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Unit 1 Incredible Lives Rolo: Well, there’s this guy named Aron Ralston,
who is a really confident climber. He started
Track 01 climbing professionally in 2006. He was also very
independent and he often went out climbing on
In this week’s edition of Mindworks, we’re discussing
his own. So, one day in 2003, he was climbing
savant syndrome, which is when people with
in a canyon when a rock suddenly fell on his left
developmental disabilities such as autism also have
hand and nearly broke it! The rock then moved
incredible mental abilities in particular areas. There
and trapped his right hand.
are many examples of savants, but to begin with, we
will look at the most famous example—the character Andi: No way! What did he do? He must have
in the 1988 movie Rain Man. Kim Peek was the man absolutely panicked!
who inspired Dustin Hoffman’s character in the movie. Rolo: Actually, he was relatively calm just after it
Peek was a savant who struggled with some everyday happened. But he tried many creative ways to
tasks but, in contrast, had other mental abilities far free his arm and it was impossible.
more developed than normal people. For example,
Andi: That’s terrible! So, did he die?
Peek had great difficulty doing common tasks such as
getting dressed, but he could read a book in only an Rolo: No, that’s the amazing part. He survived for
hour. He could also accurately remember the details five days with almost no food or water, but he
of 12,000 different books. When he met people in the became convinced that he was going to die and
street, by simply asking them their birthday, Peek was even made a video of himself to say goodbye to
able to tell them what was in the newspapers on that his family.
date. So why does this happen? Well, there are different Andi: So, what happened?
theories. One theory is that when there is brain damage
Rolo: Well, on the sixth day, he realized that the only
in one area, there is greater connectivity in another
way to get out would be to cut his arm off and
area of the brain. Another idea comes from specialists
he had to use a knife to do it, which took him
who argue that savants do something called “hyper-
about an hour. Then he managed to escape and
systemizing.” This means that they can process facts
he was rescued.
about the external world much better than other people
can. This theory proposes that while most people think Andi: That’s incredible! I bet he never wants to go
about relationships as well as the events in the outside climbing again!
world, savants, on the other hand, focus far less on Rolo: Actually, he has continued climbing since the
relationships, and this allows their minds to process accident. In fact, in 2005, Ralston succeeded in
external information very efficiently. For example, in climbing all 59 mountains in Colorado.
Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman’s character is able to predict
Andi: It sounds like he’s obsessed!
the next cards by remembering their order exactly.
Rain Man won a number of awards, including Best Rolo: Yeah, but he says he’s changed these days. He
Actor, Best Picture, and Best Screenplay. In fact, the says that he always used to look for adventure,
screenwriter, Barry Morrow, gave his award to Kim Peek but now he thinks about much more than
as a gift. Sadly, Peek died at the age of 58 in 2009, but climbing, especially since he and his wife had a
the movie which he inspired continued to make savant baby in 2010.
abilities famous. Peek redefined our traditional ideas of Andi: Thank goodness for that.
what it is to be a genius. Another famous example of
a savant is the British artist Stephen Wiltshire who can
Unit 2 The Animal Connection
draw incredibly accurate pictures of cities, sometimes
after having only observed the city for a very short time. Track 01
Stephen started drawing buildings at the very young
age of seven … Conversation 1
Donna: I love your dog, James. He’s very intelligent,
Track 02 isn’t he?
Rolo: Hey Andi, did you hear that story about that James: Yes, he is. We go to the park every day for a
brave guy from Ohio whose hand was trapped walk, and he knows when it’s time to go. Dogs
under a rock after a climbing accident in Utah? love to go for walks, don’t they?
Andi: Mmm … no. What happened Rolo? Donna: Absolutely!

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Conversation 2 Sonia: Yes, of course. Well, I start training the dogs

 Mark: It must be nice to have horses on your when they are puppies. I love this part of their
farm, Paula. training, because they are so cute, but they
Paula: Yes, it is. They’re beautiful animals, aren’t they? are ready to learn as well. Once they are able
to leave their mothers, I spend two or three
 Mark: I agree. And your farm isn’t exactly small, is it? months teaching them how to behave, how to
Paula: No. We have a very big field where they can sit, and how to take commands. When they get
run around. a bit older, I will start to take them out in public
so they can get used to these surroundings.
Conversation 3
Aiden: That must be a very exciting experience for
Mary: Ah, look at your new puppy! She has such a
the puppies.
cute face, doesn’t she?
Sonia: Yes, and a very challenging experience for me.
Nick: Yes, she’s wonderful. And she’s growing fast!
I have to teach them how to behave in a public
Mary: You can give her regular dog food now, setting, and also how to ignore other animals.
can’t you? But I don’t really get into that until the puppy
Nick: No, she still eats special food. She loves it! has become an adult dog, and that’s after a
few months.
Conversation 4 Aiden: I see. So it takes a while before the real
Alex: Sonia, there aren’t a lot of crocodiles near your training begins.
house in Florida, are there?
Sonia: Exactly. When they are 12 to 14 months old,
Sonia: No, because I live in the middle of town. They I begin to teach them how to recognize
live in areas just outside of town, though. obstacles, you know, anything that might lead
Alex: I see. I guess it’s not safe to go to those areas, a person into danger. The most important
is it? obstacles are traffic intersections, but there are
Sonia: That’s right. It’s dangerous, so you have to be also things like low-hanging branches on trees.
very careful. Aiden: Oh wow, that’s very smart. The dog could
pass under it, but they understand that their
Track 02 owner can’t.
Aiden: With us today is Sonia Flores. Sonia works at Sonia: Exactly.
an animal shelter as a seeing-eye dog trainer.
Aiden: If someone wanted to become a seeing-
She’s here to talk about what she does at her
eye dog trainer, what qualifications would
job, what experience she needed to become a
they need?
dog trainer, and what she does with the dogs.
Thanks for joining us, Sonia. Sonia: Well, I have been to a four-year college, but
I didn’t train to work with animals. I started
Sonia: My pleasure.
working at the shelter as a student, actually.
Track 03 I think the most important thing is to have
actual work experience caring for and working
Aiden: Can you describe for our listeners what a around animals. This is how I was accepted
seeing-eye dog does? into a training program. To become a
Sonia: Of course. Basically, a seeing-eye dog seeing-eye dog trainer, I needed a license
helps people who can’t see find their way to train dogs, which I obtained at the shelter.
in the world. Aiden: So, if you’re someone who has professional
Aiden: How long have you trained seeing-eye dogs at experience around animals, you could apply
the animal shelter? for this job.
Sonia: I’ve been working as a dog trainer for three Sonia: Exactly.
years now. I started working at the shelter as a Aiden: Well, thanks so much for sharing your work
care worker, and after the shelter’s seeing-eye with us. I’m sure you’ve inspired some of our
dog trainer announced that she was retiring, listeners to become dog trainers.
I decided to study as a trainer.
Sonia: I hope so! Thanks very much for having me.
Aiden: Can you describe your technique as a
dog trainer?

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Track 04 recently. Even the initials “A.I.” make people think

of evil robots or computers who are obsessed with
Hi, I’m Jim Hernandez, and I’ve been a caretaker of taking over, and only humans can save the world. This
animals for years. Some people believe that zoos are is probably not surprising, as most Hollywood movies
a terrible environment for animals. They are kept in like I, Robot generally focus on our fears of being taken
cages, they are not living in their natural habitats, and over by our own creations. But think about how false
it’s a strange idea that humans should be allowed to that idea is … just one look at most of your everyday
view animals this way. Imagine if it were the other way gadgets should show you that artificial intelligence is
around, right? While I think there are some benefits already part of everyday life, and we benefit from it all
to zoos, in general I believe the better alternative is the time. Take your drive to work, for example. Using
a wildlife park. A wildlife park is a very large area of location data from a number of smartphones in the
land, sometimes thousands of square miles in area, for area, Google Maps analyzes the speed of traffic in your
animals to live in safety and as naturally as possible. town. It can therefore tell you where there are traffic
I work as a keeper at a wildlife park, and it’s a very problems and recalculate your route in real time. Quite
fulfilling job for me, especially since the wildlife park intelligent, right? And what about something a little
takes such good care of the animals. closer to home, like your email account? A.I. works
Still, there are people who believe that even this type of very hard to put spam emails in a special folder. Spam
environment is bad for animals. Animals should never emails, by the way, are the kind of emails that try to
be forced into a closed area. They should have the right sell you things you don’t need. People who send spam
to move freely in the forests, jungles, open plains, lakes, emails update them frequently, so your email account
and rivers that are their natural habitats. I understand actually learns to detect spam by specific words. But it
why they might feel this way. We try to create the most also learns what spam is for you. Some people might
natural environment at the wildlife park as we can, want to get the same type of emails that you reject, so
but it’s not going to be 100% natural. The animals will your email account’s A.I. is able to learn who you don’t
eventually reach a fence that they cannot cross, and want to get emails from. And have you ever wondered
there are also visitors to the park. So, the animals will how on earth Facebook knows who is in a photo you’ve
encounter humans, something that probably wouldn’t uploaded? Well, that’s A.I., too. Facebook uses an
happen in nature, at least not very often. artificial intelligence software called DeepFace to learn
This brings me to the greatest benefit of a wildlife park. what people’s faces look like. So, if you upload a photo
You see, animals in nature do come across humans in of yourself with a group of friends, Facebook is able
their natural habitats. Many of those experiences are not to instantly identify who is in the picture—and it can
positive for the animal, and it has led to many animal do this with 97.5% accuracy. That’s nearly as accurate
deaths. It is one of the reasons why some animals, as a human. To put that in context, the FBI’s software
such as lions, tigers, and hippos, are endangered. can only get to 85% accuracy. So, A.I. is everywhere
Their natural environments are becoming more and already and helps us in many ways. And as the software
more dangerous because of humans. So, it might be engineer Grady Booch says, “I trust an artificial
beneficial if humans created a safe environment for intelligence the same, if not more, than a human.” So,
these animals. let’s relax and enjoy the fact that A.I. is making our lives
easier and more efficient, not scarier. After all, you’re
Our wildlife park is designed to provide a safe habitat not scared of your own cell phone, are you?
for large animals such as lions and hippos. We have
many other animals at the park as well, such as birds, Track 02
turtles, and even a few porcupines. The money we
receive from visitors goes to the park’s maintenance, Grace: Hey, Pablo. How’s it going? Have you come
but some of it also goes to the preservation of animals up with any ideas for the end-of-term
in the wild. We help organizations that monitor animals presentation for our psychology class next
in their natural habitat and make sure they are not being week? Remember that there’s a prize for the
hunted illegally. So, while it’s not a perfect solution to best one.
helping animals in danger, I think it’s one of the best. Pablo: Oh, hi, Grace! I’ve been thinking about a
few things but nothing that’s really going to
Unit 3 Think About It be that interesting! I keep looking at what
we’ve been studying so far this year, but I’m
Track 01 not having any luck. I’m seriously thinking of
giving up! I might take up philosophy instead.
Welcome to the Futureproof podcast. Now, we’ve heard
Psychology is too hard!
a lot about the possible dangers of artificial intelligence

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Grace: Maybe we can do our presentation about Conversation 2

exactly this problem! Eve: Do you think it’s difficult to communicate with
Pablo: What do you mean? people from other countries?

Grace: Well, I’ve been having the same problem as Sara: Well, if they don’t speak your language, then it
you. I’ve been trying to think of a presentation might be a challenge.
about something we’ve seen this year,
Conversation 3
but maybe we should be looking at some
Juan: What do you say to your students
completely different options.
about speeches?
Pablo: I still don’t get it.
Sam: I tell them to practice again and again until they
Grace: Apparently, it’s called divergent thinking. feel comfortable with the speech.
With normal problem-solving which is also
called convergent thinking, you rely on logical Conversation 4
steps to solve a problem. The solution you Susie: How should I behave around my coworkers on
get to may or may not be the right one. But my first day at work?
with divergent thinking, you look at a lot of Dave: I imagine it’s a good idea to smile so that
different possible solutions. people know you are friendly.
Pablo: I don’t understand the difference, really.
Conversation 5
Grace: Right, well, think about this presentation.
 Irena: Should you raise your hand when someone is
We’ve been trying to work out what to present
giving a speech?
on, based on what was in our psychology
course this year—that’s convergent thinking. Mark: I prefer to listen first, then ask questions later.
We should be thinking about other psychology
Conversation 6
topics and plan a presentation about
Marco: Oh, no. My teacher really didn’t like my
something totally different!
speech yesterday.
Pablo: Ah, I see! Our teacher will be impressed with
Laura: You should persuade him to let you do
that! OK, how do we start with this divergent
it again.
thinking then?
Grace: We can start by imagining all the different Track 02
topics that we could do a presentation about.
Carla: With us today is international communication
That’s brainstorming. And then we can do
expert Raj Patel. Raj is here to talk about
some question writing. That’s when you write a
the different ways people communicate in
lot of questions about a topic to get as many
different cultures when it comes to non-verbal
ideas as possible.
communication, you know, facial expressions,
Pablo: So you don’t reject any ideas, right? body language, hand signals, and so forth. Raj,
Grace: Exactly, and that’s called “deferring thanks for joining us.
judgment.” You don’t make any quick Raj: Thank you for having me, Carla.
decisions. In fact, you accept all ideas and look
Carla: Well, I’m sure you have lots to tell us about this
at them all equally.
subject, but one thing that first came to my
Pablo: OK, great. I love it! Let’s start then. I’ve actually mind is handshakes. They are such a common
been looking up some other topics that we form of non-verbal communication. How do
haven’t studied this year. Let’s look at those. they differ from place to place?
Grace: Great! We might even win the prize! Raj: Well, here in the United States, people like
to use a firm, quick handshake. They squeeze
Unit 4 Beyond Words each other’s hands very tightly. That’s also the
case in Northern Europe. It seems to be a
Track 01 sign of confidence, but that is seen differently
Conversation 1 in other places such as the Far East. There,
they view this as aggressive. They don’t prefer
George: How do you make a connection with people handshakes at all, but rather, a bow.
at work?
Carla: What are handshakes like in other parts of
Sally: I try to find things that we have in common. the world?
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Raj: Well, in Southern Europe, the handshake tends the advertisement than you do today. Naturally, there
to be warmer and longer, and they often use would be some illustrations, but often times you would
both hands when shaking hands. In Turkey, it is see a great deal of text describing what was being sold
considered rude to shake hands firmly. And in and all of its benefits. And people actually read all of it!
Africa, the handshake is very loose. It was accepted that this is how you would be informed
Carla: Interesting. What about eye contact? about a product.

Raj: Again, this is something that is very different in In the early to mid-20th century, this trend continued,
Western nations versus the rest of the world. In but a change occurred in the language that companies
Asia and Africa, having a long period of direct used in their advertisements. It became less about
eye contact is considered aggressive. So, it is the product’s benefits and more about what the
actually a sign of respect to avoid eye contact, product could do for you on a personal level. This
or at least look away at some point. In Western “personalization” of advertising would continue for a
cultures though, if a person avoids eye contact, long time.
people may think that they are not honest. So, In the late 20th century, you would finally begin to
eye contact in Western nations is important. see what we largely see today: an image, and a few
Carla: And what about touching other people words—maybe just two words—that sold the product.
while you communicate? Is this a problem in For example, Apple computers began ads which simply
many countries? had the Apple logo, with maybe a famous person like
John Lennon and the words “Think different.” It was so
Raj: This is where Northern Europe, the US, and the creative—and effective—that it still exists today.
Far East have something in common. Touching
is not appropriate during communication. Nowadays, we see a lot of different types of
In Latin America, Southern Europe, and advertisements, but what’s most notable are the
the Middle East, people sometimes touch advertisements that we see online, especially how we
each other when they speak, and it is not see them. Often times, they are posted alongside the
considered rude. news we read, and they feature eye-catching effects, for
example, they flash their messages. Or, they include a
Carla: Lastly, I’d like to talk about hand gestures. Is video that sometimes plays on its own, so you can listen
there anything that’s considered rude in one to the message while you read the news.
country but acceptable in another?
So, it seems that the focus on imagery and less on
Raj: It is common for people to make the thumbs words is a trend that’s likely here to stay. But is that such
up gesture. This is fine in most parts of the a bad thing? After all, they say that a picture is worth
world, but in Greece and the Middle East, it is a thousand words, so perhaps it’s more efficient to
considered rude. Another hand gesture where communicate with images rather than words.
you use your index finger to call someone to
you, where you “curl” your finger up, is very rude
in many parts of Asia. In fact, in the Philippines, Unit 5 One Planet
it’s a crime and you can get arrested! Track 01
Carla: Well, that is very good to know! That’s all the
Every good cause requires a hero, someone who
time we have today, but thanks very much for
speaks about the idea and shows everyone why it’s so
your informative talk.
important. Unless there is someone special speaking
Raj: You’re welcome! in favor of a cause, we pay less attention to it. Climate
change is a good example of this. It has been in the
Track 03 news so much recently, because of a 16-year-old
I’m Leroy Thompson, linguistics researcher and Swedish girl called Greta Thunberg, who used to be
book author. Today, I’d like to talk about the shift in too shy to speak at all. Most recently she spoke to the
communication that has been happening for many years European Parliament, reminding politicians that up to
now, in which there are more images because people 200 species were becoming extinct every day because
pay less attention to words. There isn’t a better place to of climate change. This may sound impressive, but it
study this phenomenon than in advertising. all started when she was even younger. At 11 years old,
Greta Thunberg was depressed and stopped going to
Track 04 school. She stopped speaking. Her parents decided
In the 1800s, when print media was the only form of they should provide her with the opportunity to talk, so
advertising, you would see a lot more words featured in they just waited and listened to her. When she finally

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started talking, she talked about climate change. She Linda: No, they don’t, and that’s what’s so interesting
talked to her parents about the bad things that would about them. If you look up “air well” on the
happen to the environment if governments didn’t create internet, you will just see a big stone building, a
laws to reduce global warming. In fact, Greta managed bit like a tower.
to persuade her mother, a famous Swedish singer Chris: So, they’re basic but very productive.
with an international career, to stop flying. She also
persuaded her father to become a vegetarian. When Linda: Exactly. The second is not exactly a single
she realized the power that she had to convince people, solution like the air well, but a concept
Greta decided to take action against climate change. called upcycling.
She sat outside the Swedish parliament from 8:30 a.m. Chris: Isn’t that supposed to be “recycling”?
until 3:00 p.m. every day. And then someone joined Linda: No. Recycling is the way we find to use
her. And then someone else joined her. Eventually, she materials again for the same purpose. And
was asked to make a speech in front of thousands of there’s also downcycling, when we use a high-
people at a climate change event. Her parents did not quality product to make many lower-quality
want her to do this because they were worried about products, like turning writing paper into toilet
her, but she did it. Soon after this, she got offers from all paper. But upcycling is different. It’s the idea of
over the world to make speeches. So, we can expect to taking a product that is no longer needed and
hear a lot more from Greta, although she is not saying turning it into something that is both useful
something that everyone wants to hear. Because when and environmentally friendly, using products
people think about global warming, they still want to we can’t recycle easily. Tire walls are a good
feel a sense of hope. They want to feel like they do not example of this.
need to be too concerned. But with climate change,
the reality is very different. In fact, as Greta said to all Chris: Tire walls? You mean like using those black
the business leaders at the World Economic Forum, “I rubber car tires as plant pots?
don’t want you to feel hopeful. I want you to panic. And Linda: Yes, but creating an entire wall. Imagine a wall
then I want you to act.” Climate change definitely has a that is made of tires filled with earth.
new hero. Chris: Why would anyone make a wall like that?
Track 02 Linda: Tire walls are very strong, and they are good at
keeping a home warm. The rubber tires contain
Chris: Hello and welcome to Green Planet, where a lot of earth, so they are very hard, almost as
today we’re talking to Dr. Linda Hamilton hard as concrete. During the day, the earth
from our local environmental agency here in gets very hot in the sun and at night, when it’s
Chicago, who’s going to tell us about some cool, they release heat into the home to keep it
unusual environmental solutions. So, Dr. warm. That’s a very good example of upcycling.
Hamilton, we’ve heard of flip-flops made from It’s easy to do and very useful.
paper and roofs made of earth, so what other
solutions are there to help the environment? Chris: I wish I could come up with an idea like
that! Thanks so much for joining us today,
Linda: Thanks for having me Chris and please call Dr. Hamilton. Sorry, Linda!
me Linda. So, solutions. Well, there’s a whole
range of fantastic ideas these days, and I have
two of my favorites for you today. I hope they Unit 6 Moments in Time
can inspire everyone! The first idea is the air
Track 01
well. Now, air wells were invented to help
in areas which don’t have enough water for Conversation 1
people. The majority of air wells are made of Bob: The price of these new e-readers is a bit high.
stones, but they can be made of metal like
steel or aluminum. During the night, water Sue: I know, but there are better prices. In fact, by the
vapor condenses on the stones and becomes time I bought one, my friend had found a much
liquid water. That water then runs down the cheaper model.
stones and is collected at the bottom the next Conversation 2
morning. Some air wells can produce many Jill: I just had a video call with my grandmother the
liters of water every day. other day. It’s the first time I’ve used the service.
Chris: How interesting! So, air wells don’t need any I really like it!
kind of moving parts?

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Alex: That’s really cool! I had not installed the software broke into the network and stole information, or
on my phone when my uncle tried to have a even photos, from any of us?
video call with me. Host: That would be a disaster. But I guess this is why
we should all use strong passwords …
Conversation 3
Gerri: How’s your YouTube video going? Do people Track 03
like it?
Host: You do use strong passwords on all your
Jack: Yes, I think so. When I visited the site earlier
devices, don’t you, Sofia?
today, it had already received lots of likes.
Sofia: Yes, and we change our passwords every so
Conversation 4 often. So really, that’s why I’m not terribly
Barry: I’m glad I talked to you yesterday to tell you worried, but that’s my worst fear.
about the details of the event. Host: Understood. Well, thanks for calling and keep
Liz: Thanks for that. I had totally forgotten about those devices safe! We have our next caller
the event when you called to remind me. … caller, tell us your name and where you’re
calling from.
Conversation 5
Mario: How was science class yesterday? Sam: My name is Sam Flores, and I’m calling from
Sherman Oaks.
Diana: It was amazing! Our teacher did this amazing
experiment. By the time we left class, Yolanda Host: Hi, Sam. So, what’s your worst tech fear?
had already posted a short video of it. Sam: Well, I work in an automobile factory. I love my
job, but what if some day they build a robot that
Conversation 6 can do what I do? I won’t have a job anymore,
Linda: Technology has come a long way in education, will I?
don’t you think?
Host: Yes, that is a big worry. Tell me … are there any
Tom: I know. We all use tablets in school now. robots in your factory at the moment?
I hadn’t even used one by the time I started
Sam: Yes, there is an area where robots put
grade school.
together some of the car parts. This is why I’m
Track 02 concerned. My job is to install electronics and
test that they work. There isn’t a robot that can
Host: Good afternoon, folks. We’ve got a great show do that at the moment, but I would hate to see
for you today. Our topic is tech fears, and the someone make one.
question is, “What scares you the most about
technology today?” We’ve got a caller on the Host: I agree. Well, we have to do our best to find
line … caller, can you tell us your name and ways to make ourselves useful. Surely, there will
where you’re calling from? always be something that humans can do that
robots cannot. So keep working hard, Sam, and
Sofia: Yes, my name is Sofia Sanchez, and I’m calling stay hopeful.
from Rolling Hills.
Sam: Thanks.
Host: Hi, Sofia. So tell us, what’s your biggest
tech fear? Host: We have time for one more caller … caller,
what’s your name, and where are you
Sofia: Well, I’m actually really proud of all the calling from?
technology we have at our fingertips today,
so I wouldn’t say I have a really big fear. But Trish: My name is Trish Spencer, and I’m calling from
one thing I worry about is information theft. Round Rock.
You know, where someone breaks into your Host: Hi, Trish. Tell me your worst tech fear.
computer and steals all your data. Trish: We recently moved to a new neighborhood,
Host: Absolutely, it would be a person’s worst and I’ve already seen three or four drones in
nightmare. Can you tell us why you worry so the air. I don’t know if they are our neighbors’
much about this? devices, or where they’re coming from, but
Sofia: Well, in my house, everybody uses a wireless I don’t like them at all.
device. My son uses a tablet, my husband and Host: And why is that?
I use smartphones, and my daughter uses a Trish: Because someone may be using them to take
laptop for all her schoolwork. What if somebody photos, or record videos. I saw one fly straight
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over my backyard, right over my head! If I had a he spent 30 years developing it. He actually sells his
rock, I might have thrown it! jetpack today for around $125,000. While it does work,
Host: Well, you know, drones are sort of the new it doesn’t take you very high, and he warns buyers that
thing in tech, and people are probably just they will only be in the air for about 30 seconds before
using them as toys. You know, if you find out they have to land.
that someone is taking photos of you without
your permission, you can call the police. I urge Unit 7 Looking Back
you to do that. Well, that’s our show for today,
and thanks for listening in. Up next … can Track 01
people actually learn a thing or two from their Host: Hi there everyone, and welcome to another
house pet? edition of The Mind in Society. Now today, I’m
here with clinical psychologists Lucia Gimenez
Track 04 and Diana Partington, and we’re going to be
It’s National Hispanic Heritage Month in the USA, so looking at a negative emotion, the feeling of
for today’s program, I’d like to honor a few Hispanic regret. Lucia and Diana, I think we all agree
inventors who have given us some interesting and that regret is a terrible thing, but that we all
useful inventions over the years. tend to spend a lot of time regretting things. Is
I’d like to start off with a woman who was both an that right, Diana?
inventor and an astronaut. Ellen Ochoa, born in Los Diana: Yes, indeed it is. Regret is something we all
Angeles, California, in 1958, is the first Hispanic woman do because it’s inevitable. You see, especially
astronaut, and her mission in April 1993 made her the when an event occurs that we think of as big
first Latina to travel into space. She went on to do 3 or important, our minds do something called
more spaceflights, for a total number of 40 days spent counterfactual thinking. That’s why regret is
in space. In addition to space travel, Ochoa invented a such a negative emotion.
way to improve space exploration. She created a new Host: And what is counterfactual thinking, Lucia?
kind of optical system, which is a system for seeing
images and analyzing them. This greatly improved the Lucia: Well, let me give you an example. Imagine
job of astronauts. you had just had some bad news, for example,
being told that you had failed an exam. That
Moving on to the field of medicine, I’d like to mention situation might seem bad enough, but we
the work of Carlos Finlay. Finlay, born in Cuba in 1833, then start imagining alternative realities where
did research into mosquitos, those insects we all things happened differently.
know and don’t love for their annoying, itchy bites. He
discovered that they carry the deadly disease yellow Host: You mean like “what would life be like if I had
fever. Before his discovery, people had no idea where it passed the exam?”
came from. As a result of his work, communities began Lucia: Yes, but not just that, unfortunately.
killing off mosquitos in order to stop the spread of the Counterfactual thinking also means that we
disease. It worked. tend to think, “What if I had spent more time
Now for a little entertainment … born in Guadalajara, working?” or “I wish I hadn’t wasted time
Mexico, in 1917, Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena was an playing video games.” The problem with this
inventor of a type of color television, which he invented is that you have already failed the exam. That’s
when he was only 17 years old. While he was not the already happened, so there is nothing you can
inventor of the color television, his type of television do about it.
sold particularly well. It took him some years to get his Host: So why do we do that to ourselves, Diana?
television on the market, and he sold his first set in 1954 Diana: There are a few theories about this. One of
for about $1,450. I did some calculations, and $1,450 in them is that we do it to avoid making similar
today’s money is worth about $13,500! mistakes again in the future. We take the pain
Last, we return to the skies with my next inventor, Juan from counterfactual thinking as a lesson for the
Manuel Lozano Gallegos. Lozano didn’t fly quite as high rest of our lives.
as Ochoa. We’ve all seen how a jetpack works: you put Host: Ah, OK, so it’s not all about humans just being
it on your back, and you use it to rise up into the sky. negative creatures, then?
While he was not the inventor of the jetpack, Lozano
did invent a type of jetpack that actually works. Born in Diana: No, not at all. In fact, it’s an essential way of
Mexico, Lozano was amazed by jetpacks as a kid, and learning and surviving. Also, we tend to do
this in advance as well. So, we could think
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to ourselves, “If I don’t pass that exam, then English literature at a college a little closer to home.
I won’t get into college,” and that makes us Well, that’s all for now, guys!
work harder to achieve our goals. The reality in
this example is that we haven’t failed the exam, Unit 8 A New Home
but if we think about what it would be like, we
want to take the necessary action to avoid it. Track 01
Host: I see. But what if you have already failed at Host: Welcome to Life Beyond Earth, the show about
something? How can that be positive? What if, the great outer space search for life. Today,
for example, you didn’t get an A, because you we’re going to discuss what it would be like to
didn’t study properly, Lucia? live beyond our planet, specifically the planned
Lucia: That’s actually a good example of the positive manned missions to Mars. Space engineer
effects of counterfactual thinking. You see, if Nina Garcia is here to give us the details. Nina,
someone gets a C, they may feel better than thanks for joining us.
someone who gets a B. That’s because the Nina: Thanks for having me.
situation appears different to them. Someone
Host: Tell us why you’re so excited about a manned
with a B might think, “I wish I had got an A,”
mission to Mars. I mean, it’s an incredible idea,
but the person with a C is more likely to think,
but isn’t it quite dangerous? And what do we
“At least I didn’t fail!”
hope to find there? Many scientists believe that
Host: Very interesting. Thank you both for joining us. Mars is too cold and harsh to support life.
Track 02 Nina: You mention some good reasons why we
shouldn’t go there. But I’d like to share the
Hey everyone, Cris Lopez from Chicago here with this reasons why we should. First of all, traveling
week’s podcast, “Cris Thinks.” So over the last few to another planet is more or less a dream of
days, I’ve been feeling kind of down about a couple of mankind. We’ve traveled to the Moon, and if
things in my life, and I have to admit that I really let it you think about it, that was a historic event. So
get to me a little too much. So, I don’t want to miss the imagine what it would be like for someone to
chance to share some of my ideas with you guys about step foot on Mars?
how I’ve been feeling. So, I guess what started this off
was that I broke up with my boyfriend, Troy. If you’ve Host: But is that really enough reason to go? Just
been following my podcasts, you’ll know he’s a massive for the glory of it? I mean, I’m excited about a
influence in my life, and he still is, but sadly we’ve mission to Mars, too. I’m just wondering how we
decided to call it a day. We both decided that we were humans would benefit.
spending too much time fighting about stupid stuff and Nina: As you say, scientists have determined that it’s
that wasn’t helping either of us. I kind of wish we hadn’t very unlikely that there is life on Mars. But as far
wasted all that time fighting, but I guess it was showing as studying other objects in our solar system
us that there were some problems that we needed to goes, Mars is the closest after our Moon, so it’s
figure out. It’s not like a permanent break up, I hope, the next logical place to go.
but we’re taking a break for now. So then, about a day Host: OK, so we’ve gotten past the reasons for going
after Troy and I broke up, one of the colleges I had there. Let’s talk specifics. First of all, how far
applied to in the UK got in touch with me and offered away is Mars? And how long would it take us to
me a place there to study English literature, and I turned get there?
it down immediately. I know you guys are probably
thinking, “Cris, you should have taken that offer!,” but Nina: Well, Mars is the second-closest planet to Earth,
I was really confused, and I wasn’t thinking properly. after Venus. We don’t want to visit Venus, of
I wish I had told them I’d think about it and get back to course, because it’s incredibly hot. Mars is very
them later instead of just turning it down right away, but cold, but it has some conditions that are similar
it’s too late now. But in any case, I’ve now decided I’m to Earth. At any rate, Mars can be between 34
going to spend the summer working, because I really million and 250 million miles away, depending
need to earn some money before applying to college on where Earth and Mars are in their orbits.
again in the fall. Anyway, what all of this has taught So we would need to plan our mission very
me is that although life can be really bad sometimes, carefully. As for how long it takes, it could take
everything happens for a reason. Troy and I have from six to ten months to get there, if we plan
promised each other that we won’t lose touch, and we’ll it right.
see what happens. And I’m now thinking about studying

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Host: Mmm. Well, that doesn’t sound too bad. 10 percent chance of hitting Earth in eight
I wonder, though, if people can be in space that years. That’s a rather high chance, so we need
long. Can you tell me how long a person has to be looking out for these things.
been in space?
Track 03
Nina: Yes, that is a good question and an important
concern. Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov Chair: Jeff, your specialization is in communications.
spent 438 days in space on the Mir space Do you think we will ever be able to contact
station. This took place in the 1990s. More alien life forms?
recently, American astronaut Scott Kelly spent Jeff: There are a number of ideas about this. One
340 days in space in 2015 and 2016, the longest is that there is life out there but it’s very basic.
for any American space traveler. It’s plant life, in other words, so we wouldn’t be
Host: In your best prediction, can astronauts really discovering intelligent life forms. So, I suppose
exist on Mars? I mean, for a long period of time. that that is the best we have to discover, but
We see in movies that there are terrible dust that’s fine. We would be discovering life, so
storms and radiation. And the temperature is that’s important, right? Another theory is that
often freezing. there is nothing out there. I don’t agree with
Nina: We are still looking into these things. The this. We exist, so why wouldn’t others? It must
temperature on Mars ranges from 20 to minus be possible that life exists, somewhere out
125 degrees Celsius. At its warmest, it is similar there in the universe. A third theory is that
to Earth. Still, astronauts would have to wear there are life forms out there that are like us,
a space suit if they were on the surface. There but that have the same limitations that we
are plans to construct places for them to live have—distance, lack of technology, etc. They
and do research. So, the life of an astronaut on want to find us and talk to us, but, like us, they
Mars would be building, doing research, and can’t because they’re not advanced enough.
maintaining their environment. It sounds a bit Chair: Interesting. Steve, you believe that space
lonely, but imagine how exciting it would be exploration can help us create better
standing on the surface of Mars. equipment on Earth. Can you explain?
Steve: In our efforts to explore space, we have made
Track 02
discoveries that help us on Earth: foil blankets,
Chair: Hi, folks. Recently, we have seen a trend in cordless devices, and memory foam are just a
space funding—some governments are giving few examples. I specialize in lasers, which are
less money to their space programs. There is used to cut through heavy materials like rocks
a debate as to whether space exploration is and so forth. We use lasers in space to do this
helpful or not. For our program today, we’re sort of thing. If we can improve lasers through
joined by astrophysicist Julio Diaz, space space exploration, this technology can help
engineer Viola Cruz, communications analyst us on Earth. Lasers help us in the medical field
Jeff Gomez, and laser technician Steve Walker. and with manufacturing. I am confident that
So, our topic today is this: Should we continue advances in space exploration can improve
our efforts in space exploration? What does our laser technology and life on Earth, so I support
panel have to say about this? Viola? space exploration.
Viola: I believe that some people in government think Chair: Well, we have heard from four different people
that space exploration has not been worth it. about the value of space exploration. What do
It hasn’t produced enough things to be worth you think? Post your comments on our website
the money we have spent on space travel. But and answer the question: Is space exploration
let’s look at it this way. Space exploration allows worth it?
us to see what’s out there—and what could
possibly harm us in the future. Unit 9 The World of News
Chair: I see. Julio?
Track 01
Julio: I totally agree with Viola’s point. We need to
know if there is a meteor or a giant asteroid You might not know who Christopher Blair is, but you
heading toward Earth. This is important for may know some of his victims, mainly because they
human survival, isn’t it? Scientists recently are famous politicians: Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton,
concluded that a large asteroid had a Donald Trump—the list is very long. But who is Blair,

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and what does he do? He writes news stories with stories all the time, and I have to ask the
very shocking headlines about famous people. This reporters to change them. As you can imagine,
may sound like something that many journalists do, they hate rewriting their stories! But I’ve been
but in Blair’s case, it’s different. None of his stories here for about five years now, and I have a
are accurate at all. They are all invented. Blair is very good idea of what makes a good story, so
good at this and has been called “the godfather of I have to explain to the reporters that I am
fake news” by the BBC. In the beginning, in early 2016, not criticizing them, I am just trying to make
Blair created a website for fake news stories during the our newspaper as good as it can be. They
US election campaign. He said many things about the understand, so I feel like what I do improves
presidential candidates which were not true. In fact, the quality of the journalism every day.
they were all lies. But people thought they were funny, Leyla: After I had done my training as a
and his stories got over half a million shares in a very photojournalist, I had a really hard time,
short space of time. How? Because Blair had also shared because I had to spend hours waiting around
his stories on Facebook. This obviously brought more in the cold outside celebrities’ houses.
and more people to his website. So, he created another I couldn’t stand that type of work. I used to
website. And then a third. And then a fourth. Blair soon think to myself, “Why am I doing this? This
figured out that this would make him a lot of money. can’t be as good as it gets!” But then one
And it did. Why? Because all this internet traffic then day, I was helping a new guy from Mexico
attracted advertisers to his websites. If he wrote a news in our office, and I was speaking to him in
story which over half a million people were looking at, Spanish, and my boss offered me the chance
companies wanted to put their advertisements on his to go to Colombia and start work as our
websites. Blair was soon able to leave his job and make magazine’s foreign correspondent. Well,
money just from writing fake news. Obviously, Blair also I accepted immediately!
got many complaints about his stories. Many people
started asking him to prove that his stories were true, so Casey: So last week, we had the prime minister of
on his main website, he had to write the line: “Nothing Denmark in the studio, and I had to translate
on this page is real.” But by then it was too late. Finally, for her. I’ve been learning Danish for years,
in November 2016, Google and Facebook said they but it’s not an easy language to learn and
would stop making it possible for people to earn money even more difficult to translate what someone
from fake news and in December of that same year, is saying in real time, so I was very nervous.
many of Blair’s websites closed down. So, was Blair’s But as soon as she started talking about their
work just harmful lies, or was it a funny way of showing economy, I was able to follow everything she
people the effect that the media can have on the way was saying and translate everything only a
we think? That’s up to you to decide. What we can be few seconds after she had said it. I felt all
sure of is that you might not be able to trust any of my training as a translator worked perfectly,
Blair’s stories, but you can trust him to make you laugh. and I felt good about that. It was such a
great experience. Everyone at the studio
Track 02 congratulated me afterwards.
Brian: Because I’m the studio’s investigative Renee: I had a terrible night last night! As the anchor
journalist, I had a project to look into a local in the studio, it’s my job to read the news,
family company who were apparently polluting and I normally read my lines from a television
a river. I didn’t really believe it, but I went monitor in front of me. But last night, just after
anyway. Unfortunately, the security guard we’d had the World Series report from the
refused to open the doors for me, and so sports journalist, the TV broke, and the lines
I spent about an hour trying to get in through just froze. Of course, I couldn’t say anything
a window! I then tried calling them and about the problem because I was on live TV, so
I spoke to twelve people, but no one knew when my producer finally understood what was
anything about it. We finally found out that the happening, I’d been silent for four seconds! It
company wasn’t polluting the river anyway, so doesn’t sound like a long time, but it really is
in my view the whole thing had been a waste on live TV. It was so uncomfortable, especially
of time. I’ll make sure we investigate properly because we have millions of people watching
in the future. every night.
Jason: I have to say that sometimes my job as a
newspaper editor can be very difficult. I get

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Unit 10 Got It? Track 03

Host: Let’s ask this young man what he thinks
Track 01
about TV talent shows. Hi, would you like to
Conversation 1 participate in our survey?
Fran: How’s my dancing practice going, coach? Garry: OK.
Coach: You dance beautifully, Fran. Host: First, tell us your name.

Conversation 2 Garry: Garry.

Olaf: Hi, Helen. I can hear the concert in the Host: Garry. Thank you. So, what’s your opinion of TV
background. How is it? talent shows?
Helen: The band’s performing a great song! Garry: Oh, I really love them. I watch them all the time.
I think there are a lot of great talent shows out
Conversation 3 there with a lot of talented people.
Olga: Did you win the competition, Harry?
Host: Is there a particular show that is your favorite?
Harry: No, I didn’t do so well.
Garry: Well, I like singing contests and variety shows,
Conversation 4 but I like the show Dance Off the best. My
Igor: I think we’ve seen this performance, Helen. sister was on that show, actually, so my family
and I watch it quite often. She danced with a
Helen: I haven’t performed this routine before. professional dancer and she competed against
seven other couples. She came in second
Conversation 5
place, so we were really pleased.
Anya: Maria is an amazing chess player.
Host: Do you think some talent shows feature people
Juan: She will become a chess champion!
who aren’t very talented?
Conversation 6 Garry: Of course, but that’s OK. I think it’s interesting
Lucy: I wonder if Tim’s group is ready for tonight. to hear what the judges say, and yeah, some
Frank: They have never sung in public. people don’t take it very well, and they have
a bad attitude, but I think the level of talent in
Track 02 shows today is higher than it used to be.
Host: Hi, folks. We’re on the street today to ask Host: OK, well, thanks for your time, Garry.
for people’s opinions about TV talent shows. Garry: You’re welcome.
There seem to be a lot on TV these days, so
Host: Excuse me, ma’am. Can I ask you a couple
quite a few people are watching them. I hope
of questions?
we get a wide range of opinions. Let’s see
what this young woman thinks about them. Vero: About what?
Excuse me, ma’am. We’re doing a survey, and Host: We’re doing an opinion poll on how people
I’d like to get your opinion. feel about TV talent shows.
Donna: Sure, I’ll participate. Vero: OK. Well, I personally don’t like them!
Host: Great! First, tell us your name, first name only. Host: Well, great. You don’t have to! But can you
Donna: Donna. explain why? And please tell us your name.
Host: Donna. Thank you. So, what do you think of Vero: Oh, sure. It’s Veronica. But call me Vero.
TV talent shows? Well, I think TV talent shows do a number
of things that I don’t like. First of all, I think
Donna: Hmm, well, for the most part, I think they’re
they use people to entertain others, and in a
OK. I don’t really watch them that often,
negative way.
because I’m not a fan of television. I do like to
see talented people on TV, though. I think a lot Host: Really?
of people on these shows aren’t very talented, Vero: What I mean is, they will put people on stage
and to be honest, I feel a bit bad for them. who are clearly awful. Then we, as viewers, are
Occasionally, though, you see someone with supposed to laugh. I suppose not everyone
a lot of talent who really impresses you. So, laughs. I know I don’t. But I think a lot of
I think that makes them really fun to watch! people do. And that’s terrible.

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Host: OK, that’s a good point. then leave it and move on to the next piece of
Vero: Second, I think TV is something that we watch clothing. You can always go back to it later if
to get away from everyday life. A TV talent you think it still needs fixing.
show is like a reality TV show, only perhaps Delia: OK. What about getting your work in
worse. There is no plot to it and no characters, magazines? Don’t you need to be
so I think it’s kind of boring. I’d rather watch a well-connected?
sci-fi series. I mean, that’s the type of TV show Mateo: That helps, but it’s a matter of being in the
I’m into, not comedies or love stories. right place at the right time. You should try to
Host: I see. Well, you’ve given us a very interesting attend as many fashion shows as possible. You
opinion, and one that’s quite different from never know who you might meet at a show—a
what we’ve heard so far. Thanks for your fashion editor for Vogue, for example. Don’t
time, Veronica. just stay in your studio all day.
Vero: You’re welcome. Delia: Yes, I understand. What do you think about
this? They say it isn’t what you know, it’s who
Track 04 you know.
Delia: Hi, Mateo. Thanks for meeting with me today. Mateo: I think it’s both. You should try to meet people
I’m having such a frustrating time, and I could in the industry. I think we’ve covered that.
really use your advice. You know how hard it is However, if you don’t know anything, you’re
to break into the fashion industry. not going to impress anyone, right? So,
Mateo: I’m happy to help, Delia. Yeah, I know how you I suggest reading about fashion trends as
must feel. Even though I’ve been a fashion often as possible. Don’t just stick with what
designer for some years now, I’ve heard many you already know about fashion. Broaden
difficult things from people in the business. An your horizons.
owner of a chain of retail stores told me, “You Delia: Yes, of course. I love fashion and want to know
won’t be successful in fashion. You should as much about it as possible. Do you suggest
think about another career.” I try to get my collection into a big fashion
Delia: Oh, wow. I can’t believe the owner told you show, or should I spend time doing smaller
that you wouldn’t be successful and you ones first? I don’t want to waste my time with
should find another job. them if it’s not a good idea.
Mateo: I know. My first piece of advice would be to Mateo: You must be hungry for success! Do all the
never give up on yourself. I told myself that a shows that you come across, even if it’s a show
lot in the beginning. in a small shopping center that hardly anyone
goes to. You will gain the experience it takes
Delia: Yes, well, I will definitely write that one down to put on a successful show. I wouldn’t put
at the top of my list! What else can you all your energy into getting seen in a major
tell me? event. It’s very competitive, and besides, if
Mateo: Well, don’t be afraid to dream big. A big your lack of experience causes a problem, a
part of fashion is having a great idea for your lot more people will see it.
collection. Don’t create fashion that you Delia: I see. Get my mistakes out of the way before
think will please other people. Create the I hit the big time.
kind of fashion that inspires you. If you love
the countryside, put nature into your work. If Mateo: Well, at least you’re starting to believe you
you love technology, make your fashion look can hit the big time. I see my first bit of advice
modern and futuristic. is beginning to have an effect on you!
Delia: OK, that’s a start. Sometimes I have trouble
finishing a piece of clothing. I can’t stop Unit 11 Money in the Bank
working on it. I think, oh, let me try this, and
Track 01
let me remove that.
Mateo: Yes, sometimes it’s hard to know when an item How did you feel the last time you made a donation
is complete. The best thing to do is to set to a charity? I am sure you felt good about it, because
your sights on a goal. Don’t spend too much of course it feels good to know that you are making
time on one piece. Set a time limit and say to a difference. But are you really? According to some
yourself that you have to finish it in that time, experts, simply giving money away to charity doesn’t

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mean we are necessarily making a genuine difference. day. I think someone’s got my account details,
Economist Tim Harford says that “charity is selfish.” We you know.
only do it to make ourselves feel good and not to really Maxi: Maybe they have. Do you remember when that
make the world a better place. The argument is that if happened to me last year?
we really wanted to make a positive difference, then we
would find out exactly where our money was going. For Maria: Yes, but that’s because you left your card in
example, if you donate a dollar to a charity in the street, the ATM! Nobody even needed to steal your
you get the instant feeling that you did something personal identification number, or rob you. Of
good. But are you sure you did something good? Did course your money was stolen.
you ask the collector how they would be spending Maxi: What do you think we should do?
your dollar? Or does it feel good enough just to be a Maria: I’ll call the bank now and report those
donor? The problem is that simply giving is not enough, payments. They’ll see that it’s impossible,
because you don’t know how a charity is going to spend I’m sure.
the contributions that they get. Maybe a charity will say
they help homeless people, and this of course sounds Yes, good idea. They’re normally very helpful
Maxi: 
like a great reason to make a contribution, but it doesn’t with this kind of thing. In the meantime, we
make sense unless you, and all the other contributors, could pay by cash, but it’s a lot of money. And
really know how they are going to use your money. I don’t have a debit card anymore. But we
Robert Egger, who created an important charity project could pay by credit card. At least then we don’t
to help people who don’t have enough to eat, thinks have to pay for it all at the same time. And
that it is often the most popular charities that get our I think we might get a discount on the vacation
cash. He thinks that we often give money to the charity with the credit card anyway.
who can sell themselves to us best. So, if all this is true, Yes, OK. How annoying, though.
Maria: 
what should we do about it? It must be better to give
than not to give, right? Well, yes, don’t worry, it still is. Unit 12 Inside Advertising
But before you give money or anything else to a charity
in the future, ask them some questions. Where’s my Track 01
dollar going and how are you going to use it to make a
Conversation 1
difference? That way we can make sure that we are not
only feeling good, but doing good as well. Juan: Hey Sally! Have you got 15 minutes before our
next meeting?
Track 02 Sally: Sure, I’m not busy right now.
Maria: I don’t believe it! I’ve just tried to pay for our Juan: So, I’ve been trying to come up with a slogan for
flights to São Paolo, and it says I’ve got no this product for a week now, and I can’t decide
money in my account. which one would be better. Can I run them
Maxi: Really? Look, if you used that app I told you by you?
about, that kind of thing wouldn’t happen. It’s Sally: Of course, I’m in charge of managing the
the app I mentioned that helps you manage advertising budget, but I can give you my
your money and see how much you’re opinion as a consumer.
spending from your bank account, so that
you don’t overspend. It’s even better than Juan: OK, well, the product is the new brand of dog
an accountant. food that the company has been working on.
So, this is what I’ve come up with. The first one
Maria: No, this is nothing to do with me at all. Look at is, “Ruff’s Dog Food … so good, dogs ask for it
the screen. It’s impossible! It says I’ve made all by name.”
these purchases with my debit card.
Sally: Oh, I like that. That’s great!
Maxi: Well, you do buy a lot of stuff by contactless
payment. Think of all those times we’ve been Juan: The second one is, “Ruff’s Dog Food … it may
to the store and bought little things. Some cost sound rough, but dogs think it’s smooth.”
$5, some cost $15, but you buy so many. They Sally: Oh. Hmm. Well, it’s OK. I like how you used the
soon add up. word “rough” in the slogan, since it sounds like
Maria: But according to my bank, there were three the brand name. I think I’d go with the first one,
identical purchases of $500 at the supermarket though. It’s smarter.
on the same day. That’s really weird, especially Juan: OK, thanks. I’ll let the boss know!
because I didn’t go to the supermarket on that
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Conversation 2 Mom: What? So, the full price of the phone is

Eve: Thanks, everyone, for coming to the meeting so 400 dollars! I got my new phone a year ago
quickly. We’ve got an issue with launching the for free.
product. It seems that there are some things Girl: Yeah, but it takes terrible photos, and it’s
missing from the launch. Can someone please very small.
explain what the problem is?
Mom: Yes, but it was free. I got it with my phone plan.
Gary: Yes, well, the posters are being printed right Why don’t you tell me what kinds of phones
now. The job arrived at the printers late. you can get with your plan, and we’ll talk about
It seems there was a problem with the ad getting you a new one then.
message. Anyway, they are working on it more
slowly than I expected. Girl: Mom!!

Eve: Well, you’ve had weeks to get everything ready Track 02

to launch the product, so honestly, I can’t see
how this is anyone else’s fault. Host: With us today is Gerri Garcia, advertising
executive for one of the most successful ad
Sue: If I may say, this isn’t the first time we’ve had a companies in the region. She’s here to talk
problem with the printers. I’ve had problems about false advertising and what we can do
with them as well. They take forever. to avoid its tricks. Thanks for joining us, Gerri.
Eve: OK, so why aren’t we doing something about Tell us what your biggest concern is about
that? We should be working with the fastest false advertising.
printer services out there. After we launch the Gerri: Without a doubt it concerns ads for health
product, we need to have another meeting products and services. We see so much false
about that. advertising in this field, and what’s terrible
about it is it concerns our health and well-
Conversation 3
being. False advertising in any field is bad,
Bob: Oh, look at this new brand of soda. I haven’t
but sometimes it’s not the worst thing in the
seen this one before. It’s cheaper than the one
world. For instance, if a restaurant advertises
we usually buy.
a meal that doesn’t really look like the one
Cath: Yes, but price isn’t everything, is it? Cheap in the photo, it’s not going to be harmful to
products sometimes aren’t as good. your health.
Bob: Well, we should give it a try. I mean, I love our Host: Exactly. It’s just not what you ordered.
usual brand, but you know, it’s good to try new
Gerri: Right! However, if an over-the-counter pill
things. And it’ll save us a bit of money.
promises to improve your health but it doesn’t,
Cath: Yes. I hope the kids will like it. It’ll be a waste of it might cause someone to avoid going to the
money if they don’t. doctor, because they think the pill works.
Bob: I can always come back and get what we Host: I do see a lot of food products making claims
normally buy if they complain! that seem true, but you don’t really see
Conversation 4 any proof.
Girl: Mom, I just saw this great ad on TV for a new Gerri: Yes, well, that’s probably because there isn’t
smartphone. It’s the new version of my old one, any! Companies can get in trouble for this.
and it’s on sale for 50% off. In the USA, consumers are protected by the
FTC, the Federal Trade Commission, and they
Mom: OK. Well, what’s wrong with your old phone? It
police this area. For instance, in 2010, the
still works, doesn’t it?
FTC accused POM Wonderful, the makers of
Girl: Um, well I suppose, but the new phone has pomegranate juice and pomegranate pills,
more features. It has a better camera, and it has of making false claims. Statements such as
more storage. My old phone is nearly full. “Prevents or treats heart disease” had been put
Mom: OK. So, what does “50% off” mean exactly. on the label, but they couldn’t be proven.
What’s the original price? Host: I think many weight loss claims are believed,
Girl: I think after you subtract the discount, it’s even though there isn’t any evidence.
199 dollars. Gerri: Exactly. It’s not just adult food products that
make false claims, it’s also the companies that
produce food for kids. Kellogg’s, the cereal
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maker, put a claim on the box that said their psychologist John B. Watson. In the 1920s, Watson was
cereal could help improve kids’ immune one of the most important people to use psychology
systems. By eating their cereal, they could fight in advertising. He noticed that humans respond to
colds and the flu more easily. The FTC found three basic emotions: fear, anger, and love. In fact,
out that the claim was false, and as a result, he used this with one of his first advertisements for a
Kellogg’s was forced to remove the claim. brand of toothpaste. He decided not to focus on the
Host: Goodness. These false claims must hurt benefits of using the toothpaste for having healthy
companies, right? teeth. Why not? Well, because humans respond more
to emotions than facts. He had an attractive woman in
Gerri: Yes, in fact they do. The famous yogurt maker, the advertisement with very white teeth. The suggestion
Activia Yogurt, who uses famous actress Jamie was, that by using this toothpaste, you would become
Lee Curtis in their ads, lost a lawsuit over false more attractive. This may sound very normal by today’s
claims. A judge decided that their health standards. But it shows how long advertisers have been
claims were false and awarded consumers 45 working out what makes us react, and what makes us
million dollars. Furthermore, the judge said buy. Fast forward to today, and psychology has become
the company had to limit the health claims on more advanced in the ways it affects us in advertising.
their packaging. Why? Well, one of the reasons is the massive number
Host: I’ve eaten that yogurt plenty of times! Well, of advertisements that we see today. Back in the 1970s,
I may have to choose more wisely in the future. people saw around 500 advertisements a day. These
Gerri: I know people try to make good decisions days, people see 5,000 a day, so advertisers need to
about what they eat. I believe that’s possible, make their advertisements more prominent. Many
although there are some companies to watch advertisers use something called “color theory” for
out for. We should read more about studies this. For example, most advertisements for cleaning
that health organizations have carried out and products have the color blue in them. That’s because
see what foods they recommend. Processed blue makes us trust what we are looking at: we feel
foods like cereals and fruit drinks often say “all like we can rely on blue products. Red, on the other
natural,” but a quick read of the label shows hand, is associated with passion and hunger, and
that it contains loads of sugar. So, look at those yellow is connected with happiness. That’s the reason
labels carefully! why one of the world’s biggest fast food restaurants
uses red and yellow as their main colors. Basically,
Host: Thanks very much for your time. Real food for they want to make you buy more food. But what about
thought there. the emotions fear, anger, and love? Well, they are still
used in advertisements every day, mainly online. The
Exam Training most frequently seen advertisements are not on TV or
billboards, but on the internet—5.3 trillion every year.
Track 01 Many of these advertisements, especially those for
Hi everyone, and welcome to our series of podcasts on clothes or vacations, use a very modern type of fear to
psychology in the world around us. This week, we’re sell their products: fear of missing out, or FOMO, for
having a look at psychology in advertising. Advertisers short. This is where the advertiser tells you that there
have used psychology for many years. Since the 19th is, for example, a limit to when you can buy a product.
century, psychologists have studied the way humans They do this through phrases like, “Offer available for
respond to advertisements. Why? Because ultimately, 12 hours only!” This makes people feel that they must
advertisements are trying to sell people something. hurry. And if they don’t, they’ll miss something special.
And to sell people something, you have to convince This emotion is stronger than our understanding of how
them that they need it. So this is where psychology is good the product may or may not really be. So, even
important. In 1896, psychologist Walter Dill Scott said though advertisements and advertisers have changed,
that, with advertising, humans are not logical. He said people have not. Walter Dill Scott is still right—we are
that we follow our emotions, not our reasoning. In fact, much more emotional than rational.
he said that humans are “creatures of suggestion.”
Track 02
This means that it is easy to predict how humans will
react emotionally to something. And he was right. Conversation 1 You will hear two people talking about a
Recent research shows that 31% of advertisements friend with a disability.
with emotional content succeed, while only 16% of Woman: So, how was that movie you saw last week?
advertisements based on rational content do. Scott’s Did you and Sarah have a good time?
work was developed by the American behavioral

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Man: Well we did, but something really frustrating turn the lights off when we leave a room, or
happened. When we got to the movie make sure the windows are always closed to
theater, they said there was no way for Sarah save energy. Or we could even recycle all our
to get her wheelchair in. So, they told us we paper instead of just throwing it away.
couldn’t watch the movie! Man: It’s really hard to recycle anything where we
Woman: That’s terrible! I’m sure Sarah was very angry! live, but we could definitely make sure we
I was angry! I couldn’t believe it! Anyway,
Man:  don’t leave the lights on when we’re out.
I asked to speak to the manager, and he Woman: Ok, well, let’s start with that.
apologized. He also took us to the entrance
at the side of the movie theater and it was Conversation 4 You will hear two people talking about
easy to get Sarah’s wheelchair in there. something that one of them regrets.
Woman: What’s the matter? You look exhausted!
Woman: How was Sarah after that?
What time did you go to bed last night?
Man: Well actually, Sarah didn’t seem to care
Man: Well, I should’ve gone to bed earlier, and
about it at all. And we both loved the movie,
I didn’t study for the history exam tomorrow
so we had a good time in the end.
morning! In fact, I had planned to study
Conversation 2 You will hear two friends talking about over the weekend, but Tim had this party, so
artificial intelligence, or AI, in cell phones. I went to that instead. I should’ve said no to
Woman: Hey, did you see that documentary about Tim, but it was his birthday.
AI in cell phones? Apparently, they react to Woman: Oh no, not again! You should’ve told him you
how we use them, and they help us in lots of had an exam. He would’ve understood. Look,
different ways. if I were you, I’d read those photocopies the
Man: AI in cell phones? That sounds a bit scary! teacher gave us. You can look at my notes,
Anyway, I don’t think my cell phone pays any too, if you want.
attention to me. Man: Thanks. I shouldn’t spend so much time
Woman: Ah, but that’s because you haven’t been going to parties, should I?
paying attention. It’s nothing to be afraid of. Woman: It’s not that you shouldn’t go to parties, but
Your cell phone just learns from your daily you should plan your work properly!
routine, so it’s very useful.
Conversation 5 You will hear two people talking about a
Man: Not for me! I only use it to chat with friends.
news story.
Woman: Well, I think it’s very useful. For example, Man: One of my friends shared a news story on his
I take the bus to my classes every day. After social media account last night. It sounded
about a week, my new cell phone started totally unbelievable, so I’m sure it can’t
telling me the bus timetable automatically. be true. But all of our friends just started
Man: Really? Ah, so that’s why I get those commenting on it anyway and saying how
notifications! That’s amazing! terrible it was!
Woman: I know! Woman: So many people do that these days and it’s
really annoying. They post a shocking news
Conversation 3 You will hear two people talking about story on social media and they don’t even
climate change. look at where it came from first.
Man: You know, I’ve heard a lot about climate Man: I know. If people did that, we probably
change, but I don’t know what we can really wouldn’t have so many problems with “fake
do about it. news” all the time.
Woman: I know what you mean. I think if most Woman: And it’s not that hard to check whether
people knew where to start, they would do a news story is true or not. You just need
something to make a difference. to make sure that the news is from a
Man: Exactly, but people like you and I can’t reliable website.
prevent companies from burning fossil fuels, Man: Yeah, because a lot of stories are just
can we? invented to make people angry, which is kind
Woman: Well, we can certainly do something on a of dangerous.
domestic level. For example, we could always

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Conversation 6 You will hear two people talking about a and “low-contact” cultures. What does this mean?
problem with money. Well in societies like Latin America, people generally
Woman: Hey, how’s your sister these days? touch and hug each other a lot. This reduces levels
Man: Not so good, actually. She started a of a stress chemical called cortisol. In the US, people
technology company with one of her friends, have less haptic communication and adolescents are
but now they’ve got some financial problems. more likely to be aggressive. As Dr. Tiffany Field tells
us, “Touching each other keeps the peace.” But what
Woman: Ah, did they have to spend a lot of money is haptic communication? Is it all about hugging?
on computers? No, it’s not. There are many, many forms of haptic
Man: Well, they did, but that’s not the problem. communication, depending on the situation and the
The thing is, they hired three employees, culture. When you say hello to someone in the US,
and my sister even had her apartment you shake the person’s hand. But in Latin America, it
redecorated to make it more like an office. is also normal to kiss someone on the cheek. People
But they aren’t getting as much new business also use haptic communication to celebrate something.
as she thought they would. For example, friends or coworkers “high-five” each
Woman: So, I imagine your sister must feel like she’s other to celebrate some kind of success. There’s also
wasted her money. the kind of haptic communication when people touch
each other in a conversation to emphasize something
Man: A bit. What’s worse is that she and her friend they are saying. People also use this way of touching to
are still paying the employee’s salaries, even show they are honest communicators. As I said, there
though they’re not making much money. are many types, and it is hard to define them all in one
Woman: I guess she must be spending more than lecture. So, we can see that haptic communication is
she’s getting then, right? extremely important. But we have to understand how
Man: It looks like it, yes. different people feel in different situations. At work, for
example, if a manager puts his hand on an employee’s
Track 03 shoulder, some people may think it’s supportive, but
others may think it’s inappropriate. So, we have to be
So we’ve recently been looking at how human beings careful. But we can be sure that haptic communication
communicate. Today we’re going to be looking at a is vital for all humans, from infants to adults. It’s also
form of communication called haptic communication. essential for personal and social development at every
The word “haptic” comes from the Greek word level in society. So, at this stage, I’d like to ask if anyone
haptikos, meaning “able to touch.” You see, haptic has any questions.
communication is about how we communicate by
touching each other. Why is this so important? Well,
imagine a situation where a mother has a baby but
never touches him or her. What would happen? You
might think that this wouldn’t be a big problem if the
baby is fed and looked after. But in fact, if a mother
didn’t touch her baby, the baby might become very
stressed. This stress would mean that the baby might
not develop normally. Children who grow up without
being touched by their parents or caregivers can also
suffer from depression and be aggressive. So why is
this? For a start, contact between parents and babies
is essential. It’s also good for the parents and the child.
For example, the child sleeps better and cries less, and
the parents feel less stressed. In fact, the American
psychologist Harry Harlow proved that children actually
need to be touched, just like they need to be fed. Then
later on, when people become adolescents and adults,
touch continues to be important. Hugging and even
play-fighting releases a chemical called oxytocin. This
chemical makes us feels socially connected to people.
This means that haptic communication is an essential
way for communities to connect. In fact, in studies of
haptic communication, there are “high-contact” cultures
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