1 - Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Properties

Fluid Mechanics
ME313
DR. M. M. MOSALLEM
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Textbook
John F. Douglas, Janusz M. Gasoriek, John A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack
“Fluid Mechanics", 6 th Edition, Prentice Hall (2011).
Fundamental Concepts of Fluid Mechanics
 Fluid mechanics; it is the branch of applied mechanics

concerned with the statics and dynamics of fluids - both
liquids and gases.
 Fluids are substances which are capable of flowing and

which conform to the shape of containing vessels.
Fluids
 Fluids are divided into liquids and gases.
− A liquid is difficult to compress ( incompressible).
− A gas is easily to compress (compressible).
− A given mass of liquid occupies a given volume and will

occupy the container it is in and form a free surface.
− A gas has no fixed volume, it changes volume to expand
to fill the containing vessel. It will completely fill the
vessel so no free surface is formed
Distinction between solid & fluid
 The technical distinction between a solid and a fluid lies with

the reaction of the two to an applied shear or tangential stress.
A solid can resist a shear stress by a static deformation; a fluid
can not. Any shear stress applied to a fluid, no matter how
small, will result in motion of that fluid. The fluid moves and
deforms continuously as long as the shear stress is applied.
Units and dimensions
 A dimension is the measure by which a physical

variable is expressed quantitatively.
 A unit is a particular way of attaching a number to the
quantitative dimension.
Fluid as a continuum
 A fluid is considered to be a continuum in which

there are no holes or voids velocity, pressure and
temperature fields are continuous.
Properties of fluids
 The properties outlines here are general properties of

fluids which are of interest in engineering..
Density
 Density,  is defined as the mass of substance per unit

volume.
mass m
= =
Volume V
Units: Kg/m3
Typical values:
Water = 1000 Kg/m3, Mercury = 13580 Kg/m3 Air = 1.23 Kg/m3 (at
pressure =1.013 bar and Temperature = 288.15 K.)
Specific Weight
 Specific Weight , is defined as the weight per unit

volume. or
 The force exerted by gravity, g, upon a unit volume of
the substance.
Weight W mg
= = = = g
Volume V V
Units: N/m3
Typical values:
Water = 9814 N/m3 , Mercury = 132943 N/m3, Air =12.07 N/m3,
Paraffin Oil =7851 N/m3
Relative Density (specific gravity)
 Relative Density, S, is defined as the ratio of mass

density of a substance to some standard mass density.
 For solids and liquids this standard mass density is the
maximum mass density for water (which occurs at 4
oc) at atmospheric pressure.
 subs tan ce
S=
 H O ( at 4 oC )
2
Units: None
Typical values:
Water = 1, Mercury = 13.5, Paraffin Oil =0.8.
Viscosity
 It is defined as the property of a fluid which offers

resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over
another adjacent layer of the fluid.
Newton's law of viscosity
 It states that the shear stress () on a fluid element

layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
du
 =
dy
• Fluids witch obey the above relation is known as Newtonian
fluids and the fluid which do not obey the above relation are
called Non-Newtonian fluids
Coefficient of dynamic viscosity
 The Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity,  , is defined as

the shear force, per unit area, (or shear stress ),
required to drag one layer of fluid with unit velocity
past another layer a unit distance away.
Units: N.s/m2 or pa.s or Kilograms per meter per second, Kg/m s.

(Although note that  is often expressed in Poise, P, where P = 0.1
pa.s)
Typical values:
Water =1.14x10-3 Kg/m s., Air =1.78 x10-5 Kg/m s., Mercury=1.552
Kg/m s
Kinematic Viscosity
 Kinematic Viscosity, , is defined as the ratio of

dynamic viscosity to mass density
Units: m2/s
(Although note that n is often expressed in Stokes, St, where
104 St = 1 m2/s
Fluid pressure
 It is the normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
F
p=
A
Fluid pressure is transmitted with equal intensity in all

directions and acts normal to any plane. In the same
horizontal plane the pressure intensities in a liquid are
equal
Compressibility
 All fluids may be compressed by the application of
pressure, elastic energy being stored in the process
 The bulk modulus of elasticity (E) expresses the
compressibility of a fluid. It is the ratio of change in
unit pressure to the corresponding volume change
per unit of volume
dp
E=
− dV / V

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Fluid Mechanics

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Fluid mechanics; it is the branch of applied mechanics

 Fluids are substances which are capable of flowing and

− A given mass of liquid occupies a given volume and will

 The technical distinction between a solid and a fluid lies with

 A dimension is the measure by which a physical

 A fluid is considered to be a continuum in which

 The properties outlines here are general properties of

 Density,  is defined as the mass of substance per unit

 Specific Weight , is defined as the weight per unit

 Relative Density, S, is defined as the ratio of mass

 It is defined as the property of a fluid which offers

 It states that the shear stress () on a fluid element

 The Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity,  , is defined as

Units: N.s/m2 or pa.s or Kilograms per meter per second, Kg/m s.

 Kinematic Viscosity, , is defined as the ratio of

 It is the normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

Fluid pressure is transmitted with equal intensity in all

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