MODULE 1

NATION- A solidified unit of people tied up by common history and cultural heritage with full of emotional,
psychological, and spiritual bonds.
STATE- A political entity which is established to fulfil the security and ensure the common welfare.
CONNECTIVITY-Refers to the establishment of infrastructures that enhance global competitiveness a midst the
expanding international market capitalistic system. Global connectivity has two
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION- Refers to the growing interdependence of global economies due to the
increasing cross border exchange of goods and services, flow of investment, and rapid diffusion of
technology.
TERRITORY-It is a place where people can live and organize themselves politically, economically and socially
TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION-This is made possible due to the innovation and popularization of
technological devices and digital social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.
GOVERNMENT-The institution which is mandated to enforce a particular rule governing the conduct of people
living in a specific territory and ensure their obedience.
FRICTION-The conflict, disparity, and crisis generated by the open market system paved the way for the
existence of friction as a metaphor of globalization
DISLOCATION--Individuals, business organizations, and state economies that cannot keep pace with global
changes due to technological, economic and other factors will be displaced.

Globalization became a buzzword in the contemporary era.

Thomas Friedman, author of the celebrated book The World is Flat, globalization is the interweaving of markets,
technology, information and telecommunication systems in a way that is shrinking the world from a size medium
to a size small, and enabling each of us to reach around the world farther faster, deeper, cheaper than ever
before.

Manfred Steger, one of the leading experts on globalization, it refers to the expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness across world time and world space. It is a multi dimensional phenomenon
involving economics, politics, culture, ideology, environment and technology.

Anthony Giddens, defines the four dimensions of globalization namely; the world capitalist economy, the
nation-state system, world military order, and industrial development.

International Monetary Fund (IMF), globalization is refers to the increasing integration of economies around
the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders..

SOVEREIGNTY- Denotes that a state does not have the right to interfere with the internal matters of another
state. - THE MOST SIGNIFICANT STATE.

THE CHANGI AIRPORT- best airport.

DISRUPTION- Start up innovations are likely to outperform branded products over markets they dominated for
long time. Example of which would be Uber, NetFlix, Air Bnb, and Driverless Car.
EMPIRES- Born in the ancient period were acknowledged to have been the first driver of globalization.
NORTH-SOUTH DIVISION- Refers to the socioeconomic partition of the world as countries from the north
correlate while the South usually corresponds to the to the Third World.
ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION-Refers to the concerted efforts exerted by nations states and other non state
actors across the globe to FRICTION address the problems and challenges wrought by global environmental
crises such as Climate Change .

5 methaphor of Globalization.
1 flow
2 friction
3. acceleration
4 dislocation
5 Connectivity
MODULE 2

Changes brought by First Industrial Revolution

1. Widespread application of Science

2. Specialization of Economic Activity
3. Migration of Population from Rural to Urban
4 Agricultural to industrial
5. The emergence of Capital

Six Pillars of Capitalism

1.Private Property
2 Self Interest
3. Competition
4. Market Mechanism
5, Freedom to Choose
6 Limited Role of Government

Adam Smith-was the first to advocate capitalism, as the best way to organize the market structure.

World War 1 - The struggle for Domination of imperial Capitalists

1917-The Russians revolted against the Tsar and embraced Communism

Karl Marx - Father of Socialism

Nazism - The Racial Superiority of the Aryans.

The Holocaust - The Need for the Total Annihilation of the Jews

1945-World War II ended

USA-Championed Open Market System

USSR (The United Socialist Soviet Republic) - advocated for a Centrally Planned EconomicSystem.
Gorbachev - Introduced Glasnost and Perestroika in the USSR.

2003-America's Invasion of Iraq.

BERLIN- CAPITAL OF GERMANY.

● Industry 1.0 (1784) - Mechanization, stream power, weaving loom.

● Industry 2.0 (1870) - Mass production, assembly line, electrical energy.
● Industry 3.0 (1969)-Automation, computers and electronics
● Industry 4.0 (Today) - Cyber Physical Systems, Internet of things, Networks.

MODULE 3

1. State Actors - A state has a core responsibility to provide and ensure sustainable living to its constituents. A
state needs to establish an economic climate.

There are four types of barriers against international trade:

A. Natural barrier - such as distance and geographic location- exporting goods in the Himalayan Kingdoms will
cost a lot.
B. Political barrier - There are few governments which are considered hostile to international trade such as
North Korea. US President Donald Trump opted to strengthen the domestic market rather than actively
participating in Free Trade commerce.

C. Tariff barrier-A tariff exists when taxes are being imposed on foreign goods by a local market. In 2018,
China imposed 25% tariff on $16 billion worth of foreign goods from USA which include vehicles and crude oil in
retaliation on USA tariff against Chinese goods worth of $16

D. Non Tariff barrier - it includes quota, embargo, prohibition, and exchange control.
-There's a limitations and theres no involve of money.

2. Multi-National Corporations (MNCs )- In an era where the tide of capitalism is deregulated and the market
further liberalized, multinational corporations can be acknowledged as the key driver of globalization.

3. International Institutions - Global institutions that promote globalization can be categorized into two:
International Government Organizations (IGOS) and International Non Governmental Organizations (INGOS).

A. International Government Organizations - a body of sovereign states with specific charter bound to be
observed by member states. Examples of IGOs are as follows:

a. United Nations is the most widely recognized international organization today with almost universal
membership. Established in 1945.

b. World Bank (or also known as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) and
International Monetary Fund (IMF) - an organization created out of the Bretton Wood Agreement in 1944 to
which these two global financial institutions were founded by delegates from 44 nations.

The four major aputated conditions prescribed by WD and IMF upen securing the loan are as
follows

1. Deregulation the government must adopt a hands off approach on markast governance

2. Market Liberalization-removal of barriers so that foreign players can easily access local markets.

3. Privatization-Government assets should be converted into private firms

4. Austerity Measure-less spending on public welfare.

C. World Trade Organization (WTO) - The protectionist measures prevailed after World War

resulted in another round of global war which devastated the world economy

B.International Non-Government Organizations are non-profitable organizations which operate on a

transnational basis and aim to promote global consciousness of universal issues with world-wide impact. Among
the recognized INGOs are Amnesty International (Human Rights Issues), Greenpeace (Environmental Issues),
and Transparency International (Corruption).

Theories of Globalization:

1. World System Analysis - A theory popularized by Immanuel Wallerstein which calls for the international
division of labor and categorized countries into three typologies

a. Core countries - principally focus on high value skills and capital intensive production (more into the
establishment of manufacturing and service industries).
 b. Semi Periphery countries - both focus on capital and labor intensive production but also dependent on
the extraction of raw materials (extractive industry)
c. Periphery Countries- mainly dependent on the extraction of natural resources to which they primarily
export agricultural and mineral products

2. Dependency Theory - Developing countries are having weak economies which necessitate the
intervention of developed economies by facilitating developmental loan and aid.

3. Modernization Theory - In the past the word modernization is often equated to westernization to which
the economy of a country was made modernized due to economic and political openness

● Soft Power - the ability of one country to attract another country without using coercive instruments
● Hard Power When a country flex its economic and military muscles to influence the behavior of another
country, the element of hard power is being employed.
● BIPOLAR ORDER- A new order which the majority of global economic, military and cultural influence
held between two countries.

● NAZI - NATIONAL SOCIALISM

● IMF- INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
● UN- UNITED NATION
● USSR UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS.
● CPSU COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION.
● IBRB- INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
● USA- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
● WMD-WEAPON OF MASS DESTRUCTION
● Al- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
● MNCS MUlTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONs
● INGOS- INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
● WTO- WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
● IGOS INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
● FDI- FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
● GDP- GROSS. DOMESTIC PRODUCT