Biology 12

E. J. YANCY. MULTILATERAL.HIGH. SCHOOL.
Totota city Salala district lower Bong county

1st first period Biology Note
Topic: MAMMALS
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Topic Definition of mammals.

Mammals are vertebrates organisms that maintain constant internal body
temperature( homoiotherms / endotherms) have outer covering of hair or furs, nourish the
young with breast milk secreted by the mammary glands, and have four chambered hearts( 2
atria, 2 ventricles).Mammals have highly developed brains and belong to most advanced
class of animals, e.g. man, dog, sheep, rabbits, etc.
General characteristics of mammals.

 Mammals are homoeothermic or endothermic organisms.
 They belong to the most advanced class of animals.
 Most mammalian species are viviparous while others are oviparous
 All mammals nourish their young with breast milk secreted by the mammary glands.
 Mammals are vertebrates organisms with four chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
 All mammals have hairs or furs and carry out internal fertilization.
 The thoracic cavity of mammals is separated from the abdominal cavity by a
condensed, cardiac sphincter called diaphragm.
 All mammals have maxilla( upper- jaw) and mandible ( lower – like pinnae.
Definition of Dentition
Dentition is defined as the number, arrangement and conformation of teeth in the oral or
buccal cavity of an organism. Teeth are structures socketed in the jaw, extending into the
buccal cavity which aid in the mastication of food.
Type of Dentition in mammals
There are two types of Dentition in mammals. These are Homodont dentition and Heterodont
Dentition.
Definition of Homodont Dentition.
Homodont Dentition is defined as Dentition in which the organism possess teeth of same
shape sizes and functions. No set of teeth is specialized for and functions. The fishes reptiles
and amphibians are organisms that Homodont Dentition.
Definition of Heterodont Dentition
Heterodont Dentition is defined as a Dentition in which the organism possess teeth of
different shapes, sizes and functions. The rabbit, sheep, dog, man, etc. Possess Heterodont
Dentition.
Type and function of teeth in mammals
There are four types of teeth in all mammals, these are incisors, canines, pre-molars, and
molars
Incisors
Incisor are flat teeth located in the maxilla and mandible, describe as central and lateral
teeth. These teeth are chisel-shaped with a sharp edge used for cutting and holding onto
preys so that they do not escape, the incisor has one root.
Canines
The canine, grasping teeth or eye teeth are sharp and pointed at the tip used for tearing
flesh and catching preys. The canine has one root.
Premolar
The premolars are next to canines, located at the back of the maxilla and mandible, have
large, ridged flat surfaces or cusps, used for grinding and masticating food.
The bicuspids are Also premolars, used for shearing and shredding food. The premolars has
two roots.
Molars
The molars are closely packed with ridged surfaces, located at the extreme back of the jaws,
also used for masticating and grinding food, molar has three roots.
The structural Appearance of teeth and functions in mammals.
The tooth consists of a crown, a neck and a root. The crown is the portion projecting above
the gum. The neck is the slight constriction in which the teeth is surrounded by the gum. The
root is part of the teeth socketed in the alveolus of the jaws.
The exposed portion of the tooth(crown) is covered with a thin layer called enamel.
The enamel is a non living substance containing calcium salts which protects the Dentin and
pulp cavity. The dentin is a bony like material that contains pulp cells, no haversian canal,
found below the enamel.
The pulp cavity contains soft connective tissues, sensory nerves and ting tiny blood
capillaries which enter the root of the teeth through the apex canal, The blood capillaries
with in the pulp cavity transport oxygen and digested food substances.
The sensory nerves enable the tooth to respond to heat, cold and pain.
The teeth are firmly fixed or socketed in the alveoli of the maxilla and mandible by a
substance called cement. The teeth are embedded in the jaw bones of the maxilla( upper
jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). The fibrous tissue which fixes the tooth in the jaw bones is
called the peridontal membrane. A dog is a carnivore that possesses carnassial teeth. The
carnassial teeth possess sharp cutting edges which are used to cut or tear flesh away from
bones.
A rabbit is a herbivore that lacks canines, The space created in the absence of canines in the
oral cavity of rabbits is called diastema, the diastema allow the manipulation of herbs in the
buccal cavity of the organism.
The General dental formula of mammals.
Dental formula is defined as the numerical representation of teeth found in the maxilla and
mandible of a particular mammals. The number and types of teeth in the maxilla and
mandible of a mammal are direct reflection of the organisms special adaptation for feeling.
The arrangement of permanent teeth in the maxilla and mandible of a mammal can be
represented in the general dental formula below;
2[Iyx Cy Pmyx Cyx Myx]
Where X's represents the number of teeth in the maxilla and Y’s represents are those in the
mandible. The X's and Y's vary for a particular mammal.
The Dental calculations of man, Dog, sheep and Rabbit
The numerical calculations of teeth in the maxilla and mandible of mammals are outlined in
the dental formula below;
Dental calculation of man
2[Iyx Cyx Pmyx Myx] = 2[I22 C11 Pm22 M33]=2+1+2+3=2(8+8)=2(16)=32teeth
Next step or another way of solving the dental calculations of man
Maxilla=2+1+2+3=2(8)
Mandible=2+1+2+3=2(8)
M+M=16+16=32teeth
Dental calculation of Dog

2[Iyx Cyx Pmyx Myx] = 2[I3 3 C11 Pm44 M32]=2(10+11)=2(21)=42teeth
Another way to solve
Maxilla=2(10)=20
Mandible=2(11)=22
M+M=42teeth
Dental calculation of sheep
2[Iyx Cyx Pmyx Myx] = 2[I30 C10 Pm23 M33]=2(6+9)=2(15)=30teeth
Dental calculation of Rabbits.
2[Iyx Cyx Pmyx Myx] = 2[I12 C00 Pm23 M33]=2(8+6)=2(14)=28teeth

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E. J. YANCY. MULTILATERAL.HIGH. SCHOOL.

Totota city Salala district lower Bong county

Topic Definition of mammals.

General characteristics of mammals.

Dental calculation of Dog

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