased motivation, or apathy. It may
also be a side-effect of medication or caused by an interaction between medications or
medication(s) and alcohol. It may also be an altered level of consciousness. (ans:
lethargy)
5. Exercising or working hard, especially in heat, can lead to __________. Some
medicines and illnesses also might cause this. (ans: muscle cramps)
6. __________ teeth is a condition caused by teeth, bones or both protruding forward,
causing aesthetic loss. (ans: Protruding)
7. The __________ is the long tube that connects your larynx (voice box) to your
bronchi. Your bronchi send air to your lungs. Your trachea is a key part of your
respiratory system. The trachea is made of rings of cartilage. It is lined with cells that
produce mucus. This mucus keeps allergens, dust particles or other debris out of your
lungs. (ans: windpipe)
8. _______________ is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland. The thyroid
is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck just below the Adam's apple.
(ans: Hashimoto's disease)

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with these words:


Hodgkin's Graves’ disease blood is thicker runs in their blood
lymphoma than water
getting blood from Non-Hodgkin's Hyperglycemia after his blood
a stone lymphoma
1. In_____, the body’s immure system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to
produce too many hormones (ans: Graves’ disease)
2. _______ is the defining characteristic of disabetes mellitus. (ans: Hyperglycemia)
3. The pharmacist, who was arrested for stealing drugs from cancer patient, is now
under police protection because many patient are_____ (ans: after his blood)
4. Even though family members often fight with each other, they will always come
to the defense of their family members because____(ans: blood is thicker than
water)
5. The parents and their two adult children are pharmacists; it______(ans: runs in
their blood)
6. I will never lend her money again; the first time I lent her money it was like
__________ before she repaid me (ans: getting blood from a stone)
7. __________means a cancer of the immune system that develops from abnormal
B-cells. It causes enlarged lymph nodes without pain in neck, armpits or groin,
fever, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss. (ans: Hodgkin's lymphoma)
8. _______ means a cancer of the immune system that develops from abnormal
lymphocytes. This causes painless swollen lymph nodes in the neck, chest pain,
abdominal pain,tiredness, night sweats, weight loss and fever (ans: Non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma)
Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with these words:
1. Radioactive iodine ___________ is one way to treat thyroid cancer. (ans: therapy)
2. _________ is a hormon that helps the body to use glucose , the main source of fuel in
the body. (ans: insulin)
3. The __________ of a person with leukemia will produce abnormal white blood cells.
(ans: bone marrow)
4. Type I diabetes is an _____________in which the pancreas is not able to produce
insulin (ans: autoimmune disease)
5.Thyroid hormones will help people with hypothyroidism restore their ___________.
(ans: metabolism)
6. If a person is feeling __________, he or she is feeling a bit dizzy and is not able to
think clearly or more steadily. (ans: lightheaded)
7. Some symptoms of hypothyroidism include, but are not limited to, cold intolerance,
body aches, coarse hair, and decreased ____________(ans: concentration).
8. In the immunologic mechanism, immunoglobulin E (IgE) binds to the antigen (the
foreign material that provokes the ____________ reaction). (ans: allergic)

Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with these words:


1. Williams had chronic myeloid ________, a deadly disease in which white blood cells
proliferate. (ans: leukemia).
2. Some patients with Hodgkin lymphoma develop symptoms before swollen or enlarged
___________ are discovered. (ans: lymph nodes).
3. Boys are more likely to develop non-Hodgkin's ________, for instance, while girls are
more likely to develop thyroid carcinoma and melanoma. (ans: lymphoma).
4. The signs and symptoms of _______________ vary widely, depending on the severity
of hormone deficiency. (ans: hypothyroidism).
5. Sub-clinical _______________ can also occur when patients are taking thyroxine. (ans:
hyperthyroidism).
6. Eating disorders and intentional insulin undertreatment in adolescent females with
_________. (ans: diabetes).
7. The ___________ is the protrusion in the human neck formed by the angle of the
thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx, typically visible in men, less frequently in
women. (ans: Adam's apple).
8. The signs and symptoms are mainly those of an underactive _______ gland
(hypothyroidism). (ans: thyroid).

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