Cultural Psychology 2nd Edition Heine

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 Test Bank to accompany
Cultural Psychology, Second Edition
By Steven J. Heine

Test Bank by Benjamin Y. Cheung

Chapter 8
Cognition and Perception

Concept Map

A. Thinking style
a. Analytic thinking
b. Holistic thinking
B. Attention
a. Field dependence
b. Field independence
C. Attributing behaviors
a. Situational attributions
b. Dispositional attributions
c. Fundamental attribution error
D. Reasoning styles
E. Naïve dialecticism
F. Creative thinking
G. Thinking and talking
H. Explicit versus implicit communication
a. High context culture
b. Low context culture
I. Linguistic relativity
a. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
i. Categorical perception
ii. Encoding directions and time
iii. Numbers
J. Anthropocentrism
Questions

1. During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony
Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and
throw him onto the ice. Based on what you know about analytic and holistic
thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?

a) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony’s family problems.
b) East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s
nasty personality.
c) East Asians will blame Tony’s nasty personality, and Westerners will blame
Tony’s family problems.
d) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony’s nasty personality.
e) East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s
teammates.

ANS: B
DIF: Easy
REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking; Understanding Other People’s Behaviors
TOP: A. Thinking style; C. Attributing behaviors
MSC: Applied

2. An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the
clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all
grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes
that they see in the clouds. Which of the following is most likely to happen in this
scenario?
a) Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than
Ronald.
b) Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald.
c) Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald,
who will base his answers more on a single cloud.
d) Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald.
e) Rui will give more descriptive and complex responses than Ronald.

ANS: C
DIF: Easy
REF: Attention
TOP: B. Attention
MSC: Applied

3. People who are especially field dependent tend to be

a) introverted.
b) from Western cultures.
c) hunters or herders.
d) from large, industrialized cities.
e) None of these answers are correct.

ANS: E
DIF: Medium
REF: Attention
TOP: B. Attention
MSC: Conceptual

4. A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both
looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle
foreground. If you were to compare the eye gaze of Weiwei and William, what would
you find?
a) Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more
similar over time attending to an object.
b) William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.
c) Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually
looking at objects quite similarly.
d) William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.
e) The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to
Weiwei.

ANS: D
DIF: Medium
REF: Attention
TOP: B. Attention
MSC: Applied

5. Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

a) field dependence.
b) family resemblance reasoning.
c) dispositional attributions.
d) high horizons in drawings.
e) None of these answers is correct.

ANS: C
DIF: Easy
REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking; Understanding Other People’s Behaviors
TOP: A.a. Analytic thinking; C.b. Dispositional attributions
MSC: Conceptual

6. When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians

a) choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and
similarity-based judgments.
b) on average, have much difficulty with them relative to Westerners.
c) typically provide holistic answers.
d) are usually unable to solve them.
e) tend to be poorer at using analytical skills than Westerners.

ANS: A
DIF: Medium
REF: Reasoning Styles
TOP: D. Reasoning styles
MSC: Factual

7. Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio is for
legalization, while Gil is against it. It has been said that, separately, Horatio’s
argument is strong, while Gil’s argument is weak. Zhang, a Chinese student, is
watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he
were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are
both presented to him?
a) Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true.
b) Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true.
c) Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio’s argument is true, but become
more convinced that Gil’s argument is true.
d) Zhang would become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be.
e) Zhang would become more convinced that Horatio’s argument is true, but
become less convinced that Gil’s argument is true.

ANS: C
DIF: Medium
REF: Tolerance of Contradiction
TOP: E. Naïve dialecticism
MSC: Applied

8. Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European-Canadian student. They are

both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-
descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?
a) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across
different situations.
b) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.
c) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as
intelligence.
d) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term.
e) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.

ANS: B
DIF: Medium
REF: Tolerance of Contradiction
TOP: E. Naïve dialecticism
MSC: Applied

9. Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent,
are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market’s outlook.
Compared to Jade, Jing will

a) have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic.

b) have predictions that are consistently more optimistic.
c) have predictions that follow smoothly more from past patterns.
d) have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.
e) not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives could be possible
for East Asians.

ANS: D
DIF: Easy
REF: Tolerance of Contradiction
TOP: E. Naïve dialecticism
MSC: Applied

10. The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve

problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex
organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the
students’ performance?
a) East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to
verbally articulate their thinking process; but their performance will be relatively
unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.
b) Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to
verbally articulate their thinking process, or if they recite their own names
repeatedly.
c) Verbally articulating their thought process enhances the performance of East
Asian students on the problems.
d) Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students
on the problems.
e) Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do
poorly on them.

ANS: A
DIF: Medium
REF: Talking and Thinking
TOP: G. Thinking and talking
MSC: Applied

11. Which of the following examples most accurately portray research on cultural
differences in communication style?
a) Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other
only by complimenting each other, and do not criticize each other.
b) Endo, who’s Japanese, can’t reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka’s cell phone
is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka’s voicemail.
c) Yamazaki, who’s Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by
writing, moreso than his American friend, Claudia.
d) Eric, who’s American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with
his friends than is Itao, who’s Japanese.
e) Tsetsuya, who’s Japanese, prefers to write to his friends moreso than does his
American friend, Mike.

ANS: B
DIF: Hard
REF: Explicit Versus Implicit Communication
TOP: H. Explicit versus implicit communication
MSC: Applied

12. Color terms from different cultures around the world

a) vary in arbitrary ways.
b) are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-
green spectrum.
c) vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas
other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.
d) all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.
e) do not consistently contain a word for “black.”

ANS: D
DIF: Hard
REF: Linguistic Relativity
TOP: I.a. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
MSC: Factual

13. People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond 2 or 3

a) can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who
have words for a complete number set.
b) are unable to discriminate between different quantities.
c) are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers.
d) can still do basic counting, but not basic addition or subtraction.
e) have no conception of what amount is visually greater than or smaller than
another.

ANS: C
DIF: Hard
REF: Linguistic Relativity
TOP: I.a.iii. Numbers
MSC: Factual

14. Anthropocentrism is

a) a cultural universal.
b) something typical of children everywhere, although adults in some cultures no
longer demonstrate it.
c) more common among children who grow up in close proximity to many kinds of
animals in the wild.
d) more common among holistic reasoners than among analytic reasoners.
e) None of these statements is true.

ANS: E
DIF: Medium
REF: How We Understand Humans’ Place in the World
TOP: J. Anthropocentrism
MSC: Factual

15. Analytic thinking is best characterized by

a) taxonomic categorization.
b) thematic categorization.
c) multiple-level categorization.
d) categorical analysis.
e) synthetically integrating theses and anti-theses.
ANS: A
DIF: Medium
REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking
TOP: A. Thinking style
MSC: Factual

16. Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that

a) East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.
b) Westerners are less likely to use analytic reasoning strategies than East Asians
when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions.
c) East Asians are more likely than Westerners to reason on the basis of abstract
rules.
d) when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions, Westerners are
likely to make judgments based on similarity.
e) East Asians are unable to engage in analytic reasoning strategies.

ANS: A
DIF: Hard
REF: Reasoning Styles
TOP: D. Reasoning styles
MSC: Factual

17. According to research by Atran, Medin, and colleagues, Yukatek Maya children

a) are fundamentally anthropocentric.

b) are more anthropocentric than Euro-American children.
c) have a richer understanding of the social world than do Euro-American children.
d) are more likely than Euro-American children to project features from animals to
humans.
e) enjoy the social world more than do Euro-American children.

ANS: D
DIF: Medium
REF: How We Understand Humans’ Place in the World
TOP: J. Anthropocentrism
MSC: Factual

18. Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan
Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT

a) Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get

older.
b) cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in
adults.
c) Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error.
d) Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as
they get older.
e) All of these statements are true.

ANS: B
DIF: Easy
REF: The Fundamental Attribution Error
TOP: C.c. Fundamental attribution error
MSC: Factual

19. Comparisons of Asian-Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on

Raven’s Progressive Matrices reveals that
a) Asian-Americans tend to outperform Euro-Americans.
b) Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.
c) Euro-Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something
than if they are silent.
d) Asian-Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if
they are silent.
e) thinking and talking are largely unrelated for Euro-Americans.

ANS: B
DIF: Medium
REF: Talking and Thinking
TOP: G. Thinking and talking
MSC: Factual

20. Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?

a) someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task
b) someone who is better at the absolute-line task than the relative-line task
c) someone who is good at both the relative-line and the absolute-line tasks
d) someone who cannot do well on either the relative-line task or the absolute-line
task
e) someone who performs inconsistently on the relative-line and absolute-line tasks
across trials

ANS: A
DIF: Easy
REF: Attention
TOP: B.a. Field dependence
MSC: Applied

21. A human, a giraffe, and a car. Which one doesn’t belong?

a) analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car
b) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human
c) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe
d) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car
e) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe

ANS: C
DIF: Easy
REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking
TOP: A. Thinking style
MSC: Applied

22. Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge
who uses holistic reasoning, and must determine which family is the correct one.
This is before the days of DNA analysis, so you must use family resemblance as your
guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do you do to establish a
familial relationship?

a) ask the child which group of people look the most familiar, to activate the child’s
implicit memory
b) focus on one feature that is shared between one family and the child
c) consider what is best for the child and choose the family that looks wealthier
d) look at which family has approximately the same constellation of features as the
child
e) decide that the case cannot be determined because the two conflicting claims
make them equally convincing

ANS: D
DIF: Medium
REF: Reasoning Styles
TOP: D. Reasoning styles
MSC: Applied

23. You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come
up with a new invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company
can submit a patent. Based on culture and creative thinking, which of the following
is the most likely to happen?
a) Japanese researchers’ preference for the status quo will lead them to think that
current car designs are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only
slight adjustments to make cars more functional.
b) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing
changes to current car designs.
c) Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car
designs; American researchers will want the status quo and to keep current car
designs.
d) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments
to current car designs to make cars more functional.
e) Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make
them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing
changes to them.

ANS: E
DIF: Hard
REF: Creative Thinking
TOP: F. Creative thinking
MSC: Applied

24. Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following
is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?

a) You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer, and she responds with an
uneasy expression and says, “I guess so.”
b) Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, “I’ll think
about it.”
c) Your roommate is practicing dancing in the living room even though you want to
watch TV.
d) You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by
telling you exactly what she’s thinking, providing the whole context for you to
understand.
e) Your roommate doesn’t plan on coming home for dinner, but doesn’t call ahead of
time.

ANS: A
DIF: Easy
REF: Explicit Versus Implicit Communication
TOP: H.a. High context culture
MSC: Applied

25. After conducting a survey of every culture around the world, you find that only
the Iberians say that snakes and tigers cannot be evil and mean-spirited and share
no qualities with humans. From these results, what can you conclude?
a) Excluding the Iberians, anthropocentrism would be an accessibility universal or
above.
b) Americans engage in anthropocentrism.
c) The Iberians engage in much anthropocentrism.
d) Excluding the Iberians, anthropocentrism would be a functional universal or
above.
e) Excluding the Iberians, anthropocentrism would be an existential universal or
above.

ANS: E
DIF: Hard
REF: How We Understand Humans’ Place in the World
TOP: J. Anthropocentrism
MSC: Conceptual

26. You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street
trip and fall. You think that the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the
person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the
following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?

a) an argument
b) dispositional attribution
c) inferential judgment
d) conclusion making
e) field dependence

ANS: B
DIF: Easy
REF: Understanding Other People’s Behaviors
TOP: C.b. Dispositional attributions
MSC: Applied

27. A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal

sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes
from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant?
a) His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right.
b) He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west.
c) He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.
d) He uses two spatial markers on his body—his head and his feet—to indicate how
time passes.
e) He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

ANS: E
DIF: Medium
REF: Linguistic Relativity
TOP: I.a.ii. Encoding directions and time
MSC: Applied

28. Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism
scores are. Jeremy’s individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is
11 out of 18. Jason’s individualism score is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is
8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) Jeremy is likelier than Jason to engage in analytic reasoning.

b) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to engage in field dependence.
c) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.
d) Both are equally likely to engage in naïve dialecticism.
e) Both are equally likely to engage in anthropocentrism.

ANS: C
DIF: Medium
REF: Creative Thinking
TOP: F. Creative thinking
MSC: Conceptual

29. Which of the following is an example of anthropocentrism?

a) Kelly thinks that dogs are able to sniff out food better than humans can.
b) Jonathan thinks that humans can take on the animal nature of wolves.
c) Meredith thinks that cats love to play with their human owners.
d) Joanne thinks that cows have all the emotions that humans have.
e) Ronald thinks that humans are able to trick bears into thinking that they are dead.

ANS: D
DIF: Easy
REF: How We Understand Humans’ Place in the World
TOP: J. Anthropocentrism
MSC: Applied

30. Which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated with?

a) implicit communication
b) explicit communication
c) incremental theory of the world
d) entity theory of the self
e) incremental theory of self
ANS: B
DIF: Easy
REF: Explicit Versus Implicit Communication
TOP: H.b. Low context culture
MSC: Conceptual