LESSON PLAN AND LESSON NOTE ON AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (FIRST TERM)

JSS2
SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE JSS2 FIRST TERM

1. Revision of last term work and Resumption test

2. Farm structures and layout of farm buildings
i) Types
ii) Uses of farm structures
3. Farm structures and layout of farm building
i) Methods of maintaining farm structures and buildings
ii) Factors guiding siting and layout of farm structures and buildings
4. Fishery
i) Definition of fishery
ii) Uses of fish products
iii) Methods of fishing and fishing tools
5. Fishery continued
i) Classification based on their habitat
ii) Classification based on their morphology
6. Establishment of a pond
i) Risk factors associated with fish farming
ii) Fish pond management practices
iii) Methods of fish preservation
7. Mid-term break
8. Agricultural practices
i) Definition of farming system
ii) Types of farming system, advantages and disadvantages of the farming
system
9. Agricultural practices continue
i) Definition of cropping system
ii) Types of cropping, advantages and disadvantages of the various cropping
system
10. Crop propagation
11. Revision/ project work
12. Examination
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Book 2 by S.A Omoruyi
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei, B.K.
Kaigama, S.O Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
 THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE FIRST WEEK
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 1 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Revision of last term work and resumption test
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Book 2 by S.A Omoruyi

 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei, B.K.
Kaigama, S.O Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Define some terms

 Explain some concepts from their previous class

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with the topics under review
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
A crop is a plant that is grown by man in order to harvest it at some point. The crops grown by
the farmer can be classified as follows;
1. According to their uses
2. According to life cycle
3. According to the number of cotyledons
CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES
Crops in this category are classified or grouped according to the main food substances existing
in them. They are as follows. (i) legumes(ii) cereal (iii) roots and tubers (iv) vegetables (v) fruits
(vi) beverages (vii) oil (viii) latex (ix) fibres (x) spices (xi) drugs (xii) forage Crops (xiii) nuts
EVALUATION
1. What is a crop?
2. Mention ten classifications of crops based on their uses.
CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIFE CYCLE
On the bases of life cycle, crops are grouped into three. These are:
 Annual Crops
 Biennial Crops
 Perennial Crops
(a) Annual Crops: These are crops that complete their life cycle in one year or planting season.
The crops are planted, grow and are harvested or will die within one year. This group of crops
are Maize, Rice, Millet, Yam, Tomato, Millet and Guinea Corn
(b) Biennial Crops: These are crops that complete their life cycle in two years. They use the first
year to grow and store food. Reproduction and maturity take place in the second year. Examples
are pineapple, cocoyam, plantain, banana and sugar beet.
(c) Perennial Crops: This group of crop takes more than two years to their life cycle. They are
mainly tree crops. They include Rubber, Cocoa, Oil Palm and Orange.
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF SEED-LEAF OR COTYLEDON
Crops can be classified according to the number of seed leaf or cotyledon.
They are
 Monocotyledonous crops
 Dicotyledonous crops
(a) Mono-cot crops: These are crops that have only one seed leaf or cotyledon. Examples are
millet, rice, maize and oil palm.
(b) Di-cot crops: These are crops that have two seed leaves or cotyledon. Examples are cowpea,
melon, mango, pumpkin and soya beans.
EVALUATION
1. Define a crop
2. Classify crop based on their life cycle with examples
3. State three examples each of monocot and dicot
SUB-TOPIC- WEED
 Definition of Weed of Pest
 Types and Classification of pests
 Physical control, Chemical control and biological control
WEED
Weed is any plant which is not cultivated and grows where it is not wanted. Such a plant is
therefore a nuisance to the farmer. Examples are commelina, goat weed or the common water
leaf (Talinum triangulare) growing in a cassava field.
TYPES OF WEEDS
A. Annual weed: They grow and complete their life cycle in one year.
B. Perennial Weeds: They grow for more than one year.
PEST
A pest is any living organism, plant or animal, plant or animal, which can cause damage to
cultivated crops, farm animals and humans.
CLASSIFICATION OF PESTS
Pest can be classified as
 i. Insect Pest- Insect pests are animals without backbones and they belong to the group of
animals called arthropods. Arthropod is a very large group of animals which, in addition
to insects, includes crabs, shrimps, millipedes, spiders, centipedes and scorpions.
ii. Non-insect pest- These are animals such as vertebrates like nematodes, mites, snails,
slugs e.t.c. and vertebrates like rats, squirrels, monkeys, glasscutters, birds, jackals that
can cause damage to crop.
EVALUATION
1. What is a pest?
2. Mention two classes of pests.
3. What are weeds?
4. List five examples of weeds and state three features of weeds.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS
Insect can be classified based on their mouth parts which are different in different insect groups.
1. Biting and chewing Pests.
2. Piercing and sucking Pests.
3. Boring insects.
NATURE OF DAMAGE
1. Destruction of crop tissues
2. Stunted growth
3. Weakened crop plant
4. Pierced holes can be infested with harmful organism like fungi, bacteria and viruses
5. Transfer of harmful organism from infected crop to the healthy one.
6. It causes ill-health to man and livestock.
CONTROL MEASURES
 Physical Control
 Chemical Control
 Biological Control
SUB-TOPIC- Factors of Production
1. Land: refers to where productive activities such as growing of crops, rearing of animals
and establishment of farmstead, e.t.c are carried out.
2. Labour: includes all forms of productive human efforts put into or utilized in production.
It also refers to man’s mental and physical exertions generated in the process of
production.
3. Capital: includes all man-made productive assets which are used in production.
 4. Farm Management: refers to the person or group of persons who co-ordinate, organize
and control the use of other factors of production to produce goods and services.
Functions of Farm Manager
The functions of a farm manager can be grouped into five major headings:
 Organization
 Administration
 Production
 Marketing
 Evaluation
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. What is agriculture?
2. State five examples of monocots.
3. State five examples of dicots.
4. Mention ten classifications of crops based on their uses.
5. a. What is a weed? b. What is a pest?
6. Describe four methods of controlling weeds.
7. State two types of insect-pests with two examples of each.
8. Mention five possible damage done by pest to crop.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Dicotyledonous plants have ________a. four cotyledons b. three cotyledons c. two
cotyledons d. one cotyledon
2. Which of these is very difficult to use if the number of pests is high a. chemical control b,
physical control c. biological control d. cultural control?
3. _________ involves the use of natural enemies of insect pests and weeds against them a.
physical control b. chemical control c. cultural control d. biological control
 4. Examples of crops that store food in their roots are these except __________ a. Cassava b.
potato c. Carrot d. sugarcane
5. Procurement of loan or capital for farming activity is one of ________ functions of a farm
manager A. administration B. production C. organization D. marketing

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE SECOND WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 2 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Farm structures and layout of farm buildings
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Book 2 by S.A Omoruyi
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei, B.K.
Kaigama, S.O Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Definition of farm structures
 Types of farm structures
 Types of farm building
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with farm layout or garden
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
FARM STRUCTURES
A farm structure can be defined as any construction on the farm site constructed to make certain
farming operations easier. It can also be said to be constructions made on a farm site to increase
the efficient operation of the farm. The type of farm structure on any farm depends on the type
of farm operated, the scope of operations, the condition prevailing on the site and the amount of
money available for the farming operations.
TYPES OF FARM STRUCTURES AND THEIR USES
The structures which may be found on any farm include:
1. Silos: A silo is a tall circular or rectangular farm structure made of concrete, mud or
stainless steel. It is called elevators. Silos are structures preplanned mainly for the
storage of grains and silage. The humidity in modern silos is controlled and grains put in
them can be stored in good condition for a long time. They are expensive and difficult to
maintain.
2. Cribs: Cribs are simple grain storage structures made of wood and wire gauze on the
sides and floor with a thatch or zinc roof. Cribs are used for drying maize which is still
on the cob. The floor of the crib is raised well above the ground on wooden legs, which
have rodent guards, to prevent rats from eating the grains
3. Rhumbus: These are round structures made from mud with a grass or thatch roof. They
are used for storing grain such as maize, sorghum, millet, cowpeas and groundnuts etc,
they are very common in the drier northern parts of Nigeria, especially Sokoto and Kano
States.
4. Feed mill: This is a structure constructed for the purpose of making animal feed. It is
economical for a large-scale animal farmer to have a feed mill where the feed of his
animals are produced.
5. Barns: These are temporary structures made on the farm for storing yam, cassava, grass
or hay. A barn can cheaply be constructed with sticks, mud and thatch.
6. Abattoirs: These are special structures constructed for slaughtering and butchering of
animals (goats, sheep, pigs, cattle etc.). They are also called slaughter houses. An abattoir
is made up of a passageway through which an animal passes to the slab where it is held
down and slaughtered (slaughter slab).
7. Animal Dips and Sprays: Dips and concrete bath or plastic vessels set on to the ground. It
is filled with water, then disinfectants are added e.g., acaricides for destroying ecto-
parasites as the animals are made to pass through it. While a spray is an overhead tank
containing disinfectant and a sprinkler through which the disinfectant drips onto the
animals and performs the same function as the dip.
8. Weighbridge: this is constructed for determining the weight of farm animals.
9. Crushes: These are made of 2 wooden or metal narrow passageway found on animal
farms, used for restricting animals, for check-up or vaccination by veterinary officer.
10. Water supply structures: These include dams, water tanks and irrigation channels or
canals.
11. Dams: These are concrete or wooden barriers constructed across a river or stream so
that the flow of water is reduced. This accumulated water can be used to irrigate the
farm or for domestic water supply.
12. Water tanks: These are constructed from galvanized metals, plastic materials or
reinforced concrete and are mostly raised on concrete or steel pillars. Water tanks are
used for storing water for domestic use and watering farm animals.
13. Canals: These are used to carry water from rivers to the field for growing crops. This is
an irrigation canal while a drainage canal is constructed to remove excess water from
the farm.
14. Compost manure pits: They are pits dug for the collection of plant and animal remains or
waste which are allowed to decompose and turned to manure for soil fertilizer.
15. Electricity supply structures: These are electric poles, wires and connections for
supplying electric power to the farm.
16. Waste/Disposal pits: These are large pits dug on the outskirts of a farm for dumping all
waste and useless products of the farm. They are usually covered to prevent flies from
carrying germs to human food (vectors).
17. Fences: Fences are physical barriers specifically constructed around an area for the
following purposes.
i) Prevention of unwanted person or animals into the farm
ii) Prevents animals from leaving the farm site
iii) Controls grazing in the pasture
iv) To protect crops from being damaged by animals.
EVALUATION
1. What is farm structure?
2. Mention and explain eight types of farm structures
FARM BUILDINGS
Farm buildings are all the buildings on the farm. The types, number, and size depend on the type
and scope of operations on the farm.
USES/IMPORTANCE OF FARM BUILDINGS
Farm buildings are useful in the following ways:
1. They protect animals and farm workers from the weather
2. They protect farm supplies farm supplies, products, animals and farm workers from
thieves and harmful animals.
3. They are convenient means for caring for the farm animals.
4. They provide hygienic system for processing and storing farm products.
5. They are needed for efficient administrative and farm progress purpose
TYPES OF FARM BUILDINGS
There are mainly two types of farm buildings on the farm. They are:
1. Temporary farm building.
2. Permanent farm building.
TEMPORARY FARM BUILDINGS
These are simple buildings constructed from cheap or locally available materials such as
bamboo, sorghum, stalks, wood (timber) or palm fronds, mud and corrugated iron sheet or
asbestos. They are usually inexpensive and farmers find it easy to leave or destroy. They are
abandoned immediately the farmer has completed using them. They are also called “make shift”
buildings and those commonly constructed on farms include storage shed for keeping machines
and equipment, nurseries for raising seedlings, animal pens, construction sheds and garages for
machines. Due to the nature of the materials used to construct temporary buildings, they need
frequent care.
PERMANENT FARM BUILDINGS
These are solid buildings normally constructed to last for a very long time. The walls and floors
are usually constructed with cement, sand and gravel, wood, corrugated iron sheets, aluminum
or asbestos are used for the roof.
Permanent buildings are expensive to construct but they do not require frequent maintenance
like the temporary buildings. The roof should however be constantly examined and mended
when in bad shape. Examples of permanent buildings are:
1. Farm office
2. Stores for farm supplies and harvests
3. Workshops, generator house and water storage tanks
 4. Living quarters for farm workers
5. Animal houses e.g., cattle, sheep, goat, poultry
6. Processing e.g., milking house.
EVALUATION
1. Define farm structures and give two examples.
2. State four examples of temporary farm buildings.
MAINTENANCE OF FARM STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
Maintenance of farm structures and buildings refers to keeping the structures on the farm in a
good condition for continuous use. Farm structures and buildings are subject to wear and tear
due to usage and exposure to adverse weather conditions. Damage of wood by termites and of
practically all forms of fabric by agro-chemicals like fertilizers also makes their own
contribution to wear and tear.
MAINTENANCE OF FARM STRUCTURES
1. Silos should be cleaned and kept air tight; any leaks should be blocked immediately.
2. Abattoirs should be cleaned and disinfected after each operation.
3. Dips should be drained regularly.
4. Nozzles of sprayers should be cleaned to ensure even distribution of chemicals during
spraying.
5. Water tanks should be cleaned regularly.
6. Soak away and manure pits should be emptied when they are full.
7. Drainage should be cleaned regularly with chemicals.
8. Electric poles must be checked for breaks or damage and replaced immediately.
9. Fences should be checked regularly and all broken parts should be repaired.
MAINTENANCE OF FARM BUILDINGS
1. Painting is a maintenance operation desirable for wooden and metal parts of farm
buildings. Parts exposed to rain should be treated with oil paint.
2. Damaged roofing sheets must be promptly replaced.
3. Cracks on walls should be patched.
4. Badly pitted cement floors should be resurfaced again.
5. Insect damage preventive chemicals e.g., Solignum should be applied on wooden parts.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. Mention two factors that bring about wear and tear in farm structures and buildings.
2. State the maintenance methods for the following:
i) Silo.
ii) Nozzles of sprayers.
3. Mention and define two types of farm building.
4. State three examples of temporary farm building.
5. State three examples of permanent farm building.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Wooden and metal structures should be ________________ to prevent weathering away. (a)
Painted (b) coloured (c) Decorated (d) swept
2. ______________ should be cleaned and disinfected after each operation. (a) Silos (b) Poles
(c) Abattoirs (d)Fences
3. ______________ should be cleaned and kept air tight. (a) silos (b) Poles (c) Abattoirs
(d)Fences
4. The chemical that can be used to prevent the activities of insects on wooden materials
called (a) sodium hydroxide (b) solignum(c) potassium chloride (d) oxygen
5. A round farm structures constructed from mud with a grass or thatch roof is (a) Barns
(b) Rhumbus (c) Barns (d) Silos
THEORY
1. How can farm buildings be maintained?
2. State three farm structures and state the ways of maintaining them.

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE THIRD WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 3 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Farm structures and layout of farm buildings
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Book 2 by S.A Omoruyi
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei, B.K.
Kaigama, S.O Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Factors guiding siting of farm structures
 Factors guiding layout of farm structures and building
 Importance of siting farm structures and buildings
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with farm layout or garden
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
SITING OF FARM AND LAYOUT OF FARM STRUCTURES
A farm is a piece of land on which crops are grown and animals are raised. The school farm is
the practical site for students of Agricultural Science.
FACTORS GUIDING THE SITING OF FARMS
1. Availability of land: There can’t be a farm without a land, this is the first factor that must
be considered.
2. Good soil: A land with fertile soil should be selected, in order to reduce cost of applying
manure. Water logged soil should be avoided, so also, stony and over-used soils. Well
drained soils such as loamy, sandy-loam or clay-loam are preferable.
3. Water supply: The farm must be located close to good source of water supply. Water is
needed for irrigation, processing, drinking and cleaning of farm tools.
4. Nearness to school: This is closeness of the farm. it must be close enough in order to
make movement to and from the farm easy for both teachers and students to aid
monitoring against thieves and plots.
5. Accessibility: This will ease movement. the farm should have good roads and paths. This
aids movements of inputs and outputs.
6. Security: The farm must be secure enough, to prevent thieves from stealing farm
produce and tools.
7. Slope of the land: A flat level land should be used, in order to reduce erosion and cost of
operation. The slope of the land will determine: (a) The direction of beds or ridges (b)
Type of erosion control to adapt.
8. Aspect: The farm must not be surrounded by shades or tall trees, because they will
hinder photosynthesis. The farm should be fully exposed to solar radiation.
EVALUATION
1. What is a farm?
2. Mention six factors guiding the siting of farm.
FACTORS GUIDING LAYOUT OF FARM STRUCTURE AND BUILDING
The following factors must be considered before constructing farm structures and building
1. Fertility of the soil: structures should not be erected on fertile soil, this can rather be
used for planting. Farm buildings or structures should be located on the least fertile
parts of the farm.
2. Topography: Flat land should be used for construction to prevent erosion.
3. Accessibility: farm buildings or structures should be linked with good roads for easy
access, should be constructed on easily accessible parts.
4. Construction Materials: materials available for construction must also be considered
during farm layout, this is largely dependent on the financial status of the farmer e.g
cement blocks, bamboo or sawn planks
5. Protection: Structures or buildings should be considered in areas where they will be
protected from excessive winds, erosion or fire hazards.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. What is a farm?
2. Mention five factors guiding the layout of farm structures and buildings
3. List seven factors guiding the sitting of farm
4. Mention five importance of farm building
5. Give two reasons why school farm is important.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. The first factor that must be considered before siting a farm is: (a) nearness to school (b)
accessibility (c) availability of land (d) security
2. Protection of farm structures mean? (a) presence of security (b) protection from wind
and erosion (c) protection from thieves (d) vigilante watch
3. A flat level land should be used for the school farm for the following reasons except (a)
to increase fertility of soil (b) to reduce erosion (c) to reduce the cost of production (d)
to promote percolation
 4. The best soil type for farming is? (a) sandy soil (b) clayed soil (c) loamy soil (d) sand-
clayed soil
5. Monocotyledonous plants have ________a. four cotyledons b. three cotyledons c. two
cotyledons d. one cotyledon
THEORY
1. State and explain two factors to be considered before sitting farms
2. Mention four uses of water in the farm.

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE FOURTH AND FIFTH WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 4&5 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Fishery
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Book 2 by S.A Omoruyi
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei, B.K.
Kaigama, S.O Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Definition
 Importance of Fish Farming
 Classification
 Adaptive features of fishes
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with farm layout or garden
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
Fishery is the term used to describe science of growing fish and other aquatic animals in natural
or artificial water bodies, the processing and marketing of these organisms. Fish live in water
bodies (e.g. ponds, lakes, oceans, seas, rivers), respire with the gills and possess fins for
swimming. They are cold blooded animals because their body temperature changes with a
change in the environment.
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH FISH FARMING
Fry: young fish
Fingerling: newly hatched fish
Pond: artificial body of water where fishes are reared. It could be in plastic tanks, concrete
structures or earthen structures.
Gears: equipment used for harvesting fish. It includes trawlers, nets, hooks, knifes, spear etc.
Fishing: the act of catching or harvesting fishes in natural water bodies.
Aquarium: this is a pond where fish are kept for entertainment, research or aesthetic purpose.
Aquaculture: this is the act of rearing selected aquatic organism (plant or animals) for food.
Pisciculture/Commercial fish farming: this is the act of rearing selected aquatic animals under
specific conditions in enclosed or wild water bodies where they are grown, breed and harvested
for consumption.
Examples of fish are cat fish, tilapia, croacker, herring (shawa), mackerel (titus), horse mackerel
(kote), Alaska Pollock (stock fish/okporopo), argentinasilus (ojuyobo), blue whiting (panla), etc.
other aquatic organism includes periwinkle, squid, oysters, prawn,
EVALUATION
1. Define fishery.
2. Mention five examples of cold blooded animals.
IMPORTANCE OF FISH FARMING
1. They serve as source of food for man.
2. They are included in animal feed constituent.
3. Fish bones are used for manufacturing glues and fertilizers.
4. Shells of some aquatic organism are sometimes mixed wit cement and sand to provide a
strong and attractive structure.
5. Oil obtained from some fish species are used as raw materials for manufacturing soap
and medicine e.g cod liver oil.
6. Scales of fish are used to make artificial pearl which can be worn as jewelries.
7. Skin of some cartilaginous fishes such as shark has been used to produce leather
materials called shagreen.
8. Dried fish skin are sometimes used as glass-paper for polishing surfaces
9. It serves as source of income to the farmer.
10. It provides employment opportunity directly and indirectly e.g drivers, cold store
owners, petty fish traders, aquarium owners etc.
CLASSIFICATION
Fish can be classified broadly into classes:
1. According to Habitat
2. According to morphology (body structure)
ACCORDING TO HABITAT
Habitat refers to the environment in which an organism lives. Fish lives in three types of water
habitat:
A. Fresh water
B. Salt water
C. Estuarine or brackish water habitat
FRESH WATER
This is a type of water that does not contain salt e.g springs, rivers, ponds, lakes e.t.c. examples
of fish in this habitat are: electric fish, moon fish, cat fish, tilapia, crab e.t.c.
SALT WATER / MARINE HABITAT
A water body that has salt taste is called salt water. E.g oceans and sea, examples of salt water
fish are: Mackerels, sharks, herring, sardine, cod (stock) fish, salmon, whales etc.
ESTUARINE/ BRACKISH HABITAT
Estuaries are sections of rivers that meet the sea, a place where salt and fresh water mix. The
salt water of this habitat is in between that of fresh and marine water habitat. Fishes may not
permanently live in this habitat; they migrate from fresh or salt water into the estuaries. An
example in this category is mudfish.
EVALUATION
1. What is a habitat?
2. Mention and explain the types of water habitat you know.
ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY
Body structure/nature of bone
Fish can be classified into 2 based on the nature of their bone:
1. Bony fishes: they possess bony skeleton made of real bones e. g Tilapia, catfish, herring,
mudfish, etc.
2. Cartilaginous fishes: possess soft bones or cartilages called biscuit bones e.g. shark,
dogfish, dolphin, etc.
Other types of aquatic organisms
Aquatic animals are creatures that live in water. They include fishes and other aquatic animals
which are of two classes:
1. Invertebrates e.g.
a) Crustaceans e.g., shrimps, crayfish, crabs and lobsters.
b) Mollusca e.g., clam, octopus, oysters, periwinkles, and squid.
 Vertebrates e.g.
a) Mammals e.g., whales, dolphin.
b) Reptiles e.g., snakes, crocodile, turtle.
c) Amphibian e.g., frog, toad.
ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF FISHES
1. Streamlined body shape to move freely in water.
2. Possession of gills for gaseous exchange in water.
3. Possession of fins or swimming.
 4. Possession of air-filled sacs called swim bladder to maintain a level of buoyancy and stay
at their current water depth.
5. They are cold blooded.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. What do you understand by fishery?
2. Differentiate between cold- and warm-blooded animals.
3. Mention eight importance of fish farming.
4. Classify fish according to habitat.
5. List two examples of aquatic invertebrates.
6. Mention five examples of aquatic vertebrates.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. ____ is a very popular item consumed by many as a food supplements. A. Cod-liver oil B.
Cod-bile oil C. liver oil D. Cod oil.
2. Fish eggs which are salted and prepared for eating are called A. Shagreen B. Caviar C.
Canivar D. Smoked egg.
3. Glues and fertilizers are produced by using ____ A. shells of oysters B. Fish bones C. Scales
of fish D. Cod-liver oil.
4. ____ contains pearls which are polished and worn as jewellery .A. Oysters B. Crocodile C.
Turtle D. Lobsters.
5. The skin of sharks is dried and specially treated to produce very special leather called A.
Shannon B. Shagreen C. Shagrey D. Shy green.
6. Which of these is not an example of bony fish? a. shark b Tilapia c. Cat fish D. Mackerel
7. Classification of fish according to habitat is ____ and ____.
8. Newly hatched fish used in breeding adult fishes are called? A. Fingerlings b. Prey C.
Ray D. Tadpoles
9. The following are uses of fish and other aquatic animals except A, Food B. Leather C.
Metal D. Polish
 10. Which of the following is not a reptile? A. Lobster B. Crocodile C. Snake D. Turtle
THEORY
1. What is fishery?
2. State and explain four importance of fish farming.
3. What are cartilaginous fishes?
4. Explain fresh water fishes and bony fishes.

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE SIXTH WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 6 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Establishment of fish pond
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Book 2 by S.A Omoruyi
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei, B.K.
Kaigama, S.O Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Definition and types of fish pond
 Features of a standard fish pond
 Factors to be considered before the establishment of fish pond
 Fish harvesting
 Methods of fish harvesting
 Preservation of fish
 Processing of fish
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with fishery
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
A fish pond is an artificial body of water in which fishes are reared for commercial purposes. It is
a confined body of water where fishes are raised under controlled conditions. Fish can also be
raised in plastics, fiber stars and wooden rafts.
There are three types of ponds:
1. Earthen pond
2. Concrete pond
3. Plastic pond
EARTHEN POND
This involves digging the soil usually clay (25 %clay) to a depth ranging from 0.5 – 1.0 m at
shallow end and 1.5 – 2.0m at the drain end to raise fish. Pond can be of any shape as long as it is
well constructed. However rectangular or square shapes are considered the best. This is usually
practicable in swamping environment. This rule away the problem of water maintenance as
there is natural flow in and out of water in the pond
CONCRETE POND
Here, 4-5 coaches of blocks are used to construct the pond above the ground level, using cement,
sand and gravel in ratio 1:2:4 respectively with water. The pond floor should be well concreted
to a thickness between 7.5cm- 10cm. Wall should be plastered to a thickness of 5cm. Water tap
should be well connected to allow free flow in and out of water. This particular type has the
advantage of you monitoring the hygiene of your fishes.
3. PLASTIC POND
Pond construction is expensive and this has led many entrants to fish farming in Nigeria to build
concrete tanks or to buy plastic tanks as production units. These are smaller units but are
believed to be easier to manage as production units. Nigerian farmers have limited land and
tank fish farming adapts well to their conditions than larger, more expensive earthen ponds. It is
also noted that the quantity of fish harvested from such smaller production units is more easily
marketed than harvests from large fish ponds. There are different shapes and sizes of tanks
used, as shown below:
FEATURES OF A STANDARD FISH POND
A standard fish pond should possess the following structures. These structures include;
1. Dam
2. Core trench (barrier to foreign materials)
3. Distribution channel
4. Spillway (passage of water flow over and around a dam)
5. Monk (water inlet)
6. Board (to regulate flow of water)
7. Screen (stop move of fishes into or out of the pond)
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FISH POND
1. Adequate water supply water could be from boreholes, streams or lakes. Gravity flow
water is cheapest and best source. The water must be unpolluted, uncontaminated.
Borehole waters can be excellent, but may costly to pump and may require conditioning
to remove carbon dioxide and improve oxygen content and temperature levels. Open
waters from canals and streams may be polluted or be contaminated from runoff from
farm lands or towns.
2. Soil in the area: Soil with enough clay content to hold water. Clay and silty clays are
excellent soils for holding water because they stop water from seeping through. Clay
should make up at least 20-25% of the soil. The soil should be checked for residual
chemicals from previous farm activities which could have effect on the fish health.
3. Vegetation of the area
4. Topography of the area: Topography that allows for economical construction. It directly
affects building costs and pond management. Pond should be constructed where enough
 water can be impounded with the least amount of earth fill. Areas with large shallow
water should be avoided because they become too shallow to use during the dry season.
5. Availability of fast-growing fish species
6. Availability of supplementary feedstuff
7. Nearness to market: There should be a fish market near-by to allow for high capacity of
sale of fish from pond harvests. The market requirement is the first requirement for
locating a fish farm. This will further help address issues relating to transportation of the
fish to the market.
STEPS IN ESTABLISHING FISH POND
1. Site selection
2. General survey
3. Clearing and stumping of site
4. Construction of dam
5. Construction of core trench
6. Construction of spill way
7. Impoundment of pond
8. Liming: This involves the addition of limestone or calcium carbonate powder to the sides
and bottom of the pond to seal pores and prevent water loss.
9. Pond fertilization: This is done by pouring organic fertilizers such as poultry droppings,
cow dung or in-organic fertilizers such as N:P:K or super phosphate. Pond fertilization
should be done 15 days before stocking pond with water.
10. Pond inoculation: This is the introduction of proper planktons species into the pond.
This is done by obtaining some water from a plankton rich pond and pour into a newly
fertilized pond.
11. Stocking of pond: This is introduction of the newly hatched fish called fingerlings or fries
into the pond.
EVALUATION
1. Define the following:
2. Site selection
3. General survey
4. a. Which soil is best used for dam construction? b. State four properties of the soil
STEPS IN CONSTRUTING A FISH POND
 Choose a suitable site considering nearness to market, road accessibility, topography,
soil type (clay), availability of feed supplement etc.
 Clear the vegetation on the land
 Mark out pond area
  Dig out pond to required depth (1-2m) ensure pond bottom slops towards outlet to help
drainage during harvesting
 Construct drainage system consisting of outlets and ditches
 Construct water inlet at the shallow end.
 Construct pond wall with mixture of clay and sand
 Seal pond bottom with clay
 Grass the embarkment to prevent soil erosion
 Construct duke around the pond mouth to prevent inflow of run-off water.
 Fence pond with net to ward off pests.
EVALUATION
1. a. Mention four factors that should be considered when siting a fish pond b. Explain six ways
of maintaining a fish pond.
2. Describe the construction of a fish pond.
3. State three factors that influences the choice of suitable site for fish.
MAINTENANCE OF FISH POND
To ensure the continuous availability of fish in a pond or to maintain high yield of fish, the
following activities should be carried out:-
1. Regular feeding: The fish should be fed twice daily from a selected point. Supplementary
feeds should be given in sufficient quantity to ensure rapid growth and early maturity of
the fish.
2. Constant water supply: The pond should be supplied with water to the fullest. The water
should be clean and free of odour.
3. DE weeding: Weeds should be removed from the pond. This allows the dissolution of
oxygen, penetration of sunlight to the bottom of the pond for the use of the planktons
and preventing the buildup of pests and diseases in the pond.
4. Aeration: Adequate aeration should be provided as it enables oxygen to dissolve in water
which is required by fish for respiration. Fish normally comes to the surface due to little
or no oxygen in the water in some ponds.
5. Desilting: This is the removal or prevention of silt from entering the water. Desilting
promotes easy movement of water, makes the water to be clean and prevent pollution of
the water.
6. Control of predators: Predators like snakes or birds should not be given access to the
pond as they could eat up the fishes on the pond surface.
7. Disease prevention: Disease should be prevented by adequate feeding, stocking,
weeding, manuring of the pond. Sticking to these measures will prevent the attack of
diseases.
8. Application of fertilizers: Fertilizers should be applied once in a month as this promotes
the growth of planktons in the pond.
 9. Regular Harvesting: Fish should be harvested regularly to prevent over population,
outbreak of disease and cannibalism.
FISH HARVESTING
Fishing methods involves the use of different techniques or equipment use in harvesting fishes.
Harvesting is the collection of fish from a pond for consumption, preservation or for sale.
Methods of Fish Harvesting
Fishing methods involves the use of different techniques or equipment use in harvesting fishes.
1. Netting: This involves the use of nets to catch fish. Examples of nets include gill nets, clap
net, trawl net, scoop net, beach seines, drag net, drifting or floating nets, cast nets etc.
Nets are woven to various sizes and thickness and are thrown into water to catch fish.
Each type is used differently. Nets: These are made from fine cotton or nylon, the thread
is lowered into the water. Small weight made of lead is attached to the edges of the net
which help them to sink to bottom of the water. When net is pulled up, it encloses many
fishes which are then caught between the holes called mesh of the net.
2. Trapping: This is setting of traps to catch fish. Gears made from ropes or raffia are woven
into various sizes for capturing fishes. The traps are set along water courses and any fish
that comes into them is trapped. There are many types of fish traps which can be made
either from bamboo, canes, raffia, oil palm or coconut palm fronds or wire and wire
mesh.
3. Hooks and Lines: This involves the use of hooks tied to strings then set along water
course. The hooks are baited with food to attract the fish.
4. Use of Ultrasonic: This is an instrument that makes sound in the water to attract fishes.
Other means of harvesting like net can later be used to pack them.
5. Electro fishing: This is the use of electric field connected to the water to make the fishes
become electrocuted. It can only be used for total harvesting of fish.
6. Impaling: This involves the use of spears or harpoons or any sharp objects (wounding
equipment) to attack and catch big fishes e.g. shark.
7. Pots and Gourds: Some fishermen who fish in ponds and shallow lake, place clay pot and
gourds in water to caught the fish when fish enter them.
8. Screen or barriers: Screens made with bamboo, raffia or oil palm fronts are used to
enclose portions of shallow water. When fish enters the trap/enclosed areas at high tide,
it cannot escape at low tide when water is reduced, hence they are collected.
9. Fishing without equipment: Some aquatic animals can be caught without any kind of
fishing equipment. They are picked up by hand having driving to the mud and plants on
which they are attached by water current. Examples are periwinkles, oysters, and clams.
PRESERVATION OF FISH
This process involves keeping harvested fish long enough to ensure they maintain a very level of
freshness before consumption. Preservation prevents spoilage, injury or destruction and this
keeps the fish in edible condition for a long time. Harvested fish if not well stored will get spoilt
and cause great loss to the farmer hence the need to elongate its shelf life. Preservation can be
carried out in any of the following ways:
 1. Salting/Curing: Application of salt in the fish which prevents the growth of spoilage
organisms should be practiced. Well salted fish can stay long without spoilage provided
the fish was originally fresh.
2. Smoking: This is the drying of fish over fire. This reduces the moisture content and
improves the taste and flavour of the fish. It also gives colour to the fish. It is necessary
that the fish be constantly reheated and aerated and kept away from flies to make it fit
for consumption.
3. Canning: This involves the storage of the processed and consumable fish in cans under
special conditions for future consumption and sealing the cans so that air cannot pass
into them. For example; Geisha, Sardine etc.
4. Sun Drying: This involves the drying of fish using the direct heat from sun called solar
energy. Here, the fish can only be stored for a short time. It is common in the Northern
Nigeria. It is simple and slow. It is not easily practiced in Southern part because of high
humidity.
5. Freezing/Refrigeration: This is called chilling. This involves the use of cold storage like
deep freezers and refrigerators to store fish over a long time at very low temperature,
where bacteria become inactive until the fish are needed. Storage can be done as long as
possible provided the system is on.
6. Conversion to feed meal: Parts of fish (especially parts that are damaged or not good for
human consumption) are dried and ground into powder known as fish meal. This is used
as essential ingredients of livestock feeds. Fish meal is useful to farmers in raising
livestock.
7. Roasting: this involves burning fish over naked fire for a short moment.
8. Icing: this involves lacing ice block over harvested fish in a container this method is
temporary.
9. Steam cooking: this involves cooking harvested fish over hot steam.
10. Irradiation: this involves the treatment of fish non harmful dosage of ionizing radiation
this helps to slow down or halt spoilage by retarding enzymatic action and or destroying
microbes.
Some of the aim of preservation is:
1. To retain the quality and quantity of fish.
2. To increase the shelf life of the food.
3. To develop different types of fish food.
4. To maintain all season supplies.
5. To avoid spoilage caused by micro-organism.
PROCESSING OF FISH
Processing is the changing of food material fish from one form to another. It involves the
removal of inedible part and changing the fish from one form into a preservable form. These are
examples of things removed during processing gut, scales, gills, bones, and fins. By product of
fish processing includes fish meal, fish scale, cod liver oil and fish skin.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. Explain the following terms: a. Site selection b. General survey
2. Which soil is best used for dam construction?
3. State four properties of the soil
4. What are the factors to be considered before establishment of fish pond?
5. Explain any five mentioned above.
6. What is wounding equipment?
7. State four examples of wounding equipment.
8. Describe the following: traps, screen, trawlers, gears.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. This addition of limestone or calcium carbonate powder to the sides and bottom of the
pond to seal pores and prevent water loss is called a. pond fertilization b. pond
inoculation c. liming d. limming.
2. Baby fish are otherwise known as a. planktons b. tadpoles c. fingerlings d. diatoms
3. The best preferred soil used in dam construction is known as a. loamy b. clay c. sandy d.
none of the above.
4. A wood and wire-meshed screen is use to construct a. core trench b. spill way c. dam d.
spill trench.
5. N:P:K means a. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium B. Nitrogen, potassium and
phosphorus C. Nitrate, phosphate and potash D. Neon, potassium and phosphorus.
6. Which of these is not wounding equipment? A. net B. spear C. hook and line D. arrow.
7. Throw net is used by ____ A. industrial fishermen B. town fishermen C. canoe fishermen
D. backyard fishermen.
8. A ____ when added to the sides and bottom of pond helps to seal pores and prevent water
loss. A. N:P:K B. Limestone C. Urea D. Poultry droppings
9. Example of water habitat that can be caught without the use of equipment are______A.
periwinkle B. turtle C. oyster D. clam.
 10. A ____ is anything that attracts the fish into trap set for the fish A. bat B. bait C. food D.
sweet.
THEORY
1. Differentiate between pond fertilization and Pond inoculation
2. Mention five examples of bony fishes.
3. List five types of net you know.
4. Describe how to use a gourd to harvest fish

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE EIGHT-TENTH WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 8-10 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Agricultural practices
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior Secondary Schools Book 2 by S.A Omoruyi
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei, B.K.
Kaigama, S.O Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Mixed Farming
 Bush Fallowing or Shifting Cultivation
 Pastoral Farming
 Monocropping or Sole Cropping
 Multiple Cropping
 Continuous Cropping
 Crop Rotation
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with fishery
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
TOPIC: FARMING SYSTEM: TYPES OF FARMING SYSTEM
FARMING SYSTEM
Farming system is a given method for the production of crops and animals. Soil, climate and
availability of land can influence the choice of any system.
A) MIXED FARMING
This is a farming system where the farmer grows crops and rears animals on the same farm.
ADVANTAGES OF MIXED FARMING
1. Animal droppings and dungs can be used as manure to improve soil fertility, and
invariably increase crop yield.
2. Crop residue from crop production can serve as feeding materials for ruminant animals
(i.e., corn cobs and rice bran etc.)
3. Large animals like cattle can be used to till the ground for crop production.
4. If either crop or animal sector of the farm fails, the farmer has the other to fall back on.
DISADVANTAGES OF MIXED FARMING
1. The farmer has a divided attention and he may not function well.
2. If the animals are not properly managed, they can graze on the planted crops and destroy
them.
B) BUSH FALLOWING OR SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Bush fallowing is a system of farming whereby a farmer abandons unproductive land for a
productive one and allows the unproductive land to fallow or rest for some period of years (i.e.
3-5 years) before returning to it. This type of farming system is also known as land rotation. In
shifting cultivation, the farmer never returns to the previous land.
ADVANTAGES OF BUSH FALLOWING
1. It is very cheap and simple to practice.
2. If the fallowing years are long enough, it is less injurious to the soil.
3. If the fallow period is not enough the soil quickly loses its fertility and becomes useless
for further crop production.
DISADVANTAGES OF BUSH FALLOWING
1. A very large piece of land is needed for an effective practice of bush fallowing.
2. Bush fallowing is the main practice for land clearing, in bush fallowing the land clearing
results in reduced organic matter of the soil.
3. If the fallow period is not enough the soil quickly loses its fertility and becomes useless
for further crop production.
EVALUATION
1. What is farming system?
2. State two advantages and disadvantages of bush fallowing
C) PASTORAL FARMING
This is an extensive system of livestock production where the animals are unrestricted left to
roam and graze in the fields.
TYPES OF PASTORAL FARMING
There are three types of pastoral farming, these are:
1. Nomadic farming
2. Ley farming
3. Ranching
Nomadic Farming: The farmer moves his animals from one place to another in search of food
and water.
Ley Farming: This is the system of combining pasture with crop production in alternation. The
planting of pasture can follow the harvest of arable crops e.g., cereal. The planted pasture is
usually a mixture of grasses and legumes with different grazing characteristics. It is also known
as rotation pasture.
Ranching: It’s the semi-intensive system of animal production. The animals are kept on a large
but enclosed expanse of land.
ADVANTAGES OF PASTORAL FARMING
1. Livestock kept on pasture are more comfortable and sanitary than those kept indoors in
feed lots.
2. The livestock harvest the pasture crops by grazing thereby saving labour cost.
3. It does not require large financial investment for building and equipment.
4. The soil fertility is improved on through the manure they drop.
5. Animals raised on pasture tend to produce more milk than those kept indoors in feed lots.
DISADVANTAGES OF PASTORAL FARMING
1. It requires a large piece of land to be successfully practiced.
2. Animals in the open as well as their herdsmen are exposed to various hazards.
3. Unplanned breeding which leads to the production of poor-quality animals.
4. Irregular supply of feed to animals and this result in slow weight gain.
5. High incidence of disease, pest and death of both young and old animals.
TOPIC: TYPES OF CROPPING SYSTEM
CROPPING SYSTEM
The different patterns of growing crops and mixtures of crops is known as cropping system.
A. MONOCROPPING
Monocropping is a cropping system that involves the growing/planting of only one type of crop
on a farm at any given time. e.g., oil palm plantation.
ADVANTAGES OF MONOCROPPING
1. Easy mechanization of the farm.
2. Application of fertilizer at proper level is made easy.
3. Control of weeds, pests and diseases are easily carried out.
DISADVANTAGES OF MONOCROPPING
1. There is the possibility of exposing the land to erosion after harvest.
2. The farmer may lose heavily if the sole crop is attacked by pest or diseases.
3. Reduced selling price, if the demand for the crop is low in market due to much supply.
EVALUATION
 1. Define cropping system.
2. State two side effects of mono cropping system.
B. MULTIPLE CROPPING
Multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops on the same farm in the same
year. There are two types of multiple cropping, these are:
1. Relay cropping
2. Inter cropping
Relay Cropping: is the act of growing two or more crops one after the other on the same farm
in the same year.
Inter Cropping: entails the growing of two or more different crops on the same farm at the
same time.
ADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE CROPPING
1. Maximum use of farm land is achieved.
2. Mixture of crops provides cover for the soil and it helps reduce soil erosion as well as the
growth of weeds.
3. Mixture of crops discourages the buildup of insects and diseases known with a particular
crop.
4. Mixture of crops serves as a form of insurance for the farmer.
DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE CROPPING
1. Competition between crop plants is very high and less competitive plants suffer with low
yield.
2. It is difficult to use machine to carry out farm operations under this system.
3. Chemicals especially herbicides are difficult to apply to a mixture of crops.
C. CONTINUOUS CROPPING
This involves the growing of the same crop or mixture of crops on the same piece of land every
year for five or more years.
ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS CROPPING
It is highly useful where there is shortage of land and the environmental condition limits the
types of crops to be grown.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS CROPPING
1. The soil nutrients are depleted fast and there is the need for fertilizer application.
2. There is rapid buildup of weeds, insect pests and diseases every cropping year.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. Define farming system.
2. Differentiate between mixed farming and mixed cropping.
3. Mention two advantages of mixed farming.
4. What is the difference between bush fallowing and shifting cultivation?
5. Define pastoral farming and explain its types.
6. Define mono cropping.
7. Mention two advantages of mono cropping.
8. What is multiple cropping?
9. Explain continuous cropping.
10. Mention two disadvantages of continuous cropping.
11. Differentiate between crop rotation and land rotation.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. The different patterns of growing crops and mixture of crops is known as ………..
(a) multiple cropping (b) sole cropping (c) cropping system (d) continuous cropping
2. The system in which only one kind of crop is planted is called ………..
(a) multiple cropping (b) mono cropping (c) mixed cropping (d) mixed farming
3. Planting more than one crop on a piece of land at the same time is ………..
(a) mixed farming (b) multiple cropping (c) mono cropping (d) mono farming
4. Which of the following is not an agricultural cropping system?
(a) mixed farming (b) crop rotation (c) mono cropping (d) multiple cropping
5. This is the growing of crops on the same piece of land non-stop for a very long time.
(a) multiple cropping (b) sole cropping (c) cropping system (d) continuous cropping
6. Which of these farming systems involve crops production?
(a) ley farming (b) ranching (c) mixed farming (d) nomadic farming
7. The land is left for ……….. to ………… years to rest in bush fallowing.
(a) 3 – 5 years (b) 7 – 10 years (c) 15 – 20 years (d) 20 – 30 years
8. Which of these farming systems involves the production of crops and the rearing of
animals? (a) mixed farming (b) pastoral farming (c) bush fallowing (d) ranching
9. Ranching is a form of ……….. animal production system.
 (a) extensive (b) semi-intensive (c) intensive (d) semi-extensive
10. In which of these farming systems is pasture grown for farm animals?
(a) ley farming (b) mixed farming (c) bush fallowing (d) shifting cultivation
THEORY
1. State two disadvantages of mixed farming.
2. What is nomadic farming?
3. State two advantages of multiple cropping.
4. Enumerate two disadvantages of Mono cropping.