सिनेमा संदर्भ Bhasha - July-August - 2020

"kk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020
fo'ofon~;ky; vuqnku vk;ksx n~okjk vuqeksfnr if=dk ¼Øekad&16½
v/;{k] ijke'kZ ,oa laiknu eaMy laiknd

izksQslj jes'k dqekj ikaMs; MkW- jkds'k dqekj
ijke'kZZ eaMy lg&laiknd
MkW- fdj.k >k
izks- ;ksxsna z ukFk 'kekZ ^v#.k* Jherh lkSjHk pkSgku
MkW- ih- ,- jkèkkÑ".ku çwQ jhMj
izks- _"kHk nso 'kekZ Jherh banq HkaMkjh
izks- eatqyk jk.kk
izks- fnyhi dqekj esèkh dk;kZy;hu O;oLFkk
Jherh in~ek lpnso lsok flag
Jh fgrs'k 'kadj
dsaæh; fganh funs'kky;] mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]

f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 1

ISSN 0523-1418
Hkk"kk ¼n~oeS kfld½
o"kZ % 59 vad % 4 ¼291½
tqykbZ&vxLr¼fo'ks"kkad½ 2020
laikndh; dk;kZy;
dsæa h; fganh funs'kky;]
mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]
f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]
if'peh [kaM-7] jkeÑ".kiqje~]
ubZ fnYyh-110066
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www.chd.mhrd.gov.in
bZey
s % bhashaunit@gmail.com
nwjHkk"k% 011&26105211@12
fcØh dsaæ % fcØh dsaæ %

fu;a=d] dsæa h; fganh funs'kky;]
izdk'ku foHkkx] flfoy ykbal] mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]
fnYyh - 110054 f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]
osclkbV % www.deptpub.gov.in if'peh [kaM-7] jkeÑ".kiqje~]
bZ&esy % pub.dep@nic.in ubZ fnYyh-110066
nwjHkk"k % 011-23817823/ 9689 osclkbV % www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in
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bZey
s % bhashaunit@gmail.com
nwjHkk"k% 011&26105211@12
lnL;rk gsrq Mªk¶V fu;a=d] lnL;rk gsrq Mªk¶V funs'kd] ds-a fga- fu-]
izdk'ku foHkkx] fnYyh ds i{k esa HkstaAs ubZ fnYyh ds i{k esa HkstAsa
ewY; %
1- ,d izfr dk ewY; ¾ #- 25-00
2- okf"kZd lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 125-00
3- iapo"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 625-00 (Mkd [kpZ lfgr)
4- nl o"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 1250-00
5- chl o"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 2500-00
if=dk esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa ds vius gSAa buls Hkkjr ljdkj ;k
laiknu eaMy dk lger gksuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA
2 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

"kk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020
vuqØef.kdk
funs'kd dh dye ls
laikndh;
vkys[k
1- flusek % lekt] lkfgR; vkSj MkW- iwjupan VaMu 9

laonsuk dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr
2- Hkkjrh; flusek dk izkjafHkd nkSj % gfjjke 14
,d n`'; pyfp=k Økafr
3- flusek & Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] dyk ,oa laLÑfr dk laokgd MkW- ,e- jkepaæe 17
4- dyk] fganh flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt % izoh.k dqekj 20
,d oSpkfjd igyw
5- bDdhloha lnh dk fgnh flusek % eukst ikaM;s 27
cnyrs nkSj dk lp
6- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa lekt&fgr MkW- vfer flag 33
vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dk Hkko
7- lkfgR;] flusek vkSj lekt dk varl±cèa k dqra yk nRr 39
8- flusek vkSj lekt MkW- vpZuk >k 44
9- fganh flusek vkSj lkekftd ljksdkj MkW- vydk vkuan 49
10- xqytkj ds xhrksa esa ftanxh ds jax MkW- dju flag ÅVoky 53
11- 'kSynas z ds xhrksa dk lkfgfR;d egRo MkW- fiz;adk 58
12- flusek & vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ekè;e MkW- nhid nhf{kr 64
13- lkfgR;] flusek vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k MkW- foiqy dqekj 68
14- flusek % vkt vkSj dy MkW- Jo.k dqekj 74
15- Ckky eu ij vkèkkfjr fganh flusek MkW- fouhrk dqekjh 82
16- Hkkjrh; flusek dh izkjafHkd fiQYesa o eq'a kh gsrjke 87
izes pan ds lkfgR;kèkkfjr fiQYeksa ds ifjn`';
esa tkfrxr leUo;
17- fganh fiQYeksa esa tkfrizFkk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa mes'k dqekj 91
dk fp=k.k
18- fganh flusek ,oa tutkrh; laLÑfr % MkW- feyu jkuh tekfr;k 97
fo'ks"k lanHkZ iwoksRZ rj Hkkjr
19- cny jgk gS fganh flusek MkW- lquhy dqekj frokjh 101
20- fganh flusek dk cnyrk VsMaª MkW- vkyksd jatu ikaM;s 105

21- Hkkjr esa fiQYe fuekZ.k f'k{kk ,oa MkW- xksj[kukFk frokjh 113
O;olk; ds fofoèk igyw
22- flusek & ledkyhu ifjn`"; (lkekftd] jktuSfrd] MkW- vuqiek 117
lkaLÑfrd) FkMZ tsaMj (fdUuj foe'kZ) ds lanHkZ esa
23- vlfe;k flusek dk bfrgkl % ,d voyksdu MkW- jhrkef.k oS'; 121
24- vlfe;k flusek dks Hkwius gtkfjdk dh nsu iwtk c#ok 127
25- ikjlh jaxeap vkSj fganh flusek dk vkxk”k MkW- dapu oekZ 130
26- ey;kye flusek dh fodkl ;k=kk MkW- èkU;k- ,y 136
27- Hkkstiqjh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k izks- vkyksd ikaMs; 140
28- dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl MkW- chuk nsccekZ 143
29- oSf'od iVy ij igpku cukrk vlfe;k flusek MkW- vuq'kCn 147
30- xqtjkrh flusek & ,d ewY;kadu MkW- o"kkZ lksyadh 152
31- fganh flusek vkSj 'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR; MkW- vuqjkèkk ikaMs; 154
Le`fr;k¡
32- ,d egku dykdkj gh ugha] vt; efyd 159
,d egku balku Hkh Fks& bjiQku----
33- fganh flusek esa çsexzFa k dk jpf;rk&½f"k diwj fouksn vuqie 162
34- lq'kkar flag jktiwr & ,d pedrk flrkjk uhfr lqèkk 165
laidZ lw=k 168

lnL;rk iQkeZ

funs'kd dh dye ls
dyk ds fofHkUu :iksa dks vkRelkr~ djds thou dh ltho vkSj ekfeZd fp=kkfHkO;fDr djus okyh
foèkk dk uke gh pyfp=k ;k flusek gSA flusek dks dHkh lkfgR; ds ekinaMksa ij ij[kk x;k] rks dHkh bls
uSfrd ekinaMksa ds vkèkkj ij ukik x;kA ysfdu bls ,d Lora=k dykRed vfHkO;fDr le>rs gq, bl ij
le>nkj foe'kZ dh vko';drk fganh esa rks ugha le>h xbZA flusek og jpukRed foèkk gS] ftlds l`tu
esa fofHkUu dk;Z {ks=kksa ls lacfa èkr vusd fo'ks"kK yksx tqMs+ gksrs gSAa ;g fdlh ys[kd ds oS;fDrd l`tu ls
furkar vyx rjg dh fufeZfr gSA
vkt lkekftd thou esa flusek dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gks xbZ gSA tuekul dks dyk ds bl :i us
ftruk xgjk Li'kZ fd;k gS mruk vU; fdlh ekè;e us ughaA flusek dk çHkko {ks=k vkt dyk dh fdlh
Hkh foèkk ls vfèkd gSA lekt ij lcls vfèkd çHkko flusek dk gh iM+ jgk gSA dyk dh ijaijk esa ;g
n`';&dkO; dk fodflr :i rks gS gh] lkFk esa foKku dh enn ls blus prqfnZd~ foLrkj fd;k gSA flusek
fofHkUu dykvksa dk laxe gSA mldh viuh vyx LFkkiuk gSA blesa Nfo] 'kCn] xfr] ukVd] dgkuh] laxhr
vkfn lHkh dqN gaAS ;g ,slk tuekè;e gS tks iyd >idrs gh ,d LofIuy lalkj esa ys tkus dh {kerk
j[krk gSA ;g turk ds fy, euksjt a u dk] fuekZrkvksa ds fy, 'kqnè~ k O;olk; dk] fiQYe mn~;ksx ls tqMs+
gtkjksa yksxksa ds fy, jkstxkj dk vkSj ljdkj ds fy, jktLo çkfIr dk l'kDr lkèku gSA
lkekU; tuekul ij fiQYeksa o dykdkjksa dk xgjk çHkko iM+rk gSA flusek dks ,d iyk;uoknh foèkk
ekudj ge vius nkf;Ro ls eqDr ugha gks ldrsA flusek lekt dks vkSj lekt flusek dks çkjaHk ls gh
çHkkfor djrk jgk gSA flusek tuf'k{kk dk l'kDr ekè;e gS vkSj lHkh dks çsfjr djus dh vlhe {kerk
ls ;qDr gSA vius lkS lky ds liQj esa flusek us djhc&djhc gj nkSj esa le; ds vuqlkj viuh vyx
Hkk"kk] viuk vyx dF; viuk;k gSA
foxr dqN o"kks± ls fo'o esa lcls vfèkd la[;k esa fiQYesa Hkkjr esa cu jgh gSAa flusek ds vkfo"dkj
ds le; fdlh dks dYiuk ugha Fkh fd foKkutfur ;g ekè;e vè;kfRedrk okys ns'k esa bl dnj
yksdfç; gksxkA ;g blfy, Hkh laHko gqvk D;ksafd ;gk¡ çkjaHk ls gh dFkk dgus dh ijaijk gS vkSj Hkkjr
dFkkokpdksa rFkk Jksrkvksa dk ns'k gSA gekjs ns'k dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd ;gk¡ dksbZ ijaijk dHkh #drh ugha]
vius uke dks ;FkkFkZ djrh gSA vkt VSDuksykWth ds ;qx esa Hkh jkeyhyk] yko.kh] ukSVadh vkSj Lokax dk;e
gSAa jaxeap vkt Hkh vkyksfdr gSA
ftls ge fganh flusek dgrs gS]a og oLrqr% Hkkjrh; flusek gS] tks lewps Hkkjro"kZ esa vkSj tgk¡&tgk¡
Hkh Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksx fuokl djrs gS]a mudks HkkoukRed :i ls ,d lw=k esa fijksus dk dke djrk gSA
fganh Hkk"kk us ftruh lqxerk ls fganh fiQYeksa vkSj fiQYeh xhrksa ds ekè;e ls fofHkUu Hkk"kkHkkf"k;ksa ds chp
esa viuh igqp ¡ cukbZ] mruh vU; fdlh ekè;e ls ughaA fu%langs fganh flusek us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds
ewyea=k ^vusdrk esa ,drk* dks lgh vFkks± esa çLrqr fd;k gSA
^Hkk"kk* dk çLrqr fo'ks"kkad ^Hkkjrh; ,oa fo'o flusek* ij dsafær gS tks gSnjkckn esa funs'kky; n~okjk
blh fo"k; ij vk;ksftr ifjlaokn esa çLrqr vkys[kksa ls lefUor gSA ikBdksa ds lq>koksa dh çrh{kk jgsxhA A
izksQslj jes'k dqekj ikaMs;

Jn~èkkatfy
bjiQku [kku ½f"k diwj
7 tuojh 1967 & 04 flracj 1952 &

29 vizy S 2020 30 vizy
S 2020
lq'kkar flag jktiwr ljkst [kku
21 tuojh 1986 22 uoacj 1948 &

14 twu 2020 03 tqykbZ 2020
txnhi jkgr bankSjh
29 ekpZ 1939 & 01 tuojh 1950 &

08 tqykbZ 2020 11 vxLr 2020

laikndh;
vkt flusek euksjt a u ds lcls egRoiw.kZ lkèkuksa esa ls ,d gSA fiNys vkB n'kdksa ls flusek vkSj
flus&laxhr gekjs thou ds vfHkUu vax cus gq, gSAa pkgs dksbZ Hkh ioZ gks] èkkfeZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd
rFkk jktuSfrd R;ksgkj gksa flusek vkSj flus&laxhr gj volj dks ,d lqjhyk vatke nsrs vk, gSa bldk
eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd fiQYeksa esa ekuo&eu dk izR;sd Hkko izfrfcafcr gksrk jgk gSA fiQYesa ;fn lekt dk
vkbZuk gSa rks fiQYeh xhr&laxhr ekuo eu dk niZ.k gSA flusek vkt ftl eqdke rd igqp ¡ k gSA mls ;gk¡
rd igqp ¡ kus esa gekjs fiQYedkjks]a xhrdkjks]a laxhrdkjksa vkSj xk;dksa dk] mudh vn~Hkqr izfrHkk dk] mudh
yxu dk] muds vFkd ifjJe dk vkSj flusek ds izfr mudh lPph fu"Bk dk vewY; ;ksxnku gSA
if'peh ns'kksa esa fiQYeksa vkSj muds xhr&laxhr dk viuk&viuk vyx vfLrRo jgk gSA ogk¡ dh
fiQYeksa esa xhr&laxhr dk pyu ml rjg ugha gS tSls gekjs ;gk¡ gSA Hkkjrh; flusek us tc cksyuk lh[kk]
rc xhr&laxhr dks Hkh mlus vius vanj lesV fy;kA bldk ize[q k dkj.k ;g gS fd ;gk¡ ij laxhr gtkjksa
o"kks± ls gekjh laLÑfr ls vkSj gekjs thou ewY;ksa ls l'kDr :i ls tqMk+ gqvk gS] ftls vyx ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA 14 ekpZ 1931 dk fnu Hkkjrh; flusek ds fy, ,d vfoLej.kh; fnu gSA bl fnu ns'k dh
igyh cksyrh fiQYe vFkkZr~ lokd fiQYe (VkWdh) ^vkye&vkjk* eqca bZ ds eStfs LVd flusek ?kj esa iznf'kZr
gqbZ FkhA
blls igys ewd fiQYeksa dk nkSj pyk vk jgk FkkA ^vkye&vkjk* us u dsoy fiQYeksa dks cksyuk
fl[kk;k] mUgsa vkokt+ Hkh iznku dh cfYd fiQYeksa esa xhr&laxhr dk pyu Hkh blh fiQYe ls izkjaHk gqvkA
Hkkjr esa flusek ds vkxeu ls iwoZ euksjt a u dk ize[q k lkèku ûkVd* Fkk] tks vyx&vyx izkra ksa esa
vyx&vyx :iksa esa izLrqr gksrk FkkA ukVdksa dh ijaijk bl ns'k esa 'krkfCn;ksa iqjkuh gSA izkphu Hkkjr us
laLÑr ukVdksa dk Lo.kZ&;qx ns[kk FkkA mlds ckn Mªkek dk fujarj fodkl gksrk x;kA tSl&s tSls vyx&vyx
Hkk"kkvksa dk tUe gqvk rnuqlkj viuh&viuh Hkk"kk dh lekurk,¡ vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡ fy, gq, vyx&vyx
ukV~; 'kSfy;k¡ fodflr gqbAZ laLÑr fFk,Vj ds pyu dks vkBoha 'krkCnh esa ckgjh vkØe.kksa ls dqN èkDdk
yxk ysfdu ,sls le; esa Hkh yksd&ukV~; ftank jgk tks vkxs pydj vkèkqfud fFk,Vj dk vkèkkj cukA
1840 esa fo".kqnkl Hkkos us ejkBh fFk,Vj dh 'kq#vkr dh rFkk lu~ 1850 esa xqtjkr ds ikjlh lainz k; us
eqacbZ esa Ikkjlh fFk,Vj dh 'kq#vkr dhA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye&vkjk* dk
fuekZ.k Hkh ikjlh daiuh us gh fd;k FkkA
Hkkjr esa fiQYeksa dk izn'kZu 1896 esa izkjaHk gqvk tc ^Y;wfe;j cznlZ* dh fiQYeksa dk izn'kZu eqca bZ ds
okVlu gksVy esa fd;k x;k FkkA blds ik¡p lky ckn 1901 esa] gfj'panz l[kkjke HkkrokMsdj us igyh
Hkkjrh; fiQYe ^fn fjVuZ vkWiQ jsxa yj ijkatis* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA blds fy, mUgksua s 1897 esa yanu ls ,d
flus&dSejs dk vk;kr fd;kA Hkkjr dh igyh îQqy ysaFk LVksjh fiQYe* dk fuekZ.k èkqaMhjkt xksfoan iQkYds]
ftUgsa vkt nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS us fd;kA ^jktk gfj'panz* uked ;g fiQYe 21
vizy S 1913 dks eqca bZ ds dksjksu's ku flusek?kj esa iznf'kZr gqbZ vkSj ;gha ls ewd lkekftd fiQYeksa dh
'kq#vkr gqbAZ bl fiQYe dks yksxksa us gkFkksa&gkFk xzg.k fd;k vkSj fiQYe ns[kus ds fy, gtkjksa dh HkhM+
meM+ iM+h FkhA ,sls esa pan vkus dk fVdV Hkh 4 #i, rd esa fcdk FkkA iQkYds dh fn[kkbZ jkg ij dbZ
fiQYe&fuekZrk py iMs+ vkSj ,d ds ckn ,d cgqr lh ewd fiQYesa vkrh pyh xb±A

Hkkjrh; lekt esa tSl&s tSls vkèkqfudrk vkSj iQS'ku dk u;k lw=kikr gqvk] lekt esa ubZ tkx:drk
vkrh xbZ Hkkjrh; flusek us Hkh rnuqlkj jax Hkjus 'kq: dj fn,A tgk¡ lekt us flusek dks ubZ fn'kk iznku
dh ogha flusek us Hkh lekt dks le;≤ ij izHkkfor fd;k gSA blh rF; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,
^Hkkjrh; ,oa fo'o flusek* fo"k; ij gSnjkckn esa lkfgfR;d ifjlaokn dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA blh fo"k;
ij Hkk"kk dk ;g fo'ks"kkad rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA
Hkk"kk ds bl flusek fo'ks"kkad ds rS;kj djus ds nkSjku leLr fo'o dkWjksuk egkekjh ls vkrafdr gSA
blh chp fganh flusek esa Hkh ,d ds ckn ,d dbZ nq[kn ?kVuk,¡ gqbA± flusek ds izfrf"Br dykdkj bjiQku
[kku] ½f"k diwj vkSj ubZ ih<+h ds lq'kkar flag jktiwr] ljkst [kku] txnhi vkSj jkgr bankSjh dk bl lalkj
ls fonk ysuk] vR;ar nq[knkbZ ?kVuk,¡ jghA fganh flusek esa budk fof'k"V ,oa vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA
Hkk"kk ifjokj budks viuh Jn~èkkatfy vfiZr djrk gSA
Hkk"kk dh lnL;rk dk dk;Z Hkh funs'kky; esa izkjaHk gks x;k gSA lnL;rk gsrq vkosnu izi=k Hkk"kk ds
izR;sd vad ds lkFk layXu fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk vkWuykbu www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in ij Hkh
miyCèk gSA
(MkW- jkds'k dqekj)

vkys[k
flusek % lekt] lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr

MkW- iwjupan VaMu
fl usek] n`'; ,oa JO; ekè;e gksus ds dkj.k

lekt ds gj oxZ dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
;FkkFkZ vkSj dYiuk dk vn~Hkqr lfEeJ.k flusek dks
cqtxq ]Z vehj rFkk xjhc lHkh ds fy, vkÑ"V djus
okyk pk{kq"k ekè;e gSA flusek dyk ls rduhd vkSj
foKku ls izknS ;~ ksfxdh ls Hkh tqM+ jgk gSA lu~ 1936 esa
jkspd ,oa izjs d Hkh cukrk gSA lkfgR; vkSj flusek cuh fiQYe ^vNwr dU;k* gks ;k mUgha fnuksa cuh
nksuksa gh lekt ds niZ.k gksrs gSAa nksuksa lekt dks fiQYe ^MkW- dksVful dh vej dgkuh*] ftuesa Øe'k%
izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj lekt nksuksa dks izHkkfor djrk NqvkNwr dh leL;k dks rFkk ,d MkW- ds R;kx ,oaa
gSA lekt dk vPNk&cqjk] mUufr&voufr] mRFkku&iru] cfynku dh lPph ?kVuk dks vR;ar izHkkoh <ax ls
foiUurk&laiUurk lHkh dqN lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa fiQYek;k x;k gS && lekt ds fy, vk¡[ksa [kksyus]
ds ekè;e ls mtkxj gksrs gSAa lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa iqufoZpkj djus rFkk lUekxZ ryk'kus dk dke djrh gSa
gh lkekftdksa dh Kku&fiiklk dks rÌr djrs gSAa nksuksa nksuksa fiQYesAa
gh euksjt a u Hkh djrs gSAa nksuksa gh f'k{kk Hkh nsrs gSAa flusek us euq"; txr ds ekuoh;&vekuoh;]
jk"Vª dk bfrgkl] vktknh dk la?k"kZ] lkaLÑfrd psruk] mfpr&vuqfpr] xzkg~;&R;kT;] lgh&xyr ;k vPNs&cqjs
ioZ&mRlo] esy&s izn'kZfu;k¡] jhfr&fjokt] fookg&jLes]a O;ogkj ,oaa vkpj.k dks Bhd mlh rjg fiQYek;k gS
jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] [ksy&O;k;ke] f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k] tSls dksbZ tkx:d lkfgR;dkj viuh lkfgfR;d jpuk
n'kZu& euksfoKku] lkekftd leL;k vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ ds dFkkud dk rkuk&ckuk cqurk gSA Hkkjrsanq ;qx ls
lc dqN gesa lkfgR; rFkk flusek esa mn~?~ kkfVr gksrk vn~;ru nkSj rd ds lkfgR; es]a ftl izdkj le; ,oaa
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA jktuhfr] iqfyl] Hkz"Vkpkj] pksjh&MdSrh] fLFkfr ds cnyko us lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;dkj dks
vR;kpkj] 'kks"k.k] cykRdkj] vU;k;] vO;oLFkk] tUe cnyk gS] oSls gh flusek us Hkh vius lkekftd
O;oLFkk ds fo#n~èk la?k"kZ] csjkstx+ kjh] tula[;k dk ljksdkjkssa dks mtkxj fd;k gSA Ñf"k izèkku ns'k Hkkjr
iz d ks i ] ekuoh; detks f j;k¡ ] iz k Ñfrd iz d ks i ] dh cM+h leL;k dks ,d rjiQ ênj bafM;k* mtkxj
i;kZoj.k&izn"w k.k] jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh; pqukSfr;k¡] vkradokn] djrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ îhiyh ykbo* blh leL;k
oSpkfjd fojklr] lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dk varj.k vkfn dks vyx rjg ls mn~?kkfVr djrh gSA bfrgkl cksèk
gesa lkfgR; rFkk flusek esa ,d lkFk ns[kus dks feyrk dks vkèkkj cukdj ;fn ^jft+;k lqYrku*] ^fldanj&
gSA ,&vkt+e*] ^vukjdyh*] êqxy&,&vkt+e*] ^tksèkk
lkfgR; dh rjg flusek Hkh le; lkis{k] fLFkfr vdcj*] ^yky fdyk* vkfn fiQYeas fufeZr gksrh gSa rks
;k ?kVuk lkis{k gksrk gSA ;g lk{kj rFkk fuj{kj] îwjc vkSj if'pe* tSlh Hkkjrh; ,oaa ik'pkR; ewY;ksa
vYiK rFkk fo'ks"kK] L=kh rFkk iq#"k] ckyd rFkk ds la?k"kZ okyh fiQYesa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa fiQYeh xhrksa

esa tks jk"Vªh; psruk] tks lkfgfR;d dkO;&eeZ vkSj tksgjkckbZ vkfn us vius Lojksa ls] ekèkq;Z Hkjs xhrksa ls
mnw&Z iQkjlh dk xhr&xt+y&lkSan;Z] dOokyh] uT+e vkSj tu&tu dks eksg fy;k FkkA iafMr dsnkj 'kekZ ds
'ksj&vks&'kk;jh vkfn dk tks laLi'kZ gesa feyrk gS og dkO;e; xhrksa us dqN foy{k.k felkysa dk;e dh FkhaA
bu fiQYeksa dh izklafxdrk] ifj"Ñr vfHk#fp rFkk laxhr esa ,d ;qx dqna uyky lgxy ;qx FkkA 1935 esa
lekt&lkis{krk dk gh ifjp; nsrk gSA oLrqr% ;fn ^nsonkl* fiQYe us Hkkjrh; n'kZd&txr dks foeqXèk
lkfgR; vkSj flusek dks ,d gh Ükà[kyk dh nks dfM+;k¡ dj fy;k FkkA blds ckn 1940 eas ^ftanxh*] fiQj
eku ysa rks 'kk;n vU;Fkk u gksxkA ^èkwi&Nk¡o*] ^èkjrh* vkSj ^'kkgtgk¡* tSlh fiQYeksa us
dkyt;h lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dh rjg fganh lkfgfR;d vfHk#fp okys xhrksa ls n'kZdks&a Jksrkvksa dk
flusek esa Hkh vusd lkoZtfud fiQYesa gS_a ftuesas eu&eksg fy;k FkkA ml le; ds laxhrdkjkssa esa ukS'kkn
^vkyevkjk*] ^#nkyh*] ^xksnku*] ^xcu*] ^'krjat ds us rFkk 'kk;j vkSj dfo;ksa esa et:g lqYrkuiqjh vkfn
f[kykM+h*] ênj bafM;k*] ^yTtk*] ^pd ns bafM;k*] us Hkh th rksM+ lkèkuk dh FkhA ^jru* fiQYe ds xhrksa
^fp=kys[kk*] eqx+y&,&vkt+e*] ^CySd*] ^vfHkeku*] us rks ns'k esa èkwe epk nh FkhA tksgjkckbZ vackys okyh
^vkuan*] ^rkjs teha is* vkfn vusd mYys[kuh; ,oaa ds eèkqj Lojksa us ,d ls ,d csgrjhu xhr flusek
Lej.kh; pyfp=k gSa ftudh Hkwfedk vfoLej.kh; gSA txr dks fn,A 1943 esa ^fdLer* fiQYe ds xhrksa us
blh kÜ [à kyk esa ^ln~xfr*] ^nsojkt*] îfj.khrk*] ^vuqHko*] èkwe epk nh FkhA dfo iznhi ds xhr vkSj vfuy
^vadqj*] êaFku*] ^lkjk vkdk'k*] ^jtuhxaèkk*] ^xeZ fcLokl dh èkquksa us ,d ubZ xhfr&;kstuk dks tUe
gok*] ^nkeqy*] ^pØ*] tquwu*] ^vkØks'k*] ^vn~èkZlR;*] fn;k FkkA 1940 esa cuh fiQYe ^dYiuk* ds rks xhr
êksgu tks'kh gkft+j gks*] ^,d #dk gqvk iQSlyk*] ^nks gh Nk;koknh fganh dfork ds vkèkkj LraHk lqfe=kkuanu
vk¡[ksa ckjg gkFk*] îkdht+k*] ^lkjka'k* tSlh fiQYeksa dks iar us fy[ks FksA
Hkh Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrk tks lkfgfR;d vkLokn ds nwl js fo'o;q n ~è k ds ckn ns ' k dh cnyrh
lkFk iznf'kZr dh xbZ gSAa lkfgR; vkSj flusek viuh fLFkfr;ks&a ifjfLFkfr;ksa us flusek vkSj flusekbZ ifjdYiukvksa
vfeV Nki lekt vkSj lkekftd Lrj ij NksM+rs gSaA dks Hkh u, vk;ke fn,A ns'kHkfDr] jk"Vªh; psruk]
lkfgR; vkSj flusek oLrqr% ,d&nwljs ds iwjd cudj jk"Vªh; xkSjo&xkFkk] lkaLÑfrd psruk] Lokra=; vkanksyu
lekt esa mHkjrs gSaA dh i`"BHkwfe rFkk lkaLÑfrd jk"Vªokn dk Loj xhrksa es]a
;fn flusekbZ xhrksa dk bfrgkl mBkdj ns[ksa rks laxhr es]a flusekbZ dFkkudksa esa Hkh izdV gksus yxk FkkA
muesa Hkh lekt] laLÑfr] ewY;] ijaijk] ioZ&mRlo] ^'kghn* fiQYe ds xhrksa esa ¶oru dh jkg esa oru ds
jhfr&fjokt+] jLes]a xhrkRed ,oaa izjs d :i esa fpf=kr ukStok¡ 'kghn gks¸ rFkk dfo iznhi fyf[kr xhr ¶nwj
fd, tkrs gSAa vusd fiQYeh xhr thou eas deZ ds gVks ,s nqfu;k okyks]a fganLq rku gekjk gS¸ ,slh tkxj.k
egRo dks mtkxj djrs gSAa fganh dh igyh] xhr&laxhr psruk dk lapkj fd;k fd vkt Hkh vkt+knh ds
dk vkxkt+ djus okyh fiQYe Fkh ^vkyevkjk* ftlus volj ij ;s xhr xk,&lquk, tkrs gSAa og fganh
1931 esa 14 ekpZ dks ;g jpukRed igy dh vkSj flusek dk ,slk ;qx Fkk tc xhrksa ds fy,] laxhr ds
rc ls vkt rd fiQYeh xhr&laxhr dh ;g ;k=kk fy, fiQYe dh iwjh ;wfuV ,d lkFk ?kaVksa] fnuksa vkSj
dfoRo 'kfDr] dkO;&eeZ] d.kZfiz;rk] ekèkq;]Z foeksfguh eghuksa cSBrh Fkh] foe'kZ djrh Fkh] fj;kt+ djrh Fkh]
'kfDr ls gksrh gqbZ vkt viuh jkg HkVd pqdh gSA iz;ksx djrh FkhA xhrksa ds 'kCn] xk;dksa ds ewY;]
'kkL=kh; f'k{kk izkIr xk;d] uk;d&ukf;dk igys Lo;a dykdkjksa ds fln~èkkar gj rjg ls fiQYe dks Dykfld]
vfHku; vkSj xk;u nksuksa dk;Z djrs FksA v'kksd dqekj xhr&laxhr dks Lej.kh; vkSj vfoLej.kh; cukuk pkgrs
vkSj nsfodk jkuh blds l'kDr mnkgj.k gSaA èkhek FksA og ;qx oLrqr% lkèkuksa dk de lkèkuk dk vfèkd
laxhr gksrk Fkk] Hkkjrh; laxhr 'kSyh rc vkt ds FkkA xk;dksa dks vfHkusrkvksa ls tksMd + j mudh gh
'kksj&'kjkcs okys ik'pkR; iksi laxhr ls vkØkar ugha vkokt+ ds fy, vfuok;Z lk cuk fn;k x;k FkkA tc
FkhA ds-,y-lgxy] dkuu nsoh] vehjckbZ dukZVdh] vej xk;d eqd's k dk LoxZokl gqvk rks pkjksa vksj

ppkZ ;g gqbZ fd egku dykdkj] xzVs 'kks&eSu jktdiwj fiQYesa gSa ftUgsa Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA
dh rks vkokt+ gh pyh xbZA nsokuan] jkts'k [kUuk] fdarq ik'pkR; laxhr] xk;u 'kSyh] xhrksa dk
vferkHk cPpu tSls egku vfHkusrkvksa ds fy, fd'kksj cnyrk :i&Lo:i èkhjs&èkhjs bl LofxZd vkuan dk
dqekj us tks xk;dh dh gS og foy{k.k gS] vizfre gSA gR;kjk curk pyk x;kA ekèkq;&Z feBkl lekIr gksrh
fnyhi dqekj ds fy,] Hkkjr Hkw"k.k ds fy, egku pyh xbZA gks&gYYkk vkSj 'kksj&'kjkck xhr ds cksyksa dks
xk;d eksgEen jiQ+h us tks Loj fn, gSa mUgsa ns[k&lqudj fuxy x;k vkSj mldh vkRek dks ?kk;y djus okyk
rks ;gh yxrk Fkk fd ;s bUgha ds fy, cus gSaA ,d cu x;kA vc rks eqUuh cnuke gqb]Z v¡f[k;ksa ls xksyh
t+ekuk Fkk tc xqyke eksgEen lkgc] ,l-Mh-ceZu] ekjs] eSa vkbZ gw¡ ;w-ih-] fcgkj ywVus tSls vusd xhrksa us
ola r ns l kbZ ] ukS ' kkn lkgc] vfuy fo'okl] cgqr fujk'k fd;k gSA dqN iqjkus xhrksa ds jhfeDl us
'kadj&t;fd'ku] lfyy pkSèkjh] lh- jkepan]z enu&eksgu] jgh&lgh dlj iwjh dj nhA gkyk¡fd fujarj fxjkoV
jkS'ku] fp=kxqIr] gsera dqekj] [kÕ;ke lkgc] jfo] dk ;g nkSj py jgk gSA fdarq fiQj Hkh chp&chp esa
t;nso] vks-ih- uSÕ;j] dY;k.kth&vkuanth] m"kk [kUuk vkt Hkh dfo ân; ls fudys dqN lqna j] eueksgd
vkSj jkgqy nso ceZu vkfn us vius dkO;kRed] ekèkq;Z vkSj vuk;kl gksus ij vk cSBus okys xhr fy[ks vkSj
ls ifjiw.kZ] vkRefoeqXèk dj nsus okys laxhr ls iwjs xk, tk jgs gSAa
fo'o dh ân; raf=k;ksa dks Liafnr dj fn;k FkkA buds fganh flusek tc ewd Fkk rc Hkh rFkk tc
laxhr us dfork vkSj 'ksjks&'kk;jh ds {ks=k esa l`tukRed lokd gqvk rc Hkh vkSj vc tc 'kksj&'kjkcs okyk gks
;ksxnku dj jgs vusd dfo;ks]a xhrdkjks]a 'kk;jksa vkSj x;k rks Hkh ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd deksc's k mldk
jpukdfeZ;ksa dks ,d vyx igpku fnyokbZ FkhA ^lksus lkekftd ljksdkj lekIr ugha gqvkA dqN HkkSMa s dkWeMs h
esa lqgkxk* tSls ;g xhr&laxhr dk ;ksx] pksyh&nkeu pyfp=k Hkh cus rks dqN okLro esa mPp Lrjh; gkL;
tSlk ;s fj'rk Hkkjrh; flusek dh èkjksgj cu x;kA eueksgd O;aX; okys pyfp=kksa us Hkh viuh lknxh ls
ujsanz 'kekZ] xksiky flag usikyh] dfo iznhi] 'kSysan]z foeqXèk dj fy;kA fganh flusek us gesa ,d ls c<+dj
Hkjr U;kl] banhoj] xksikynkl uhjt] larks"k vkuan] ,d vfHkusrk fn;k vkSj egku ls egku vfHkus=kh Hkh
lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh] dSiQ+h vkt+eh] tk¡&fulkj v[rj] nhA iwjk ,d bfrgkl gS tks 'krdh; ;k=kk iwjh dj
'kdhy cnk;wu¡ h] vkuan c['kh] jktsna z Ñ".k] gljr pqdk gSA dykdkj] dgkuhdkj] laokn&ys[kd] vuqoknd]
t;iqjh] dej tykykcknh rFkk jktk esg¡nh vyh [kk¡ funZ's kd] izLrqrdrkZ] forjd] fuekZrk vkSj iwjh ,d
vkfn egku jpukdkjksa us fganh fiQYeksa ds xhr&txr Vhe tc fdlh Hkh fiQYe ls tqMr+ h gS rks fu%langs
dks vfoLej.kh;] fpjLej.kh; cuk fn;k] dkyt;h ;knxkj fiQYessa lekt dks nsus dk dk;Z djrs gSAa
cuk fn;kA vkt Hkh yksx bu egku l`tuèkfeZ;ksa ds ^rhljh dle*] ^lkjk vkdk'k*] ^Hkqou'kkse*]
xhrksa ,oa laxhrksa dks xkrs&xquxqukrs gSaA ubZ ih<+h ds ^jtuhxaèkk*] ^mldh jksVh*] ^Li'kZ*] ^vkØks'k*] ^xeu*]
cgqr ls ;qok Hkh muds vonku ls vfHkHkwr gSaA ,slh ^vycVZ fiaVksa dks xqLlk D;ksa vkrk gS*] ^nkeqy*] ^36
;knxkj ,oaa dkyt;h fiQYeksa esa êgd*] ^vkx*] pkSjaxh ysu*] ^fepZ&elkyk*] ^btkt+r* tSlh dqN fganh
^vkpj.k*] ênj bafM;k*] ^vankt*] ^vej*] îfrrk*] fiQYeksa us fganh flusek dks ,d vNwrw jkg dh rjiQ]
ôlar cgkj*] ^nkx*] ^fetkZ x+kfyc*] ^xksnku*] ^nks ,d ubZ jkg dh rjiQ eksM+ fn;kA vkxs pydj ^pd
ch?kk tehu*] ^cafnuh*] ^lqtkrk*] ^HkkHkh*] ^vukjdyh*] ns bafM;k*] ^'kksy*s ] ^naxy*] ^rkjs t+eha ij*] ^jax ns
ûkfxu*] îQkxqu*] ^rhljh dle*] ^vukM+h*] ^vkj&ikj*] clarh* vkfn dqN fiQYeksa us Hkh le;&lkis{k u,
^lh-vkbZ-Mh-*] ^pkSngoha dk pk¡n*] ^laxe*] Î;klk*] fo"k; viuk,] ubZ n`f"V ls dqN Toyar lkekftd&jk"Vªh;
ûojax*] ^tgk¡vkjk*] û;k nkSj*] îkdht+k*] ^vkjkèkuk*] eqn~ns mn~?kkfVr fd,A ^vkuan*] ^vfHkeku*] ûed
^ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS*] ^xaxk tequk*] ^ge nksuksa*] gjke*] ^feyh*] ôkVj*] ^fu%'kCn*] ^CySd* vkfn fiQYeksa
^vkjtw*] êsjs egcwc*] ^ljLorh panz*] ^ghj jk¡>k*] us Hkh tu&lewg dks vkÑ"V vkSj izHkkfor fd;kA
^lR;e f'koe lqanje~*] êsjk uke tksdj* vkfn vusd ^pqids&pqids* vkSj ^xksyeky* tSlh fiQYessa vkt Hkh

mlh rjg rkt+h vkSj izHkkoh yxrh gSa tSls 30&40 o"kZ jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh; iqjLdkjksa vkSj vokMks± dh nqfu;k esa
igys yxrh FkhaA Lisl dks ryk'krk fganh flusek] flusekbZ LoIuksa dk
fiQj vkxs pydj ^[kyuk;d* ds uk;d cuus lkSnkxj flusek] flusekbZ HkxhjFkksa dh ijaijk dh j{kk
dh ;k=kk Hkh fganh flusek us r; dhA udkjkRed ds fy, fpafrr flusek] fp=kdkjks]a u`rdks]a f[kykfM+;ks]a
fo"k;ksa ij Hkh vusd fiDpjsa cuhaA ^gR;k*] êMZj*] jktuhfrKksa] jk"Vªuk;dksa] oSKkfudksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh
^MVhZ fiDpj*] îQS'ku*] ^xqt+kfj'k* vkfn vusd fiQYeksa vkokt+ curk fganh flusek] u;k vFkZ'kkL=k x<+rk vkSj
us viuh rjg ls leL;kvksa dks mtkxj fd;kA èkhjs&èkhjs Loj&laxhr ds f'kYi dks cqurk&rjk'krk fganh flusek
izkarh; flusek us Hkh viuh igpku vf[ky Hkkjrh; yxkrkj xfr'khy gS] ubZ jkgksa dk vUos"kh cudj
Lrj ij cukuh izkjaHk dhA Mfcax ls] okW;l vksofjax y{;xkeh gSA Økafr dk fcxqy ctkrk] u, n'kZu dk
ls] vuqokn ls] laokn varj.k ls] Hkk"kkarj.k&izfØ;k ls Ldsp rS;kj djrk] jaxeap dh ubZ rLohj dks mdsjrk
Hkkjrh; flusek ijLij ;=k&r=k&loZ=k fopj.k djus fganh flusek psruk dk foLrkj rks dj gh jgk gS fdarq
yxkA cky&euksfoKku dh dFkkoLrq ij] fdlkuksa dh dHkh fopkjèkkjk ls HkVdrk Hkh izrhr gksus yxrk gSA
leL;kvksa ij] L=kh&foe'kZ lacèa kh leL;kvksa vkSj dqjhfr;ksa dHkh jksekafVflT+e dh I;kl fy,] dHkh vlyh Hkkjr
ij] lkekftd foÑfr;ksa ij] jk"Vªh; psruk ds vusd dh èkqèa kyh rLohj fy,] dHkh dkxt+h iQwyksa esa [kq'kcw
vk;keksa ij] xjhch ij] csjkst+xkjh ij] lkainz kf;drk dh [kkst djrs gq,] dHkh lkearoknh O;oLFkk ds
ij] vlekurk ij] vkSn~;ksxhdj.k ij] 'kks"k.k] cykRdkj fo#n~èk la?k"kZ dh [kkst djrs gq,] dHkh lkearoknh
vkSj f'k{kk ds u, ek;uksa ij] vukFk leL;k] vuesy O;oLFkk ds fo#n~èk la?k"kZ djrs gq, vkSj dHkh ekDlZoknh
fookg] foèkok leL;k] cqtxq ks± dh leL;k] ekrk&firk n`f"V ls 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"kr dh okLrfodrk dks fpf=kr
dh mis{kk tSlh leL;k] fgalk rFkk vkradokn vkfn djrs gq, fganh flusek fujarj vkxs c<+ jgk gSA
dh leL;k] 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls bZ'oj iznRr pqukSfr;ksa dHkh fookg] cafnuh] vkg] tkxrs jgks] cjlkr]
dks ysdj] [ksyksa dks ysdj] jkx&n~o"s k vkSj bZ";kZ dks ckWch vkSj izes jksx tSlh fganh fiQYeksa us nsg dh leL;k
ysdj] izfrn~ona f~ ork dks ysdj] Hkz"Vkpkj] O;kikj] HkfDr dks] fj'rksa dh egÙkk dks mtkxj fd;k gS rks dHkh
vkSj izes vkfn dks ysdj vusd izdkj dh fiDpjsa cuha fnyhi dqekj] nsokuan vkSj jktdiwj dh f=kewfrZ us]
vkSj yxkrkj cu Hkh jgh gSaA vr% fganh flusek us f=knso cudj fganh flusek dks u, ek;us Hkh fn, gSaA
lekt] lkfgR;] laLÑfr] bfrgkl vkSj lH;rk vkfn lp ds ljksdkj] jksekal dh nqfu;k dh vuqHkwfr;k¡]
ls lacafèkr vusd fo"k;ksa dks vkRelkr fd;k gS vkSj lqijfgV fiQYeksas dk flyflyk] lkèkkj.k dh egkurk
xhrks]a dFkkudks]a laoknksa rFkk laxhr vkfn ds n~okjk dh izfr"Bk] izes dh vejrk] laons ukvksa dks Nw ysus ds
mUgsa vR;ar eeZLi'khZ vfHkO;fDr;k¡ iznku dh gSAa u;k u, èkjkry] NksVh lh ckr dk cM+k vkSj vfoLej.kh;
flusek] lekukarj flusek] dyk flusek] euksjatu flusek] izn'kZu] xhrks]a laoknksa ls [kq'kcw fc[ksjus dh dykRedrk]
gkL;&O;aX; dk flusek] nfyr&foe'kZ dk flusek] fj'rksa dh iM+rky] eqLdqjkgVkas ds ihNs fNis x+eksa dks
vkj{k.k fo"k;d leL;kvksa dks mn~?kkfVr djrk flusek] i<+ ysus dh varnZ`f"V dk mn~?kkVu] flrkjksa vkSj
laons ukRed flusek] U;k;&vU;k; dh leL;k ls tw>rk vfHkusrkvksa dh VdjkgV] vfHku; dh ubZ lSnè~ kkafrdh
flusek] iwt ¡ hoknh O;oLFkk ls la?k"kZjZ r flusek] vaMjoYMZ dk 'kkL=k jprk flusekbZ ra=k] vfHku; dh ekSfydrk
dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa ls tw>rk flusek] LVkj vkSj izfrHkk dh vkHkk ls igpku cukrs pfj=k] dHkh
ifjokjksa ls f?kjk flusek] LVkjMe ds vgadkj ls xzLr 'kksyksa dh fpaxkfj;ksa dk tknw vkSj dHkh ^'kku* ls
flusek vkSj lsalj dh fxjÝr esa flusek] v'yhyrk ls 'kks&eSu curs gq, flusekbZ tknwxj lHkh us Hkkjrh;
xzLr flusek] izn'kZu dh gksM+ eas 'kkfey flusek rFkk thou] thou&'kSy h] ewY;ksa dh l'kDr ija ijk]
fodkl ,oaa fons'khdj.k ds u, vk;keksa dks mtkxj vilaLÑfrdj.k dk ncko] cnyrk Hkjrh; ifjos'k
djrk flusek] MkWD;weVas jh flusek] uSjfs Vu fiQYeksa ls vkSj dHkh foHkktu dh =kklnh ls tw>rk Hkkjrh;
esy ksM ª k ek rd igq ¡ prk flus e k] lkFkZ d flus ek] tu&ekul] lqjksa dh lkfèkdkvksa vkSj lkèkdksa dk yksdksRrj

vonku] dHkh laxhr dk cnyrk ygt+k vkSj dHkh Hkh ikB i<+k,A leLr dykvksa ds Hkkjrh; Lof.kZe
lkSan;Z ds cnyrs vFkZ rFkk izfreku] lHkh dqN Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh xfjek dk] xkSjokuqHkwfr dk cksèk Hkh djk,A
vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fganh flusek us le;≤ ij gesa uSfrd f'k{kk] lkekU;&Kku f'k{kk vkSj jk"Vªh;rk
mn~?kkfVr dj viuh jpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA rFkk jk"Vªh; psruk ds cnys vFkks± ls Hkh voxr djk,A
bèkj îhyw* ;k îhiyh ykbo* vkfn fiQYeksa us ,d D;ksafd flusek lokZfèkd izHkkodkjh ekè;e gS tks gj
u;k flusek&'kkL=k Hkh x<+k gSA Lis'ky biQSDV~l us oxZ ds] gj mez ds] gj {ks=k vkSj jkT; ds n'kZdks&a Jksrkvksa
^dksbZ fey x;k*] ^jst*] ^èkwe*] ^Ñ"k*] ^jkscksV*] ^jkou* dks vkÑ"V Hkh djrk gS] foeqXèk Hkh djrk gS vkSj
tSls rduhdh vkSj mRrj vkèkqfud flusek dks Hkh izsjd Hkh cukrk gSA n'kZdksa dh dPph fnekxh feV~Vh
fo'ks"k igpku fnykbZ gSA ij fganh flusek tks cht&oiu djrk gS] og lekt eas
dqy feykdj Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj eq[; :i ls iYyfor&iqf"ir gksrk Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA izdkjkarj
fganh flusek vusd psgjs cnyrk gS fdarq vkRek ls flusek ,d ml f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg
mldh ogh cuh jgrh gSA vHkh Hkh gekjs flusek ls djrk gS tks d{kk esa cSBs lSdM+kas fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dk ;fn
;g vis{kk gS fd og gesa gekjs xkSjo'kkyh vrhr ls] Bhd l`tu djrk gS rks os jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fy, izLrqr
lqugjs bfrgkl ls fofèkor~ ifjfpr djk,A gekjs ;qokvksa gksrs gSa vkSj ;fn og f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk esa foiQy gks
dks vkèkqfud rks cuk,] fdarq viuh tM+kas ls u m[kM+us tkrk gS rks rS;kj gksus okyh ih<+h jk"Vª ds fy, ?kkrd
dh izjs .kk vkSSj f'k{kk Hkh nsA ckt+kjoknh laLÑfr ds gks tkrh gSA f'k{kk dsoy lSn~èkkafrd ugha gksrh] laLdkjksa
ihNs nkSM+ jgs ;qokvksa dks vfèkdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk ds fuekZ.k dh Hkh gksrh gSA ogh gksuh Hkh pkfg,A
drZO; dk] nkf;Ro fuokZg dk] laons ukvksa dh j{kk dk
µ Mh&67] 'kqHke ,UDyso] if'pe fogkj] ubZ fnYyh&110063

qqq

Hkkjrh; flusek dk izkjafHkd nkSj %
,d n`'; pyfp=k Økafr
gfjjke
Hkk jrh; flusek dk mn; fdlh Økafr ls

de u FkkA ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud euksjatu
iVy ij u, ;qx dh 'kq#vkr FkhA chloha 'krkCnh ds
eapu mnkgj.kkFkZ jkeyhyk eapu] uqDdM+ ukVd bR;kfn
euksjt a u ds Hkjiwj lkèku FksA tc Hkkjr esa flusek
vk;k rHkh flusek txr us bUgha lkfgR;dkjksa ds
izkjafHkd nkSj esa fo'kky izdk'keku dh rjg iwjs oSf'od lkfgR; dks fiQYeh dFkk dk vkèkkj cukdj fiQYesa
Lrj ij Hkkjrh; flusek us viuh igpku cuk yhA izLrqr dhA rRdkyhu le; esa turk fczfV'k vR;kpkjksa
vr% lkfgfR;d ukVdksa dk eapu mnkgj.kkFkZ jkeyhyk ls =kLr FkhA vr% èkeZ o ikSjkf.kd vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa dks
eapu] uqDdM+ ukVd bR;kfn euksjatu ds Hkjiwj lkèku dkiQh ljkgk x;k vkSj èkeZ o ikSjkf.kd vkèkkj ij gh
FksA tc Hkkjr esa flusek vk;k rHkh flusek txr us flusek txr us viuh ,d ubZ vyx igpku cuk yhA
bUgha lkfgR;dkjksa ds lkfgR; dks fiQYeh dFkk dk izkjafHkd nkSj dh fiQYesa ewd fiQYesa gksrs gq, Hkh lHkh
vkèkkj cukdj fiQYesa izLrqr dhA izkjafHkd flusek ds n'kZdksa ds euksjatu dk ,d vkd"kZ.k dk dsanz FkhA
funs'Z kd ghjkyky lsu vkSj eksrhyky lsu caèkq] gfj'panz D;ksfa d blls iwoZ n'kZdksa us jaxeap ds ukVd ns[ks Fks]
lq[kkjke HkVoMsdj] nknk lkgsc jkepanz xksiky rksj.kks Hkys gh izkjafHkd fiQYesa dsoy mPp oxhZ; yksxksa rd
blds vfrfjDr nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds ledkyhu lhfer Fkha] ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs ;g lqfoèkk vke turk ds
vU; funs'Z kd jaxkLokeh uVjkt eqnkfy;j] te'ksn fy, miyCèk gks xbZA Hkkjrh; flusek ds izkajfHkd nkSj
ÚkWeth enu (enu fFk,Vj)] j?kqifr osadS;k uk;Mw esa ,d ,sfrgkfld 'kq#vkr ds lkFk 1896 esa ,d
dh izkjafHkd flusek dks oSf'od igpku fnykus esa O;kolkf;d Nk;kadu tks Hkkjr gh ugha fo'oHkj es
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA vr% lHkh dk ;ksxnku Hkkjrh; ,d ubZ [kcj cu x;kA ftls eqca bZ esa Y;wfe;j vkSj
flusek esa vfoLej.kh; jgsxkA jkWcVZ ikWy dh fiQYeksa dks fn[kk;k x;kA lu~ 1898 dks
Hkkjrh; flusek dk mn; fdlh Økafr ls de u eqca bZ esa izkis Qslj LVhosUlu n~okjk dykdkjksa us ,d
FkkA ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud euksjatu iVy ij u, ;qx LVst 'kks ds :i esa fiQYe fn[kkbZ xbZA ftls ^n Ýykoj
dh 'kq#vkr FkhA Hkkjrh; flusek ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa vkWiQ if'kZ;k* vFkkZr~ îQkjl ds iQwy* (1895) uke
funsfZ 'kr lHkh fiQYesa èkeZ o ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dks vkèkkj fn;k x;kA dksydkrk esa ghjk yky lsu vkSj eksrh yky
cukrs gq, cukbZ xbZA lHkh fiQYesa ubZ f'k{kk ds mn~n's ; lsu ds lkFk 1899 esa jkW;y ck;ksLdksi daiuh cukbZ
ds LraHk dk vkèkkj cuhA izkjafHkd Lrj ij fons'kh xbZA tgk¡ eap 'kks ij fiQYesa fn[kkbZ xb± vkSj bUgha lsu
cktkjksa esa Hkkjrh; flus txr dks oSf'od igpku caèkqvksa us 1901 ls 1904 rd ^Hkzej*] ^gfj jk;*]
fnykbZA Hkkjr esa flusek ls iwoZ lkfgR; gh euksjt a u ^cqn~èknso*] ^vyhckck* tSlh rRdkyhu le; dh
dk le`nè~ k lalkj FkkA vr% lkfgfR;d ukVdksa dk jksekapdkjh o Hkjiwj euksjt a u dh fiQYesa nhaA mYys[kuh;

;g gS fd bu caèkqvksa dk fiQYeh dkj[kkuk 1913 esa ,d u;k dne mBk;k vFkkZr~ êksfguh HkLeklqj* fiQYe
can gks x;k vkSj dqN gh le; ckn ,d cM+h esa igyh ckj efgyk dykdkjksa dks fy;k x;k FkkA
vkxtuh esa u"V Hkh gks x;kA lsu caèkqvksa dk flusek ^lsrq caèku* Hkkjrh; flusek txr dh og igyh
txr dk ,d ,sfrgkfld izkjafHkd dne bfrgkl fiQYe Fkh] ftls vkokt nsdj ,d Mcewoh dk igyk
cudj jg x;kA Hkkjrh; flusek mn~;ksx fdlh Hkkjrh; liQy iz;ksx Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA nknk lkgsc ds funs'Z ku
n~okjk 'kwV dh xbZ igyh fiQYe gfj'panz lq[kkjke esa ;g igyh Mc ewoh FkhA ogha nwljh vksj igyh
HkVoMsdj (ejkBh uke & gfj'panz raxkjke HkVoMsdj) cksyrh fiQYe ^xaxkorj.k* cukbZ xbZ] tks nknk lkgsc
us ^n jslylZ* vFkkZr~ igyoku (1899) fiQYe cukbZA dh vafre fiQYe FkhA nknk lkgsc iQkYds us vius 19
;g fiQYe eqca bZ ds gSfa xax xkMZu esa gq, dq'rh eSp dks lkyksa ds dWfj;j esa 95 fiQYesa o 27 'kkVZ fiQYesa
n'kkZrs gq, cukbZ xbZ FkhA gfj'panz lq[kkjke HkVoMsdj cukbZA nknk lkgsc ds flusek txr ds vFkd la?k"kZ ds
ds funsZ'ku esa ^,d vkneh vkSj (1899)] ^mlds bfrgkl vkSj izfr"Bk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjr
canj* (1899) ^fnYyh njckj* (1903) tSlh liQy ljdkj us Hkkjrh; flus txr dks oSf'od igpku
MkD;weVas hª Hkkjrh; flusek dks feyhA o"kZ 1899 esa fnykus ds fy, 1969 dks ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj*
nknk lkgsc jkepanz xksiky rksj.ks us ,d ewd ejkBh dh LFkkiuk dhA izkjafHkd flusek ds funs'Z kd ghjk
fiQYe cukbZ] ftls dksjksu's ku flusek fluseksxzkiQ] eqca bZ yky lsu vkSj eksrh yky lsu caèkq gfj'panz l[kkjke
dh vksj ls 1912 esa îqMa fyd* uke ls fjyht fd;k HkVoMsdj] nknk lkgsc jkepanz xksiky rksj.ks blds
x;kA ;g gekjs Hkkjrh; flusek bfrgkl dh ,d vfrfjDr nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds ledkyhu vU;
egRoiw.kZ fiQYe jgh gS D;ksafd bl fiQYe ds fy, ^n funs'Z kd jaxkLokeh uVjkt eqnkfy;j] te'ksn ÚkWeth
VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k* us 25 ebZ] 1912 dks vius enu (enu fFk,Vj)] j?kqifr osadS;k uk;Mw] vnsZf'kj
lekpkj i=k esa ,d cM+s foKkiu ds lkFk izLrqr djrs bZjkuh dh izkjafHkd flusek dks oSf'od igpku fnykus
gq, fiQYe dks ns[kus dh vihy dh FkhA ;g fiQYe esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA vr% lHkh dk ;ksxnku
rRdkyhu le; esa n'kZdksa ds fy, ,d liQy fiQYe Hkkjrh; flusek esa vfoLej.kh; jgsxkA
jghA ;g fiQYe eq[;r% ejkBh lkfgR; ukVd ds igyh lokd (cksyrh fiQYe)& vnsfZ 'kj bZjkuh
vkèkkj ij jph xbZA Ñr ^vkye vkjk* (14 ekpZ] 1931) ,d lokd
Hkkjrh; flusek mn~;ksx esa iw.kkZofèk dh izkjafHkd (cksyrh fiQYe) fiQYe Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh ;g
fiQYe & nknk lkgsc iQkYds vFkkZr~ èkqMa hjkt xksfoan igyh fiQYe FkhA tc n'kZdksa us igyh ckj ,d insZ
iQkYds tks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds cgqHkk"kkvksa ds vPNs ij ukprs gq, dykdkjksa dks cksyrs gq, viuh Hkkoukvksa
fon~oku FksA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laLÑfr o ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dks insZ ij mrkjrs gq,] vfHku; dks gw&c&gw viuh
dks vkèkkj cukdj lu~ 1931 esa ^jktk gfj'pan*z rjg djrs ns[kkA blh o"kZ nf{k.k esa rfey Hkk"kk dh
fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl fiQYe ds lHkh ik=kksa dh igyh cksyrh fiQYe ,p- ,e- jsMM~ h+ n~okjk ^dkyhnkl*
Hkwfedk iq#"kksa us dhA ^jktk gjf'pan*z ,d fiQYe (1931) o caxkyh Hkk"kk esa vej pkSèkjh n~okjk enu
dksjksu's ku flusek eqca bZ dh vksj ls ,d ehy dk iRFkj fFk;sVj fyfeVsM dh vksj ls ^tekbZ "k"Bh* (1931)
lkfcr gqbZ vkSj O;kolkf;d Lrj ij vikj liQyrk fiQYe cukbZ xbZA ;g Hkkjrh; flusek esa ,d n`';
Hkh izkIr dhA nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks Hkkjrh; fiQYe Økafr dk izFke o oSf'od igpku dk Lo.kZ dne FkkA
mn~;ksx dk firkeg dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd mUgksaus nknk lkgsc iQkYds dk Hkkjrh; flusek esa
Hkkjrh; flusek txr esa viuk thou lefiZr djrs ;ksxnku & ^jktk gfj'panz* (1913) fiQYe esa efgyk
gq, Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k vkSj dykdkjksa ds fy, rkjkerh fdjnkj ds fy, nknk
fganLq rku flusek daiuh dh LFkkiuk dhA bUgksua s gh lkgsc iQkYds us vFkd iz;kl fd,] ysf du dksbZ
igyh ckj lu~ 1913 esa êksfguh HkLeklqj* fiQYe dk efgyk dykdkj rS;kj ugha gqbZA vr% nknk lkgsc
fuekZ.k fd;kA ftlesa efgyk ik=kksa dks Hkh LFkku nsrs gq, iQkYds dh nwjxkeh lksp dks fdlh us ugha le>kA

blds ckotwn rRdkyhu le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks iqjLdkj gSA nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds*
ns[krs gq, os ugha #dsA nknk lkgsc iQkYds Hkkjrh; Fks] ds flusek txr ;ksxnku ij Hkkjr ljdkj ds Mkd
mUgksaus Hkkjrh; flus txr dh oSf'od igpku cukrs foHkkx us Hkh Mkd fVdV (1971) tkjh djrs gq,
gq, flusek dh vkthou lsok dhA nknk lkgsc iQkYds Jn~èkkatfy nhA ¶nknk lkgsc iQkYds¸ ds 148 osa tUe
rRdkyhu le; esa os Lo;a dSejkeSu Fks] Lo;a gh vkVZ fnu ij 2018 esa xwxy us Hkh ^MwMy* dbZ ns'kksa esa
Mk;jsDVj Fks] Lo;a gh dkWLV;we fMtkbuj Fks] Lo;a gh vius vkbdu esa nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks ;kn djrs gq,
,fMVj izkslsl fizaVj Fks] Lo;a gh Msoyij Fks] Lo;a gh Jn~èkkatfy nhA vr% Hkkjrh; flusek dk bfrgkl ,d
izkt
s Ds V fMLVªhC;wVj Fks vr% lHkh Hkwfedkvksa esa cl n`'; pyfp=k Økafr ls de u FkkA ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud
vdsys [kM+s FksA mudk lkFk nsus okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA euksjatu iVy ij u, ;qx dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ftlesa
fiQj Hkh mUgksua s la?k"kZ djrs gq, ^jktk gfj'pan*z (1913) izkjafHkd funs'Z kdksa dks fofHkUu leL;kvksa ls tw>rs gq,
fiQYe ds fy, fiQYeh efgyk ik=k rkjkerh dh vfeV ;ksxnku ds dkj.k gh vkt Hkkjrh; flusek dk
Hkwfedk esa ,d iq#"k dykdkj dks fy;k vkSj viuh ijpe fo'o esa lcls Å¡pk gSA
fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds bl lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
Lof.kZe ;ksxnku dks Hkkjrh; flusek txr viuh 1- fgnh lkfgR; vkSj flusek & foosd nqcs osc
vfoLej.kh; Jn~èkkatfy nsrk gSA tksukFku Øks ds vuqlkj istA
¶Hkkjrh; xkFkk ls vuqxfz gr fiQYe iq.;dkyhu jktk 2- lkfgR; vkSj flusek & vt; dqekj pkSèkjh]
dh fpark gS tks vius drZO; ds cksèk vkSj lR; ds izes fucaèk lkfgR; vkSj flusek] lgk;d izkè;kid] ih ,u
ds fy, vius jkT; dk yxHkx R;kx dj nsrs gSAa nkl iyrkA
funs'Z kd ds izxfr'khy fopkjksa dh bPNkvksa ds ckotwn 3- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk varl±cèa k& jes'k
fiQYe esa ,d iq#"k dykdkj FkkA jktk gfj'panz esa iwjh pankz ] osc CykWxA
rjg ls xSj is'ksoj dykdkjksa ds pkyd ny dks 4- flusek fganh lkfgR; & bdcky fjtoh] fganh
fpf=kr fd;kA¸ bl dFku ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd le; esa bdcky fjtoh dh jpuk,¡] egkRek xkaèkh
nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks rRdkyhu le; esa fofHkUu varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofon~;ky;] oèkkZ bZif=kdkA
ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k vkSj muls tw>rs gq, 5- flusek vkSj nfyr lekt & MkW- t; izdk'k
liQyrk gkfly dhA vkt ds Hkkjrh; flusek dh dnZe] (fucaèk) iadt iqLrd eafnj fnYyhA
oSf'od igpku tks gS] oks nknk lkgsc dh nsu gS nknk 6- xwxy osc ist & nknk lkgsc iQkYdsA
lkgsc ds flusek txr dks oSf'od igpku fnykus ij 7- bZif=kdk & n U;w;kdZ VkbEl 5 uoacj] 2012
1969 dks ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj* dh LFkkiuk ls tksukFku Øks dk vkys[kA
dhA ;g iqjLdkj Hkkjrh; flusek dk lcls cM+k
µ fganh f'k{kd] f'k{kk funs'kky;] jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh] fnYyh&10086
qqq

flusek & Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] dyk ,oa laLÑfr dk laokgd
MkW- ,e- jkepaæe
Hkk jr nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k fiQYe fuekZrk

gSA vjcksa #i;ksa dh ykxr ls çfro"kZ ,d
gtkj ls vfèkd fiQYesa gekjs ns'k esa curh gSa vkSj
fganh flusek ds bfrgkl esa jktk gfj'paæ igyh
ewd fiQYe Fkh tks ,d yksdfç; fganw ikSjkf.kd dFkk
ij vkèkkfjr FkhA Hkkjr esa 1912 ls 1930 rd yxHkx
yxHkx jkst nks djksM+ yksx fiQYesa ns[krs gSa vFkkZr~ 1300 fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA bu esa vfèkdrj
blesa cgqr vfèkd iSlk yxrk gS vkSj bls cgqr yksx fiQYeksa dh dFkkvksa dk vkèkkj Hkkjrh; thou esa
ns[krs gaSA ,d vksj ;g cgqrksa dks dke nsrk gS rks jps&cls ,sfrgkfld vkSj ikSjkf.kd ik=kksa ds thou vkSj
nwljh vkSj cgqr cM+s iSekus ij lekt dks çHkkfor mlls tqM+h ?kVuk,¡ gh FkhA 1931 esa vknsfZ 'kj bZjkuh us
djrk gSA viuh O;kid igqp ¡ ds dkj.k lekt dh Hkkjr dh igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* dk
ekufldrk dks cnyus esa ;g cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fuekZ.k fd;k ;g ogh le; Fkk tc Hkkjr viuh
blfy, mlds dykRed vkS, lkekftd ljksdkjksa dh lkaLÑfrd psruk ds laj{k.k ds fy, dksf'k'k dj jgk
fpark fdlh Hkh lekt ds fy, t:jh gSA 'kk;n ;gh FkkA o"kZ 1931 esa gh rfey dh igyh lokd fiQYe
lkspdj tktZ cukZM 'kkW us chloha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr ^dkyhnkl* vkSj rsyxq q dh cksyrh fiQYe ^HkDr çgykn*
esa dgk Fkk fd]& ¶vkfo"dkj ds :i eas flusek fçafVax dk fuekZ.k gqvkA budk çn'kZu o"kZ Hkh ;gh gSA viuh
çsl ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksxk D;ksafd ;g lkaLÑfrd çfrcn~èkrk ds fy, fo[;kr caxky esa Hkh
f'kf{kr vkSj muds vkpj.k dks çHkkfor djsxkA ns'k fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk gks pqdk FkkA U;w fFk;sVlZ us
dh psruk] ns'k esa vkn'kZ vkSj vkpj.k dh dlkSVh 1931 esa ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa ^paMhnkl* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
ogh gksxh tks flusek dh gksxhA¸ jke euksgj yksfg;k xkSj ls ns[kas rks bu fiQYeksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
us Hkh dgk Fkk fd ¶Hkkjr dks nks phtsa cny ldrh egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cu pqds ik=kksa dk gh pfj=kkadu gqvk
gaS ,d rks xkaèkh vkSj nwljk flusekA¸ FkkA
ge tkurs gaS fd Hkkjr esa dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa flusek fganh fiQYeksa esa laLÑfr ds foLrkj esa lkfgfR;d
curs gaS ysfdu lcls vfèkd fiQYesa fganh esa curh gaAS Ñfr;ksa ij cuh fiQYeksa us fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk vnk dhA
fganh flusek fliQZ fganh {ks=k esa gh ugha cfYd iwjs lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa ds flusekbZ :ikarj.k us Hkkjrh;
Hkkjr esa vkSj vktdy yxHkx iwjh nqfu;k esa fo'ks"k tuekul esa ubZ Hkkoukvksa dk lapkj fd;kA njvly
dj tgk¡ Hkkjrh; gaS çnf'kZr vkSj ç'kaflr gksrh gSA flusek lekt ds ifjorZudkjh vkanksyuksa dh gh
fganh flusek viuh 'kfDr vkSj laHkkoukvksa ds dkj.k vfHkO;fDr gSA lkfgR; n~okjk lekt esa thou dk
Øe'k% varjjk"Vªh; çfr"Bk çkIr djrk tk jgk gS] lR; vuqHko rks çdkf'kr gksrk gh gS ysfdu mldh
dF; ds Lrj ij gkykafd gkyhoqM ls vHkh Hkh dkiQh viuh dqN lhek,¡ Hkh gaAS tks çLrqrhdj.k ds fy,
ihNs gSA

ckèkd Hkh curh gS] tcfd flusek dh igqp ¡ cgqrk;r rsjs vkaxu dh*] êsjk xk¡o esjk ns'k*] ^èkekZRek*] ^vk¡èkh*
yksxksa rd gksrh gS vkSj muesa os lkjs n`'; çLrqr fd, vkSj ^fdLlk dqlhZ dk* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh cu jgh Fkha
tk ldrs ga]S ftls lkfgfR;d foèkkvksa ds ekè;e ls ftuds dsaæ esa Hkkjrh; lekt dh vkLFkk] fo'okl
çLrqr djuk vlaHko rks ugha ij nq"dj vo'; gksrk vkSj vkn'kZoknh Hkkouk ,oa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds çfr
gSA tc fdlh dgkuh ;k lkfgfR;d Ñfr dk vU; vkØks'k fn[kkbZ ns jgk FkkA
fdlh Hkh foèkk esa ys[ku gksrk gS rks mls i<+us okyksa vLlh ds n'kd esa ûfn;k ds ikj* uked
dh la[;k cgqr de gksrh gS vkSj mls yksxksa rd fiQYe çlkfjr gqbAZ xksfoan eqful n~okjk funsZf'kr ;g
igqp ¡ kus esa le; Hkh yxrk gS ysfdu flusek n~okjk fiQYe ds'ko çlkn feJ ds fganh miU;kl ^dksgcj
bldk foLrkj vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA dh 'krZ* ij dsfa ær FkhA ûfn;k ds ikj* iwok±py dh
lkB dk n'kd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks vkSj le>us laLÑfr ds lekt'kkL=k dks le>us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA bl n'kd ds vkjaHk esa gh gSA bl fiQYe us iwjs Hkkjr ds tuekul dks bruk
êqxy&,&vkt+e* tSlh fo'kky dysoj okyh fiQYe çHkkfor fd;k fd bls ns[kus ds fy, dbZ&dbZ ckj
dk çn'kZu gksrk gSA bl fiQYe us vikj yksdfç;rk yksx ifjokj lfgr flusek gky dh rjiQ eq[kkfrc
çkIr dhA jksekal] beks'ku vkSj VªstsMh dk HkO; :i gq,A
bl fiQYe esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl fiQYe esa flusek ds vkjaHk ls gh mlesa fganLq rkuh Hkk"kk dk
rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA^nks gh ç;ksx gksrk jgk gSA ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld ik=kksa
ch?kk tehu* ^ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS* ^vkokjk* ds thou ij cuus ds dkj.k çkjafHkd fiQYeksa dh Hkk"kk
îfj.khrk*] Î;klk*] ^xje gok*] îfrrk*] ^ge nksuksa*] laLÑr fefJr fganh FkhA vkjaHk esa ikjlh fFk;sVj dk
^xkbM*] ^xaxk&tequk*] ^tkxrs jgks*] ^lkgc chch vkSj çHkko flusek ij cgqr T;knk Fkk] blds dkj.k mnwZ
xqyke* ^cafnuh*] eq>s thus nks vkSj ^nsonkl* tSlh vkSj iQkjlh Hkk"kk dk çHkko flusek ij gqvkA ml
fiQYesa Hkkjrh; lekt dk lPpk vkbZuk çLrqr djrh le; cacbZ esa vkSj ykgkSj esa ikjlh vkSj mnwZ ukVd
gSAa bu fiQYeksa esa Hkkjrh; tu thou dks cgqr utnhd [kwc [ksys tkrs FksA ;s ukVd cgqr yksdfç; Hkh FksA
ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; thou esa cls dkYifud ?kVukvksa dks çse vkSj
lRrj ds n'kd esa nks rjg dh fiQYeksa dk beks'ku fefJr Hkkoukvksa dks tksMd + j vke turk dk
fuekZ.k 'kq: gqvkA O;kolkf;d vkSj dykRed fiQYesa euksjta u dj mlls iSls dekuk ikjlh fFk;sVj dk ewy
;k lekukarj fiQYesa cuus yxh FkhaA lRrj n'kd ds dk;Z FkkA ikjlh fFk;sVj dh yksdfç;rk us fganh flusek
mRrjkFkZ esa eYVhLVkj fiQYeksa dk Hkh nkSj vkjaHk gksrk esa Hkh viuk LFkku cuk fy;kA
gSA ^nhokj*] ^f=k'kwy*] ^vej vdcj ,aFkksuh*] jes'k flusek vkSj Hkk"kk dk lacaèk mlh rjg gS] ftl
flIih dh 'kksys us fganh flusek dks u;k eqdke fn;kA rjg nsg vkSj vkRek dkA Hkk"kk flusek dh vkRek gSA
vferkHk cPpu ds vkxeu us fganh flusek ds vFkZ'kkL=k vkjafHkd ewd fiQYeksa esa Hkh lkadsfrd Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx
dks gh cny fn;kA vferkHk n~okjk vfHkfur ^tathj*] gksrk FkkA Hkk"kk rks ekuo dh Hkkoukvksa dh okfgdk gS
^nhokj*] ^[kwu ilhuk*] ^dkfy;k*] îjokuk*] ^dHkh&dHkh*] tks mlds vanj Nqih Hkkouk dks nwljs rd laçfs "kr
vej vdcj ,aFkksuh] eqdn~nj dk fldanj tSlh fiQYeksa djrh gSA flusek Hkh Hkkoukvksa ds laç"s k.k dk l'kDr
us rRdkyhu O;oLFkk vkSj jktuhfr ds cnyrs lehdj.k ekè;e gSA fganh Hkk"kk fo'o esa lcls vfèkd cksyh
dks çLrqr dj turk dh Hkkouk dk nksgu vkjaHk tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA orZeku esa mldh
fd;kA yksx ,slh fiQYeksa dks ns[kus ds fy, ckj&ckj ekdsfZ Vax dk vkadM+k vjcksa esa gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa Hkk"kk
flusek ?kj rd tkrs FksA gkykafd bu fiQYeksa esa turk dh Hkwfedk dks ns[kuk bl vFkZ esa Hkh vko';d gS fd
dk O;oLFkk ds çfr tks vkØks'k Fkk] ogh insZ ij Hkk"kk gh ik=kksa ds ifjos'k vkSj ?kVukvksa dks iw.kZrk çnku
fpf=kr gks jgk FkkA ftls vke turk vius lkFk tqMk+ djrh gSA fganh flusek esa ftu fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gqvk ikrh FkhA blds lkFk gh ^lR;dke*] êSa rqylh gS og dsoy fo'kqnè~ k fganh okys ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ

Hkkjr esa gh ugha] iwjs fo'o esa iQSys fganh le>us vkSj vkSj ik=k dks vyx djds ns[kuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA
cksyus okys Hkh mls ns[krs gSAa ftUgsa fganh le> esa ugha bl çdkj ns[ksa rks flusek fdlh Hkh lekt dh
vkrh os Hkh viuh viuh Hkk"kkvksa esa Mfcax ds ekè;e laLÑfr vkSj Hkk"kk dks vius vanj l¡tks dj j[krh gSA
ls fganh fiQYesa ns[krs gaSA orZeku esa fganh fiQYesa le; ds lkFk Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr ds cnyrs :iksa dks
jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; eqnn~ ksa vkSj foe'kks± dks Hkh Hkh og çLrqr djrk gSA flusek dh ,d cM+h fo'ks"krk
vius vanj lekfgr djus yxh gSaA gky gh esa çlkfjr ;g gksrh gS fd og dHkh :<+ ugha gksrkA flusek dh
Û;wVu*] ^djhc&djhc flaxy*] ^yap ckDl*] ^'kferkHk*] Hkk"kk mu Hkk"kkxr :f<+;ksa dk mUewyu djrh gS tks
^jk&ou* tSlh fiQYeksa us fganh Hkk"kk dk u;k lekt'kkL=k lekt ds fodkl esa fgrdkjh ugha ekuh tk ldrh gaAS
rS;kj fd;k gS ftls ns[kus ds fy, n'kZdksa dk ,d lekt esa gksus okys jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd
cM+k oxZ ml vksj vkdf"kZr gqvk gSA Hkkjr dh ifjorZuksa dks ntZ djrk gqvk flusek vkxs c<+rk gSA
laLÑfr] lekt vkSj jktuhfr dks çkekf.kd <ax ls ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt flusek dh Hkk"kk vkSj mlds
çLrqr djus esa Hkk"kk dh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk jgh gS fo"k;&oLrq esa cM+k ifjorZu ns[kus dks fey jgk gS
D;ksafd fcuk fdlh lkFkZd Hkk"kk ds fiQYeksa ds fo"k; vkSj ;gh gekjh Hkk"kk dks iq"V vkSj le`n~fèk Hkh çnku
dj jgk gSA
µ çkpk;Z (,iQ-,-lh-)] xouZeVas fMxzh dkyst eydktfxjh] esMp

~ y ftyk
qqq

dyk] fganh flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt % ,d oSpkfjd igyw
izoh.k dqekj
iz Lrqr vkys[k dyk] flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt

ds lanHkZ esa gSA blesa dyk dh oSpkfjdh]
dyk vkSj flusek ds lacaèk] mlds ljksdkj vkSj izHkko
leL;kvksa dks fpf=kr fd;k tkrk FkkA¸ (Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr% 196) bl rjg Hkkjrh; flusek 'kuS%'kuS%
lelkef;d leL;kvksa dks vius dysoj esa lesVrh
ds lkFk&lkFk orZeku esa flusek ds dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ vkxs c<+us yxhA
ladV vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLÑfr flusek 'kCn tks fd Úsp a Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^fluseVS ksxkz iQ*
ij dSlk izHkko iM+ jgk gSA bl vkys[k esa mlds ls cuk gSA ;w¡ Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ;g flusek 'kCn
oSpkfjd igyqvksa dks le>us dk ,d iz;kl gSA fluseVS ksxkz iQ dk gh laf{kIr :i gSA vkSj ftls ;wukuh
Hkkjrh; flusek vius liQj ds lkS o"kZ ikj dj Hkk"kk esa ^fduseVS ksxzkiQ* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fganh esa bls
pqdk gSA bl liQj esa flusek us vius dbZ izfrekuksa ^pyfp=k* dgk tkrk gSA bldk bfrgkl cgqr gh
dks rksMk+ gS vkSj dbZ u, izfrekuksa dks x<+k Hkh gSA x<+k jkspd vkSj la?k"kZ Hkjk jgk gSA ;g la?k"kZ ges'kk ls ,d
gh ugha cfYd mls [kM+k Hkh fd;k gSA bl nkSjku lcls rduhdh iz;ksx dj jgk gSA bl rduhdh iz;ksx ds
vge ckr ;g gqbZ fd flusek us viuh oSpkfjd ekè;e ls gh vkt ,d ?kj esa Hkh iwjs flusek dk
voèkkj.kk ds Lo:i dks cgqr rsth ls cnyk gSA Lo:i rS;kj gks tkrk gSA bl bfrgkl dks MkW- ,l-
ftlds dkj.k flusek euksjt a u ds lkèku ls vyx vkj- t;Jh us viuh iqLrd ^flusek ,d liQjukek*
lekt ds lkeus ,d vkbZuk cudj mHkjk gSA fo'o esa foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k gSA ;gk¡ bl foLrkj dks
iVy ij Úkal esa igyh ckj fiQYe izn'kZu ds ckn vuko';d :i ls c<+kuk mfpr ugha gSA bl i=k dk
Hkkjr esa 7 tqykbZ 1896 esa igyh ckj ^Y;wf e,j mn~n's ; ;g gS fd orZeku esa flusek dks ,d dyk ds
cznlZ* dh fiQYeksa dk izn'kZu gqvkA lu~ 1913 esa :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS rks bl flusek vkSj dyk esa D;k
Hkkjr esa igyh fiQpj fiQYe nknk lkgsc ?kqMa hjkt lacaèk gS\ D;k flusek us dyk dks lkekftd :i ls
xksfoan iQkYds us cukbZA ;g fiQYe Fkh ^jktk gfj'panAz * inP;qr fd;k gS\ D;k flusek dk izHkko oSlk gh gS
;g ,d ewd fiQYe FkhA ewd fiQYeksa dk ;g flyflyk tSlk dyk dk lekt esa jgk gS\ D;k lkfgR; vkSj
1931 esa vkdj cnykA lu~ 1931 esa vnsZf'kj ,e flusek ds chp dksbZ lacèa k gS\ D;k vkt flusek gekjh
bZjkuh us igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* cukbZA laLÑfr dks laØfer dj jgk gS\ blh ds lkFk ;g Hkh
bl fiQYe us flusek dks ,d u, dysoj esa <kykA bl tkuus dk iz;kl gS fd fganh flusek vius liQj esa
lanHkZ esa ;g è;ku j[kuk t:jh gS fd ¶ewd fiQYeksa fdruk vkèkqfud vkSj fdruk ikjaifjd gS\
dh dFkkoLrq vfèkdka'kr% ikSjkf.kd&èkkfeZd vkèkkfjr loZizFke ge dyk dh voèkkj.k ij fopkj
gksrh FkhA dqN fiQYeksa esa blls vyx lkekftd djrs gSAa dyk dk tUe dSls gqvk vkSj lekt esa dyk

dk egRo dSlk jgk gS vkSj ekuoh; lH;rk ds gS ftlds VwYl Øe'k% Nsuh&gFkkSMh+ ] jax] laokn] Loj&y;
fodkl esa dyk dk D;k ;ksxnku jgk gSA dyk dk vkSj Hkafxek gSa bUgha VwYl ds ekè;e ls bu dykvksa
lacaèk ekuoh; thou ds HkkoukRed l`tu ls gSA dk lkSan;Z mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj og lkSan;Z ds izfreku
ekuo tc viuh vuqHkwfr dks HkkoukRed Nfo ;k dks Hkh LFkkfir djrk gSA oLrqr% ;g foHkktu]
fcac ds :i esa izLrqr djrk gS rc tkdj dgha u Je&'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld dk foHkktu gSA ftldk
dgha og HkkoukRed Nfo dk :i dyk dh laKk ls lekt'kkL=kh; vè;;u Hkkjrh; lekt esa dykvksa ds
tkuk tkrk gSA ftls fy;ks rksYLrks; us êuq"; dk fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; lekt ds fodkl dk
HkkoukRed lalxZ dgk gSA* (dyk ds lkekftd mn~xe% n~;ksrd gSA ;s lHkh dyk,¡ lekt esa fHkUu&fHkUu
23) ogha bldk ,d nwljk i{k ;g Hkh gS fd dyk ns'kdky esa viuk egRo j[krh gSAa bu lHkh dykvksa
euq"; ds lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd thou ds chp vuqHkwr dks rduhdh ekè;e ls ,d leqPp; Lo:i esa
?kVukvks]a fopkjks]a Hkkoukvksa dk gh izfr:i gS tks flusek izLrqr djrk gSA ;k ;¡w dg ldrs gSa fd
fofHkUu fcacksa ds chp viuk vkdkj vkSj Lo:i xzg.k vkèkqfud ;qx esa dykvksa dk leqPp; flusek gSA ,d
djrk gSA Iys[kkukso ds 'kCnksa esa dgk tk, rks ¶dyk flusek esa lHkh dykvksa dk n'kZu&fun'kZu gks tkrk gSA
,d lkekftd ifj?kVuk gSA¸ (dyk dk lkekftd bl vkyksd esa flusek dks dyk O;Dr djus vkSj
mn~xe % 30) dyk rc tUe ysrh gS tc euq"; mlds lkekftd ljksdkjksa dks turk rd igqp ¡ kus dk
vius bnZ&fxnZ ds ;FkkFkZ ds izHkko ds varxZr vuqHkwr ,d e'khuh ;a=k Hkh dg ldrs gSAa ysfdu loky
Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vius Hkhrj iqu% tkxzr mBrk gS fd D;k flusek fliQZ dykvksa dk e'khuh ;a=k
djrk gS vkSj mUgsa fuf'pr fcacksa esa vfHkO;Dr djrk ds ekè;e ls izn'kZu gS ;k dqN vkSj Hkh\ fu'p; gh
gSA bls ;w¡ dg ldrs gSa fd dyk thou dh vkSj bl lanHkZ esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd flusek ,d
thou esa vuqHkwr Hkkoks]a n`';ks]a ?kVukvks]a fopkjksa vkfn dyk Hkh gS ftlesa dykdkj viuh xfrfofèk;ksa ds
dh vfHkO;fDr vkSj lai"zs k.k gSA ftlds ekè;e fofHkUu ekè;e ls thou ds fofoèk jaxksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
gaS ysfdu ewyr% fofHkUu dykvksa dks fon~okuksa vkfn bls bl :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS fd flusek dyk
dh vfHkO;fDr vkSj laiz{s k.k gSA ftlds ekè;e fofHkUu Hkh gS vkSj dyk ds fofoèk :iksa dks turk rd
gS ysfdu ewyr% fofHkUu dykvksa dks fon~okuksa us vkSj igqp¡ kus dk ekè;e HkhA bls lHkh yfyr dykvksa dk
lekt ds n~okjk Ng Lo:iksa esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA dksykt Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA dqN fon~okuksa us bls
tks fd bl izdkj ls gS&a 1- LFkkiR; dyk 2- ewfrZdyk (flusek) ^tulapkj* dk ekè;e Hkh dgk gS vkSj mlh
,oa fp=kdyk 3- ukV~; dyk 4- laxhr dyk 5- u`R; :i es a le>us & le>kus dk iz ; kl fd;k gS A
dyk vkSj 6- dkO; dykA oLrqr% dyk ds bu :iksa MkW- cychj dqna jk us Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd lanHkks± esa
esa lekt dk thouewY; fufgr gSA ;g ,d dykdkj flusek dks lokZfèkd yksdfiz; vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh lapkj
dh n`f"V gS tksfd muds thou la?k"kZ dh lkekftd ekè;e dgk gS rks ogha :ipan xkSre dk ekuuk gS fd
vuqHkwfr gS vkSj mlls fufeZr muds oSpkfjd ewY;ksa dk ¶tulapkj ds bl (flusek) ekè;e ls èofu] n`';]
lais"z k.k HkhA bu lc dykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr xhr&laxhr] vfHku;] os'kHkw"kk vkfn dk i<+&s fy[ks]
fHkUu&fHkUu gS vkSj lekt esa bu dykdkjksa dh lkekftd vui<+] vehj&xjhc] cw<]s+ toku vkSj cPpksa ij lhèkk
ifjfLFkfr vyx&vyx jgh gSA Hkkjr esa bu dykvksa vlj iM+rk gSA¸ blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd flusek
dk foHkktu fon~;k vkSj mifon~;k esa fd;k x;k gS lHkh oxks±&leqnk;ksa ds chp thou'kSyh ds izcksèku dk
tksfd Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk esa O;kIr o.kkZJe èkeZ ekè;e cu x;k gSA blh esa flusek ds lkekftd
dh O;oLFkk dk izfriQyu gSA dkO; dyk dh fon~;k ljksdkjksa dks Hkh le>k tkuk pkfg, fd vkt lekt esa
esa fxurh dh tkrh gS ftldk Vwy gS& v{kj vkSj gj nkSj ds flusek dk vn~Hkqr izHkko ml ns'kdky esa
ckdh vU; dykvksa dh mifon~;k esa fxurh dh tkrh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA gj ih<+h esa vius&vius vkLokn

ds vuqlkj mldh O;k[;k] foospu&fo'ys"k.k ns[kus O;olk; dk cM+k IysViQkeZ cu x;k gSA bl IysViQkeZ
dks feyrk gSA gj ih<+h ds ;qx esa mlds nkSj ds ls fdl oxZ&leqnk; dks jkstxkj feyk gS vkSj fey
flusek dk vuqdj.k gS vkSj mlls og izHkkfor&nzfor jgk gS rFkk fdldk O;olk; py jgk gS\ ;g Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jktk gfj'panz ds lR;oknh gksus fopkj.kh; loky gSA fiQygky ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS
vkSj cuus dh izfØ;k ls ysdj ek¡ ds okRlY; fd flusek dh fo"k;oLrq lkekftd foMacuk] vkn'kZ]
dk#f.kd nzou dh fØ;k ls ysdj 21oha lnh ds foÑfr;ks]a :f<+okfnrk] ;kaf=kdk] HkkSfrdokfnrk] lkekftd
^lkM+h ds iQkWy lk dHkh eSp fd;k dHkh NksM+ fn;k fodkl] èkkfeZdrk] deZdkaM] tkfrokn] vkradokn]
js* rd dk izHkko ;qok tuekul esa lgt gh ns[kk tk 'kks"k.k] mRihM+u] n~ona ~o &varnZo~ ano~ ] izes ] f'k{kk] euksjt
a u]
ldrk gSA vkVZ] HkfDr] ns'kHkfDr] jk"VªfuekZ.k vkfn fo"k;ksa ls
oLrqr% iQSaVlh] dYiuk] jksekfu;r] ;FkkFkZ] gkL;] tqM+h gqbZ gSA
'kksd] =kklnh] bfrgkl] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; bu lHkh dyk vkSj lekt dk lacèa k
Hkkoukvksa rFkk fopkjksa dk dykRed :i gS flusekA dyk lekt dh mit gksrh gS vkSj dyk&lkSan;Z]
bl n`f"V ls flusek ,d lkewfgd dyk gS flusek dks mldh laosnuk ,oa ljksdkj lekt ds ifjorZu esa
u rks lkfgR; ls vyx djds ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk
u gh laxhr] fp=kdyk] ewfrZdyk] isfa Vax] vfHku;] ldrk gS fd dyk vkSj lekt esa vU;ksU; lacaèk gSA
u`R;dyk vkfn lsA lkfgR; dk bu lc dykvksa ls dyk lekt dk iFkizn'kZd Hkh gS vkSj vuqxkeh HkhA
lacaèk izkÑfrd la;ksx gS vkSj fiQYe fuekZ.k bldk nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls izsfjr o izHkkfor gksrs gaAS iFkizn'kZd
ifj.kkeA ftldk mn~n's ; euksjt a u ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd Hkh lekt ds Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa Ckrkrs gSaA bl lanHkZ
ifjorZu] lkaLÑfrd ewY; vkSj psruk dks lekt esa esa dyk ;FkkFkZoknh gksrh gS vkSj dyk dk ;FkkFkZoknh
fodflr djuk gSA vkt dk flusek vR;fèkd fodflr Lo:i lekt esa D;k gks jgk gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa D;k
,oa oSKkfud rduhdh iz.kkyh ls ;qDr gSA bruk gh gksus okyk gS\ mlls turk dks :&c&: djkrh gSA
ugha le;&lkis{k flusek dk mn~n's ; cnyrk jgk gSA mldh iwjh laHkkoukvksa dks izLrqr djrh gSAa vuqxkeh
orZeku esa flusek dk y{; ekuo thou 'kSyh dks bl vFkZ esa gS fd dyk lekt ds mUur&fodflr
O;Dr djus ds lkFk lekt dh thou'kSyh dks ifjofrZr ewY;ksa dks turk ds lkeus ,d vkn'kZ ds :i esa
djuk gks x;k gSA og iwjh rjg ls thou dh lathnxh mifLFkr djrh gS vkSj turk mldk vuqdj.k djrh
vkSj laons uk ds fofoèk igyqvksa dks lesVus esa yxk gSA gS vkSj viuh thou&in~èkfr dks csgrj cukus ds fy,
iwt
a hoknh O;oLFkk vkSj cktkjokn ds chp yksxksa dh mn~;e djrh gSA
ftanxh dSls cny jgh gS\ dSls yksxksa dk thou oSls Hkh dyk dh izÑfr ;FkkFkZoknh gS D;ksafd
^'kqrq jq eqx*Z dh rjg gksrk tk jgk gS\ thou ds la?k"kZ ;FkkFkZ gh dyk dk eq[; lzkrs gksrk gSA dyk dh tM+as
vkSj LoIu dks O;Dr djus dk ekè;e cu x;k gSA okLrfod thou esa gksrh gS vkSj ;g lkekftd thou
^vuqdj.k* vkSj ^laLÑfrdj.k* ds chp cnyrh ftanxh ls gh fu%l`r gksrh gSAa Iys[kkukso ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa ¶rks
dk i;kZ; cu x;k gS flusekA lH;rk&laLÑfr dks dyk dk dk;Z ekuoh; psruk ds fodkl esa enn
ogu djus dk ekè;e cu x;k gSA 'kknh&fookg ds djuk gS] ekuoh; lkekftd iz.kkyh dks mUur cukuk
jhfr&fjoktksa ls ysdj thou ds vU; jLeksa dks flusek gSA¸ bldk lacaèk l`tukRed mRiknu dh izfØ;k vkSj
dh rtZ ij lekt esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;w¡ dg ldrs JelkSan;Z ls gS blls vyx mn~ns'; dh vkiwfrZ dk
gSa fd lH;rk&laLÑfr dks ogu djus ds lkFk&lkFk lkèku cukuk pkgs og mn~ns'; fdruk gh Å¡pk D;ksa u
lH;rk&laLÑfr ds cnyrs Lo:i dks izdV djus dk gks_ dyk ds ewY;ksa dh rkSghu gh gksxkA bl lanHkZ esa
lcls l'kDr ;kaf=kd ekè;e cu x;k gSA lcls cM+h ;g ckr ges'kk è;ku j[kuh pkfg, fd dyk vius
ckr ;g gS fd flusek viuh izÑfr esa ^jkstxkj* vkSj vki esa ,d mn~n's ; gSA ¶dyk fliQZ thou dh

iquiZLz rqfr gh ugha gS cfYd mldh O;k[;k Hkh djrh xBtksM+ jgk gS ;g ^dyk ds fy,* n`f"Vdks.k dk u;k
gSA mldh izLrqfr;ksa esa cgqèkk thou dh ifj?kVukvksa Lo:i gSA bl vkyksd esa dyk dh O;k[;k vkSj
ij iQSlys nsus dk mn~n's ; Hkh fufgr gksrk gSA¸ (dyk mlds ljksdkj dks le>us dk iz;kl gS fd dyk
ds lkekftd ljksdkj % 140) og euq"; esa balkfu;r viuh izÑfr esa ges'kk gh tuoknh jgh gS vkSj og
dh laons uk iSnk djrh gS vkSj vius lekt&jk"Vª esa lRrk ds fojksèk esa [kM+h gksrh gS ysfdu lRrk dyk ds
,d ukxfjd Hkh cukrh gSA mls ukxfjdrk ls Hkh ySl bl LoHkko dks vius fy, bLrseky djrh gSA mnkgj.k
djrh gSA ysfdu ;g lc cgqr vklku ugha gksrk gS Lo:i ^jaxjfl;k* fiQYe dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jaxksa
D;ksafd ,d gh dykdkj ,d ns'kdky esa ,d ckr dks ds chp tc ,d L=kh dh izfrewfrZ rS;kj dh tkrh gS
izLrqr djrk gS vkSj nwljs ns'kdky esa nwljh ckrA rc og dSls dkWLV~;ew ds lkFk nsoh ds :i esa LFkkfir
bldk eryc ;g gqvk gS fd ,d le; esa ,d gks tkrh gS vkSj cktkj mls lekt esa mrkj nsrk gSA
dykdj dk n`f"Vdks.k vyx gksrk gS vkSj nwljs ftlds dkj.k mu dkWLV~;ew dh èkwe cktkj esa ep
ns'kdky esa nwljkA bls bl izdkj ls Hkh dgk tk tkrh gSA ysfdu tSls gh dykdkj mls thou ds :i
ldrk gS fd ^D;k gksuk pkfg,* fliQZ blh vksj ugha esa ns[kuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA rHkh cktkj mls ,d vyx
lkspuk pkfg,A cfYd ¶okLro esa D;k gS vkSj D;k txg ns nsrk gS vkSj mls nsoh ls dqyVk L=kh esa rCnhy
gksrk vk jgk gS¸ bl ij Hkh è;ku nsus dh t:jr gSA dj nsrk gSA ;g ,d mi;ksfxrk ls miHkksDrkoknh lksp
bldk Hkh [;ky j[kuk pkfg,A ;gha ls lekt esa dyk dh ifj.kfr gS ftldk bLrseky jktuSfrd lRrk ges'kk
dh lkFkZdrk vkSj mlds ljksdkjksa dks ns[kk tkrk gSA djrh gSA blh dks vki ^vks ekbZ xkWM* fiQYe esa ns[k
dyk dh lkFkZdrk dk vfHkizk; vkSj mlds ljksdkjksa ldrs gaAS blesa ijs'k jkoy ewfrZ dk nqdkunkj gS vkSj
dks nks Lrj ij le>k tk ldrk gSA tc ,d dykdkj mlus nqdku dk chek djk j[kk gSA chek ds dkj.k og
viuh dyk dks tUe nsrk gS rc mldk y{; D;k viuh {kfriwfrZ dh ekax djrk gS vkSj lekt ^Hkxoku*
gksrk gS\ D;k ;g y{; lhèks cktkj ls tqMk+ gqvk gksrk ds Åij eqdnek nk;j djrk gSA og ,d tuoknh
gS ;k og viuh vuqHkotU; Kku dks fopkjksa esa lksp ls phtksa dks ns[krk gS ysfdu tSls gh og lRrk
fijksdj dyk ds ekè;e ls lekt rd igqp ¡ kuk pkgrk dks ijkLr djrk gS rHkh lRrk mls vkxks'k esa ysdj
gSA bl lanHkZ esa tc dyk dh O;k[;k gksrh gS ;k mls mls gh viuk gfFk;kj cuk ysrh gSA ;gk¡ mi;ksfxrk ls
le>us&le>kus dh ckr dh tkrh gS rc ogha ls dyk miHkksDrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k gSA lksfp,] D;k ,d dykdkj
ds izfr yksxksa dh n`f"V Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gSA tc viuh dyk dks ewrZ :i nsrk gS rc og D;k
ftls lkekU;r% dyk ds ewY;kadu ds lanHkZ esa ^dyk lksprk gS\ laHkor% ughaA og ,slk dHkh ugha lksprk
dyk ds fy,* vkSj ^dyk thou ds fy,* le>k gSA og rks fliQZ viuh Hkkoukvksa dks ewrZ dj jgk gksrk
tkrk gS ;g nks n`f"V dyk ds ljksdkj dks LFkkfir gSA mls D;k irk ftls og ewrZ :i ns jgk gS og
djrh gaS vkSj mldh lkFkZdrk HkhA blls vyx vc lekt esa bl :i esa gksxkA lekt rks ml dyk dks
dyk dks le>us dk ,d iz;kl tks gksrk gS og lRrk vius vkLokn ds vuq:i ns[krk gS vkSj mls izLrqr
ds xfy;kjksa ls fd;k tkrk gS è;ku jgs fd lRrk gj djrk gSA ;gha ls dyk ds lkekftd ljksdkj dyk dh
pht ds izfr viuk utfj;k j[krh gS ftldk edln fu%l` r gks u s ls ysd j lekt dh lân;rk ds
fliQZ vkSj fliQZ lRrk esa vius vki dks cuk, j[kuk izR;{khdj.k&vkLokn rd esa Li"V gksrk gSA izR;{khdj.k
gksrk gS blfy, og gj ,d phtksa dks mi;ksfxrkoknh blfy, dguk pkfg, D;ksfa d ;g lc dqN lân; ds
n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[krh gSA ;g mi;ksfxrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k êwM* ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;gh otg gS ,d flusek
Hkys gh vkèkqfud iwt a hokn vkSj cktkjokn dh nqfu;k ,d lân; dks vkuan iznku djrk gS rks nwljs esa
dh lksp yxrh gS ysfdu bldk bfrgkl cgqr gh ^mckÅiu* dks tUe nsdj mls cksfjax dh voLFkk esa
iqjkuk gS vkSj lRrk ds lkFk ges'kk ls gh bldk igqp¡ k nsrk gSA nwljh ckr dyk dh Hkk"kk lHkh dks

le> esa ugha vkrh gSA dyk dh Hkk"kk rks mldk Vwy vk;keksa esa Hkkjrh;rk dk fp=k.k FkkA fczfV'k lkezkT;okn
gksrk gS ftldk ftØ iwoZ esa fd;k tk pqdk gSA flusek vkSj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fojksèk] xkaèkhokn] ekuorkokn
dh Hkk"kk dSejk dk 'kkWV(izfrfcac) gS] lhu(n`';) gS vkSj ekDlZoknh lektokn ds n'kZu fiQYeksa esa gksrs
vkSj lhDosal (vuqØe) gSA ftls la{ksi esa ,l,l,l FksA¸ (flusek ,d liQjukek% 156) bruk gh ugha
(fVªiy ,l) dgk tkrk gSA n`';kRed ekè;e esa uotkxj.k ds nkSj ds oSpkfjd la?k"kZ dks Hkh fiQYe esa
^n`';* dFkkud Hkh gS vkSj Hkk"kk HkhA flusek dh Hkk"kk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ¶Lora=krk ls iwoZ ds nkSj esa fiQYeksa
dSejs dh Hkk"kk gksrh gS vkSj og n`'; ds ekè;e ls dks lsl a j ds Mj ls lhèks rkSj ij vktknh dh yM+kbZ
mHkjrh gSA n`'; tks cksyrk gS n'kZd ogh ns[krk vkSj dk okgd cukuk rks la H ko ugha gq v k] ija r q
le>rk gSA Hkys gh fVªiy ,l fuekZrk dh n`f"V esa ikSjkf.kd&,sfrgkfld dFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls Lora=krk
dqN vkSj gks ysfdu n'kZd vkSj cktkj mls vius <ax laxzke dh varoZLrq dh vfHkO;fDr cjkcj nh tkrh
,oa vkLokn ls gh ns[krk gSA ;gha ls dyk&flusek vkSj jghA¸ (Hkkjrh; laLÑfr% 196) bl nkSj esa vfèkdrj
lekt dk fj'rk curk gSA mldk lacaèk fufeZr gksrk ewd fiQYesa cuk djrh FkhaA ftldh dFkkoLrq vfèkdka'kr%
gSA ikSjkf.kd&èkkfeZd gh gqvk djrh FkhA lu~ 1936 esa
dksbZ Hkh dyk lekt ds fcuk vfLrRo esa vk gh ^vNwr dU;k* fiQYe cuh FkhA ftldk lacèa k lkekftd
ugha ldrh gSA lekt gh dyk dk vkfn vkSj var Hkh ifjorZu ls jgk vkSj ;g iwjh rjg ls egkRek xkaèkh ds
gSA vkfn vkSj var blfy, gS D;ksafd dykdkj Hkh n'kZu ls izHkkfor fiQYe gSA ysfdu mlh nkSj eas
,d lkekftd izk.kh gS vkSj lekt ls gh og ÅtkZ MkW- vacMs dj dk lkekftd ifjorZu dk vkanksyu py
xzg.k dj viuh dyk dks tUe nsrk gS vkSj dyk jgk FkkA ftlls fiQYeh nqfu;k iwjh rjg ls vyx jgkA
lekt esa gh iSBdj vius ewY;ksa dk vkdyu djrh blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu ds bl
gSA viuh teha dks LFkkfir djrh gSA dqy feykdj nkSj vkSj ns'kdky ls fiQYeh txr vNwrk ugha jgkA
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dyk lekt ls gh ÅtkZ vkSj vktknh ds ckn Hkh ;g ifjorZu dk flyflyk
vkSj izjs .kk xzg.k djrh gS vkSj viuh voèkkj.kk esa pyrk jgkA Lokèkhurk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; lekt tSl&s tSls
lekt dks cnyus dh {kerk j[krh gSA fiQYe dh ifjorZu vkSj LoIu ds chp xfr'khy gksrk jgkA mldk
ÅtkZ] izjs .kk vkSj voèkkj.kk blls vyx ugha gSA ;g izHkko fiQYe esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;g ifjorZu
cnyko lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lhèks rkSj ij fiQYe esa ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA fiQYe esa
euksoKS kfud Lrj ij ewy:i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g ifjorZu ok;k îfjorZu ds fiQYehdj.k* ls gksdj
ysfdu bl cnyko esa fiQYe dh oSpkfjdh dks Hkh vkrk gS tks flusek fuekZrk] funsZ'kd vkSj fiQYeh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g oSpkfjdh xkaèkhoknh] ekDlZoknh] dykdkjksa dh lkekftd izfrcn~èkrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS
jk"Vªoknh vkfn ls ysdj vèkqukru vacMs djoknh vkSj blh ij fiQYe vkSj lekt dk lacèa k Hkh fuHkZj djrk
vkfnokfl;r n'kZu ls Hkh izHkkfor gSA ijarq gkf'k, ds gS vkSj og fufeZr Hkh gksrk gS vkSj ;g lc iwjh rjg
vè;;u (lckYVZu LVMht) ls iwoZ fiQYe dh oSpkfjdh ls tqMk+ gksrk gS vkfFkZd ykHkka'k vkSj O;olk; lsA ijarq
vacsMdjoknh vkSj vkfnokfl;r n'kZu dk izk;% yksi ;g vkfFkZd ykHkka'k vkSj O;olk; vizR;{k :i ls
gh fn[krk gSA MkW- ,l vkj t;Jh ds vuqlkj] lekt ls tqMk+ gksrk gS ysfdu lekt mls euksjt a u ds
¶izR;sd n'kd dh fiQYesa ml le; dh lkekftd rkSj ij gh ns[krk gSA
uhfr;ks]a :f<+;ksa o Hkkoukvksa dks n'kkZrh gaAS vius fuf'pr rkSj ij fiQYe dk ,d edln euksjt a u
izkjafHkd dky esa flusek èkkfeZd o ,sfrgkfld dFkkvksa djuk gS vkSj og euksjt a u dk lcls lLrk ekè;e Hkh
ij vkèkkfjr Fkk] lkFk gh viuh ljy izHkko'kkyh gSA ysfdu og lcls cM+k O;olk; gSA jkstxkj dk {ks=k
lais"z k.kh;rk ds dkj.k yksxksa ds fy, vkd"kZ.k dk dsanz gSA ftls lekt dk vke tu ugha ds cjkcj tkurk gS
jgkA muesa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh egd Fkh] rFkk fofHkUu og fliQZ euksjatu vkSj lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu

dks vuqdj.k ds :i esa eglwl djrk gSA fiQYe fliQZ cktkfjd èkkj.kkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k
xfr'khyrk vkSj ifjorZu dks ;Fkkor izLrqr gh ugha mlesa vkd"kZ.k vkSj vid"kZ.k ds lkFk ^vilaLÑfr*
djrh gS cfYd mlesa fodkl ds ekxZ dh Hkh izLrqfr (Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr% 418) dk Hkh lekos'ku
dk loky Hkh fufgr gksrk gSA mlesa lekt dks izfs jr jgrk gSA bl laLÑfr dks cM+s insZ ls ysdj NksVs insZ
o izcksfèkr djus dh 'kfDr Hkh gksrh gSA lu~ 1936 ds ds lHkh ;kaf=kd midj.k dh lH;rk (eksckby] Vhoh]
Úkst vkWLVu dh ^vNwr dU;k* ls ysdj ^dckyh*] flusek vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k vkfn ;kaf=kd midj.k) us
^fiad* rd ds liQj eas bls lgt gh ns[kk tk ldrk lcls T;knk xfr iznku dh gSA lwpuk Økafr ds bl ;qx
gS bl fodkl esa fiQYe ds lkaLÑfrd i{k dks esa ;kaf=kd midj.k dh lH;rk us ;qok tuekul dk
vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA orZeku esa Hkkjrh; vigj.k dj fy;k gSA blls lekt dh lHkh ih<+h
laLÑfr dks O;kid iQyd ij igqp ¡ kus vkSj oSf'od izHkkfor gSA ;g izHkko vkt ,slk gS fd og thou dk
Lo:i iznku djus esa fiQYe dh Hkwfedk vge jgh gSA vfHkUu vax cu x;k gS ;g lc laHko gqvk gS fliQZ
ysfdu ;g lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu o laØe.k ,drjiQk vkSj fliQZ cktkj vkSj ehfM;k dh lkaBxkaB dh otg
ugha gSA ;g nqrjiQk gSA fiQYe us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks lsA bl lanHkZ esa ekl dYpj vkSj iQksd dYpj nksuksa
nqrjiQk laØfer Hkh fd;k gSA bldk nwljk i{k ;g gS dks vyx j[kus dh t:jr gSA ;g blfy, fd ekl
fd fiQYe us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds LFkkuh; vkSj jk"Vªh; dYpj ds ikl viuk dksbZ vkn'kZ ewY; ;k mPp
ifjiz s { ; dks ,d txg ls nw l jh txg rFkk fopkj ugha gS ogha iQksd dYpj ds vius fcac]
mRrj&nf{k.k&iwjc&if'pe lHkh LFkkuksa ij igq¡pkus vkSj izrhd] vkn'kZ] fo'okl] izFkk,¡] vkpkj&O;ogkj gaAS
mHkkjus dk dke fd;k gSA bl izfØ;k esa laLÑfr ds vn~;ru flusek esa vfèkdka'kr% ekl dYpj dk izpyu
ikjaifjd Lo:i rd ds izHkko dks laØe.k ,oa gS vkSj ;gh og oxZ gS ftldh pkgr fiQYe izknS ;~ ksfxdh
ifjorZu ds :i esa eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls ;w¡ dks lcls T;knk gSA blhfy, vkt ekl dYpj fiQYe
Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd laØe.k vkSj ifjorZudkeh dk ewy dYpj gSA ;gh ckr vkt dh ;qokekul esa
laLÑfr esa ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls ysdj ekl lcls T;knk izpfyr o iYyfor&iqf"ir gks jgh gSA
dYpj] ekWy dYpj vkSj fiQj ikWiy q j dYpj rd ds blhfy, ;g dguk vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd flusek
liQj dks Hkh fiQYeh nqfu;k us viuh dk;ukr esa us ;qokekul dk vigj.k dj fy;k gSA mlds ^LoIu*
lesVk gSA vèkqukru lekt bu dYpjksa dk vuqdj.k dks dSn dj fy;k gS vkSj mls ^miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr*
fiQYeksa ds ekè;e ls gh djrk jgk gSA tSls dSiQs esa rCnhy dj jgk gSA flusek ds c<+rs bl izHkko ds
dYpj] Msfue dYpj] baVjVsuesVa dYpj] fyo bu dkj.k lekt ds lkeus lcls cM+h pqukSfr;k¡ vk [kM+h
fjys'kuf'ki dYpj] fiQVusl dYpj] eksckby dYpj gqbZ gSaA ;s pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj ladV ok;k cktkjokn gS
dk ladV] ekWy dYpj] MsfVax dYpj tSls ikWiy q j D;ksfd orZeku esa fiQYe lcls cM+k izknS ;~ ksfxdh {ks=k
dYpj us LFkkfir Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ^dYpj ij gS vkSj bl cktkjokn dk lcls cM+k oxZ miHkksDrkoknh
dYpj* iSnk fd;k gS jhfeDl dYpj vkSj foKkiu laLÑfr dh fxjÝr esa vk pqdk gSA cktkj us flusek ds
dYpj us ftl ubZ laLÑfr dks izpkfyr fd;k gS og ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr
iqjkruiafFk;ksa ds fy, ^vilaLÑfr* gS rks ;qok tuekul esa ifjofrZr dj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks ladV esa Mkyk
ds fy, ubZ laLÑfr gSA ftls êkl dYpj* Hkh dgk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; thou ewY;ksa esa cnyko fd;k gSA
tkrk gSa lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd êkl dYpj* esa oS'ohdj.k us euq"; ds eu dk cktkjhdj.k fd;k gS
dksbZ vkn'kZ ugha gksrk gS vkSj u gh mldk dksbZ Lo:i vkSj ftldk lcls l'kDr ekè;e flusek gSA MkW-
ghA* (Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr% 417) ;gh ckr t;dkS'ky ds iQslcqd okWy ls 'kCn mèkkj ysdj dgw¡
foKkiu dYpj esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSA foKkiu dh rks orZeku esa ;g ladV ,slk gS fd ¶flusek lekt ds
dksbZ fopkjèkkjk ugha gksrh gS og fliQZ iwt a h dh vkxs pyus okyh elky gks xbZ gSA¸ ;g ladV bl

dnj gS fd lkfgR;] lekt vkSj laLÑfr rhuksa gh 2- MkW- ,l vkj t;Jh] 2015 flusek ,iQ
blls izHkkfor gaAS vkSj ;g rhuksa ds fy, gh ladV dk liQjukek] dsjy ;wfuoflZVh izls ] fr:ouaFkiqje~
Hkh ladrs gSA bl ij fopkj djus dh t:jr gS vkSj 3- jktsanz izlkn 'kekZ] ';ke ukjk;.k izèkku]
;gh fpark dk fo"k; gSA [kSj bl lcds ckotwn flusek 2015] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] LisDVªe cqDl izk- fy-] ubZ
us ;qokÚhMe] vfLerk&vfLrRo] ikfjokfjd lacaèk vkSj fnYyh
mldk VwVuk] mis{kk&vlqj{kk] vuqdj.k&izfrLin~èkkZ] izfrjksèk 4- foeys'k dkafr oekZ] ekyrh] 2007] Hkk"kk]
ds Loj] tura=k vkSj tuekul ds loky] Hkk"kkbZ lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr] vksfj;aV CySdLokWu izk- fy-] ubZ
tfVyrk] vuqokn] jhfr&fjoktksa dk cktkjhdj.k] fiQYeh fnYyh
i=kdkfjrk vkfn igyqvksa dks mBk;k gS vkSj ml ij 5- izeksn eh.kk] 2016] fganh flusek% nfyr&
fopkj djus] lkspus ij yksxksa dks etcwj fd;k gSA vkfnoklh foe'kZ] vuU; izdk'ku] fnYyh
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bDdhloha lnh dk fganh flusek % cnyrs nkSj dk lp
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miyfCèk;ksa dk Lof.kZe nkSj dgk tkrk
gSA bl nkSj esa nqfu;k ds ekufp=k ij vusdkusd
dk ,d ,slk vn~Hkqr :Ik gS tks vius izkjafHkd dky
ls gh euq"; dks pkSd
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vk;keksa ls vkewy pwy ifjorZu gqvkA lkekftd& ls vkfo"Ñr gqbZA igyh ckj 7 tqykbZ 1896 dks eqacbZZ
jktuSf rd&lka L Ñfrd deks os ' k leLr Lrjks a ij ds okVlu gksVy es a yqf e,j caè kqv ks a&yqb Zl vkSj
ekuo&lekt dh fn'kk gh cny xbZA nqfu;k ds reke vkxLV&uke ds nks Úkalhfl;ksa us Hkkjrh;ksa dks flusek
eqYdksa esa vkt+knh vkbZ] Lora=krk dh pkg iQfyr gqbAZ ls ifjfpr djk;kA ml fnu yksx cstku rLohjksa dks
euq"; vius jk"Vª&jkT; esa xqyke ugha] cfYd vkt+kn pyrk &fiQjrk ns[kdj nax jg x,A fiQYe leh{kd
ukxfjdrk dk gdnkj cukA jk"Vªh; vfLerk,¡ izcy fouksn Hkkjn~okt crkrs gSa ¶7 tqykbZ 1896 ds fnu
gqbA± nks fo'o ;qnè~ k Hkh blh lnh us >syAs ujlagkj dh eqca bZZ ds okVlu gksVy esa yqfe,j caèkqvksa dh fiQYe
foHkhf"kdk ls ekuork dks dk¡irs gq, Hkh ns[kk x;k vkSj fn[kkbZ xbZA Hkkjr esa igyh ckj fiQYe foèkk dk tknw
ubZ jks'kuh ds lgkjs ubZ jkg cukus dh] ryk'kus dh insZ ij ns[kus dks feykA ,d #i, dk fVdV FkkA¸1
tn~nkstgn Hkh ;gk¡ fn[khA Kku&foKku dh vuar Hkkjr esa igyh ewd iQhpj fiQYe ^jktk gfj'panz* cuh
miyfCèk;k¡ Hkh ;gk¡ ntZ gqbAaZ Kku&foKku dh pdkpkSèa k ftldk 3 ebZ 1913 dks eqca bZZ ds dksjksus'ku fFk,sVj esa
dk euq"; f'kdkj Hkh gqvkA vkèkqfud oSKkfud miyfCèk;ksa izn'kZu fd;k x;kA blds fuekZrk Fks Hkkjrh; flusek ds
us tgk¡ ,d rjiQ euq"; dks thou dh ubZ jkg fn[kkbZ] tud nknk lkgsc iQkYdsA bl rjg 1913 ls Hkkjrh;
liQyrk dh xxupqca h bekjrsa [kM+h dh] ogha nwljh flusek dh 'kq#vkr ekuh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa us
rjiQ mls fujad'q k vkSj vgadkjh Hkh cuk;kA foKku ds bls dkiQh ilan fd;kA ;g fiQYe egkHkkjr dh dFkk
lgkjs euq"; dh lc&dqN dks foftr djus dh pkg ij vkèkkfjr FkhA 1931 esa ^vkyevkjk* ds fuekZ.k ls
us mls izÑfr dk 'k=kq cuk fn;k] mlds vanj euq";rk ewd fiQYe dk nkSj lekIr gqvk vkSj lokd (cksyrh
dk gj.k gksus yxk] mldh laons uk dk vk;ru fldqMu+ s gqb)Z fiQYe dk nkSj izkjaHk gqvkA vnsfZ 'kj bZjkuh ds
yxk] mldh vifjfer egRokdka{kkvksa us mlls ykHk&yksHk funs'Z ku esa cuh bl fiQYe ds eq[; dykdkj Fks
ls ijs lkspus dk oDr gh Nhu fy;kA iQyr% 'krh ds i`Fohjkt diwj vkSj tqcnS kA ;gk¡ ls flusek ;FkkFkZ dh
vafre n'kdksa rd vkrs&vkrs mldh vikj miyfCèk;ks]a vksj vxzlj gqvkA ;g nkSj ns'k ds Lokèkhurk laxkz e
fodkl ds reke vk;keksa ij iz'ufpg~u yxus yxsA dh iz[kjrk dk Fkk] bu fnuksa vkbZ fiQYeksa us gkykafd
fganh flusek blh nkSj dh nsu gSA fganh flusek bl fn'kk esa dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k] izk;% euksjt
a u rd
euq"; dh ltZukRed vkdka{kk vkSj oSKkfud vkfo"dkj lhfer jgha] vfèkd ls vfèkd lekt&lqèkkj rd dh

pan dksf'k'ksa gh bl nkSj esa ns[kus dks feyhA vktknh gks jgk gS] cfYd mldh #fp dks izlLa Ñr djus dk
ds ckn yxHkx lu~ 1950 ls 1965 rd dk nkSj fganh dk;Z Hkh fiQYe n~okjk fd;k tk jgk gSA vk'kh"k f=kikBh
flusek dh cqyafn;ksa dk ekuk tkrk gSA blh nkSj esa Bhd dgrs gSa ¶fo'ks"k lkaLÑfrd vfHk#fp esa iys&c<+s
êqxy&,&vkte*] ^vkokjk*] ^Jh 420*] ^cwV ikfy'k*] gksus ds dkj.k flusek ls mudh ekax igys ds ikjaifjd
^>k¡lh dh jkuh*] ûhydey* tSlh fiQYesa vkb± ftUgksaus n'kZd ls fHkUu gSA vc fganh flusek esa pk{kq"k lkSna ;Z
ckWDl vkWfiQl ij [kwc èkwe epkbZA flusek bl le; (fotq,y ,LFksfVDl) dk vkxzg c<+k gS vkSj [kkl
rd jaxeap ls dkiQh vkxs fudy pqdk FkkA ^'kkWV*] rjg dk pedwiu ?kVk gSA¸2 dguk u gksxk ;gha ls
^lhu* vkSj ^,D'ku* ds rduhdh iz;ksx us flusek dks fiQYe mn~;ksx jktuhfr] iwt a hifr vkSj ekfiQ;k ds
lokZfèkd yksdfiz; foèkk cuk fn;kA xBtksM+ dh moZj Hkwfe cuk gSA cs'kd] ;gha ls bldk
uosa n'kd rd fganh flusek esa cgqfoèk iz;ksx pky&pfj=k cnyk gS A lkekftd iz f rcn~ è krk]
gq,A fo'ks"kdj 50 ls 90 rd vkb± fiQYesa elkyk lq#fp&laLdkj laoèkZu dk [okc vc liuk gks x;k
fiQYesa Fkha] dkWesMh vkSj lLrh yksdfiz;rk ds fy, Hkh gSA bldh txg 'kqn~èk equkiQs us ys yh gSA tkfgj gS
muesa dbZ ifjorZu gq,] fdarq lkFk gh ;g Hkh dguk lq#fp&laLdkj fuekZ.k ds fiQYekadu esa rxM+k equkiQk
gksxk fd lkFkZd fiQYesa Hkh bl nkSj esa cgqrk;r esa ugha gks ldrkA ;gh otg gS fd bDdhloha lnh ds
cuhA lR;thr js] jkt diwj] e`.kky lsu] dsru esgrk] fganh flusek esa esyksMh ds ;qx dk vkxeu gqvk gS
xksfoan fugykuh] ';ke csuxs y] veksy ikysdj us vkSj fiQYeksa esa izes &f=kdks.k] fgalk] uaxkiu] ;kSfudrk]
flusek dks fof'k"V igpku nhA 'kckuk vkt+eh] iQwgM+ laxhrkRedrk c<+h gSA blds ckotwn ;g dguk
ulh:n~nhu 'kkg] vkseiqjh] fLerk ikfVy] nhfIr uoy] gksxk fd ^xnj*] ^yxku*] êaxy ikaMs % n jk;ftax*]
vferkHk cPpu] èkesn± ]z jktdqekj] fnyhi dqekj] v'kksd ^cSfa MV Dohu* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh bl nkSj esa cuh gSa vkSj
dqekj] ftrsna ]z jkts'k [kUuk] js[kk] izk.k] vkfn us vius flusek dh eq[;èkkjk dk fgLlk jgh gS]a dsoy euksjt a u
fdjnkj ls flusek dks ubZ Å¡pkbZ nhA bl nkSj esa fiQYe izèkku u gksus ds ckotwn bUgksua s ns'k&fons'k esa Hkkjrh;
baMLVªh ij O;kolkf;drk iwjh rjg gkoh Fkh] ysfdu flusek dh èkkd tekbZ gS vkSj dekbZ ds fglkc ls Hkh
lkekftd izfrcn~èkrk Hkh cph gqbZ FkhA îzfr?kkr*] 'kh"kZ Øe esa fxuh xbZ gSaA ;g t:j gS fd bl nkSj esa
^fiatj*] ^vFkZ*] ^#nkyh*] ^[kaMgj*] ^lqtkrk*] îkj*] cktkj fu;ark gks x;k gS] ogh n'kZd dh ilan Hkh r;
^yTtk*] ^tkx mBk balku*] ^ln~xfr*] ^rel*] ^vkØks'k* dj jgk gSA oS'ohdj.k ds bl nkSj esa ^lcls cM+k
vkfn lksnn~ 's ; fiQYesa FkhaA #iS;k* okyh ckr iwjh rjg pfjrkFkZ gks jgh gSA vkt
bDdhloha lnh HkweMa yhdj.k dh eaMh&uhfr ls fiQYe dh liQyrk dk ekinaM gh ckWDl vkWfiQl dh
'kq: gksrh gS ftldh dsanhz ; voèkkj.kk cktkj vkèkkfjr dekbZ ij dsasfnzr gks x;k gSA
miHkksDrk laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsuk gSA ;gha ls n'kZd] tkfgj gS nks"k egt fiQYeksa dk ugha gS] njvly
ikBd] ;a=k] inkZ (flusek) dk fj'rk u, fljs ls ;g nkSj gh ,slk gSA mnkjhdj.k ls iuis miHkksDrkokn
ifjHkkf"kr gksus yxrk gSA iwath ds vFkkg izokg] lapkj us lkjs eku&ewY;ksa dks] jhfr&uhfr dks] lksp&laLdkj
Økafr dk foLiQksV] lSVy s kbVksa dh Ñik ls pSuyksa dh dks ,dk,d cnyus ij etcwj dj fn;k gSA vkt
Hkjekj] xk¡o vkSj 'kgj gh ugha] ns'k&ijns'k ds chp euq"; esa rkM+ ds isM+ dh rjg ,dk,d cM+s gksu]s
dh ?kVrh (vkSj yxHkx f?klrh&fleVrh) nwjh us liQy gksu]s vkjkeryc ftanxh thus dh egRokdka{kk
flusek dks u, vk;ke Hkh fn, vkSj ubZ pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh dqN bl dnj cyorh gqbZ gS fd blds fy, og dqN
is'k dhA êYVhIysDl^ ds mn; us flusek dk ^n'kZd* Hkh djus dks] dqN Hkh dqckZu djus dks rS;kj gSA
lhfer dj fn;kA vc tSls miHkksx dh oLrq ds ifj.kkeLo:i lekt esa leLr Lrjksa ij fxjkoV vkbZ
vuq:i flusek us n'kZd dks Hkh miHkksDrk cuk fn;k gS gS] gekjh lksp laLdkj vkSj O;ogkj lc&dqN nksgjs
vkSj u dsoy fiQYe dk mRiknu gh mldh #fp ls gksrs x, gSAa dyk dksbZ Hkh gks] og lekt esa vkrs

ifjorZuksa dh vuns[kh ugha dj ldrhA ;g Bhd gS Hkh egRo nsuk gSA Hkkjr xk¡oksa dk ns'k gS] x¡obZ
fd mldk ,d i{k&cs'kd] ftEesnkj i{k&euq"; dks ekufldrk dks ,dk,d oSf'od ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
euq";rk ls ifjiw.kZ cukuk Hkh gSA gk¡] ;g lp gS fd ijar]q ns'k dh yxHkx 60 izfr'kr ;qok tula[;k dh
euksjt
a u ds uke ij fiQYeh nqfu;k eksVh dekbZ rd lksp dks t:j iQksdl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh otg
fleVrh tk jgh gS] ysfdu lkekftd cnyko ds gS fd fganh flusek bèkj iwjh rjg ;qok Nfo dsafnzr
pyfp=k Hkh blh chp vaèksjs esa jks'kuh dh rjg gksrk x;k gSA mldk y{; ;qok eu dks izHkkfor djuk
;nk&dnk vo'; pepekrs jgrs gSAa dbZ ftEesnkj gSA ifjokj] lekt vkSj ewY; fpark dh ctk; mlesa
fiQYedkj] fuekZrk] funs'Z kd] uk;d] ukf;dk,¡ vHkh ;qok fnyksa ds lius cspus dh izof` Rr blhfy, bu fnuksa
Hkh gSa vkSj lnSo jgsxa h tks cnyrs nkSj esa mEehn c<+h gSA lkFk gh vizoklh txr dks Hkh fganh flusek
dk;e j[ks gq, gSa vkSj O;kolkf;drk ds lkFk lkekftd us vius dsna z esa fy;k gSA eksVh fons'kh iwt a h dh pkg
fparkvksa dks] vko';drkvksa dks Hkh mBk jgs gSAa flusek us flusek dk dk;karj.k dj fn;k gSA bldk nq"ifj.kke
dks dksjk euksjatu vkSj ^VkbZeikl vk;Ve* dh ctk; ;g gqvk fd xzke vkSj xzkeh.k psruk yxHkx xk;c
izfrjksèk vkSj gLr{ksi dk dkjxj gfFk;kj Hkh cuk, gq, gksrh xbZ] cph Hkh gS rks dsoy NkSad dh rjg]
gSAa vuqjkx d';i] lat; yhyk Hkalkyh] ;'k pksiM+k] ;nk&dnk u;ukfHkjke yksdxhrks&a u`R;ksa esa tSls ¶lf[k
eèkqj HkaMkjdj] uafnrk nkl] vk'kqrks"k xksokjhdj] dchj lb;ka rks cgqrbZ dekr gS@egaxkbZ Mk;u [kk, tkr gS¸A
[kku] jkds'k esgjk] fjrqi.kksZ ?kks"k vkfn flusek dh bldh txg egkuxjh; pdkpkSèa k c<+h gSA tSls lekt
dykRedrk dks latksrs gq, flusek ds Lo:i dks cny esa xk¡o 'kgjksa es]a dLcksa esa rCnhy gksrs x, gS]a oSls gh
jgs gSAa flusek ds cnyrs Lo:i ds ckjs esa izgykn fiQYeksa esa HkhA dguk u gksxk ;g lkef;d cnyko gS]
vxzoky us Bhd fy[kk gS] ¶chloh 'krkCnh ds vafre oDr ds eqrkfcd ifjorZuh;rk vkrh gh gSA fiQj
n'kd esa funs'Z kdksa dh ,d vkSj vR;ar lkeF;Zoku ubZ f'kdk;r dsoy flusek ls gh D;ksa\ fiQYe leh{kd
ih<+h dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus 21 oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr vt; czge~ kRet dk dguk lgh gS fd ¶ges'kk
ds lkFk gh fganh flusek esa ,d u, Lo.kZ ;qx ds fiNyh ih<+h dks f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd vc u rks og
vkxeu dh inpki lqukbZA vkfnR; pksiM+k] dju le; jgk vkSj u oSls yksx- ----- vxj fganh fiQYeksa ds
tkSgj ds lkFk gh lkFk lat; yhyk Hkalkyh] jkexksiky lacèa k esa ckr djsa rks blh f'kdk;r ds 'kCn cny tkrs
oekZ] vk'kqrks"k xksokjhdj] eèkqj HkaMkjdj] lqèkhj feJk] gS-a ------ u rks vc oSlh fiQYesa curh gSa ---- vewrZ
tks;k v[rj vkfn vusd funs'Z kdksa us vius utfj, ls f'kdk;r dh ;g ijaijk ih<+h nj ih<+h vkxs pyrh
flusek ds tu i{k dks cgqvk;keh cuk;kA izdk'k >k] jgsxhA bl f'kdk;r ds ckotwn fganh fiQYesa viuh
vi.kkZ lsu] xksfoan fugykuh u, #>ku ds lkFk vk,A xfr ls foLrkj dj jgh gSAa mlus Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds
flusek dk Lo:i gh ,dckjxh iwjh rjg cny x;kA lkFk&lkFk gh fons'k esa cls Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks Hkh
21 oha lnh esa eYVhIysDl laLÑfr mfnr gqbZA flusek vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA fganh fiQYesa xSj Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa
dh vkSjr cnyh] mlds ifjèkku cnysA uk;d dh rd igqp ¡ us yxh gSAa fuf'pr gh bl chp n'kZdksa dh
enkZuxh ds iSekus cnysA flYoj] xksYMu tqcfy;ksa ds #fp cnyh gSA¸4
tekus gok gq,A ,d ohd Hkh ugha] egt ,d ohd,aM bDdhloha lnh ds flusek dk lp ;g Hkh gS
rhu] pkj] ik¡p fnuksa esa fgV&Ýyki ds iQSlys gksus ;gk¡ vkRedsna zh;rk vfèkd gS] ykHk&yksHk vkSj LokFkZ&fgr
yxsA 21 oha lnh dk flusek egkuxjh; vkSj oSf'od ls ijs lkspus dk oDr gh tSls vc ugha cpk gSA
lekt dk flusek gSA¸3 chloha lnh ds egkuk;d vferkHk dh fiQYeksa esa
bDdhloha lnh ds fganh flusek dk lp ;g gS tcjnLr ekjèkkM+ ^,axzh ;ax eSu* okyh Nfo mHkjh Fkh]
fd ,d rjiQ mls cktkj laLÑfr dh ekax dks rjthg tks vktknh ds ckn ds eksgHkax vkSj uSjk';tfur
nsuk gS nwljh rjiQ Hkkjrh; n'kZd dh euksHkkouk dks fonzksg dks n'kkZrh Fkh] ^tathj*] ^f=k'kwy*] ^nhokj* tSlh

fiQYeksa esa uk;d dk tcjnLr izfrjksèkh rsoj utj Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSAa xhr&laxhr] vkbVe lkax] eksckby
vkrk gS fdarq ifjokj] lekt vkSj laLdkjxr vkLFkk fjaxVksu ls Hkh dekbZ gks jgh gS] lkFk gh fiQYe dk
dk foyksi ogk¡ ugha gqvk Fkk] tcfd bDdhloha lnh izpkj&izlkj HkhA ;gk¡ eq>s yfyr tks'kh dh ;g ckr
ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa gh cuus okyh fiQYeksa ls ,slk dkfcysxkSj yxrh gS fd ¶fganh flusek us tgk¡ ,d
yxrk gS fd vc tSls ;g lc vrhr ds pyfp=k vksj vkÑfr;ksa dh dans hz ;rk] izrhdkRedrk] izn'kZu dh
cudj jg x, gSaA 'kkg#[k [kku dh ckn'kkgr okyh xhrkRedrk vkSj Hkkokfrjsd ds tfj, mls iwoZ vkèkqfud
fiQYesa ûk;d* dh ctk; îzfruk;d* dks mifLFkr dyk :iksa ls tksMk+ gS rks nwljh vksj gkWyhoqM 'kSyh ds
djrh gSAa bl nkSj dh fiQYekas esa vkradokn] lkainz kf;drk] js[kh; laiknu] 'kkWV] fjolZ 'kkWV] vkbZ ykbZu eSp]
c<+rh e¡gxkbZ] ;qokoxZ esa c<+rh csjkstxkjh] euksokafNr IokbZVa vkWiQ O;w] ,fMfVax rFkk ;wjksih; flusek ds uo
dk;Z{ks=k dh deh rnqijkar vkrh dqBa k] fujk'kk] grk'kk] ;FkkFkZoknh fcac foU;klksa ls laons u;qDr cuk;kA ckWyhoqM
gkf'k, ds lekt ds izfr cnyrk utfj;k] mUgsa uk;dRo dgyk, tkus ds ckn mlds fy, vkSj Hkh t:jh gks
nsus dh c<+rh ekax] L=kh] nfyr&vkfnoklh] vYila[;d] x;k gS fd u`R;] xhr rFkk Hkkokfrjsd dk <k¡pk
fodykax] fHk[kkjh] fuèkZu oxZ dh vuqxat w Hkh fiQYeh cjdjkj j[krs gq, fo'o flusek ls yxkrkj dqN u
insZ ij ize[q krk ls vafdr gqbZ gSA ^xnj ,d izes dFkk*] dqN xzg.k djrk jgsA rHkh og yacs le; rd ,d
^yTtk*] ^pkan¡ uh ckj*] ^pksjh pksjh&pqids pqids*] ^lRrk*] oSf'od mRikn ds :i esa cktkjksa ij vklhu jg
^ckxoku*] ^xaxkty*] êkr`Hkwfe* ^, us'ku fonkÅV ldrk gSA¸5
oqeu*] ^fiatj*] ^CySd*] îst Fkzh*] ^dkcqy ,Dlizsl*] ;g Hkh dguk gksxk fd O;kolkf;drk ds lkFk
^dkiksZjsV*] ^pd ns bafM;k*] ^VSªfiQd flXuy*] ^jkWd gh izfrcn~èkrk ds Loj Hkh dHkh&dHkkj vo'; mHkjrs
vkWu*] ^Fkzh bfM;V~l*] îhiyh ykbZo*] ^fepZ*] ^xqtkfj'k* jgs gSAa dqN fiQYedkj gSa tks Hkkjrh;rk dks cpk;s gq,
êk¡ rq>s lyke*] ê`R;qnaM*] ^feLVj ,aM felst vÕ;j*] ga]S gkykafd tSlk vt; nsoxu vius ,d lk{kkRdkj esa
^jax ns clarh*] ^yxku*] êqUukHkkbZ ,e-ch-ch-,l-*] dgrs gSa ¶Hkkjrh;rk dh fiQYesa curh gSa rks n'kZd
^D;k dguk*] ^dHkh vyfonk u dguk*] ^n MVhZ fjtsDV dj nsrs gSAa dgrs gSa ;g rks rhl&pkyhl lky
fiDpj*] êk¡*] ^ghjksbu*] îQS'ku*] Î;kj dk iapukek*] igys ns[k pqds gSAa ehfM;k Hkh LkiksVZ ugha djrkA vkt
^#Lre*] ^, fny gS eqf'dy*] ^gkWfyMs* ^rkjs tehu dh ih<+h dks vkBosa n'kd dh phtsa ugha nh tk
ij*] ^Vw LVsVl*] ^Vkbxj ftank gS*] ^latw*] ^fgpdh* ldrhA ge yksx fiQYeksa esa eqn~ns dSls ykrs gSa\ lkrosa
tSlh vusd fiQYesa bl nkSj esa vkbZ gSa ftuesa 21oha n'kd esa cgw ;k lkl [kyuk;d gksrh Fkh ;k ifjokj
lnh ds fofoèk Loj fiQYekafdr gq, gaSA dk dksbZ lnL;A vkBosa n'kd esa rLdj vk x,A ukSosa
rduhdh ifjorZu vkSj izfrLièkkZ bl nkSj dh n'kd esa jktuhfrK [kyuk;d cusA mlds ckn vaMjoYMZ
,d vfeV lPpkbZ gSA tkfgj gS fd fiQYEkdkj dks vk;k vkSj vc vkradoknh [kyuk;d gSA ledkyhu
tekus ds lkFk pyuk gS rks oSf'od Lrj ij gks jgs leL;kvksa ij gh fiQYesa cusxa h u\ fiQYe dksbZ Hkh gks]
rduhdh fodkl dk lgkjk ysuk gh gksxk] ysfdu Hkkouk,¡ vkidks Hkkjrh; j[kuh iM+sxhA ge fdruk Hkh
VsDuksykWth ds lkFk ftanxh dh fdrkc ls Hkh lh[kuk cny tk,¡] ysfdu ewy :i ls Hkkjrh; gSaA loky gS
t:jh gSA dsoy rduhd laosnuk vkSj Hkkouk ugha vki izstsaV dSls djrs gSa\ laLÑfr rks ugha cnyh gS]
iSnk dj ldrh] tcfd ekuo ek=k dk lp ;g gS fd ij vkpkj&O;ogkj cnyk gSA dHkh vki jkst firk ds
balkuh tTckr gh mls u dsoy ekuoh; cukrk gS ik¡o Nwrs gksaxs] vkt ugha NwrsA bldk eryc ;g ugha
cfYd mls tksMs+ j[krk gSA ^flaxy LØhu Iys ls gS fd vki vknj ugha djrsA vkt vxj jkst ik¡o Nwrs
êYVhIysDl* rd ds fodkl esa VsDuksykWth us egRoiw.kZ csVs dks fn[kk,¡xs rks og udyh yxsxkA vki gh dgus
;ksxnku fn;k gSA flusek dks tufiz; cukus esa vkSj yxsxa s fd D;ksa ukVd dj jgk gSA¸6 vly esa ;gh
tu&tu rd igqp ¡ kus esa dbZ phtsa ,d lkFk lfØ; gdhdr gSA lekt esa vk, cnyko ds vuq:i flusek

Hkh cnyk gSA ;n~;fi cktkj dh izÑfr ds vuq:i ,d vkSj izlxa ds lkFk bl ys[k dk iVk{ksi
cgqr dqN dks viukus ij flusek dks etcwj Hkh gksuk djuk pkgwx¡ k] og gS lekt dh vkèkh vkcknh dh
iM+k gSA ;g lPpkbZ gS fd flusek dk ^VsLV* gh ugha] gdnkj L=kh dh mifLFkfrA L=kh dh fiQYe esa 'kq: ls
^VsDLV* Hkh cny x;k gSA fot; vxzoky bl iwjs gh dsna hz ; Hkwfedk jgh gSA uk;d ds lkFk ukf;dk dh
ifjn`'; dh iSekbZ'k djrs gq, dgrs gSa ^^vc fuEu ;k ifjdYiuk igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkyevkjk* ls gh
eè;e oxZ ugha] cfYd mPp ;k mPp eè;eoxZ Li"V gks pqdh FkhA bDdhloha lnh esa L=kh dh fLFkfr
fiQYeksa esa fpf=kr gksus yxkA ^rky* vkSj ^ge vkids esa mYys[kuh; ifjorZu vk;k gS] fiQYeksa us Hkh bldks
gSa dkSu* tSlh fiQYeksa ds xhr vkSj laxhr dHkh&dHkh js[kakfdr fd;k gSA gkykafd fir`lRrk dks dM+h pqukSrh
;g ?kks"k.kk djrs gq, ekywe iM+rs gSa fd vc yksdxhrksa nsu s okyh] mldh dfFkr e;kZn k] uSf rdrk vkS j
rFkk Hkkjrh; laxhr dh okilh gks jgh gS] fdarq 'kh?kz ;kSu&ifo=krk vkfn dks pqukSrh nsus okyh fiQYesa izk;%
gh bl ?kks"k.kk dk thoudky cgqr NksVk ekywe iM+us bl nkSj esa Hkh ns[kus dks ugha feyrhA fiQj Hkh ,d
yxrk gSA u`R; rks yxHkx xk;c gh gks pqds gSAa mldk la?k"kZ'khy L=kh dh Nfo x<+u]s mHkkjus esa fiQYeksa dh
LFkku ,;jksfcDl us fy;k gSA ----------,d vPNh ckr t:jh Hkwfedk gSA ^cSafMV Dohu*] îst Fkzh*] ^pk¡nuh
;g gS fd fiQYeksa dh e`R;q dh ?kks"k.kk yxHkx can&lh ckj*] êdcwy*] ^yTtk*] ê`R;qnaM*] ^fiatj* vkfn
gks xbZ gS vkSj n'kZd fFk,Vjksa esa tkus yxs gSAa ;g fiQYesa ub± L=kh dh Nfo izLrqr djrh gSa tks fir`lRrk
y{k.k bDdhloha lnh ds izFke n'kd ds fy, ,d ls Vdjkrh gaS vkSj lerk] Lora=krk] caèkqrk dh i{kèkj
'kqHk y{k.k dgk tk ldrk gSA¸7 ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk ds :i esa lkeus vkrh gSAa ;s fL=k;k¡ u rks ;FkkfLFkfroknh
fd cktkjokn ds ncko ds chp gh dqN ,slh fiQYesa gSa u le>kSrkoknh] cjDl blls ;s la?k"kZ djrh gSa vkSj
Hkh le;≤ ij vkrh jgh gSa ftUgksaus viuh rjg lg&vfLrRo dh is'kd'k djrh gSaA gkykafd bl nkSj
ls Hkkjrh; flusek dks izLrqr fd;k gSA ^ysfdu*] esa ^n MVhZ fiDpj*] ^ghjkbu*] îQS'ku* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh
^yEgs*] ^#nkyh*] ^lyke ckacs*] ^dkelw=k*] îQk;j*] vkbZ gSa ftUgksua s L=kh dks ^cktk:* :i esa ijkslk gSA
êEeh*] îk* vkfn dks bl Js.kh esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA blds ckotwn ;g dguk gksxk fd ¶fiQYeksa esa gh L=kh
^dHkh [kq'kh dHkh xe*] ^bafM;u*] ^ckxoku*] vius vfLrRo dks iwjh lexzrk esa j[k ldh gSA og
^Lons'k*] îst Fkzh*] ^jax ns clarh*] ^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ*] Lo;a vkSj lekt ls lhèkk lk{kkRdkj insZ ij gh djrh
^pd ns bafM;k*] ^phuh de*] ^Fkzh bfM;Vl~*] ^fdlku*] gSA ;g nwljh ckr gS fd dbZ dkj.kksa ls og vius
^vfrfFk rqe dc tkvksx*s ] ^yxku*] êk¡ rq>s lyke* c`gRrj lekt ls lhèks :&c&: ugha gks ikrh gSA¸8
tSlh Hkkjrh; tu&thou dks ysdj cuh fiQYeksa dh ysfdu bDdhloha lnh esa insZ (fiQYe) dk foLrkj
iVdFkk vk'oLr djrh gS fd fiQYeksa esa vHkh Hkh ftl izdkj gqvk] vfHkO;fDr dh vktknh vkSj viuk
Hkkjrh; ifjokj vkSj mldks LoLFk euksjt a u o dgha&dgha gquj fn[kkus dk volj miyCèk gqvk] mlls uwru]
uSfrd lh[k nsus dk iz;kl vo'; cpk gqvk gSA vkSj ufxZl] ehuk dqekjh] eèkqckyk] vk'kk ikjs[k] fLerk
gks u gks] ;gh otg gks tks ;s fiQYesa ckWDl vkWfiQl ikfVy tSlh vfHkusf=k;ksa dh nch&Nqih dld 'kckuk
rd n'kZdksa dks [khapus esa liQy jgh gkasA ;qok oxZ ds vkt+eh] js[kk] vkfn ls gksrs gq, bDdhloha lnh dh
liuksa vkSj mlds LokHkkfod fonzkgs dks Loj nsus okyh vfHkusf=k;ksa rd [kqydj lkeus vkus yxhA fon~;k
fiQYe ^vk¡[ks*] ^jsudksV*] ^lyke ueLrs*] ^ykbiQ bu ckyu] fiz;d a k pksiM+k] nhfidk iknqdks.k] ,s'o;kZ jk;
v esVªks*] ^dkjikssZV*] îQS'ku*] ^Fkzh bfM;Vl~*] ^pkal is rd cuh ;g Nfo iwjh rjg ls lkekftd cnyko dk
Mkal]^ jktuhfr*] ^mM+ku*] ^vkØks'k*] ^ljdkj* rFkk vkgV nsrh gSA
cky 'kks"k.k dks dsna z es j[kdj cuus okyh ^rkjs tehu dqy feykdj bDdhloha lnh dh fganh flusek
ij*] îst Fkzh*] îk*] ^ce&ce cksy*s ] esa Hkh lkekftd esa oDrh cnyko vk;k gSA cnyko ,d fujarj xfr'khy
cnyko dks yf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izfØ;k dk urhtk gSA fganh flusek oDr ds lkFk

dnerky djrs gq, c<+k gSA ewd fiQYe ls ysdj 3- fganh flusek% vkfn ls vuar&izgykn vxzoky]
lokd] CySd ,aM OgkbV vkSj fiQj jaxhu vkSj vkt rks lkfgR; HkaMkj] bykgkckn 2014] i`- 19&20]
^Fkzh Mh* ls ^,V Mh* biQsDV rd ls Hkjiwj fiQYe dk 4- flusek ledkyhu flusek&vt; czge~ kRet]
tekuk gSA dguk ;g gS fd cnyrs nkSj ds lp dks ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`-7
fganh flusek us vius rjhds ls c[kwch mn~?kkfVr fd;k 5- vuHkS] tqykbZ&flracj] 2013] i`- 48
gSA 6- flusek dh Lkksp&vt; czg~ekRet] ok.kh
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`-188
1- flusek % dy] vkt vkSj dy& fouksn 7- fiQYe dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k vkSj Hkkjrh; flusek&
Hkkjn~okt] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`- 188] la- deyk izlkn] f'kYik;u] fnYyh] 2010] i`- 233
2- izfrjksèk dh VwVrh lk¡l]as vk'kh"k f=kikBh] le;karj 8- fiQYe dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k vkSj Hkkjrh; flusek&
(la-iadt fo"V) iQjojh 2009] i`- 37 la- deyk izlkn] f'kYik;u] fnYyh] 2010] i`- 217
µ fganh foHkkx] jk-rq-e- ukxiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] 'kS{kf.kd ifjlj] vejkorh ekxZ]

Ukkxiqj] egkjk"Vª&440033
qqq

fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa lekt&fgr
vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dk Hkko
MkW- vfer flag
lk fgR; esa lekt izfrfcafcr gksrk gSA ftl

izdkj lkfgR; esa lekt dk vkdyu
fn[kykbZ nsrk gS Bhd oSls gh flusek esa Hkh mldh
lkFk gh orZeku dh dlkSVh vkSj Hkfo"; ds izfr
vk'kkoknh Loj fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa geas
fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA fganh flusek esa dHkh&dHkh ,sfrgkfld
Nfo;k¡ mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gSAa nksuksa dh ikBdh;& vkdyu dks ysdj iz'ufpg~u vo'; gh yxrs jgs gSa
n'kZdh; {kerk ds varjkuqlkj fo"k; dh izfriknu tks bl ckr dks Hkh izekf.kr djrs gSa fd gekjk tkrh;
'kSyh esa varj gksuk LokHkkfod gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh xkSjo vHkh Hkh gekjs laLdkjksa esa lewpk jpk&clk gSA
mUufr esa lkekftd lejlrk dk gksuk cgqr egRoiw.kZ jk"Vª ds izfr ÑrKrk vkSj mldh vkarfjd&ckg~;
gksrk gSA lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds ekè;e ls blh izdkj laiHz kqRrk dh lqj{kk dk Hkko gh gekjk tkrh; xkSjo jgk
dh lejlrk ds rkj cqus tkrs jgs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; gS vkSj vkxs Hkh jguk pkfg,A lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds
vfLerk dks etcwr djus dk dk;Z bu nksuksa ds ekè;e varl±cèa k ij fopkj fd;k tk, rks ge ;g ikrs gSa fd
ls fujarj gksrk jgk gSA fganh lkfgR; dk cgqr lkjk nksuksa ds ikBdh; ,oa n'kZdh; lekt esa ,d cM+k
ikB fganh flusek dk vkèkkj curk jgk gS] nksuksa varj gksrk gS tgk¡ lkfgR; tulewg dk ân; gksrs gq,
ikjLifjd :i ls vkt ds le; ls lacn~èkrk j[krs gSAa Hkh ekl rd ugha i<+k tkrk ogha yksdfiz; gksus ds
;n~;fi lkfgR; izFke Js.kh esa xf.kr gksxk rFkkfi dkj.k flusek gj rcds dk n'kZd tqVk ysrk gSA bl
lkfgfR;d ikB dh laons u'khyrk tc flusek ds insZ :i esa gj rcds ds lekt dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh
ij mrjrh gS rks ,d O;kid tu lewg ds ân; dks fiQYe dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tcfd lkfgR; dh viuh
og izHkkfor&nzfor djrh gS vkSj lkfgR; dk ,d ,d vyx Js.kh gks tkrh gS Hkys gh og Hkh gj fdlh
csgrj lans'k tu lewg rd ljyrk ls igq¡p tkrk gSA ds fy, xzkg~; gksrk gSA bl :i esa lkfgR; dh igqp ¡
gekjs ns'k dh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fooj.k lkfgR; xgu gksrs gq, Hkh yksd rd ml Lrj ij ugha igq¡p
vkSj flusek nksuksa esa cjkcj fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA tgk¡ ,d ikrh ftl Lrj ij yksdfiz; gksus ds dkj.k flusek dh
vksj vktknh ls igys ds Hkkjr vkSj xqykeh dh =kkln igq¡p gksrh gSA ;g Hkh ,d ekU; rF; gS fd lkfgR;
fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS ogha nwljh vksj dks vkèkkj cukdj Hkh cgqr lh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
vktknh ds ckn dk foHkktudkjh ifjos'k] fodflr gqvk gS vkSj fiQYeh xhr rks cgqrjs s gh lkfgfR;d xhrksa
gksus dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj eksgHkax dh fLFkfr;k¡ Hkh lkfgR; ls vfHkizfs jr gSA fiQYe fLØIV vkSj xhrksa dk ys[ku
vkSj flusek esa nz"VO; gSAa jk"Vªh; vfLerk] fodflr fganh lkfgR; ls gh cgqr&lk vkèkkj ysdj fudyk gSA
gksus dh pqukSrh o la?k"kZ] lkainz kf;drk] vkradokn tSls lSdM+kas o"kks± i'pkr~ dSls lkfgfR;d va'k flusek ,oa
eqnn~ s Hkh lkFk gh izfrfcafcr gq, gSAa vrhr ds xkSjo ds fiQYeh xhrksa dk thoar fgLlk cu tkrk gS vkSj lkFkZd

cu tkrk gS blds cgqr lkjs mnkgj.k fganh lkfgR; vkokjk¸ ;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd bu iafDr;ksa esa t;'kadj
vkSj flusek esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa oks pkgs izR;{k xzkg~; izlkn dh mijksDr iafDr;ksa dk gh tSls :ikarj gqvk
gksa ;k vizR;{k ysfdu muesa lkn`';rk cjkcj nz"VO; gSA
gSA lkfgR; vkSkj flusek dh ikjLifjdrk dks bl :i vHkh ihNs okLrfod thou dh ?kVukvksa dks
esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd thou esa dqN ?kVukvksa dbZ ckj fiQYe tSlh dgs tkus dh ckr geus dh ,oa
ij yksxksa dh izfrfØ;k Hkh lgt :i esa ns[kus dks ,slk rks fiQYeksa esa gksrk gh gS vkfnA ^nkfeuh* fiQYe
feyrh gS fd ^vktdy ,slk gh rks gks jgk gS* bu esa vfHkusrk luh nsvksy ,d odhy ds :i esa ,d
nksuksa izfrfØ;kvksa dh ikjLifjdrk ekuo thou vkSj yM+dh ds cykRdkj vkSj gR;k dk dsl fcuk iQhl
flusek ds varl±caèk dh ,d:irk dks gh gekjs le{k fy, yM+rk gS ftldh xokg nkfeuh uke dh ,d ik=k
j[krh gSA lkfgR; vkSj flusek dh ikjLifjdrk ,oa curh gS] dsl thrdj ml yM+dh ij gq, vR;kpkj
varfuZfgr lkn`';rk dks ;gk¡ ,d mnkgj.k ds ekè;e dh thr gksrh gS rFkk nks"kh dks ltk feyrh gS ;g ,d
ls ns[kuk csgrj gksxkA tgk¡ dsoy ,d xhr dh fiQYe dk rF; gS ftls fuHkZ;k ds dsl esa gdhdr ds
lkn`'; fLFkfr gh ugha gS cfYd lkekftd fVIi.kh Hkh :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS tgk¡ lkr lky rd fuHkZ;k
mlds lzkrs esas fufgr gSA t;'kadj izlkn us 1914 esa dk dsl ,d L=kh odhy us fcuk iQhl gh yM+k vkSj
,d dkO; jpuk îzse&ifFkd* dk ltZu fd;k ftlesa varr% nksf"k;ksa dks 20 ekpZ 2020 dh lqcg iQk¡lh nh
,d ik=k pesyh gS ftldk fookg mldh ethZ ds xbZA bl :i esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa esa gh thou
f[kykiQ fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj ckgj 'kgukbZ ct jgh dh lPpkbZ ns[kus dks feyrh gSA vkt gekjs jk"Vª esa
gS mlh le; og vanj cSBh Øanu dj jgh gS ysfdu lkainz kf;drk dk iz'u jg&jgdj mB [kM+k gksrk gS
'kgukbZ ds Loj esa mlds Øanu dks lquus okyk dksbZ vkSj èkeZ tkfr ds uke ij yksx vuko';d :i ls gh
ugha gS vkSj mldk Øanu 'kgukbZ ds Loj esa nc tkrk foHkkftr gksus yxrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh mUufr
gSA ;gk¡ izlkn th us L=kh vfLerk dh ckr dks vius esa ,d cM+h ckèkk cu tkrk gSA ,d fganh fiQYe
le; esa mBk;k gS] tks vkt ds csVh cpkvks csVh ^vej vdcj ,saFkuh* dk ;g xhr Hkh èkeZ vkfn ds
i<+kvksa ds le; esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA vc ge ns[krs caèkuksa ls eqDr Hkkouk ds cy ij jk"Vªh; vfLerk dks
gSa fd izlkn us pesyh dh bl fLFkfr ij fVIi.kh vkxs c<+krk xhr fn[kykbZ nsrk gS tgk¡ balkuh ,drk ds
Lo:i fdl izdkj dh dkO; iafDr;k¡ izLrqr dh& ne ij vugksuh dks gksuh vkSj gksuh dks vugksuh dj
:[kk 'kh'kk tks VwVs rks gj dksbZ lqu ikrk gS nsus dh felky is'k dh xbZ gS&
dqpyk tkuk ân; dqlqe dk fdls lqukbZ nsrk vugksuh dks gksuh dj ns] gksuh dks vugksuh ,d
gSA1 (izes &ifFkd) txg tc tek gksa rhuksa vej] vdcj] ,sFa kuh3
t;'kadj izlkn n~okjk 20oha lnh ds izkjaHk esa oLrqr% fganh lkfgR; esa Hkh ,sls cgqr lkjs
;g iz'u mBkuk cgqr cM+k egRo j[krk gSA vc ge mnkgj.k fn[kykbZ nsrs gSa tks èkeZ&tkfr ds caèkuksa dks
ckr djrs gSa izlkn dh bu dkO; iafDr;ksa dh fganh udkj dj ekuork dh thr dks lkeus j[krs gSAa dqN
flusek esa miyCèk lkn`';rk ds fo"k; esa ftls ,d fiQYeksa esa fganw ifjokj esa tUek eqfLye ifjokj esa
fiQYe ds xhr ds chp esa uk;d n~okjk bl izdkj iyrk vkSj I;kj ikrk balku fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA èkeZ ds
xk;k x;k gS& uke ij yksxksa ds chp esa tgj ?kksydj jk"Vª ds fy,
dgha dksbZ 'kh'kk VwVs cM+h vkokt gksrh gS pqukSrh [kM+h djuk vkSj fgald o vkradh ifjos'k iSnk
exj fny VwVus dh lnk fdls lqukbZ nsrh gSA2 djuk vkt ds le; dh ,d cM+h pqukSrh cu x;k gSA
mijksDr iafDR;ksa ds rqjar ckn xkus ds eq[kM+s ds blhfy, lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa lejlrk ds mnkgj.k
vkxs c<+krs gq, fiQYe esa v{k; dqekj xkrs gq, dgus viuk dgha vfèkd egRo j[krs gSAa fiQYeksa esa ;FkkFkZ
yxrk gS ¶eSa vkokjk] eSa vkokjk] eSa vkokjk] eSa ds vkxzg dk mYys[k djrs gq, lR;thr js ds bu

'kCnksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS tgk¡ os fiQYeh insZ ij Hkh dj pys ge fiQnk tku vks ru lkfFk;ksa
;FkkFkZ ds èkjkry dks ize[q k ekurs gS&a ¶eSa ftl fMVsy vc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ksa
(fooj.k) dh ckr djuk pkgrk gw]¡ foewrZ ekè;e ls lkal Fkerh xbZ] uCt terh xbZ
mldk dksbZ okLrk ugha gSA fo"k;oLrq dks izLiQqfVr fiQj Hkh c<+rs dne dks uk #dus fn;k
djuk ;k Le`nè~ k djuk gh bl fMVsy dk mn~n's ; gSA dV x, lj gekjs rks dqN xe ugha
LFkku] dky] ik=k] ?kVuk] eu ds Hkko&lc dqN ds lj fgeky; dk geus u >qdus fn;k
o.kZu esa bl fMVsy dk iz;kstu gksrk gS vkSj f'kYih ejrs&ejrs jgk ck¡diu lkfFk;ksa
dh vuqHkwfr ij gh blds iz;ksx dh lkFkZdrk fuHkZj vc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ksaA6
djrh gSA gekjs ns'k ds vfèkdka'k Nk;kfp=kksa esa fMVsy lkaiznkf;drk vkt ds le; dh ,d cM+h leL;k
dk nSU ; ns[kdj nq[ k gksrk gS D;ksa f d Hkkjrh; gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa èkeZ&etgc ls ijs ,d lPps
f'kYi&lkfgR; esa fMVsy dks tks e;kZnk feyh gS] fo'o fganqLrkuh cuus dh vihy fn[kykbZ nsrh gSA ,slh gh
lkfgR; esa mldh dksbZ rqyuk ugha gSA ;gk¡ eSa flusek vihy ^èkwy dk iQwy* fiQYe esa eksgEen jiQh n~okjk
iwoZ ds ;qx ds f'kYi&lkfgR; dh ppkZ [kklrkSj ij xk;k x;k lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh dk ;g xhr èkeZ vkSj
dj jgk gwA¡ pyfp=k Hkys gh chloha lnha dk dyk etgc dh nhokjksa ls ijs balkfu;r dks lcls cM+k èkeZ
ekè;e gks ] ys f du mldh jpukuhfr esa iz k phu crykrk gS&
f'kYi&lkfgR; varfuZfgr gS] bl fo"k; esa dksbZ lansg ¶rw fganw cusxk uk eqlyeku cusxk] balku dh
ugha gSA¸4 vkSykn gS balku cusxkA
ns'k dh xqykeh dh nklrk ftl izdkj rRdkyhu vPNk gS vHkh rd rsjk dksbZ uke ugha gS] rq>dks
lkfgR; esa fn[kykbZ nsrh gS mlh izdkj fiQYeksa esa Hkh fdlh etgc ls dksbZ dke ugha gS
mls cjkcj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fganh fiQYeksa dh dFkk ftl bYe us balku dks rdlhe fd;k gS] ml
vkSj muesa iz;Dq r xhr lhèks&lhèks jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls bYe dk rq> ij dksbZ bYtke ugha gS
lacn~èk fn[kykbZ nsrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN xhrksa ekfyd us gj balku dks balku cuk;k] geus mls
dks ;gk¡ izLrqr dj nsuk mfpr gksxkA tgk¡ rd fganh fganw ;k eqlyeku cuk;kA
fiQYeksa esa jk"Vªh; xhrksa dh ckr dh tk, rks ge ns[krs dqnjr us rks cD'kh Fkh gesa ,d gh èkjrh] geus
gSa fd ,sls cgqr lkjs fiQYeh xhr gSa tks jk"Vªh; ,drk dgha Hkkjr dgha bZjku cuk;kA
ds Loj dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij& tks rksM+ ns gj can oks rwiQku cusxk] balku dh
¶lqu lqu lqu esjs eqUus lqu] lqu lqu lqu esjh vkSykn gS balku cusxkA7¸
eqUuh lqu balkfu;r ds lkFk gh jk"Vªh; Hkko fganh flusek
I;kj dh xaxk cgs] ns'k esa ,drk jgs--- esa ltho :i esa fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa ,sls
[kRe dkyh jkr gks] jks'kuh dh ckr gks vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjs xhr gSa ftuesa vktknh ds la?k"kZ ds
nksLrh dh ckr gks] ftanxh dh ckr gks vkSj mlds ckn pqukSfr;ksa ds chp mHkjrs jk"Vª&Hkko
ckr gks balku dh] ckr fganLq rku dh dks yhMj fiQYe ds fuEukafdr xhr esa ns[kk tk
lkjk Hkkjr ;s dgs] I;kj dh xaxk cgs ldrk gS&
I;kj dh xaxk cgs] ns'k esa ,drk jgs5¸ viuh vktknh dks ge gfxZt feVk ldrs ugha]
fganh flusek esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls vksr&izkrs ,sls lj dVk ldrs gSa ysfdu lj >qdk ldrs ugha
gh vkSj Hkh cgqr ls xhr gSa ftuesa ls dqN xhrksa ij geus lfn;ksa esa ;s vktknh dh user ikbZ gS]
;gk¡ è;ku nsuk lehphu gksxkA ,slk gh ,d xhr gS lSadM+ksa dqckZfu;k¡ nsdj ;s nkSyr ikbZ gS
gdhdr fiQYe dk ftlesa oru ij izk.k U;ksNkoj eqLdqjk dj [kkbZ gSa lhuksa is vius xksfy;k¡]
djus okys 'kghnksa dks ;gk¡ Jn~èkkatfy nh xbZ gS& fdrus ohjkuksa ls xqtjs gSa rks tUur ikbZ gS

[kkd esa ge viuh bTtr dks feyk ldrs ugha] feyrk gS D;ksafd mlds n'kZd leqnk; dh ifjfèk
viuh vktknh dks ge gfxZt feVk ldrs ughaA8 dkiQh nh?kZ gks tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij izes panz ds
vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds le{k vius fodkl miU;klksa vkSj mudh dgkfu;ksa ij dbZ fiQYesa cuh
dh jkg ij pyuk t:jh Fkk vkSj fodkl dh bl jkg mudh dgkuh ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* ij ^ghjk&eksrh*
ij cjrh tkus okyh lkoèkkfu;ksa dh vksj fganh lkfgR; fiQYe cuhA eUuw HkaMkjh dh dgkuh ^;gh lp gS* ij
vkSj flusek nksuksa esa cjkcj è;ku fn;k x;k gSA yacs 1974 esa ^jtuhxaèkk* uke ls fiQYe cuhA eksgu jkds'k
le; ls >syh xbZ ;krukvksa vkSj fd, x, la?k"kZ ds dh dgkuh ^mldh jksVh* ij blh 'kh"kZd ls fiQYe
ckn feyh vktknh ds ckn jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Lo;a dks cuhA iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq dh dgkuh êkjs x, xqyiQke
etcwr djus ds fy, lkewfgd iz;Ruksa dh xqt a kb'k miQZ rhljh dle* ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^rhljh dle*
cjkcj cuh jghA fuEukafdr fiQYeh xhr esa Hkh vkbZA dk'khukFk flag ds miU;kl ^dk'kh dk vLlh*
lkoèkkuhiwoZd vkxs c<+us dh ckr dh xbZ gS& ij êksgYyk vLlh* fiQYe dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj blh
ge yk, gw¡ rwiQku ls d'rh fudky ds] bl izdkj lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dks vkèkkj cukdj cgqr lh
ns'k dks j[kuk esjs cPpksa laHkky ds fiQYesa fganh flusek ds insZ ij vkrh jgh gSa ftuesa
rqe gh Hkfo"; gks esjs Hkkjr fo'kky ds] bl ns'k lkfgfR;d ikB ds izlkj.k&izn'kZu n~okjk lkekftd&fgr
dks j[kuk esjs cPpksa laHkky ds ,oa jk"Vª&Hkko dks cjkcj lkèkk x;k gSA jk"Vª&Hkko ,oa
nqfu;k ds nk¡o isp a ls j[kuk u okLrk] eafty jk"Vªh; izse dh Hkkouk uo;qodksa esa fujarj cuh jguh
rqEgkjh nwj gS yack gS jkLrk pkfg, fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr tSls jk"Vª esa tgk¡ lokZfèkd
HkVdk u ns dksbZ rqEgsa èkks[ks esa Mkydj] bl ns'k la[;k ;qodksa dh gksA jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk chtoiu ,oa
dks j[kuk esjs cPpksa laHkky ds iYyou pkgs og lkfgR; ds ekè;e ls gks pkgs
ge yk, gSa rwiQku ls d'rh fudky dsA9 flusek ds ekè;e ls ysfdu mldk gksuk egRoiw.kZ gks
mijksDr fiQYeh xhrksa esa ftl izdkj ls jk"Vªh; tkrk gSA gekjh lkaLÑfrd tMa+s vkSj fojklr ds izfr
Hkko >yd jgk gS ,sls gh fganh lkfgR; esa cgqr ls uo;qodksa esa yxko dh Hkkouk dks iSnk djus vkSj
xhr&dfork,¡ gSa tks vktknh ds fy, fy[kh xbZ gSAa cuk, j[kus ds fy, lkfgR; vkSj fiQYeksa esa Hkh mlls
t;'kadj izlkn ds ukVd ^panxz qIr* esa vk, ,d xhr lacn~èk laLdkj dk cus jguk t:jh gSA lkfgR; vkSj
dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡& flusek dk izHkko tu ekul ij vo'; iM+rk gSA
fgekfnz rqxaq kÜ xà ls izcnqw è~ k 'kqnè~ k HkkjrhA Lo;aiHz kk 21oha lnh dh fofHkUu pqukSfr;ksa ds chp Hkkjr esa Hkh
leqTToyk Lora=krk iqdkjrhAA tkx:drk vkSj viuh lgt laLÑfr ds izfr yxko o
veR;Z ohj iq=k gks] n`<+ izfrK lksp yksA iz'kLr mlh ds vuqdwy vkpj.k dh izsj.kk dk gksuk vkt ds
iq.; iaFk gS] c<s+ pyks c<+s pyksAA10 le; dh ekax gS ftldh iwfrZ u dsoy lkfgR; vfirq
vktknh ds fy, izk.k U;ksNkoj dj nsus dh n`<+ fganh flusek ds ekè;e ls Hkh fujarj gksrh jguh
ladYiuk ek[kuyky prqonZs h dh dfork îq"i dh pkfg,A fuEukafdr ftKklk ,oa iz'u blh izdkj dh
vfHkyk"kk* dh bu iafDr;ksa esa fn[kykbZ nsrh gS& iwfrZ dh ekax gekjs lEeq[k j[krh gSa tks egRoiw.kZ Hkh
eq>s rksM+ ysuk ouekyh] ml iFk ij nsuk rqe gS&a ¶vkf[kj ÅtkZ vkSj LiQwfrZ ls ycjst ;qok D;ksa
iQsda A vius ns'k&lekt] Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr ds ,sls izrhd
ekr`Hkwfe ij 'kh'k p<+kus ftl iFk tkosa ohj ugha cu ikrs ftUgsa gekjh euq";rk dk lgh izfrfufèk
vusdAA11 dgk tk ldrk\ bDdhloha lnh esa cuh nks fiQYeksa ds
lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dks vkèkkj cukdj Hkh cgqr&lh tfj, ls ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd gekjk ;qok vkt
fganh fiQYesa cuh gSaA lkfgfR;d jpukvksa ij vkèkkfjr fdl eksM+ ij gS vkSj mldh ekufldrk D;k gSA dqN
bu fiQYeksa esa lkfgR; dk foLrkfjr :i Hkh ns[kus dks o"kZ igys ^jax ns clarh* fiQYe vkbZ FkhA blesa

fn[kk;k x;k fd fo'ofon~;ky;hu ifjos'k esa eè; euksjta u dks dbZ ckj viuh fiQYeksa dh dsna hz ;rk
vkSj fuEueè;oxZ dk ;qok fon~;kFkhZ vius bfrgkl ls iznku djuk 'kq: fd;k] ftlls lkekftd Lrj ij jk"Vª
bruk dV pqdk gS fd mldks thou ds fdlh è;s; ,oa thou ds izfr vko';d ,oa ewY;oku lans'k
vkSj mlds vkn'kks± dk vanktk gh ugha gSA mldk v{kq..k iM+ tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa flusek dks Hkh
thou ekSt eLrh vkSj lkef;d mnklhurk dk ,slk eè;eekxZ ls dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gS D;ksfa d
lfEeJ.k gS ftlds vius lq[k vkSj nq[k gSaA ----f'k{kk cktkjokn ds nkSj esa Lo;a dks fVdkÅ cuk, j[kus ds
ds Lof.kZe dky esa og ugha tku ik;k gS fd bl ns'k fy, ,slk djuk ,d etcwjh Hkh cu tkrk gS ysfdu
dk jktuSfrd Hkfo"; D;k gSA¸12 mls detksjh ugha cuus fn;k tkuk pkfg,A lekt esa
ihNs geus dqN mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls ns[kk fd fgalk dk gksuk gkfudkjd gS] pwf¡ d og lekt esa gS rks
dSls jk"Vªh;&Hkko fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa Li"V lkfgR; vkSj izn'kZudkjh dykvksa ds :i esa flusek esa
>ydrk gSA jk"Vª dh vkarfjd ckg~; laizHkqRrk cuk, Hkh mls txg feyrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g è;ku nsus
j[kus dh eaxydkeuk bu mnkgj.kksa esa cjkcj fn[kykbZ dh ckr gS fd flusek esa vfèkd mRrstuke; ,oa
nsrh gS oLrqr% vktknh ds ckn fganLq rku esa fodflr fgald n`';ksa dh Hkjekj n'kZdksa dks vfHkHkwr djus ds
gksus dh 'ksM esa tks lkaLÑfrd pqukSfr;k¡ gekjs le{k fy, iz;ksx esa ugha ykuh pkfg,A ekuo thou dh
mB [kM+h gqb± muds o.kZu ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd& csgrjh ds fy, tks vko';d gks mls gh jkspd o
jktuSfrd voljoknh fLFkfr;k¡ Hkh fganh lkfgR; vkSj euksjta d :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lkfgR;
flusek esa fn[kykbZ nsrh gS]a ftls eksgHkax ds :i eas vkSj flusek dh vn~;ru ,oa lkef;d fLFkfr ij ckr
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA oLrqr% ftl cqfu;kn ,oa liuksa dks dh tk, rks ge ikrs gSa fd nksuksa {ks=kksa esa vius le;
ysdj vktknh dh yach yM+kbZ yM+rs gq, Hkkjrekrk ds dh lPpkbZ dks mdsjk tkrk gSA vktdy oSf'od Lrj
lSd
a M+k&sa gtkjksa ohj liwrksa us viuh tku dh ckth ij phu ls iQSys dksjksuk ok;jl dk vkrad iQSyk gqvk
yxkbZA vktknh ikus ds ckn ns'k esa fodflr gksus ds gS vkSj gtkjksa dh la[;k esa yksx ekSr dk f'kdkj gks jgs
lkFk gh eksgHkax dh fLFkfr cuus yxhA lekt vkSj gSAa gekjk Hkkjr Hkh vc bldh pisV es vk pqdk gSA
jktuhfr nksuksa Lrjksa ij LokFkZ O;kIr gksus yxk vkSj iwjs ns'k esa ykWdMkmu dh fLFkfr gS ysfdu Jfed oxZ
vktknh dh dher dks cgqr gYds esa vk¡duk 'kq: dj egkuxjksa ls iyk;u dj vius xk¡o&?kj (fo'ks"kdj
fn;k ftlds dkj.k ns'k dh mUufr esa ckèkk curh jghA mRrj izn's k vkSj fcgkj) esa ykSVus ds fy, lM+dksa ij
fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa esa gh le;≤ ij vk x, gSa tks bl egkekjh ds le; fpark dk fo"k;
jktuSfrd fonziw rk vkSj lkekftd fo"kerk ij rh[kh gSA bl egkekjh vkSj lkFk esa gks jgs iyk;u ij lks'ky
fVIif.k;k¡ Hkh cjkcj gksrh jghaA tgk¡ ,d vksj eSfFkyh'kj.k ehfM;k vkSj Vh- oh- ij yksxksa ds fopkj cjkcj ns[kus
xqIr ^Hkkjr&Hkkjrh* esa vrhr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh dks fey jgs gSAa
ydhj [khaprs gq, iz'ukafdr djrs gS&a ftls vkus okys le; esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa
¶ge dkSu Fks] D;k gks x, gSa vkSj D;k gksxa s vHkh Hkh ns[kk tk ldsxk vkSj yksxksa dks bu ekè;eksa ls
vkvks fopkjsa vkt feydj ;s leL;k,¡ lHkhA¸ 13 tkx:d o laosnu'khy Hkh fd;k tk,xkA
ogha nwljh vksj fganh flusek esa ^midkj*] ^djek*] lekgkj :i esa dgk tk, rks fganh lkfgR; vkSj
^jkstk*] îwjc vkSj if'pe*] ^n ghjks* vkfn fiQYeksa esa flusek nksuksa esa gh le;≤ ij lkekftd fgr Hkko
ns'k ds izfr izse Hkko >ydrk fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA ;gk¡ ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vª&Hkko Hkh cjkcj izlkfjr gqvk gSA
;g Hkh è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ftl izdkj lekt izLrqr 'kksèk i=k esa fganh lkfgR; ls fn, x, mnkgj.kksa
vkSj jktuhfr dh fonziw rk us Hkkjrh;ksa dh ekufldrk ds vykok ,sls gh vkSj lSdM+kas mnkgj.k ;gk¡ izLrqr
dks izHkkfor fd;k gS mlh izdkj ifjofrZr Hkkjrh; fd, tk ldrs gSa tks vius le; dh ekax dks
ekulfdrk ls gh n'kZd tqVkus okys flusek us Hkh jpukRed :i esa izLrqr djrs gSAa lkfgR; vkSj flusek

nksuksa esa gh ekuo thou ds dY;k.k dk ekxZ izLrqr 5- www.bhajanganga.com
gqvk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh vkrk jgsxkA Hkkjrh; vrhr ds 6- kavitakosh.org
xkSjo] orZeku dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdy
w 7- https//geetmanjusha.com
fparu&euu o Hkfo"; ds izfr vk'kkoku o izsjd 8- https//kaavyaalaya.org
fLFkfr;ksa dks cukus esa fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk 9- kavitakosh.org
;ksxnku lnSo izLrqr jgsxk blh 'kqHksPNk ds lkFk---A 10- panxz qIr&t;'kadj izlkn
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 11- https//kaavyaalaya.org
1- izes &ifFkd&t;'kadj izlkn 12- lkfgR; vkSj flusek % varl±caèk& izks- jru
2- https//mhindimala.net ikaMs;
3- https//gaana.com 13- Hkkjr&Hkkjrh % eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
4- thou dks x<+rh fiQYes&a iz;kx 'kqDy
µ lgk;d vkpk;Z] fganh foHkkx] ';keyky dkWyt

s (lkaè;)] fnYyh
qqq

lkfgR;] flusek vkSj lekt dk varl±cèa k
oqQaryk nRr
vk èkqfud ;qx rFkk lH;rk dk vn~Hkqr peRdkj

gS flusek ;k pyfp=k] ftls vkt fiQYe]
fiDpj] ewoh vkfn ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ekuo
tk ldrk gSA ge rks dHkh&dHkh ;g lkspus ij etcwj
gks tkrs gSa fd ;s flusek] ;s fiQYeh laxhr u gksrs rks
D;k gksrk\ ftanxh fdruh iQhdh&iQhdh vkSj uhjl
lH;rk dks foKku dk fn;k gqvk ;g vueksy vkSj yxrhA yksx cl gkFk&ik¡o fgykrs gq, cstku dBiqrfy;ksa
I;kjk lk migkj flusek vly esa funsZ'kd ds gkFk dk tSls utj vkrsA vr% ge dg ldrs gaS fd flusek
[ksy gSA rHkh rks lsVl ~ ij [kM+s lHkh yksx muds :ih ;g lkekftd dyk ge tSls lkèkkj.k yksxksa ds
^ykbV] ,D'ku] dSejk* ds funs'Z k dh izrh{kk esa #ds ân; vkSj eu&efLr"d esa ,sls tM+ iQSyk, cSBh gSa fd
gq, gksrs gSAa flusek lcls igys euksjt a u dk ekè;e] bls m[kkM+uk eqf'dy gh ugha cfYd ukeqefdu gSA rks
lekt ds udkjkRed 'kfDr;ks d a s fo#n~èk vkokt ;gk¡ ge Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa dks gh
cqyan djus dk ekè;e] lR;&izse& lqanjrk vkSj lkeus j[kdj viuh ckrsa tkjh j[ksaxs vkSj lkfgR; Hkh
ekuoh;rk dks loksPZ p LFkku nsus dk ekè;e gksus ds lekt dks izfrfcafcr djus okyk vkSj ekuo thou ij
lkFk&lkFk XySej vkSj iQS'ku dh ,d nqfu;k clkus dk O;kid izHkko NksM+us okyk ,d lkekftd dyk gSA ij
ekè;e Hkh gSA gtkjksa lkyksa ls budk ftruk izHkko lekt ij iM+k gS]
fo"k;&izo's k ls igys cpiu esa lquk gqvk ,d blds eqdkcys esa flusek us dsoy lkS lkyksa esa gh
xkuk ckj&ckj esjs dkuksa esa xwta us yxk gS ¶vksgjs---- Hkkjrh; lekt dks thus dh ,d ubZ 'kSyh nhA fparu
rky feys unh ds ty es@a unh feys lkxj es@a lkxj esa ,d u;kiu vFkkZr~ vkèkqfudrk ykbZ] ftlls lekt
feys dkSu ls ty esa dksbZ tkus uk¸ dgus dk rkRi;Z esa ,d ubZ ygj&lh iSnk gqbAZ blds ekus ;g drbZ
;g gS fd lkxj&egklkxj cus fo'o flusek] Hkkjrh; ugha fd lkfgR; dk ekuo thou esa ;k lekt esa dksbZ
flusek vkSj unh&rky :ih izknsf'kd flusek ds lekt egRo ughaA lkfgR; dk ekuo thou rFkk lekt esa
ij iM+s O;kid izHkko dks bl dVksjs esa dSls lesVk ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ftlesa ekuo lekt
tk,] tks gkWyhoqM] ckWyhoqM] VkWyhoqM vkfn ds :i vkSj lH;rk dk bfrgkl lek;k gqvk gS] blfy,
èkkj.k fd, gq, gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt ;kuh yksxksa ds lkfgR; dks ekuo lekt vkSj lH;rk ds vrhr ls
fnyks&a fnekx esa flusek bl dnj Nk;k gqvk gS fd os ysdj orZeku rd ds fyf[kr nLrkost ds :i esa
flusek dks [kkus&ihus] mBus&cSBus] ltus&l¡ojus] ckrphr vfHkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
djus vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lkspus&fopkjus ds <ax esa Hkh bl rjg ls ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd lkfgR; vkSj
'kkfey fd, gq, gSaA bl ij ge tSls lkèkj.k yksx flusek lekt ls tqM+h nks lkekftd dyk,¡ gSAa ij bu
ugha] cfYd euksoSKkfud Lrj ij lksp&fopkj fd;k nksuksa dykvksa dks lekt rd igqp ¡ kus dk ekè;e

vyx&vyx gksus ds dkj.k nksuksa dk izHkko Hkh le>rs Hkh gSAa blds foijhr flusek esa lcds fy,
vyx&vyx gksrk gSA ,sls ns[kk tk, rks flusek Hkh lc fdjnkj ,d leku gksrs gSa] ogk¡ tks dqN fn[kk;k
,d izdkj dk lkfgR; gh gS ij n`';&JO; ekè;e tkrk gS lc ,d tSls gh ns[krs gSaA blfy, lkfgR;
gksus ds dkj.k flusek ^n'kZd* vkSj lkfgR; ys[ku vkSj flusek nksuksa lkekftd dyk gksrs gq, Hkh jsy dh
ekè;e gksus ds dkj.k îkBd* iSnk djrs gSAa ,d iVfj;ksa dh rjg vkl&ikl gksdj Hkh viuh&viuh
vPNs ikBd cuus ds fy, fliQZ lk{kj gksuk gh dkiQh fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k dHkh ,d ugha gks ikrs ij ftl
ugha gS] cfYd mUgsa lkspus&le>us dh xgu eu%fLFkfr rjg jsyxkM+h dks larfq yr j[kus ds fy, nksuksa iVfj;ksa
vkSj ys[kd lekt dks ys[ku ds ekè;e ls tks lan's k dks lgh txg ij gksuk vR;ar vko';d gksrk gS] Bhd
nsuk pkgrs gSa mls xzg.k djus dh 'kfDr gks rks ikBd mlh rjg dgkfu;ksa ;kuh lkfgR; dk lgkjk fy, fcuk
viuh euu'khyrk] vuqHkwfr vkSj dkYifud 'kfDr ls flusek dHkh ifjiw.kZ ugha gks ldrkA vusd dykvksa
ys[kd ds oDrO; dks ij[kdj vius thou esa mrkjrs dks vius vki esa lekfgr fd, gq, flusek vkSj
gSa vkSj lekt&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa iz;kstu vuqlkj lkfgR; lekt dks larfq yr j[kus esa yxs gq, gSAa
dk;kZfUor djrs gSaA vr% ikBdksa ij lekt fuekZ.k dk oSls ikSjkf.kd dky ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt esa
Lo;a laLdkj dk xaHkhj nkf;Ro O;kIr jgrk gS] ftlesa ukV~;&ijaijk ds vkèkkj ij xhr&laxhr] u`R;&ukfVdk]
os lekt ls reke cqjkb;ksa dks gVkdj ,d LoPN uqDdM+&ukVd] Lokax&;k=kk] dBiqrfy;ksa dk u`R;] ukSVd
a h]
lekt dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaA blds foijhr n'kZdksa dks vkstkikfy] vkys[; vkSj vle ds egku lar egkiq#"k
pkfg, cl n'kZu ;ksX; nks vk¡[ksa] fliQZ pan #i, vkSj Jher 'kadjnso n~okjk iangz oha lnh esa gh bZtkn fd;k
nks ls rhu ?kaVas dk le;] u fd ikBdksa tSlh fnekxh gqvk ^Hkkvksuk* tks èkkfeZd dgkfu;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa_
dljr vkSj dbZ fnuksa ;k eghus dh [kirA rks cl bu lHkh dk lekt esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS]a Ñ".k&dUgS;k
¶iSls iQsd
a ks vkSj rek'kk ns[kks ¶og pkgs fnYyh&vkxjk dh yhyk ij vkèkkfjr jkl&Hkkvksuk tgk¡ nq"Vksa dk
dk dqrcq ehukj] rktegy gks] yanu] isfjl dk bofuax neu vkSj lar ds ikyu dk vkn'kZ LFkkfir djrh gS]
gks] yo bu Vksfd;ks gks] VkbVSfud ;k tqjkfld ikdZ ;s lc ukV~;&lkfgR; dk gh vax gS] tks lekt dks
gks] lrh lkèoh flanjw &eaxylw=k vkSj vU; vkHkw"k.kksa ls lqèkkjus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh vkbZ gS vkSj
ynh djokpkSFk dk ozr ikyu djrh gqbZ Hkkjrh; ukjh vle esa Hkh cnyrs gq, le; esa ubZ&ubZ lkekftd
gks ;k dksB s&dScjs okyh urZd h ;kuh dyafduh leL;k,¡ vkSj eqn~ns dks ysdj tufiz;rk ds f'k[kj ij
[kyukf;dk gks ] vPNs ekrk&firk] Hkzk rk&Hkfxuh] p<+h gqbZ pyk;eku ;k eksckby fFk,Vj us n'kZdksa dks
nksLr&nksLrkuk] HkkbZpkjk] ns'kHkfDr] usrk&jktusrk] jktuhfr] Hkjiwj euksjatu nsus ds lkFk&lkFk lekt dks ubZ fn'kk
'kklu&vi'kklu] dq'kklu] èkuh&fuèkZuh] xk¡o&'kgj nsus esa leFkZ gq, gSa] tgk¡ c[kwch rduhdh iz;ksx ls
lkekftd ncko] izse&fojg] thou&e`R;q] gkL;&Øanu] LVst ij gh ^VkbVSfud* tSls ukVd dks eapLFk dj
izse vkSj vkn'kZ ds uke ij ej feVus okyk uk;d gks n'kZdksa ds chp rgydk epk fn;k FkkA vle ds
;k 'kjkch] tqvkjh] fgalk&cnyk&vijg.k] ywVekj&MdSrh] vykok ,sls ukV~;&ijaijk 'kk;n gh vkSj dgha gksA
naxk&iQlkn ls tqMs+ [kyuk;d gksAa bl rjg flusek blds vfrfjDr eap ;k LVst ukVd] jsfM;ks ukVd Hkh
ftanxh ds gj igyw dks Nwrk gqvk n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ rk yksx cM+s pko ls ns[krs&lqurs gSa vkSj blh ukVd dk
gS vkSj n'kZd vius vkidks mu igyqvksa esa dgha u fodflr :i gh flusek ;k pyfp=k gS] ij flusek
dgha eglwl djus yxrs gSaA blh rjg flusek n'kZdksa f'kYi bu lcls vyx gksus ds dkj.k lcls vfèkd
dks >d>ksj nsus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA rks ;g tkfgj gS fd yksdfiz; cuk gqvk gSAa
flusek ds n'kZdksa ds eqdkcys lkfgR; dk ikBd lkfgR; dh vkSj ,d egRoiw.kZ foèkk gS xhr
vR;ar lhfer gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk izHkkfor HkhA lkfgR; ftuds fcuk Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dh dYiuk gh ugha dh
esa fHkUu&fHkUu ikBd ,d gh ik=k ;k pfj=k dks viuh tk ldrhA D;ksfa d Hkkjrh; laxhr vkSj fiQYeksa dk
dYiuk'kfDr ds tfj, fHkUu :i ls ns[krs gaS vkSj vkil esa pksyh&nkeu dk lkFk gS vkSj ;g fj'rk nksuksa

us c[kwch fuHkk;k Hkh gSA ,d rjiQ fiQYeksa us miU;kl lezkV eq'kh izsepan dk ^xksnku*] ^lsoklnu*]
xhrdkj&laxhrdkj] xk;d&xkf;dk vkSj muds n~okjk ^x+cu*] ^Lokeh*] ^'krjat ds f[kykM+h*] 'kjrpanz pVthZ
xk, x, eèkqj xhr] 'kkL=kh;&laxhr] y?kq& laxhr] dk ^nsonkl*_ ftl ij rhu ckj fiQYesa cuh igyh
x+ty + &dOokyh dks iuius vkSj iQwyus&iQyus dh txg vle ds izeFks'k c#vk n~okjk] nwljh foey fe=k
nh gSa] vkSj nwljh rjiQ Hkkjrh; ik'oZ xk;d&xkf;dkvksa n~okjk] rhljh lat; yhyk Hkalkyh n~okjk] eUuw HkaMkjh
us viuh lqjhyh vkokt+ dk tknw fc[ksjdj laxhr dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr ^jtuhxaèkk*] Hkxorh pj.k
izfs e;ksa dks ea=keqXèk dj flusek?kjksa rd igqp ¡ us ij oekZ dk ^fp=kys[kk*] panzèkj 'kekZ xqyjs h dk ^mlus
etcwj dj fn;k gS vkSj ,sls cgqr ls flusek gSa tks bu dgk Fkk* ^js.kq dh rhljh dle*] Hkh"e lkguh dk
euHkkou xhrksa dh cnkSyr gh lqijfgV cus gSAa ^ns'k&foHkktu* ij fy[kk x;k ekfeZd miU;kl ^rel*]
vkt Hkkjrh; flusek ftl eqdke ij igqp ¡ k gSA ve`rk izhre dk ^fiatj* ij ^xnj ,d izse dFkk*]
bl xxupaqch bZekjr dh uhao dh igyh b±V Mkyh xbZ ;qok oxZ ds tufiz; ys[kd psru Hkxr dk ^Fkzh
Fkh nknk lkgsc iQkYds th ds vFkd Je vkSj iz;kl bfM;V~l* vkfn ds vykok Hkh îfr iRuh vkSj oks*]
ls fganh ds igys xn~;&ys[kd Hkkjrsna t q h dh ukfVdk êkSle*] ^vk"k<+ dk ,d fnu*] ^fguk*] ^vk¡èkh* vkfn
ls izsfjr gksdj èkkfeZd dgkfu;ksa ds vkèkkj ij 21 vusd lkfgfR;d fiQYesa cuha ij dqN gh n'kZdksa dh
vizy S lu~ 1913 esa cukbZ xbZ igyh fiQYe ^jktk dlkSVh ij [kjh mrj ikb±A
gfj'pan*z ds uke ls rks igys cuh ewd vFkkZr~ fuokZd pw¡fd flusek ,d O;kolkf;d dyk gS rks fuekZrk
fiQYe] ^vkye&vkjk* rd lokd curs&curs ckbLdksi dHkh&dHkh n'kZdksa dks ykykf;r dj flusek?kjksa rd
ls VkWdh vkSj u,&u, oSKkfud vkfo"dkj vkSj rduhdh ykus ds fy, vtc&xtc ukeksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSAa ,slk
midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls cuh vkèkqfud vkSj ';ke&'osr ,d mnkgj.k gSA ^jkeiqj dk y{e.k* ,sls esa èkkfeZd
:i cnydj jaxhu cuh fiQYe dks flusek ds uke ls flusek dh izrh{kk dj jgs n'kZdksa dk rkark yx tkrk
tkuk tkus yxkA gSA lgt ljy n'kZdksa dks var rd muds n'kZu ugha
flusek vkSj lkfgR; dk nk;jk vkSj Lo:i gksr]s ftUgsa ns[kus os vk, FksA ckn esa os vU; yksxksa ds
vyx&vyx gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa dk lacèa k lekt ls gh lkeus gkL;&fouksn dk dkj.k Hkh curs gSaA
tqMs+ gksus ds dkj.k rhuksa esa ,d varl±cèa k curk gS] flusek ds fy, ges'kk ubZ&ubZ dgkfu;ksa dh
ftl lacèa k ls vyx gksdj bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh dk ryk'k gksrh jgrh gS bldk lekt ij dSlk izHkko
Hkh vfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ ldrk gSA ij pwf¡ d flusek iM+rk gS vkSj fiQYeksa ds nhokus fdl rjg fiQYeksa ds
dbZ rduhdh dykvksa dk lfEeJ.k gS] rks ogk¡ lgkjs vius thou ds lius cquus yxrs gaS vkSj thou
lSdM+k&as gtkjksa dykdkjksa dk Je tqMk+ jgrk gSA blh ds dVq okLro dk lkeuk mUgsa fdl rjg djuk iM+rk
otg ls flusek ds lkFk ctV] ekdsVZ ] O;olk; vkfn gS ,sls fo"k; dks ysdj Hkh dbZ fiQYesa cu pqdh gSAa
'kCn tqM+rs x, vkSj ;g ,d O;kolkf;d dyk curk ^xqM~Mh* vkSj ^ckacs Vw xksok* ,slh gh dgkuh dks ysdj
x;k] rks lkfgR; dk gw&c&gw izfriQyu flusek esa cuh gqbZ fiQYe gSA tgk¡ xqM~Mh dk fdjnkj fuHkkrh gqbZ
vlaHko lk gks x;kA O;olk; dh n`f"V ls flusek esa t;k HkknqMh+ tks Ldwy tkrh gqbZ fd'kksjh gS og ghjks
fuekZrkvksa dks elkyk ;kuh fFkzy] jksekal] lSDl] lLisl a èkes±n dh tcjnLr vuqjkxh gS vkSj viuh dYiuk dh
vkfn dk rM+dk yxkuk iM+rk gSA ,sls esa lkfgR; esa mM+ku Hkjdj vius thou laxh ds :i esa ikuk pkgrh
foÑfr vk tkrh gS] rks ys[kd dk ukjkt gksuk LokHkkfod gSA ij viuh txg ij tc fdlh fiQYe dh 'kwfVax
gS vkSj tgk¡ lkfgR;] eap vkSj jh;y ykbiQ esa dgha ds nkSjku og èkesn± ls feyrh gS]rks mls okLrfodrk
Hkh ^jh&Vsd* dh xqt a kb'k ugha] ogha flusek esa ^jh&Vsd* dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA ogha ,d fiQYe&nhokuk ;qod ds
ls lc dqN vR;qRre fd;k tk ldrk gSA n'kZdksa dks :i esa vljkuh dks fn[kk;k x;k] tks viuk ?kj
[kq'k djus dh gj dksf'k'k fiQYeesdj tkjh j[krs gSaA NksMd + j ckWyhoqM igqp ¡ k vkSj dksbZ jksy ikus dh vkl
bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd lkfgfR;d&flusek ugha cukA fy, ;gk¡&ogk¡ ds pDdj dkVrs gq, HkVdus yxkA

blh rjg flusek n'kZdksa dks liuksa dh nqfu;k dh lSj fiQYeh xIisa gk¡drs jgrs gSaA èkes±nz ds ¶dqRrs&dehus--
djkrk gS vkSj ,sls ukle> dgha ds ugha jg tkrs] u --eSa rsjk [kwu ih tkÅ¡xk¸] 'k=kq?u ds ¶[kkeks'k---¸]
?kj ds u ?kkV dsA blh rjg ,d gkL; izèkku fiQYe jkts'k [kUuk dh vk¡[kksa dk b'kkjk] vferkHk cPpu dk
gS ^ckacs Vw xksok* tgk¡ fiQYeh fgjksbu cuus ds pDdj ¶rsjs ikl D;k gS\¸ vkSj tckc esa 'k'kh diwj dk
esa nq"V&pØ esa iM+h vkSj f'kdkj cuh ,d xqejkg vkSj ¶esjs ikl ek¡ gS¸ fdax [kku 'kkg#[k dk ¶dddfdj.k-
fcxM+h gqbZ ;qorh ds :i esa v#.kk bjkuh vius ?kj ls ---¸ lUuh dk ¶<kbZ fdyks dk gkFk¸ fdls ekywe ugha
cgqr lkjs #i, ysdj xksok Hkkxrh gS vkSj mlh cl esa gSa\ blh izdkj n'kZdksa dks Hkkjrh; flusek vius
,d lqy>s gq, ;qod ds :i esa vfHkrkHk cPpu us eksfguh ea=k ls ckaèk ds j[krk gS ftrus Hkh rukoxzLr
mls jkLrk fn[kk;k vkSj nq"Vksa ds fcNk, gq, tky ls os D;ksa u gks] eqg¡ ij ,d galh dh >yd vk gh tkrh
fudkydj lgh jkg ij yk;kA lekt dks lh[k nsus ds gSA egku Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS fganh fiQYeksa us fganh Hkk"kk
fy, fiQYe&fuekZrk ,slh fiQYesa cukrs jgrs gSa rkfd os ds tfj,A Hkk"kk dh lh[k nsus ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh;
dHkh fdlh dqpØ esa u iQals vkSj dYiukyksd esa u ,drk] v[kaMrk] ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk dwV&dwVdj
[kks tk,¡] okLrfodrk dk è;ku j[ksa vksj fliQZ euksjatu Hkj nh gS Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds fny esAa ;gk¡ ,d jkt dh
ds fy, flusek ns[ksa vkSj gks ldsa rks bldk iQk;nk ckr crkÅ¡ tc dHkh Hkh gesa Hkk"kkxr fyax&fu.kZ; esa
mBk,] u fd [kqn dks ghjks&fgjksbu ;k foysu&oSia eqf'dysa vkbZ gS rc fiQYeha xkuksa us gesa cgqr lgkjk
le>us yxsAa fn;k gSA
fiQYe&txr ds vanj vkSj ckgj ,sls vufxur efgykvksa esa vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk] LokfHkeku]
fdLls&dgkfu;k¡ gSa ftuds dkj.k gkWyhoqM ds vuqdj.k lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs neu&mRihM+u ds fo#n~èk
ls ckWyhoqM cuh fiQYeh uxjh eqca bZ èkhjs&èkhjs ek;kuxjh vkokt mBkus dh 'kfDr flusek us Hkkjrh; ukjh dks nh
curh xbZA gk¡ ,slh ek;kuxjh ftldh rjiQ yksx gSA lkFk gh lkFk dbZ dqiFz kk,¡ lrhnkg] ckyfookg]
[kqn&c&[kqn [khaps pys vkrs gS]a pkgs ml f[kapko dk ngst ij dBksj vk?kkr igqp ¡ k;k gS Hkkjrh; flusek usA
dkj.k jksth&jksVh dh ryk'k gks ;k vius gquj dks ,d ukfj;ksa ds izfr lekt dh ghuHkkouk dks nwj djus ds
igpku nsus dh [okfg'k gksA blfy, yksx ufn;k¡] fy, Hkkjrh; flusek us ges'kk vkokt cqyan j[kh vkSj
nfj;k] lkxj gksrs gq, bl xgjs tke esa Mwcus pys vkrs ukjh dks lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[kkA blh rjg lkfgR;
gSa vkSj bl u'khyh nqfu;k esa [kks tkrs gSAa bl is'ks esa dh gh Hkk"kk dqN vyx <ax ls fu:fir dj lekt
tks u'kk gS blh otg ls vkt Hkkjrh; fiQYe baMLVªh dks dqN gn rd cnyus esa l{ke gq, gaS Hkkjrh;
ls izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls yk[kks&a djksMk+ as yksx tqMs+ flusekA ge Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa dks vkSj Lo;a gesa ukjh
gq, gSAa LVwfM;ks&a flusek?kjksa ls ysdj fiQYe&baLVhV~;Vw gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; flusek ij xoZ gSA
vkSj fon~;kfFkZ;ks]a iQS'ku&VsduksykWth] ekWMfyax] C;wVh& ;gk¡ dqN ,slh fiQYeksa dk uke ysuk mfpr gksxk]
dkWUVsLV] gj jkT; esa laxhr&u`R; ds vufxur dykdkj] ftudk Hkkjrh;ksa dh ekufldrk esa ifjorZu ykus esa
fj;fyVh 'kks] Vhoh ds flusek vkSj fiQYe laxhr ds ;ksxnku jgkA bueas ^vNwr dU;k*] ^xksnku*] ^tkx`fr*]
fdrus pSuy vkSj D;k&D;k\ iQSal DyCl] fiQYe&laxhr ^vukM+h*] ^nks ch?kk tehu*] ^gdhdr*] ^feyu*]
ds jsfM;ks fyLulZ DyCl] fiQYeh nhokuksa ds vius ^Jh 420*] û;k nkSj*] ênj bafM;k*] ^f[kykSuk*]
fiz; vfHkusrk dh udy mrkjus dk LVst ijiQkWel ±s ^midkj*] ^czg~epkjh*] ^lkfgc choh vkSj xqyke*]
vkSj muls tqM+s n'kZd] gkL; dykdkjksa ds ehehØh ls ^vkneh vkSj balku*] ^vk¡[ksa*] êsjk lk;k*] êsjk uke
NksVs insZ ds n'kZdksa dk euksjt a u] 'kks] fiQYeh leh{kk tksdj*] ^gkFkh esjk lkFkh*] ^lekt dks cny Mkyks*]
lkfgR;] fiQYe eSxthUl ifCyds'kal] fMfLVªC;w'ku] û;k tekuk*] îkfdt+k*] ^dVh irax*] ^vkuan*] ^liQj*]
izeks'ku oxSjg&oxSjgA vius fiz; dykdkjksa dh udy ^nq'eu*] ^vej izse*] ^gjs jkek gjs Ñ".kk*] îwjc vkSj
;qok oxZ ds izk;% lHkh yksx djuk ilan djrs gaS vkSj if'pe*] ^dqok¡jk cki*] ^tathj*] îfo=k ikih*] ^vkidh

dle*] ^lkSnkxj*] ^vekuq"k*] ^balkiQ dk rjktw*] ^vkuan iQkYds iqjLdkj fotsrk&HkkjrjRu&lqèkkdaB MkW- Hkwisu
vkJe*] ^'kksys*] ^vk¡èkh*] êklwe*] ûed gyky*] gtkfjdk] laxhrdkj ftrq&riu] fuekZrk&funs'Z kd tkg~uq
^fudkg] #nkyh*] ^vkf[kj D;ksa*] ^nkfeuh*] ^yxku*] c#vk] fo'oLrjh; vfHkusrk vkfny gqluS ] cSfa MV
^rkjs tehu ij*] ^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ*] ^Fkzh bfM;V~l*] Dohu [;kr vfHkus=kh lhek fo'okl] fuekZrk&funs'Z kd]
^Ñ"k*] ^CySd*] îk* vkfn buesa izeq[k gSaA la x hrdkj&uk;d&vfHkus r k tq f cu&tfru&ikiu]
flusek ds bl fo'kky txr dh dksbZ ifjfèk ugha ljy&xzkE; thou dks ljy <ax ls miLFkkfir djus
gSA vr% ge fo'o esa lj mBkdj dg ldrs gSa fd okyk fo'oizfln~èk fuekZrk&funsZ'kd fjek nkl ugha
Hkkjrh; flusek us fnyhi dqekj] lR;thr js] jkt feyrsA èkU; gS Hkkjrh; flusek!
diwj tSls vfHkusrk&funs'Z kd] dksfdy&daBh yrk th] fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd foKku dh
vk'kk th ds lkFk&lkFk jiQh] eqd's k] fd'kksj th] eUuk izxfr ds lkFk&lkFk eksckby] baVjusVa ds ;qx esa cnyrs
Ms] egsna z diwj tSls vkokt ds tknwxj] vusd euHkkou gq, ifjn`'; esa gesa ;g vk'kk j[kuk fd lc dqN
xhrksa ds xhrdkj&laxhrdkj] jkts'k [kUuk tSl lqijLVkj] igys tSlk gks tk,--- dgk¡ rd laxr gksxk ;g dguk
gh eSu èke±ns ]z Vªt
s Ms h Dohu ehuk dqekjh] gsek ekfyuh eqf'dy gSA vkt flusek esa lSDl] jsi] vigj.k]
tSlh MªhexyZ] 'kehZyh 'kehZyk] lcds fnyksa ij jkt naxk&iQlkn] ywVikV vkfn dh Hkjekj gksrs gq, Hkh
djus okyh ,ojxzhu js[kk] Jhnsoh] gky gh esa vfHku; n'kZdksa dks lrdZ jguk gksxk fd ge eD[kh ;k
thou dk ipklok¡ lky iwjs fd, gq, ^lnh ds eèkqeD[kh cus] xjy ;k ve`r pquAs
egkuk;d* vfHkrkHk cPpu] ijiQSD'kfuLV vkehj [kku] varr% gesa fiQYe&fuekZrkvksa ls fouez fuosnu gS
fdax [kku 'kkg#[k] liuksa dk jktk lyeku] ,D'ku fd ;a=kks]a rduhdh iz;ksxksa ds chp jgrs&jgrs vkSj
ghjks v{k; dqekj vkSj fdruksa dks vius eqdke ij ctV] cktkj dk dSydqy's ku djrs&djrs ekuoh;
igq¡pk;k gSA laosnukvksa dks u Hkwy tk,¡---lekt ds izfr os vius
;g flusek gh gS ftudh cnkSyr gesa Hkkjrh; mRrjnkf;Ro dks u Hkwyas vkSj lekt dks fcxkM+us ds
flusek dk tud :idkso¡j T;ksfrizlkn vkxjokyk] ctk, lok¡jus dk dke djsAa
vfHkusrk] fuekZrk&funsZ'kd izeFks'k c#vk] nknk lkgsc
µ ½f"kds'k vikVZeVas ] U;w xqokgkVh] ih- vks- uwuekVh] ftyk&dke:i(esVkª )s ] vle&781020
qqq

flusek vkSj lekt
MkW- vpZuk >k
fl usek ân; vkSj efLr"d] Hkko vkSj fopkj ds

lkFk&lkFk lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd lkfgfR;d
ifjos'k dk thoar jkxkRed ltZuk gSA lkfgR; Hkh
fiQYeksa dh ;g ;k=kk ^tkx`fr*] ^nks ch?kk tehu*]
îwjc if'pe*] enj bafM;k] vk¡[ks] xkbM] rhljh
dle] nsonkl] fp=kys[kk vkfn fiQYeksa ds fopkjcksèk]
vius ifjos'k vkSj lekt ds dSuokl ij mdsjk tkrk vkn'kZoknh ;FkkFkZ ls xqtjrs gq, ,d u, flusekbZ
gS] ogha nwljh rjiQ flusek Hkh vius le;] ;qxcksèk uhfr] lkSna ;Z'kkL=k dks viukrk gS tgk¡ osnuk&laosnuk
ifjos'k dk lkekftd izfrfcac gS tks tqMr+ k gS ân; ds xhys vk¡lw u gksdj ifjos'kxr] O;fDr ds Ågkiksg]
dh ^jkxkRedrk* ds lkFk&lkFk efLr"d dh ckSn~fèkdrk] eksgHkax] dqaBk] vjktdrk] ewY;] jhfr&uhfr lHkh viuh
lkSan;kZRed jkx&fojkx ds lkFkA flusek ekuo] thou lai.w kZrk ds lkFk flusek ds dF; cuus yxsA vkèkqfudrk
dh vk'kk&fujk'kk] g"kZ&fo"kkn] mRd"kZ&vid"kZ] dqaBk ds rduhdh ;kaf=kdrk ls xqtjrk gqvk euq"; miHkksDrkoknh
,oa =kkl dk ,d lexz fp=k.k gS] n`';&JO; ekè;e vkSj ;kaf=kd gksrk x;kA ^Fkzh bfM;V~l* fiQYe ^liQyrk*
ds :i esAa dh n{krk ds dkxth vkadM+kas dh ikjaifjd lksp dh
orZeku lekt esa uSfrdrk ,oa ewY;ks dh mis{kk] iksy [kksy dj j[k nsrh gSA ,d uhfrokD; dgk x;k
ekuoh; lacèa kksa ds izfr mnklhurk] ifjofrZr lkekftdrk] gS fd] gj euq"; ds vanj vyx&vyx rjg dh
laLdkj] laLÑfr lkfgR; esa Hkh èofur gS] rks Hkyk izfrHkk gSA gj euq"; esa dksbZ ,d fof'k"V izfrHkk gksrh
flusek dSls vNwrk jg ldrk gSA flusek Hkh ^dFkkud* gSA ijarq vkt ds lekt esa O;fDr izfrLièkkZ ,oa
lekt vkSj lkfgR; ls ysrk gSA Dykfld Hkkouk vkSj izfr;ksfxrk ds ;qx esa thrk gSA tgk¡ cPpksa ds fy,
ewy laons uk dks lesVs gq, dbZ fiQYesa cuh gS]a tks igys ls gh ek¡&cki mudk dSfj;j] in] eqdke lksp
lkekftd ifjiz{s ; esa ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqbZ gSAa ysrs gSa vkSj mlh ds vuq:i cPps dks >kad s nsrs gSa ml
;qxhu flusek vkt fdlh ,d yhd ;k ifjikVh xyk&dkV izfrLièkkZ esa tgk¡ og vius vareZu dh
esa caèkh gqbZ ugha gSA cfYd og O;fDr ,oa thou ds vkokt u lqu ldsA bldk lw{e vadu ^rkjs tehu
reke Nq,&vuNq, igyqvksa] uSfrdrk ,oa otZukvksa dh ij* fiQYe esa fd;k x;k gSA
f[kykiQr djrs gq,] xzkg~; ,oa vxzkg~; dh uohu vrhr esa Hkh ^dFkkud* dF;] Hkko&fopkj dks
ifjHkk"kk x<+rs] gq,] mHk;i{kh fcanqvksa dks vkRelkr~ #igys dksjh dYiukRedrk ,ao Hkkoqdrk ls fudkydj
djrk pyrk gSA O;fDr dh ckg~; leL;kvksa dks gh bls O;fDr] lekt] laLÑfr ds ,d l'kDr izfrfufèk
ugha cfYd vkarfjd euksxfaz Fk ls :c: gksrs s gq, ,d ds :i eas vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;kA ^vadjq *] ^vkØks'k*]
[kqjnjs ;FkkFkZoknh lkSan;Z'kkL=k dks fiQYeksa ds dF; esa ^vn~èkZlR;*] ^lkjka'k*] nks vk¡[ks ckjg gkFk] ^Lons'k*
<kyk x;k gSA ^fganh ehfM;e*] ôsMulMs* tSlh fiQYesa gSA

îfjorZu* izÑfr dk 'kk'or fu;e gSA ;g eklwe yksxksa dh tku ys ysrk gSA prqjlsu 'kkL=kh ds
ifjorZu l`f"V ds ewy esa gj {ks=k esa gSA lekt flusek miU;kl ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^èkeZi=q k* ,d u, n`f"Vdks.k
dk cgqvk;keh varl±caèk gS ftudk ,d&nwljs ij ds vkyksd esa x<+h tkrh gS tks u dsoy foHkktu ds
izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k izHkko iM+rk gSA ;gh otg gS fd ;FkkFkZ igyqvksa dks fn[kkrh gS cfYd fgan&w eqfLye
flusek dk ^dF;* Hkh buls izHkkfor gksdj gh vius ,drk dks u;k vklek¡ Hkh nsrh gS fd] ,d eqfLye
lajpukRed rkus&ckus dks cqurk gSA vkt f'k{kk txr dk uotkr f'k'kq] fganw ds ?kj esa iydj fganw curk gSA
esa jktuhfr] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] voljokfnrk iQy&iQwy okLrfodrk gS fd] tUe ls ge dsoy balku gksrs gSAa
jgh gS vkSj HkksFkjs pkdw ls ;ksX; vkn'kZoknh f'k{kdksa fgalk&izfrfgalk] lkainz kf;drk dk tgj bu lcds ewy
dk xyk jsr fn;k tkrk gSA ^pkd ,u MLVj* fiQYe esa esa LokFkhZ jktuhfrd] ealwcs vkSj èkek±èkrk gSA blh nnZ
lekt ,oa f'k{kk txr ds dks<+ dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA dks [kq'koar flag dh fy[kh dgkuh ^Vªus Vw ikfdLrku*
f'k{kk dk eafnj Hkh iSlk cVksjus] uke dekus dk lgt ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe cukbZ xbZA bl fiQYe dk ,d
lkèku O;kikj cudj jg x;k gSA fcYdqy rktk ,oa Mk;ykWx& ¶eSa u fl[k gw¡] u eqlyeku] u fganwA eSa rks
;FkkFkZ ds rkus&ckus ls cquh bl fiQYe dk ^dF;* Mkdw gw¸¡ ] iwjh fiQYe ds dF; dks O;Dr dj nsrk gSA
csckd] foospu fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, f'k{kk txr ds foHkktu dh ihM+k fganw gks ;k eqlyeku nksuksa i{k lgrs
reke L;kg iUuksa dks ijr nj ijr [kksyrh pyrh gS gaS îkVhZ'ku* fiQYe Hkh foHkktu ds =kkl dks fn[kkrh
cxSj fdlh ykx&yisV dsA bldh vkaf'kd >yd gesa gS fd] ;g foHkktu jk"Vª] ekuoh;rk vkSj izse dh
Jhyky 'kqDy ds ^jkxnjckjh* miU;kl esa n`f"Vxkspj ifjHkk"kk gh dyafdr dj nsrk gSA ,d iQkSth ikfdLrkuh
gksrh gSA ;qorh dh ^vLer* dh j{kk djrs gq, viuh dkSe ls
flusek lekt dk niZ.k ekuk tkrk gSA tc ns'k Vdjk dj mls vius ?kj esa iukg nsrk gSA ,d lPpk
dh ljteha ds VqdM+s gksrs gSa rks ;g foHkktu u dsoy flD[k vkSj iQkSth cudj mldh j{kk djrk gS gj
gekjh tehu dks ck¡Vrk gS cfYd gekjs fnyksa fnekx eas dne ijA vutkus gh mls izes djus yxrk gS bl izes
,d ,slk uklwj cuk fn;k tkrk gS ftldh Vhl lM+kaèk dh j{kk gsrq og mnkjeuk èkeZ dh ladh.kZrkvksa ls ijs
ds :i esa ljteha ds lkFk ekul esa Hkh iQSyrh jgsA mBdj izes dh izfrLFkkiuk djrk gSA
bl =kklnh dks Hkkjrh; fganh flusek ds jtriV ij foHkktu ls brj d'ehj esa fganw iafMrksa ds
c[kwch fpf=kr fd;k x;kA 1947 ^vFkZ* fiQYe gks ;k foLFkkiu ds csgn laons u'khy eqnn~ s dks ^f'kdkjk*
';ke csusxy dh êEek* ftldh ukf;dk êgewnk* ds fiQYe eas foèkq fouksn us fpf=kr fd;k gSA d'ehj dh
varZeu dks Hkh foHkktu ^foHkkftr* gksus ij etcwj okfn;ksa esa f'ko vkSj 'kkafr dk izes ijoku p<+rk gS
djrh gSA foHkktu dh =kklnh dks 'kjhj vkSj eu ij ijarq dkykarj esa d'ehj dh ?kkfV;ksa esa ck:nh xaèk
>syrh gqbZ ^fiatj* dh ukf;dk iwjksA vkt ds bl ?kqyus yxrh gSAa vyxko] vkradokn dh ,slh fpaxkjh
rFkkdfFkr vkèkqfud lekt esa èkeZ ds uke ij ;qokvksa iQwVrh gS fd] mlesa d'ehjh iafMrksa dks viuh cgw ,oa
dks my>krs cgdkrs rFkkdfFkr laHkzkar èkkfeZd yksxksa csVh dh vkc: cpkuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gS ,sls le;
dh cf[k;k mèksMr+ h ^gs jke* fiQYeA ^xnj ,d izes esa f'ko vkSj 'kkafr dks viuk vkf'k;kuk NksMu+ k iM+rk
dFkk* esa 'kk'or lai.w kZ izes dks Hkh foHkktu vkSj gS] fdrus tn~nkstgn ,oa eqf'dyksa dks >syuk iM+rk
etgch rjktw esa rkSy fn;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªiesz vkSj gSA viuh tku cpkrs gq, os Hkkjr vk tkrs gSa ijarq
O;fDrxr izes dh LFkkiuk ds chp dk n~ona o~ csgn gh vius fny&fnekx esa vius ml vkf'k;k¡ dks clk,
lw{e ,oa rkfdZd gSA tgk¡ jk"Vª ds vku&cku&'kku dk jgrs gSAa 30 o"kks± rd os bl mEehn esa jgrs gSa fd
èot ygjkrs gq, izes dh 'kk'orrk ,oa ifo=krk dh ,dckj os d'ehj dh okfn;ksa esa ykSV tk,¡xAs vius
Hkh j{kk dh tkrh gSA ;qxhu lanHkZ ds gaqdkj] yydkj vkf'k;k¡ dks clk,xs ijarq ,slk gksrk ugha gS] ;g gS
,oa psruk ds lkFk ,d lan's k nsrk gS fd] jktusrkvksa rRdkyhu d'ehj dk lekt'kkL=kA ftls csgn ân;Li'khZ
dh LokFkZ yksyiq rk] ladh.kZrk vkSj xyr fu.kZ; fdrus dFkkud] Hkko ds lkFk jtr iV ij mdsjk x;k gSA

lkfgR; gks ;k flusek buds dF;] ifjos'k fdlh yksd daBks esa dgha&dgha lqjf{kr rks gSa ijarq ftl
ljgn ls caèks ugha gksrs gSa cfYd ;s lhèks tqMr+ s gSa Lo.kkZ{kj esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg, Fkk ogk¡ mnklhurk]
lekt ,oa ifjos'k lsA ^rkfycku* fiQYe esa viQxkfu;ksa mis{kk fn[kkbZ xbZA ^dsljh* fiQYe bldk ,d l'kDr
ds thou dh csclh vkSj rkfyckfu;ksa ds vfrØe.k] mnkgj.k gS ftlesa dslfj;k ixM+h dh vku vkSj
vR;kpkj ds chp ,d viQxkuh ;qod ls izes esa iQalh cfynku] 'kkS;Z] rst dh laiw.kZ xkFkk dks jtriV ij
Hkkjrh; yM+dh ds izse] eksgHkax =kkl] dqaBk dh ,d mdsjk x;k gSA xkus dh iafDr Hkh jk"Vªh;rk dh ,d
l'kDr vfHkO;fDr gSA fiQYe n`'; JO; ekè;e gS] Lo.kZ bfrgkl fy[krh gS&
ftldk dFkkud] lans 'k mn~n s' ; izR ;{kr% gekjs ¶ryokjksa is lj okj fn,
fnyks&fnekx ij izHkko Mkyrk gSA jk"Vªh; psruk ,d vaxkjksa esa ftLe tyk;k gS
fopkj] Hkko gS tks lai.w kZ ekr`Hkwfe ds izfr] izse] rc tkds dgha geus lj is
leiZ.k] vknj] lsok ds Hkko geesa Hkjrk gSA ;g ,d ;s dsljh jax ltk;k gS¸
fopkj] lefiZr LohÑfr gS] tks ns'k ds lkFk gesa ogha ij ohj ^dsljh* viuh vkjtw xquxqukrk gS
HkkoukRed :i ls lkekftd laLÑfr ds lkFk tksM+rh bu iafDr;ksa es&a
gSA ;g tqMk+ o fiQYeksa ds ekè;e ls mlds dF;] ¶rsjh feV~Vh esa fey tkoka
laokn] xhr&laxhr ls xqtjrh gqbZ gekjs ân; dks xqy cuds eSa f[ky tkoka
mn~osfyr djrh gSA ^23 ekpZ 1931&'kghn* fiQYe rsjh ufn;ksa esa cg tkoka
ftlls gesa 'kghn Hkxrflag ds thou ds ckjs esa irk rsjs [ksrksa esa ygjkoka
pyrk gSA ns'k ds fy, ej feVus okys Økafrdkjh bruh lh gS fny dh vkjtwA¸
cVqd's oj nRr] lq[knso] jktxq# tSl uo;qod tc ;qxhu ifjos'k esa flYoj LØhu dk ;g lalkj
ns'k ds fy, g¡lrs&g¡lrs ¶esjk jax ns clarh pksyk¸ dsoy yqHkkouk] vkd"kZd gh ugha gS cfYd csckd]
xquxqukrs gq, tc iQk¡lh ds iQans ij >wy tkrs gSa rks ;g [kksth] vUos"k.kkRed dFkkud ds ;FkkFkZ dks lekt ds
n`'; Hkkjrh; ;qokvksa esa vkst&rst vkSj ekr`Hkwfe ds lkeus ykus dk iz;kl djrk gSA lqHkk"kpanz cksl vktkn
fy, ej feVus dk tTck iSnk djrk gSA ;g tTck dksbZ fgan ds laLFkkid Økafrdkjh] Hkkjr ds iq=k dh ftanxh
Hkh mins'k iSnk ugha dj ldrk gSA îwjc vkSj if'pe* dks vkf[kjh le; ,d fdaonarh cukdj xqeuke dj
fiQYe esa ^Hkkjr* vkSj Hkkjrh;rk dks ftl rjg misf{kr fn;k tkrk gSA ^xqeukeh* fiQYe esa u dsoy vktkn
dj jgs uk;d ij O;aX; fd;k tkrk gS og efLr"d fgan iQkSt dk laLFkkid] Økafrdkjh gS cfYd fiQYe esa
dks >d>ksjrk gSA blh fiQYe esa fons'kh èkjrh ij tc muds thou ds Kkr&vKkr igyqvksa dks cM+h csckdh
^Hkkjr dk jgus okyk gw¡ Hkkjr dh ckr lqukrk gw¡ dh ls vuqlaèkukRed n`f"Vdks.k ls foosfpr fo'ysf"kr dj
Lojygjh xwt a rh gS rks ^fo'oxq#* Hkkjr dh xfjek ns'k ds lkeus] turk ds lkeus ftl rjg ls vfHkO;Dr
vku&cku] lH;rk] laLÑfr gokvksa esa xwt a rh gSA bl fd;k gS ;g gekjs fy, ,d èkjksgj gSA fiQYe vfHkO;fDr
xkus esa lH;rk] laLÑfr dk tks lkSna ;kZRed fp=k.k gS dk og lkèku gS tks Hkwr] Hkfo";] orZeku lHkh ds
og dsoy eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS& okrk;u gekjs lkeus [kksy nsrk gSA
ped mBk flanjw xxu es]a lekt ,oa O;fDr ds lksp&fopkj dk izHkko
if'pe rd ykyh NkbZ nqYgu pyh] fiQYeksa ij Hkh iM+rk gSA tc dksbZ ijaijk,¡ vkSj
gk¡] igu pyh rhu jax dh pksyh ekU;rk,¡ èkhjs&èkhjs [kafMr gksrh gSa rks u, izfreku x<+s
^nks ch?kk tehu*] ^tkx`fr*] ^lR;kxzg* tSlh tkrs gSAa lkfgR; vkSj lekt nksuksa ds ewy mRl esa L=kh
fiQYeksa esa jk"Vª izse] lkekftd ln~Hkkouk ds ikB ge gSA fganh flusek txr esa vrhr esa ewd cfèkj xk; dh
i<+rs gSAa flusek dsoy eu dks gh ugha Nwrk gS] cfYd Nfo esa L=kh dks vkcn~èk dj fn;k x;kA tgk¡ 'kjkch]
gekjs xkSjo Økafrohjksa ds ckjs esa Hkh gesa crkrk gS tks tqvkjh] voSèk lacèa kksa esa fyIr ifr Hkh ijes'oj FkkA
bfrgkl ds iUuksa esa Hkh misf{kr jg x,A ftuds xkSjo lekt dh reke ekU;rk,¡ ijaijkvksa dks fuHkkrh gqbZ

bl L=kh dks ^vkn'kZ* dh pk'kuh esa yisV dj ijkslk gaS rks mldk eksgHkax gksrk gS vkSj tUe ysrh gS oks
x;kA dkykarj esa cnyrs ifjos'k vkSj ekU;rkvksa us utek tks L=kh&laons uk] izes dks mlds vfLrRo ls
flusek dks izHkkfor djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA flusek esa tksMr+ h gS vkSj Lo;a dh igpku dsoy ,d L=kh ds
dF; cnyus yxs ftlds iQyLo:i ênj bafM;k*] :i esa cukrh gSA
dkxt ds iQwy] êèkqerh*] ^dVh irax* tSlh fiQYesa lekt pkgs lkearokn dh vD[kM+rk ;k iwt a hokn
L=kh ds izfr fdafpr ifjofrZr n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk vkb±A dh pdkpkSèa k] cktkjokn ;k ;kaf=kdrk dk gks rFkkdfFkr
^lqtkrk*] ^vfHkeku* tSlh fiQYeksa us dksjs vkn'kZokn lkekftd lajpuk L=kh dks ôLrq* ls O;fDr ;k ekuoh
ds #igys lalkj dks insZ ij ugha mdsjk cfYd ukjh le>us dk tksf[ke mBkuk ugha pkgrk gSA ^neu*
thou ds O;kogkfjd i{kksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;kA ^yTtk* tSlh fiQYesa bu Ny&Nn~eksa dks pqukSrh nsrh
uCcs ds n'kd esa flusek ds #igys insZ ij gqbZ jtr iV ij vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSAa dHkh fyo bu
L=kh&thou dh euksnfS gd folaxfr;ksa] n~oan~o] dqaBk fjys'kuf'ki dks lekt ds lkeus ykus dk iz;kl
vkfn dks fpf=kr fd;kA ^nkfeuh*] cSafMV Dohu] ^tqcSnk*] ^lyke ueLrs* fiQYe ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gaSa
^D;k dguk] ^fiad* tSlh fiQYeksa us ,d u, vk;ke dHkh ^bf'd;k* vkSj ^CySd* tSlh fiQYesa vius dFkkud
is'k fd,A ^fiad* tSlh fiQYe laHkzkra oxZ ds lkearoknh] ds n~okjk lekt dks jk; cnyus ds fy, etcwj djrh
fujad'q k lksp&fopkj dks ijr&nj&ijr mlds ân; ls gSAa
ysdj efLr"d rd dks [kaxkyrh pyrh gSA L=kh ds dkykarj esa fo'kqnè~ k dyk fiQYe vkSj dkWef'kZ;y
Hkko] fopkj ,oa mldh futrk ds u, ekunaM fuèkkZfjr fiQYe dk izR;{k ikfjHkkf"kd Hksn feVus yxk vkSj
djrh gSA lekt dh lai.w kZ otZuk,¡ vkt Hkh L=kh ds [kqjnjs ;FkkFkZ dk lkSna ;kZRed vadu fiQYeksa ds dF;
fy, gSAa bl lp dks ^gkbZo*s fiQYe esa fn[kk;k x;k cuus yxsA ;g ^dF;* dYiuk dh moZj Hkwfe dh nsu
gSA ohjk ,d laiUu ifjokj dh csVh gS tgk¡ [kks[kyh u gksdj O;fDr dh euksHkwfe] egkuxjksa dh can f[kM+fd;k¡]
vku&cku&'kku gS ijarq fj'rksa dh e;kZnk tgk¡ rkj&rkj xk¡o ds iyk;u [kafMr&fo[kafMr vkLFkk ls Vdjkrh
gksdj fc[kjrh gSA tc ohjk dk ;kSu&'kkS"k.k firk ds tw>rh gqbZ dFkkud dk mikax curs gSa vkSj fiQj tUe
cM+s HkkbZ ds n~okjk gksrk gSA ;gk¡ j{kd gh Hk{kd cu gksrk gS ,sls flus dFkkdkjksa dk tks fganh fiQYeksa dks
tkrk gSA ohjk dh ek¡ tks Lo;a ,d L=kh gS] og bls ,d u,] ifjos'k esa <kyrk gS vkSj cqurk gS mlesa
Hkwydj pqi jgus ds fy, dgrh gSA D;ksfa d mudh [kqjnjk ;FkkFkZ] cktkjokn] eksgHkax] dqaBk] iz'kklfud
fu;fr Hkh vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k lguk gSA ^rqylh* ra=k dh iklA ^CySd ÚkbZM*s ftlesa ce&foLiQksVksa dh
fiQYe lekt ds lkeus êkr`Ro* dh ,d vyx gh lkft'k ,oa mldh ;a=k.kk dks mHkkjk x;kA ^xSaXl vkWiQ
jokuxh is'k djrh gSA tc rqylh dks irk pyrk gS oklsijq * fiQYe dk dFkkud ml vkSifuosf'kd lkearoknh
fd] og vc T;knk fnu rd ftank ugha jgsxh rks vius lekt ls fy;k x;k tgk¡ ;g ?kVrk gS ,d =kklnh ds
cPpksa ds fy, ek¡&cki <w<¡ rh gS tks cPpksa dks xksn :i esaA flusek ds jtriV ij ;g xaxkty èkks Mkyrk
ysdj mUgsa lqugjk Hkfo"; ns vkSj og pSu ls ej gS mu lHkh dqfRlrrkvksa dksA ôsMulMs* tSlh fiQYe
ldsA lekt dks lan's k nsrh gS fd vke turk D;k dj
dyk fiQYeksa ds fo'kqnè~ k vkn'kZokn Hkh L=kh ds ldrh gS\ êqUukHkkbZ ,e-ch-ch-,l-* tSlh fiQYesa
lges gq, ;FkkFkZ ls :c: gksdj ml la?k"kZ dks mlh lekt ls yh tkrh gSa tgk¡ euq"; ;a=k cu x;k
ygwygq ku [kjksp
a ks ls xqtjrs gq, muds vfLrRo ,oa gSA dkxt dh fMfxz;k¡ cl iSlk dekus dk ,-Vh-,e-
igpku dks jtriV ds ekè;e ls lekt dh rFkkdfFkr e'khu cu xbZ gSaA
ekU;rkvksa dks fc[ksjrh gqbZ ^#nkyh*] ^fp:Fk eaMh*] tgk¡ laons uk] Lusg] drZO;] izes gkf'k, ij gaAS
^vFkZ* dh reke ukf;dk,¡A ^ckt+kj* dk fo'kqnè~ k cktkjokn dgha ij izÑfr dk 'kk'or lR; fd ftanxh nks fnu
ftlds lk, esa ph[kksa dks nckrh izes esa iM+h gqbZ dh gS blfy, orZeku dks ldkjkRed j[ksA ^ftanxh uk
ûtek* ds lkeus ls tc cktkj ra=k dh dhys m[kM+rh feysxh nksckjk* tSlh fiQYe esa bldk lkSan;kZRed

vadu gS tks O;fDr dks ,d lan's k nsdj tkrk gSA euksoKS kfud n`f"Vdks.k ls ge ns[ksa rks ikrs gSa fd
^fganh ehfM;e* ^bafXy'k ehfM;e* tSlh fiQYesa laHkzkar n`';&JO; ekè;e gksus dh otg ls ;g gekjs
oxZ dh rFkkdfFkr lksp] vkRedsafnzdrk dks rkj&rkj eu&efLr"d ij fo'ks"k izHkko Mkyrk gSA flusek thou
dj nsrh gaSA vkt Hkkjrh; lekt fn'kkghu dsoy ds laiw.kZ lR;] dYiuk] LofIuy lalkj vkSj okLrfod]
if'peh ped&ned dk eksgrkt cudj jg x;k gSa izk;ksftr lkSna ;Z] izes dks fpf=kr djrk gS ijarq foMacuk
bl lp dks ^bafXy'k ehfM;e* tSlh fiQYesa ifjHkkf"kr ;g gS fd vkt dk lekt] O;fDr udkjkRedrk]
djrh gSa jtriV ij] lekt ds chpA xyr Hkko] fopkj ls tYnh izHkkfor gksrk gSA og
;qxhu fiQYeksa us lekt dks mn~ofs yr fd;k] Fkes uk;dRo ls T;knk [kyuk;doknh izo`fRr dk f'kdkj
gq, ty esa ygj iSnk fd;k rkfd] cus&cuk, fdukjksa gks jgk gSA Ñf=ke] vLFkk;h] okluktU; izse ân; eas
dks dkV dj O;fDr ,oa lekt ,d O;kogkfjd jkLrk iyus yxs gSAa ^Lora=krk* LoPNanrk cudj vktknh dks
ryk'k dj ldsA D;ksafd ;g vrhr] orZeku] Hkfo"; ifjHkkf"kr djus yxs gSAa bu lcds ewy esa flusek dk
rhuksa dk fp=k.k djrk gSA ^jft;k lqYrku*] ^tksèkk iw.kZ fo'kqnè~ k O;kolkf;d gksuk gSA vkt laxhr Hkh
vdcj*] ^vukjdyh*] ^Hkkx feY[kk Hkkx*] êSjh dkWe* iQwgM+] gkL;kLin] dkuiQksM+ gksus yxs gSa tks ân; dks
tSlh fiQYesa gesa vius vrhr] foLe`r orZeku ls Nwrs ugha gSA fiQYe fuekZ.k] forj.k esa dsoy iQk;nk
tksMr+ h gSa êsjk uke tksdj* tSlh fiQYeksa ds dFkkud uqdlku dh ydhjsa [khaph tk jgh gaAS vkt ;g dsoy
vkSj laxhr ljgn ikj Hkh yksxksa dks xquxqukus ij ,d mn~;ksx gS] tgk¡ cktkj dh f[kM+fd;k¡ gSa u fd
etcwj djrs gS]a rks dFkkud ftanxh dk 'kk'or lkejL; lekt] dyk laLÑfr dh ey;kfuy lehjA
ikB i<+krk gSA ^tkx`fr* tSlh fiQYeksa ds xkus&^ge yk, vko';drk vkt bl ckr dh gS fd fiQYe
gSa rwiQku ls d'rh fudky ds* xkus dh xwt a lekt esa fuekZ.k] forj.k lsalj cksMZ bu lcds fy, ,d ^vkbZuk*
;qodksa dks txkrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ fldanj&,&vkte cuk;k tk, tgk¡ lcdqN lkiQ&lkiQ fn[kkbZ nsA ;g
dk xkuk& ¶tgk¡ Mky&Mky ij lksus dh fpfM+;k ^dyk* gks mRikn ugh] fuekZ.k gks lekt dk vkaf'kd
djrh gS clsjk] og Hkkjr ns'k gS esjk¸] geesa ,d uk'k ugha gks] xyh] uqDdM+] pkSjkgs vkSj pkSiky gksA
vkRexkSjo] jk"VªxkSjo ds Hkko Hkjrk gSA îzse* tks eqUuh cnuke u gks] ugha ranjw h eqxhZ gksA fiQYe turk
thou dk 'kk'or lR; gS mls Hkh ^jtriV* ij dh vkokt] lkekftd ifjos'k] dyk dh lkt] ;FkkFkZ
lkSan;kZRed HkkoHkwfe ds lkFk mdsjk x;k izes ds mnkRr dk vadu] eksgHkax] =kklnh] fo"kerk dk pfj=kkadu dj
:i ls ysdj lekt dh ladfq pr voèkkj.kk ds lkFkA lekt] O;fDr] laLÑfr] lH;rk dks LoLFk ,oa fopkjoku
^ySyk&etuw*¡ ] ^ghj&jka>k*] ^jksfe;ks twfy;V*] ^'khjh cuk, rkfd Hkfo"; esa Hkh ;g var%lacaèk ,d u;k
iQjgkn*] ^xnj*] ^vukjdyh* vkfn fiQYesa HkkokRed] vè;k; fy[ksA
jkxkRed jksekal dh ,d vyx gh HkkoHkwfe x<+rh gSAa
µ izoDrk] lsaV ,Ul dkWyst iQkWj owesu] esagnhiVue
qqq

fganh flusek vkSj lkekftd ljksdkj
MkW- vydk vkuan
Hkk jrh; flusek ds vkfoHkkZo dk Js; LoxhZ;

nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks tkrk gS ftUgksaus 3
ebZ 1913 dks vius n~okjk fufeZr vkSj funsfZ 'kr fiQYe
Hkkjrh; flusek ds 100 o"kks± ds bfrgkl esa
fganh fiQYeksa us u dsoy Hkkjr dh lkekftd] jktuSfrd
,oa lkaLÑfrd psruk dks txkus dk dk;Z fd;k vfirq
^jktk gfj'pan*z dk lkoZtfud izn'kZu fd;kA ;g fo'o iQyd ij fganh flusek dks LFkkfir djus dk
fiQYe yksdfiz; ikSjkf.kd dFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA bl Hkh dk;Z fd;kA
fiQYe dk fuekZ.k ewy fiQYe ds :i esa fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; flusek dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk thou
bl fiQYe ds i'pkr~ gh Hkkjr esa fiQYe fuekZ.k dh esa O;kIr gj rjg dh laosnukvksa dks n'kkZuk jgk gSA
fofèkor~ 'kq#vkr gqbAZ Bhd blds 18 o"kks± ds i'pkr Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj mlds lkekftd ljksdkjksa ij
vnsfZ 'kj bZjkuh dh igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* ppkZ djrs le; ;g Hkh è;ku nsus dh t:jr gS fd
lu~ 1931 esa insZ ij vkbZA blh ds lkFk rfey dh vkf[kj Hkkjrh; flusek us tgk¡ ls izHkko xzg.k fd;k
igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^dkyhnkl* vkSj rsyxq q dh igyh mlds cht rRo dgk¡ Fks\
cksyrh fiQYe ^HkDr izgy ~ kn* dk izn'kZu fd;k x;kA 19oha lnh ds mRrjkn~èkZ esa ftl yksdfiz;
blds lkFk gh Hkkjr esa dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa lokd fiQYeksa jaxeap dh 'kq#vkr ikjlh fFk;sVj ds :i esa gqbZ mlh
ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k rst gks xbZA ijarq ;g è;ku nsus ijaijk dks Hkkjrh; flusek us Hkh vkjaHk esa viuk;kA
;ksX; ckr gS fd lu~ 1913 ls ysdj 1933 rd ftlesa Hkkjrh; yksd ijaijk tgk¡ ,d vksj vius
lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls tqMs+ fo"k;ksa ij cuus okyh lkdkj Lo:i esa e`R;q xhr o laxhr dh mifLFkfr Fkh
fiQYeksa dh la[;k dkiQh de FkhA ysfdu blh nkSj esa ogha nwljh vksj ikjlh fFk;sVj us cksypky dh ,d
ckcwjko isVa j ,d ,sls fiQYedkj ds :i esa mHkjs ,slh Hkkf"kd ijaijk LFkkfir dh tks fganh vkSj mnwZ dh
ftUgksaus flusek dks èkkfeZd ,oa ikSjkf.kd èkkjk ls ladh.kZrkvksa ls ijs Fkh ftls ckn esa fganLq rkuh ds uke
eksMd + j lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls tksMk+ vkSj ,d ubZ ls tkuk x;kA bl ^fganqLrkuh* tqcku us gh fganh
ijaijk dh 'kq#vkr ^lkodkjh* uked fiQYe ls dh tks flusek dks xSj&fganh Hkk"kh n'kZdksa ds chp yksdfiz;
fdlkuksa ds ½.k leL;k ij vkèkkfjr FkhA lu~ 1940 cuk;k1A tgk¡ rd fo"k; ds :i esa ikSjkf.kd] èkkfeZd
rd vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa us Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks Nwuk vkSj ,sfrgkfld fo"k;ksa dk pquko dk vkjksi vktknh
'kq: dj fn;kA blesa fo"k; ds :i esa lekt dh ds iwoZ ds fganh flusekvksa ds Åij yxrk jgk gS
laons ukvksa dks ize[q krk iznku dh xbZA blh ;qx dh nsu bldh eq[; otg ;g Fkh fd os T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa
ds :i esa oh- 'kkarkjke ljh[ks dbZ fiQYedkjksa dk rd viuh fiQYeksa dks igqp ¡ kuk pkgrs FksA mudk
vkfoHkkZo gqvk ftUgksaus flusek dks ,d ubZ Å¡pkbZ ekuuk Fkk fd tu&tu ds chp èkkfeZd] ikSjkf.kd ,oa
iznku dhA ,sfrgkfld dFkk,¡ izpfyr gSa vr% muds chp ;g

fo"k; Lohdk;Z gksxk vkSj os flusek&?kjksa rd pydj es ais'k fd;k x;kA Ogh- 'kkarkjke dh ,d vU; fiQYe
vkuk ilan djsaxsA ;g cgqr gn rd lp Hkh lkfcr ^nks vk¡[ksa ckjg gkFk (1957)* Hkh ,d lans'kkRed
gqvkA fiQYe gSA ftlesa os ltk;kÝrk eqtfjeksa ds pfj=k esa
vktknh ls igys dh fiQYeksa ds eq[; fo"k; cnyko ykus ds fy, mUgsa can dkjkxkjksa ls ckgj
Lora=krk laxkz e] vaxstz h jkT; ls eqfDr ds iz;kl vkSj fudky dj eqDr xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa [ksrhckM+h djokdj
ns'kHkDr ohjksa ds cfynku dh dFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr mlesa ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk djrs gSaA
FkkA fganh fiQYeksa dk izFke nkSj ,sfrgkfld vkSj èkkfeZd 19oha lnh ds vkf[kjh n'kdksa esa dbZ fiQYedkjksa
fiQYeksa dk FkkA bl nkSj esa fuekZrk funsZ'kd vkSj us ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld dgkfu;ksa ds ekè;e ls
vfHkusrk lksgjkc eksnh us fldanj vkSj >kalh dh jkuh Hkkjrh; turk dh lkekftd ,oa èkkfeZd vkdka{kkvksa
tSlh fiQYesa cukbZA bu fiQYeksa us yksxksa ds fy, ns'kizes ds lkFk&lkFk jktuSfrd lanHkks± dks tksMd + j vfHkO;fDr
dh Hkkouk dks mn~nhIr djus dk ekgkSy cuk;kA iznku dhA blesa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk og
ekuoh; uotkxj.k ls izfs jr ,oa izHkkfor gksdj fiQYedkjksa xfjeke; fp=k is'k djus dh dksf'k'k dh ftlds dsna z
dh n`f"V Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa esa os uk;d Fks ftUgksua s jk"Vªfgr dks loksiZ fj ekuk vkSj
vkSj dqiFz kkvksa dh vksj xbZ] ifj.kker% lqèkkjoknh vkØkarkvksa dks yksgs ds pus pcok,A ftldk Js; jk.kk
fiQYeksa dk vkfoHkkZo Hkh vktknh ls igys gks pykA izrki vkSj f'kokth tSls yksxksa dks tkrk gS ml le;
lekt dh lPph rLohj dks flusek?kjksa esa fn[kk;k tkus tu uk;dksa ds lkFk&lkFk osn iqjk.kksa esa mn~èk`r ,oa
yxkA larksa ds Åij Hkh fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA èkeZ
ipkl dk n'kd fganh flusek dk Lo.kZ ;qx FkkA dh egRrk ij cy fn;k x;k vkSj mlds ekè;e ls
bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k fiQYedkjksa dh lkekftd jktuSfrd lan's k dk izlkj Hkh fd;k x;kA ijarq fiQYe
izfrcn~èkrk FkhA mu fnuksa lkekftd leL;k ds izfr fuekZ.k ls tqMs+ gq, yksx O;olk;h Fks] blfy, mUgksua s
,d bZekunkj laons u'khyrk vkSj mu leL;kvksa ls tqM+s fiQYe fuekZ.k dks Hkh O;olk; ds :i esa gh ns[kuk
lekèkku dh ryk'k ,oa mls n'kZdnh?kkZ rd igq¡pkus 'kq: dj fn;kA
dh vnE; ykylk fiQYedkjksa esa ns[kus dks feyhA fiQj Hkh dqN ,sls funs'Z kd vo'; Fks ftUgksua s
ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; ek=k O;kolk;hdj.k u gksdj O;olk;hdj.k dh vaèkh&nkSM+ esa Lo;a dks 'kkfey ugha
lekt esa tkx:drk iQSykuk FkkA ftlds n~okjk :f<+;ksa fd;kA ,sls gh fiQYe ds mnkgj.k ds :i eas izHkkr
ls eqfDr ds lkFk&lkFk LoLFk euksjt a u] lans'kkRedrk fiQYel ds n~okjk fufeZr ^mn;dky* uked fiQYe gS
,oa fouksnkRedrk dks izJ; nsuk FkkA ,sls fiQYedkjksa tks f'kokth ds thou ij vkèkkfjr FkhA ml le; ds
esa lksgjkc eksnh] i`Fohjkt diwj] Ogh- 'kkarkjke] rkjkpan lkfgR;dkjksa us Hkh bl lR; dks igpkuk fd lkfgR;
cM+tkR;k] xq#nRr] foeyjk;] egcwc [kku bR;kfn dh vusd foèkkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk flusek ds :i esa
vkrs FksA mlh nkSj ls lR;ftr js vkSj psru vkuan Hkh lkfgfR;d dFkkvksa dk fiQYekadu Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksxkA
caxky esa Hkkjrh; lekt ds oafpr tulewg ds thou ;gh otg jgh fd izes pan ljh[ks jpukdkjksa us Hkh
vkSj mudh vkdka{kkvksa ij fiQYe fufeZr dj jgs FksA flusek ds fy, iVdFkk fy[khA ysfdu izes pan ân;
Ogh- 'kkarkjke fganh flusek dks lkekftd ljksdkj vkSj opu nksuksa ls lPps lkfgR;dkj FksA vr% mUgsa
ls tksMu+ s okys ,d l'kDr fiQYedkj ds :i esa mHkjsA flusekbZ txr dk O;olk;hdj.k jkl ugha vk;kA
ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; flusek dks ,d lkFkZd fn'kk iznku mUgksua s vius dqN fe=kksa ds i=kksa esa ;g ppkZ dh fd
dhA lkekftd :f<+;ksa ds fo#n~èk u, ;qx dk vkg~oku ^flusek lkfgfR;d vkneh ds fy, Bhd txg ugha
djus okyh fiQYeksa esa ^nqfu;k u ekus* (1937) gSA¸2 izsepan jfpr êtnwj* fiQYe dqN gn rd
mYys[kuh; gSA blesa csesy fookg dks vkèkkj cuk;k etnwjksa ds thou ,oa dfBukbZ;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyus esa
x;kA ;gk¡ L=khRo dh xfjek dks csgn [kwclwjr vankt dke;kc jghA

ml nkSj ds fiQYedkjksa us u,&u, dFkkudksa ij ejkBh] ckaXyk] fganh] mnwZ vkfn dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa fiQYesa
vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ml nkSj esa dbZ cuus yxhaA ^nsonkl* (1935)] ^x`gnkg* (1936)]
O;fDr;ksa dks ize[q krk feyh rks muls tqMs+ dbZ lkekftd ^vukFk vkJe* (1937)] ^gejkgh* (1944) vkfn
eqnn~ s Hkh mHkjdj fiQYedkjksa ds le{k vk,A vacMs dj fiQYesa mlh dM+h dh nsu gaAS blh nkSM+ esa dbZ ,slh
,oa xkaèkh ljh[ks usrkvksa dh lksp dh otg ls tkfr] fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk tks csjkstxkjh vkSj jksVh dh
èkeZ] fyax] ukjh] nfyrksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr bR;kfn leL;k ij vkèkkfjr FkhA eksgu Hkoukuh dh êtnwj*
ls mRiUu èkkfeZd fLFkfr;ksa us tgk¡ ,d vksj lkfgR;dkjksa (1934) vkSj ^tkxj.k* (1936) blh izdkj dh
dks izsfjr fd;k ogha nwljh vksj fiQYedkjksa us Hkh fiQYe FkhA egcwc [kku us ^jksVh* (1942) tSlh
viuh fnypLih fn[kykrs gq, lkfgR;dkjksa n~okjk jph fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA tks lkekftd ljksdkj dks
xbZ jpuk ds vkèkkj ij ^vNwr*] ^jktjkuh*] êhjk*] n'kkZrh FkhA Bhd blds lekukarj jk"Vªoknh izHkko dks
^paMhx<* bR;kfn fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g lHkh O;Dr djus okyh fiQYesa ^badykc*] êqDrh*] ^èkjrh
dgkfu;k¡ izrhdkRed Lo:i dks xzg.k fd, gq, Fkh tks ekrk*] îqdkj*] ^R;kxHkwf e*] ôans ekrje~*] ^vktkn
ml le; dh jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekax FkhA èkjrh ds yky*] ûhpk uxj* bR;kfn fiQYesa cu jgh
vfxze iafDr ds usrkvksa us Hkh bl lan's k dk izlkj FkhaA fdlkuksa dh tehu dks ysdj cuus okyh ize[q k
djus dh dksf'k'k dh fd vHkh fyax] tkfr&Hksn fiQYe ^èkjrh ekrk* (1938) FkhA ftlesa xk¡o ds yksxksa
bR;kfn ls Åij mBdj jk"Vªfgr esa lkspus dh t:jr dks eqf[k;k ds 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykus dk iz;Ru
gSA fL=k;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh tc jktuSfrd :i ls t:jh fn[kk;k x;k gSA blh izdkj dh ,d iz[;kr fiQYe ^nks
gks xbZ rks mUgksua s jktjkuh ehjk tSls izjs d ik=kksa dk ch?kk tehu* (1953) dks fcey jk; us fufeZr fd;k
lgkjk fy;kA vr% ehjk ij dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ftlesa xzkeh.k ,oa Ñ"kdksa dh tehu dks gM+ius dh
fiQYesa cukbZ xb±A bl nkSj esa ukjh leL;k ij vkèkkfjr dksf'k'k fn[kkbZ xbZA bl le; dqN ,slh fiQYeksa dk
dbZ fiQYesa cuha ftlesa ize[q k uke gS& ^vHkkfxu*] Hkh fuekZ.k py jgk Fkk ftlesa fdlkuksa dks ½.k
^lsoklnu*] ^vkSjr* bR;kfnA bl nkSj esa ukjh ds leL;k ls eqDr djokus gsrq lkewfgd [ksrh dh izèkkurk
vykok vNwrksa ,oa fdlkuksa dh leL;k Hkh ize[q k jghA dks Lohdkjk x;kA og fiQYe Fkh ^èkjrh ds yky*A
vNwr dU;k uked fiQYe esa ,d mPp tkfr ds ftls ns[kus ds i'pkr~ cjcl gh izes pan dh ,d
yM+ds ,oa ,d vNwr yM+dh ds izse dgkuh dks iafDr è;ku gks vkrh gSA izes pan lkfgR; ds mn~n's ; ls
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blh izdkj fon~;kifr] lar rqdkjke] fy[krs gS&a ¶tks nfyr gS] ihfM+r gS] oafpr gS] pkgs
lar Kkus'oj] ehjk] paMhnkl] lar iksruk vkfn ij cuh og O;fDr ;k lewg] mldh fgek;r ;k odkyr
fiQYeksa dk edln èkeZ dk izpkj djuk ugha Fkk cfYd djuk iQtZ gSA¸3
èkkfeZd dV~Vjrk vkSj :f<+okn ds fo#n~èk èkkfeZd izes pan us ftl iQtZ vnk;xh dh ckr dh Fkh
lfg".kqrk] tkfr vkSj èkeZ dh ladh.kZrk ls Åij mBdj og ^èkwy dk iQwy*] ^nks ch?kk tehu*] ^cwV ikWfy'k*]
,drk HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk ij cy nsuk FkkA ^xkbZM*] ^ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS*] ^cafnuh*] Î;klk*]
lekt esa O;kIr dqlxa fr;ksa dks dsna z esa j[kdj ^ge nksuks*a ] ^lkèkuk* tSlh fiQYeksa esa lkekftd psruk
Hkh dbZ fiQYedkjksa us vusd fiQYesa cukb± tks foèkok ds :i esa eq[kfjr gqbAZ xq#nRr dh fiQYe ^viuk gkFk
fookg] cky fookg] os';k&o`fRr] fdlku] etnwj] txUukFk* esa lekt dh fu"Bqjrk vkSj Je dh egRrk
csjkstxkj vkfn ds thou ij dsfa nzr FkhaA lkfgR; dh dks O;aftr fd;k x;k gSA
dbZ jpukvksa dk fiQYekarj.k fd;k x;kA cafdepan]z fu'p; gh fganh flusek esa lkekftd ljksdkjksa
johanuz kFk ds lkFk&lkFk izes pan] tSuasnz vkfn dh jpukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr n~okjk uotkxj.k dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh;
ij Hkh fiQYe cuuh 'kq: gks xbZA bl nkSj esa ukjh ds dk;Z fd;k tk jgk FkkA ;gh otg gS fd lu~ 1950&60
vykok vNwrksa ,oa fdlkuksa dh leL;k Hkh ize[q k jghA dk nkSj Hkkjrh; flusek ds fy, Lo.kZ;qx dk fganh

flusek esa lkekftd lqèkkj vkSj lkekftd psruk dks ^xaxk&tequk*] ^cSafMV Dohu* bR;kfn fiQYesa lekt ds
vkèkqfud lanHkks± esa O;k[;kf;r djus okys ch- vkj- lp dks Hkh mtkxj dj jgh FkhaA
pksiM+k dh fiQYe ^,d gh jkLrk* (1958) dks ugha L=kh iq#"k ds lacèa kkssa dh O;k[;k djus okyh
Hkwyk tk ldrk tks ml le; dh Toyar leL;k fiQYeksa esa ^vfHkeku*] ûed gjke*] ^pqids&pqids*]
foèkok&fookg ij vkèkkfjr FkhA bl fiQYe esa ,d u, ^vkuan*] ^ckophZ*] êSa rqylh rsjs vkaxu dh*] ^nqYgu
n`f"Vdks.k dk vkjaHk ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tgk¡ ,d ogh tks fi;k eu Hkk,* bR;kfn fiQYesa cuha tks iwjh
foèkok dh 'kknh mldk è;ku j[kus okys fdlh vU; rjg Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vuqdwy FkhA
iq#"k ls djok nh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ ,d LoLFk lqèkkjoknh eq[;èkkjk fiQYeksa ds lekukarj dyk fiQYeksa us
n`f"Vdks.k dk vkjaHk ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bUgha ds Hkh vLlh ds n'kd esa viuh Bksl txg cukbZA ftlesa
funs'Z ku esa ^èkwy dk iQwy* uked fiQYe Hkh vkbZA ^vFkZ*] ^rel*] ^Vªsu Vw ikfdLrku*] ^vEew* bR;kfn
blesa vfookfgr ijarq ekr`Ro dh leL;k ls tw>us fiQYesa gSa tks leL;kvksa ds izfr lpsr vkSj lkspus dks
okyh fL=k;ksa ds thou ds fc[kjko vkSj mldh ifj.kfr foo'k djrh gSaA
dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ;g ,d cgqr gh laons u'khy fo"k; uCcs ds ckn ds n'kdksa esa vkradokn vkSj
jgk gS] ijarq ch- vkj- pksiM+k us fiQYe ds ekè;e ls lkaiznkf;d oSeuL; ds nq" ifj.kke dks ysdj cuus
lekt ds lEeq[k bls izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA okyh fiQYeksa esa ^ckacs*] ^jkstk*] ^CySd ÚkbMs*] ^gkbt+d
S *]
oxZ oS"kE; dks feVkus okyh fiQYe jktdiwj êkfpl*] ^dekZ*] ^fe'ku d'ehj* bR;kfn gSaA ftUgksus
n~okjk fufeZr îzsejksx* jghA blesa vkfHktkR; ifjokj u dsoy varjjk"Vªh; [;kfr izkIr dh cfYd oru dh
dh foèkok L=kh dk fookg fdlh vU; oxZ ds lkekU; j{kk gsrq ej feVus okys lsukfu;ksa dks Hkh lPph
;qod ls djok fn;k tkrk gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d vksj Jn~èkkatfy vfiZr dhA tks Hkkjrh; flusek ds lkekftd
oxZ la?k"kZ gS rks nwljh vksj vkfHktkR; ifjokjksa esa ljksdkjkas dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gh otg gS fd vkt flusek
izPNUu :i ls izpfyr L=kh&'kks"k.k dk f?kukSuk :i Hkh dks lkekftd ljksdkjksa dk izoDrk Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
vuko`r gqvk gSA izdk'k >k Ñr ^nkeqy* (1985)] lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
ê`R;qnMa * bR;kfn fiQYesa Hkh lekt dks >d>ksj nsus 1- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] i`"B 61
dk dk;Z djrh gSaA 2- dye dk flikgh] i`"B 580
fiQYe txr esa ,d nkSj ,slk Hkh vk;k tc 3- lkfgR; dk mn~ns';] i`"B 13
Mkdqvksa ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa cuus yxh êq>s thus nks*]
µ ,l-ih-,e- dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
qqq

xqyt+kj ds xhrksa esa ftanxh ds jax (Hkkf"kd lanHkZ)
MkW- dju flag ÅVoky
dks l dksl ij cnys ikuh

pkj dksl ij ckuh
;g lcus lquk gksxk vkSj ;g ckr ykxw Hkh gksrh
tgk¡ cSBdj ^fdrkc* i<+us dk etk vk x;kA êhjk*
ds Hktu dk vkuan vk x;k esok esa ^vaxjw * vkSj
ûedhu* dk Hkh Lokn p[kkA ,d rjg ls yksxksa ls
gSA yksxksa dks [kq'k djus dh ^btktr* yh muds vuqlkj
Hkkjro"kZ esa igys oSfnd Hkk"kk Fkh] fiQj laLÑr] ^fyckl* cnyk ^ysfdu* vkxs c<+rs jgsA yksxksa dks
fiQj çkÑr] fiQj ikyh rRi'pkr viHkz'a k vkSj vc vkdf"kZr djrs jgs êkfpl* ds ekè;e ls vkradokn
[kM+h cksyh vkfnA ij jks'kuh Mkyh vkSj ^gq rw rw* ls viuh ftanxh esa
,sls gh fiQYeh xhrksa dh Hkk"kk esa Hkh ifjorZu thrrs pys x,A
gqvk gSA tks LokHkkfod gSA tSls ukVdksa esa ik=kkuqdy w mUgsa 7 ls vfèkd jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj fey pqds gSa
Hkk"kk gksrh gS ,sls gh xhrksa dh Hkk"kk esa Hkh ik=k vkSj 1- loZJs"B iVdFkk % dksf'k'k (1972)
ifjos'k ds vuqlkj Hkk"kk esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA 2- loZJs"B funsZ'ku % ekSle (1976)
Hkkjr ns'k ,d lkaLÑfrd ns'k gSA ;gk¡ dh 3- loZJ"s B xhr % esjk dqN lkeku& btktr
laLÑfr çR;sd {ks=k esa le`nè~ k gS bl laLÑfr dks (1988)
vfHkO;fDr nsus okys xhr gSaA ;gk¡ tUe ls ysdj e`R;q 4- loZJ"s B xhr % ;kjk flyh flyh& ysfdu
rd 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk laLdkj gks ftlesa xhr 'kkfey (1991)
uk gks] fiQj pkgs og yksdxhr gks ;k 'kkL=kh; laxhr 5 loZJs"B fiQYe % ekfpl (1996)
ij vkèkkfjr xhr gksA 6- loZJ"s B o`Rrfp=k iafMr Hkhelsu tks'kh vkSj
vkt fiQYeh xhrksa us lHkh çdkj ds xhrksa dks mLrkn vetn vyh [kku (1990)
vius esa lesV fy;k gSA pkgs og yksdxhr gks] 'kkL=kh; xqytkj lkgc dks 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk lEeku gS
laxhr ij vkèkkfjr xhr gks] dOokyh gks] Hktu gks ;k tks uk feyk gks jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj] fiQYeiQs;j iqjLdkj]
fdlh vkSj çdkj ds xhr gksA lHkh xhr fiQYeksa esa vkWLdj iqjLdkj] ykbiQVkbe vphoesVa iqjLdkj] nknk
fey tk,¡xsA lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj vkfn lHkh lEeku xqyt+kj
vxj funs'Z kd ds :i esa xqytkj dh ftanxh dk lkgc dks fey pqds gSAa
liQj ns[ksa rks êsjs vius* ls mudk îfjp;* gqvk xqyt+kj lkgc vius vki esa baæèkuq"k ljh[ks gSAa
mudh ^dksf'k'k* ls ^vpkud* ,d ,slh ^vkaèkh* vkbZ os lkfgR;dkj Hkh gSa] funsZ'kd Hkh ga]S laokn ys[kd Hkh
tks vius lkFk <sj lkjh ^[kq'kcw* ykbZ ftlls êkSle* gSa] fiQYedkj vkSj xhrdkj Hkh gSAa
[kq'kuqek gks x;k tSls Mwcrs dks ^fdukjk* fey x;kA

vkt ge fo'ks"kdj muds xhrksa dh ppkZ djsxa s xkf;dk% çhfr lkxj ;s xhr rks lkjk gh vaxt sz h
xqytkj njvly ,d cqyna h dk uke gSA yksxksa ds esa FkkA
fnyksa esa muds fy, vyx gh lEeku gSA xqytkj yksxksa ekbZ gkVZ bt+ chfVax
dh ul&ul ls okfdiQ gaS mudks irk gS fd yksxksa dks dhIl vkWu fjihfVax
dc D;k pkfg,A muds xhrksa esa ,d ls ,d xaHkhj vkb ,e osfVax iQkWj ;w-----
fo"k;ksa ds lkFk lkFk jksekal vkSj gYds&iQqYds fo"k;ksa 4- vej vdcj ,aFkksuh (1977) % xhrdkj%
dh fofoèkrk gS vkuan% c{kh] laxhrdkj% y{ehdkar I;kjsyky
xqytkj us tc igyk xhr fy[kk FkkA esjk xksjk xk;d% vferkHk cPpu o fd'kksj dqekj
vax ybZ ys eksgs ';ke jax nsb ns--- bl xhr esa lanHkZ ekb use bt+ ,aFkkWuh xksl a kyfol eSa nqfu;k esa
ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k Hkk"kk dh [kq'kcw gSA vdsyk gw-¡ --
ge le>rs gSa fd vkt xhrksa esa vaxt sz h ds 'kCnksa 5- ,d nwts ds fy, (1981) % xhrdkj%
dk tksj gSA fganh dk LFkku bafXy'k us ys fy;k gSA dqN vkuan% c{kh] laxhrdkj% y{ehdkar I;kjsyky] xk;d
gn rd ;g lgh Hkh gSA ysfdu ;g Hkk"kk dk ifjorZu vkSj xkf;dk% yrk vkSj ,l- ih- ckylqcgz e~ .;e
xhrksa esa ugha cfYd lekt esa gks jgk gS vkSj mlh ge cus rqe cus ,d nwts ds fy, ---2
dkj.k ls xhrksa esa Hkh Hkk"kk cny jgh gSA jgh ckr mldks dle yxs tks fcNM+ ds--- ge cus--
vaxst
z h 'kCnksa dh] fganh xhrksa esa ;g cgqr igys ls gks gs vkb MksVa uks g~okV ;w ls vkb MksVa uks g~okV
jgk gSA ;w ls
dbZ cM+&s cM+s xhrdkjksa us Hkh vaxtsz h 'kCnksa dk igys fiQYeh xhrksa esa vaxtsz h 'kCn rks Fks ysfdu
ç;ksx fd;k gSA ftlesa d+ej tykykcknh] gfjaæukFk èkqu mldh gekjh gksrh FkhA vkSj os vaxst z h 'kCn
pV~Vksikè;k;] vkuan c{kh vkfn gS]a muds xhr gSa fganhe; gks tkrs FksA ysfdu vkt gekjs fganh cksy Hkh
tSl%s vaxt sz h èkqu esa vaxt
sz he; gks tkrs gSAa tSls jSi xhrksa esa
1- gkoM+ k fcz t(1950) xhrdkj % d+ e j gksrk gSA
t y ky k c k nh ] l a x h r d kj % vks - ih u Õ ;j ] jSi D;k gS\
xkf;dk% xhrk nRrA ;g ,d çdkj dk rhoz y;;qDr laxhr gS
esjk uke fpu fpu pw fpu fpu pw ckck fpu ftlesa xk;d xkus ds LFkku ij rhoz xfr ls cksyrk gSA
fpu pw jkr pkanuh eSa vkSj rw gSyks feLVj gkm Hkkjr dk igyk jSi 1968 esa vkbZ fiQYe vk'khokZn
Mw ;w Mw esjk uke fpu fpu pw--- ls gS ,slk ekuk tkrk gS ftls v'kksd dqekj us xk;k Fkk
2- fnYyh dk Bx (1958) xhrdkj% et#g jsyxkM+h] jsyxkM+h
lqYrkuiqjh] laxhrdkj% jfo] xk;d vkSj xkf;dk% fd'kksj jsyxkM+h] jsyxkM+h
dqekj rFkk vk'kk Hkkslys Nqd Nqd Nqd Nqd
lh , Vh dSV] dSV ekus fcYyh vkj , Vh jSV] Nqd Nqd Nqd Nqd
jSV ekus pwgk vjs fny gS rsjs iats esa rks D;k chp okys LVs'ku cksys
gqvk #d #d #d #d
,e , Mh eSM] eSM ekus ikxy ch vks ok; #d #d #d #d
ckW;] ckW; ekus yM+dk vjs eryc bldk rqe bls fy[kk Fkk gfjaæukFk pV~êksikè;k; vkSj laxhr
dgks rks D;k gqvk --- 2 olar nslkbZ us fn;k FkkA
3- tw y h (1975) xhrdkj % gfja æ ukFk vkt ,sls gh jSi xhrksa dks ysdj dgk tkrk gS
pV~Vksikè;k;] laxhrdkj% jkts'k jkS'ku fd xhr vaxt sz he; gks x;s gSa tSls

,
1- ywaxh Mkal--- psUubZ ,Dlçsl (2013) 2- pIik pIik pj[kk pys& ekfpl
xhrdkj] laxhrdkj o xk;d% ;ks ;ks guh nk'kZfud xhr %
flag 1- vkus okyk iy tkus okyk gS &xksyeky
2- pkj ct x, ysfdu ikVhZ vHkh ckdh gS] 2- ,d vdsyk bl 'kgj esa jkr esa vkSj nksigj
iQkyrw (2011) esa vkcks nkuk <wa<rk gS& ?kjkSna k
xhrdkj% lehj] laxhrdkj% ftxj lfpu] xkf;dk% 3- ,s ftanxh xys yxk ys &lnek
gkMZ dkSj 4- rq>ls ukjkt ugha ftanxh gSjku gw¡ eSa &eklwe
3- viuk Vkbe vk,xk] xyh ckW; (2019) xty
xhrdkj% fMoSu vkSj vadqj frokjh] laxhrdkj% 1- tc Hkh ;s fny mnkl gksrk gS &lhek
d'kZ dkys] xk;d% j.kohj flag çkFkZuk xhr %
4- 'kadj egknsou dk czFs kysl 1- gedks eu dh 'kfDr nsuk eu fot; djsa
5- rqe gh gks caèkq l[kk rqEgh] dkWdVsy (2012) &xqMM~ h
xhrdkj% bj'kkn dkfey] laxhrdkj% çhre ns'k HkfDr xhr %
pØcrhZ 1- , esj s I;kjs oru ,s esjs fcNM+ s peu
bu xkuksa esa cksy dk ugha ik'pkR; èkquksa dk &dkcqyhokyk
çHkko gS fd gesa fganh xhr Hkh le> ugha vkrs ojuk 2- ,s oru oru esjs vkckn jgs rw &jkt+h
vkt Hkh fcYdqy fganh esa xhr Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa eLrh Hkjs xhr %
tSls %& 1- chM+h tykbZ ys ftxj ls fi;k& vksedkjk
1- ;s eksg eksg ds èkkxs rsjh maxfy;ksa ls tk 2- tqcka ij ykxk ued b'd dk &vksedkjk
my>s--- ne yxk ds gkb'kk (2015)] 3- NS;k NS;k &fny ls
xhrdkj% o:.k xzksoj] laxhrdkj% vUuw efyd 4- cjlks js es?kk es?kk& xq#
xk;d vkSj xkf;dk ikiksu o eksukyh Bkdqj 5- dtjkjs dtjkjs &caVh vkSj ccyh
2- rsjs uke geus fd;k gS thou viuk lkjk cPpksa ds xhr %
lue--- rsjs uke (2003) xqytkj us cPpksa ds fy, Hkh xhr fy[ks gSAa tks
xhrdkj% lehj] laxhrdkj% fges'k js'kfe;k cPps dHkh Hkwy ugha ikrsA
xk;d vkSj xkf;dk% mfnr ukjk;.k rFkk vYdk 1- taxy taxy ckr pyh gS irk pyk gS pM~Mh
;kfXud igu ds iQwy f[kyk gS &taxy cqd èkkjkokfgd
jksekafVd xhr 2- ydM+h dh dkBh] dkBh is ?kksM+k ?kksM+s dh
1- ,d lwjt fudyk Fkk] dqN ikjk fi?kyk Fkk] nqe is tks ekjk gFkkSMk+ &eklwe
tc fny ls vkg fudyh Fkh fny ls & fny ls xqytkj ds xhrksa ds fcac fcYdqy u, gksrs gSAa
2- vktk ekfg;k& fiQtk muds xhrksa esa fnu dHkh [kkyh crZu gks tkrk gS] rks
3- vkidh vk¡[kksa esa dqN egds gq, ls jkt gSa& dHkh [kkyh lM+dksa ij èkqvk¡ vk¡lw cu tkrk gSA dHkh
?kj fny èkM+dus dh ctk; vlfe;k esa gwe gwe djrk gS]
4- cksy uk gYds gYds &>we cjkcj >we dgha flyh&flyh fcjgk dh jkr tyrh gS] dgha g¡lh
5- gedks ekywe gS b'd eklwe gS &tkuseu lqu lqudj iQly idus yxrh gSA dHkh iRrs fny
6- geliQj esjs geliQj ia[k rqe &iwf.kZek cu tkrs gSAa
yksd èkquksa ij vkèkkfjr xhr bl rjg mudh dYiuk esa u,&u, fcac mHkjrs
1- dslfj;k ckyek vks th ièkkjks Egkjs nsl& gSaA os vfHkèkk ls vfèkd y{k.kk vkSj O;atuk n~okjk
ysfdu

vius xhrksa dks vfHk;qfDr çnku djrs gSaA muds xhrksa (1979)
dh Hkk"kk ik=kksa ds vuqdwy gksrh gSA blhfy, dgha 3- gtkj jkgsa eqM+ ds ns[kh& FkksMh+ lh csoiQkbZ
eksjk xksjk vax ysb ys] rks dgha (1980)
chM+h tykbZ ys rks dgha 4- rq>ls ukjkt ugha ftanxh gSjku gw¡ eS&a eklwe
NS;k NS;k gSA (1984)
dgha vkradokn dh ekfpl dks n'kkZrs gSa fd 5- esjk dqN lkeku rqEgkjs ikl iM+k gS &btktr
blls dgha vkx HkM+d uk tk,] rks dgha gYds ls (1988)
chM+h dks Hkh tykrs gSAa os vkt ds ;qok oxZ dh 6- NS;k NS;k &fny ls (1988)
[okfg'k ls Hkh okfdiQ gSAa blhfy, dgha dtjkjs uSuks 7- ;kjk flyh flyh fcjgk dh jkr dk tyuk&
dh ckr djrs gS]a rks dgha ued b'd dk p[kkrs gSAa ysfdu (1991)
mUgksua s xqMM~ h esa tks xhr fy[kk ¶gedks eu dh 8- lkfFk;k &lkfFk;k (2002)
'kfDr nsuk¸ vkt vusd Ldwyksa esa çkFkZuk xhr ds :i bu xhrksa esa
esa xk;k tkrk gSA ftanxh dks ns[kus dk xqytkj dk 1- esjk dqN lkeku rqEgkjs ikl iM+k gS &btktr
viuk fnyd'k vankt gSA (1988) rFkk
muds xhr yksxksa dks lkspus ij etcwj djrs gSAa 2- ;kjk flyh flyh fcjgk dh jkr dk tyuk&
muds xhr vfèkdrj yksxksa dh dgkuh gksrs gSAa muds ysfdu (1991)
xhrksa esa mudh laosnu'khyrk çdV gksrh gSA mudh bu nks xhrksa dks fiQYe iQs;j ds lkFk&lkFk
lksp dh xgjkbZ dk irk pyrk gS tSls %& jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj Hkh çnku fd, x, gSaA vkSj tks nqfu;k
1- rqEgsa ftanxh ds mtkys eqckjd& iwf.kZek dk lcls cM+k vkWLdj vokWMZ ekuk tkrk gS] og
2- oks 'kke dqN vthc Fkh& [kkeks'kh vkidks 2009 esa ^t; gks* xhr ij feykA
3- geus ns[kh gS bu vka[kksa dh egdrh [kq'kcw ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k ds fon~oku lSeqvy Vsyj
&[kkeks'kh dkWysfjt (1772&1834) dgrs gSa gekjh dYiuk tks
4- rq>ls ukjkt ugha ftanxh gSjku gw¡ eSa &eklwe] dyk esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA og fojksèkh vkSj vyx&vyx
vkSj Hkh cgqr ls xhr gSa ftuesa gesa ftanxh ds fofoèk phtksa dk [kwclwjr la;kstu dj nsrh gSA muesa dksbZ
igyqvksa ds n'kZu gksrs gSAa varjax lacèa k ugha gksrk gS ysfdu ys[kd dh dYiuk
xhr ds fgV gksus dk Js; os xhr dh èkqu dks nsrs mUgsa tksM+ nsrh gS tSls xqytkj lkgc us xhr fy[kk gS
gSa ;g mudk cM+Iiu gS os dgrs gSa fd xhr dh èkqu 1- pqUuh ysds lksrh Fkh deky yxrh Fkh 2
?kksMs+ dh rjg gS ftl ij xhr ds cksy yxke dk dke chck chck os
djrs gSa vkSj xhr dk n`';kadu lokj dk dke djrk ikuh esa tyrk fpjkx yxrh Fkh
gSA bu rhuksa ds feys&tqys vlj dk tknw yksdfç;rk chck rsjh ;kn uk Vys
dh dqath gSA fiQj Hkh dksbZ xhrdkj ;k laxhrdkj ;g ;gk¡ ikuh esa tyrk fpjkx vkSj ukf;dk dk
ugha crk ldrk fd mldk xhr ;k mldh èkqu pqUuh ysdj lksuk nks vyx&vyx phtsa gSAa ysfdu
yksdfç; gksxh ;k ughaA vxj ;g crk ikuk laHko gksrk mudks ,sls tksM+ fn;k gS tSls fd og mlh dk çrhd
rks xhrdkj rks ihj cu tkrs vkSj lcdk Hkfo"; crkus gSA
yxrsA nqfu;k ifjorZu'khy gS vkSj lHkh txg ifjofrZr
oSls rks xqytkj ds cgqr ls xhr loZJs"B gSaA gksrk jgrk gS vkSj xqytkj oDr ds lkFk&lkFk pyus
ysfdu tks iqjLdkj nsus okyksa dks loZJ"s B yxs vkSj okys xhrdkj gSAa blfy, mUgksua s vkt dh ;qok ih<+h
fiQYe iQs;j iqjLdkj çnku fd, x, os gSa & ds fy, Hkh ,sls xhr fy[ks ftlds dkj.k vkt dh
1- nks nhokus 'kgj esa &?kjkSank (1977) ih<+h ds Hkh pgsrs xhrdkj gSAa muds xhr lqudj vkt
2- vkus okyk iy tkus okyk gS& xksyeky

Hkh ;qok ih<h fFkjdrh gS tSls %& fny rks cPpk gS thA
1- rw gh rw] rw gh rw lrjaxh js& fny ls bl rjg [kqn 'osr jax esa jgdj yksxksa dks
2- lius esa feyrh gS vks dqMh+ esjs lius es&a ftanxh ds jax ck¡Vrs jgrs gSAa
lR;k lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
3- eV: dh fctyh &eV: dh fctyh 1- esjk dqN lkeku& xqyt+kj
4- dtjkjs dtjkjs rsjs dkjs dkjs uSuk& caVh vkSj 2- ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k nsoasæukFk 'kekZ
ccyh 3. fofdihfM;k
vkSj 4. https//geetmanjusha.com>lyrics
5- t; gks&t; gks
vkt Hkh os bruk ftankfny gS fd fy[krs gSa
µ ,lksfl,V çksiQslj ,oa vè;{k fganh foHkkx] ekSykuk vkt+kn us'kuy mnwZ ;wfuoflZVh] gSnjkckn&32
qqq

'kSynas z ds xhrksa dk lkfgfR;d egRo
MkW- fiz;adk
fl usek txr esa 'kSynas z ds xhrksa dh ,d

fof'k"V igpku jgh gSA flusek ds xhrksa
dh Hkk"kk ij ftl le; mnwZ 'kSyh dk lokZfèkd izHkko
flusek ds xhrksa n~okjk lkfgR;] laLÑfr lkekftd
ewY;] nk'kZfudrk rFkk tu&psruk tSls rRoksa dks izokfgr
djus okys xhrdkjksa esa 'kSysna z dk LFkku 'kh"kZLFk gSA os
vkSj opZLo Fkk] ml le; BsB fganh rFkk xaobZ 'kSyh Lora=krk ds mijkar cu jgs u, lekt ds xhrdkj gSAa
dk iz;ksx dj 'kSysanz us flusek dks ,d u;k eqgkojk ekuork dks viuk ije èkeZ le>us okys 'kSysna z us
fn;kA flusek ds xhrdkj gksus ls igys os lkfgfR;d thoui;±r ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks gh vius lkfgR; esa
nqfu;k esa ,d dfo ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks pqds FksA vfHkO;fDr nhA ,d lkFk fonzksg] mRlkg] izes ] ftthfo"kk
ysfdu foMacuk gS fd flusek ds xhrdkj ds :i esa vkSj vk'kkokfnrk dks dyecn~èk djus okys 'kSysna z us
igpku cuus ls muds flusek ds fy, fy[ks xhr gh vius thou dk è;s; gh] ^dke u, fur xhr cukuk@xhr
ugha mudh dfork,¡ Hkh lkfgfR;d txr esa misf{kr cuk ds tgk¡ dks lqukuk*1 ;kuh l`tu dks ekuk vkSj
jg xb±A tc rd os ^bIVk* vkSj îzyl s * ls tqMs+ jgdj ;gh ugha mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks& ^dksbZ u feys
dsoy dfork,¡ fy[krs jgsa rc rd rks lkfgR; esa mUgsa vdsys esa xkuk*] ;kuh l`tu gh mudk loZLo jgkA
FkksMk+ &cgqr lEeku feyk] mudh dfork,¡ i=k&if=kdkvksa flusek ds fy, xhr fy[kus ds lkFk gh lekukarj
esa Hkh izdkf'kr gksrh jgha] ysfdu T;ksga h mUgksua s flusek :i ls os dfork,¡ Hkh fy[krs jgasA bldk gh ifj.kke
dk #[k fd;k] lkfgR; txr us vius bl laHkkouk'khy Fkk_ 1955 esa izdkf'kr gqvk mudk in~; laxzg Û;kSrk
dfo dks Hkqyk fn;kA bl rjg dh mis{kk dk dkj.k vkSj pqukSfr;k¡*] tks ihiqYl ifCyds'ku gkml2 ls
laHkor% lkfgR;dkjksa dh flusek ds izfr mis{kk jghA izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk blesa 1945 ls 1953 rd dh
vkt Hkh tu vkanksyuksa esa tks ,d ukjk& ¶gj tksj mudh jpuk,¡ ladfyr FkhaA3 flusek ds vfrfjDr
tqYe dh VDdj esa gM+rky gekjk ukjk gS¸ cgqr mUgksuas tks dfork,¡] xhr fy[ks Fks os lc bl laxgz esa
mRlkg ds lkFk yxk;k tkrk gS] mlds ltZd dks Hkh ladfyr FksA bls fganh lkfgR; dk nqHkkZX; gh dguk
lkfgR; dh izxfr'khy vFkok tuoknh èkkjk dh dfFkr pkfg, fd muds bl ladyu dk fganh ds vkykspdksa
vkykspuk eas dHkh dksbZ LFkku gkfly ugha gqvkA us izk;% uksfVl ugha fd;k vkSj lkfgR; dh og Ñfr
lkfgR; ds dfFkr iqjksèkkvksa us lkfgR; dks ges'kk ,d ftls dSiQh vkt+eh us ¶izkxs fsz lo fyVjspj dk [kkl
lhfer lk¡ps esa ckaèks j[kk vkSj ftlus Hkh bl lk¡ps dks nLrkost dgk Fkk¸4 ,d rjg ls xqeuke gksdj [kks
rksMd+ j u;k jkLrk cukuk pkgk] mls vDlj ?kksj mis{kk xbZA
dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+kA îzysl* vkSj ^bIVk* ds ekè;e ls 'kSysanz ds
dfo O;fDrRo dks ,d ldkjkRed fn'kk feyh FkhA

blus mudh vfHkO;fDr ds cgqr lkjs jkLrs [kksyAs vkehZ dSVa hu pykrs FksA ogha ckck dk tUe gqvk FkkA
viuh Hkkoukvkas dks ns'k dh turk dh Hkkoukvksa esa c¡Vokjs ds ckn muds firk lkjs ifjokj dks ysdj
cny nsus dk t”ck feykA Hkh"e lkguh us 'kSysanz ds eFkqjk pys vk, FksA u jgus dk fBdkuk] u [kkus dkA
fo"k; esa fy[kk gS& ¶'kSynas z ds vk tkus ds ckn ,d dbZ&dbZ fnu Hkw[ks lksuk iM+rk FkkA fiQYe ^mtkyk* esa
ubZ vkokt lqukbZ iM+us yxh FkhA ;g vktknh ds fey ckck us ,d xhr fy[kk Fkk& ^lwjt tjk vk ikl] vk
tkus ij Hkkjr ds u, 'kkldksa dks lacksfèkr djus okyh vkt liuksa dh jksVh idk,¡xs ge] pwYgk gS BaMk iM+k
vkokt FkhA bldk rsoj dqN vyx FkkA cM+h csckd] vkSj isV esa gS vkx] xjekjxe jksfV;k¡ fdruk glhu
pqukSrh Hkjh vkokt Fkh] blesa n`<r+ k Fkh] tq>k:iu Fkk] [okc*---A ;g njvly muds cngkyh ds fnuksa dh
ij lkFk lkFk vius ns'k dh turk ds izfr vxkèk izes gh ;knsa FkhaA¸8
Hkh FkkA bu xhrksa esa ,drk dk lan's k Fkk] n`<k+ xzg Fkk] flusek txr esa 'kSynas z dk izo's k ,d rjg dk
^,d lkFk gS dne] tgk¡ lkFk gS@ dkexkj lkFk gS] la;ksx gh Fkk vkSj mldh i`"BHkwfe Hkh fnypLi dgh
fdlku lkFk gS* ij lkFk gh lkFk 'kkldksa ls nks Vwd tk ldrh gSA jktdiwj tc flus txr ds u, psgjksa
iwNk Hkh x;k&yhMj] u xkvks xhr jke jkt dk] bl esa 'kqekj Fks] rc okeiaFkh laxBuksa ^bIVk* vkSj îzyl
s *
Lojkt dk@ D;k gqvk fdlku dkexkj jkt dk\* bu dh dkO; xksf"B;ksa esa vDlj vius firk i`Fohjkt
xhrksa esa jl Fkk] Hkk"kk lgt cksèkxE; Fkh vkSj ;s fny diwj ds lkFk tk;k djrs FksA ogha mUgksua s igyh ckj
dh xgjkbZ;ksa esa ls fudys mn~xkj FksA¸5 'kSynas z dks lquk Fkk] tc os dfork ¶esjh cfx;k esa vkx
lkfgR; ds lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro ds izfr 'kSysanz yxk, x;ks js xksjk ijnslh¸9 iwjs tks'k ds lkFk xk jgs
'kq: ls gh ltx jgs FksA muds fe=k vfuy ljkiQ us FksA jktdiwj us blls izHkkfor gksdj ogha rRdky mUgsa
fy[kk gS& ¶os dkyZ ekDlZ ls csgn izHkkfor Fks vkSj viuh fiQYe ^vkx* ds fy, xhr fy[kus dk izLrko
mudh ^nkl dSfiVy* iqLrd i<+us dk vkxzg djrsA fn;kA rc flusek txr ds izfr iwokZxgz ds dkj.k
blh ij vkèkkfjr fganh esa izdkf'kr ^n~oan~okRed 'kSysanz us lkiQ budkj dj fn;k Fkk] ysfdu tYnh gh
HkkSfrdokn* dks i<+dj lqukrs Fks vkSj dgrs Fks bleas mUgsa vkfFkZd ijs'kkfu;ksa ds dkj.k jktdiwj ds ikl
lkjh nqfu;k dk lkj Nqik gSA dkyZ ekDlZ ls izHkkfor tkuk iM+k vkSj ;gha ls muds fiQYeh xhrdkj cuus ds
gksrs gq, Hkh os fgalk ;k [kwu&[kjkck esa fo'okl ugha liQj dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA lkfgR; ls flusek dh vksj
j[krs FksA cfYd vfgalk o xkaèkhoknh fopkjksa dks 'kSynas z Hkys gh vkfFkZd etcwfj;ksa ds pyrs x, gks]a
vfèkd egRo nsrs FksA os viuh ys[kuh ds cy ij ysfdu flusek txr u fliQZ mUgsa jkl vk x;k cfYd
Økafr ykus ds i{kèkj FksA¸6 ekDlZ ij mUgksaus dfork fiQj os vkthou blh dyk ekè;e ds gksdj jg x,A
Hkh fy[kh gS & ¶lkS lyke ml dkyZ ekDlZ dks ftlus flusek mUgsa vfHkO;fDr dk rFkk turk rd viuh
eqfDrekxZ fn[kyk;k] feV~Vh ds iqryksa dks ftlus iQkSyknh ckr igq¡pkus dk csgn l'kDr ekè;e yxkA
balku cuk;kA nqfu;k ds etnwj ,d gks tkvks] ,d lcls igyk xhr tks 'kSynas z us flusek ds fy,
vL=k gekjk gS] egkea=k cu x;kA vkt ,axYl vkSj fy[kk] og Fkk fiQYe ^cjlkr* (1949) dk xhr &
ekDlZ dk ukjk gSA¸7 ¶cjlkr esa gels feys rqe ltu rqels feys ge]
'kSysna z dk thoukuqHko i;kZIr le`nè~ k FkkA muds cjlkr es¸a A igys gh xhr ls 'kSynas z us flus txr esa
ys[ku esa mudk Hkksxk gqvk ;FkkFkZ lcls vfèkd viuh igpku cuk yhA ;g xhr csgn yksdfiz; gqvkA
vfHkO;Dr gqvkA ;gk¡ rd fd mudh cM+h fo'ks"krk bls fganh fiQYeksa dk lcls igyk ^VkbVy xhr* gksus
;g jgh gS fd fiQYe dh r; fLFkfr;ksa esa caèkdj dk Js; izkIr gS] blls iwoZ fiQYeksa esa VkbVy xhr dh
fd;k x;k mudk ys[ku Hkh thou&;FkkFkZ ls tqMk+ gqvk ijaijk ugha FkhA bl xhr ds lkFk 'kq: gqbZ og ijaijk
gksrk FkkA muds iq=k 'kSyh 'kSyasnz us fy[kk gS& ¶ckck vkt rd tkjh gSA
dk cpiu cgqr rdyhiQksa vkSj vHkkoksa Hkjk Fkk muds 'kSynas z igyh gh fiQYe ds fy, vius xhr ls
firk jgus okys rks fcgkj ds Fks] ij jkoyfiaMh esa pfpZr gks x, FksA jktdiwj ds rks os fiz; xhrdkj cu

x, FksA tc rd thfor jgs jktdiwj dh fiQYeksa esa yhtks cqyk, js@ ykSVsaxh tc esjs cpiu dh lf[k;k¡
[kkldj uk;d jktdiwj ij fiQYek, tkus okys yxHkx nhtks lan's kk fHktk, js¸12
lHkh xhr 'kSynas z us gh fy[ksA bldk ,d cgqr cM+k tSls xhr muds yksdthou ds eeZK gksus dh Hkh
dkj.k jktdiwj vkSj 'kSynsa z dh vkilh le>nkjh vkSj iqf"V djrs gSAa
muds chp vPNs rkyesy dk gksuk FkkA 'kSynas z ds xhrksa esa euksHkkoksa ds lw{e fp=k ns[kus
^cjlkr* dh liQyrk ls mRlkfgr gksdj jktdiwj dks feyrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, L=kh euksHkkoksa dks
us ,d vkSj fiQYe ^vkokjk* dk fuekZ.k 'kq: fd;kA mUgksua s cgqr gh [kwclwjr vkSj laons u'khy vfHkO;fDr
^vkokjk* 1951 esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ ^vkokjk* ds xhrksa us nh gSA pkgs og iz.k; Hkkouk dh vfHko;fDr& ¶iy
'kSynsa z dks varjjk"Vªh; Lrj dk xhrdkj cuk fn;kA Hkj tks mèkj eqg iQsjs vks pank-- eSa muls I;kj dj ywx¡ h
blh fiQYe us jktdiwj dks Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ckrsa gtkj dj ywx¡ h¸13 gks ;k L=kh eqfDr dh Hkkouk
:fl;ksa dk Hkh pgsrk dykdkj cuk fn;k FkkA ;g ¶dk¡Vksa ls [khap ds ;s vk¡py rksM+ ns caèku ckaèks
fiQYe dsoy Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfYd :l] phu vkSj ik;y14 dh L=kh dk tSlk Lora=k vkSj iz[kj :i muds
vjc ds dbZ ns'kksa esa [kwc ljkgh xbZA blds xhr xhrksa esa >ydrk gS] og ml le; lkfgR; esa Hkh de
¶vkokjk gw¡] ;k xfnZ'k esa gw¡ vkleku dk rkjk gw¡] fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
vkokjk gw¸¡ yksxksa us [kwc ilan fd;kA 'kSynas z us bl cky euksfoKku esa Hkh mudh xgjh iSB FkhA
xhr esa etnwjks]a dkexkjks]a fdlkuks]a xjhcksa ds nq[k&nnZ mudh [kkfl;r ;g Hkh Fkh fd thou ds NksVs&NksVs
dks Hkh vfHkO;Dr fd;k& ¶?kjckj ugha lalkj ugha dk;Z O;kikjksa esa ls os fy[kus ds fy, lkexzh tqVk ysrs
eq>ls fdlh dks I;kj ughaA¸ MkW- bant z hr flag dgrs FksA 'kSynas z dh iRuh Jherh 'kdqra yk 'kSynas z us fy[kk
gS&a ¶bl dkyt;h xhr dks esgurd'k etnwjksa vkSj gS& ¶nSfud thou esa ?kVus okyh ?kVuk,¡ ;k fLFkfr;k¡
loZgkjk oxZ ds thou dk lPpk nLrkost dgsa rks gh mUgsa xhr fy[kus dh izjs .kk fn;k djrh FkhaA felky
vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA ;g xhr :l esa bruk vfèkd ds rkSj ij csVs caVw dh tUedqMqa yh cuokus ds fy,
yksdfiz; gqvk fd 1955 esa iafMr usg: tc igyh ckr pyh rks mUgksua s dqMa yh cuokus dk fojksèk fd;kA
ckj :l x, (rc lksfo;r la?k Fkk) rks :lokfl;ksa ds mUgsa bu ckrksa ij fo'okl u Fkk] tc fd esjs ?kjokys
HkO; Lokxr ls Hkko fog~oy gks mBsA ,d jktuSfrd pkgrs Fks fd cPps dh tUedqMa yh vo'; cukbZ tk,A
lHkk esa tc Jksrkvksa us iafMr usg: ls ^vkokjk* fiQYe blh okn&fookn us mUgsa ûUgsa eqUus cPps rsjh eqVB~ h esa
ds 'kh"kZd xhr dks lqukus dh ekax dh rks mUgsa D;k gS* tSlk xhr fy[kus dh izsj.kk nhA ckn esa ;g
jktdiwj dh yksdfiz;rk vkSj 'kSynas z dh dye ds tknw xhr fiQYe ^cwV ikfy'k* ds tfj, izfln~èk gqvkA
dk ,glkl gqvk¸10 cPpksa dks lqykrs&lqykrs os lgt esa dbZ yksfj;k¡ x<+
'kSynas z us ;fn etnwjks]a esgurd'kksa ds fy, dfork,¡ ysrs Fks tks fiQj fiQYeksa esa ys yh tkrh FkhaA¸15 'kSysanz
fy[kha rks flusek esa Hkh oSls xhr fy[ksA mudh n~okjk cPpksa ds fy, fy[kh xbZ dbZ yksfj;k¡& ¶ukuh
dforkvksa ls vfèkd ekfeZdrk vkSj lgtrk muds rsjh eksjuh dks eksj ys x,¸16] ¶pqu&pqu djrh vkbZ
xhrksa esa jghA 'kSynas z ds xhrksa esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk fpfM+;k¸17 vkfn [kwc yksdfiz; gqbZA
lkSna ;Z gS tks mUgsa vius ledkyhu lkfgfR;d xhrdkjksa fiQYe vfHkusrk jktdiwj us muds ckjs esa fy[kk
rFkk flusekbZ xhrdkjksa esa fof'k"V cukrk gSAa fganh dh gS& ¶mUgksua s iSls ds yksHk esa xhr dHkh ugha fy[ks---
dfFkr lkfgfR;d fDy"Vrk vkSj mnwiZ jLrh ls cgqr gn xhr fy[kus ds fy, tc rd muds vius varHkkZoksa
rd cprs gq, 'kSynas z us tks xhr fy[ks] fo'ks"kdj mRrj dh xwt a ugha mBrh] rc rd os u fy[krs Fks¸18 ¶os
izn's k vkSj fcgkj dh yksd Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa ls lts tks dqN fy[krs Fks] og mudh varjkRek ls fudyrk
muds xhrksa dh Hkk"kk dk viuk fof'k"V lkSan;Z gS& FkkA [kqn dh le> esa ugha vkrk rks dkVdj cny nsr]s
¶ltuok cSjh gks x, gekj@fpfB;k gks rks gj dksbZ ysfdu tc ,d ckj xhr mUgsa tp tkrk rks fiQj muls
ckps¸11 ;k ¶vcds cjl Hkst HkS;k dks ckcqy] lkou dqN cnyok ysuk ukeqefdu gksrk FkkA mUgksaus rqdcanh

dHkh ugha dh] muds xhrksa esa xhrk ds n'kZu dh Nk;k ;ksx's k] xqytkj tSls mPp Js.kh ds xhrdkjksa dks Hkh
feyrh gSA fganh Hkk"kk dks fiQYeksa esa lEeku fnykus ds Lrjh; lkfgR; fy[kus okyksa esa LFkku ugha fn;k x;k]cfYd
ckjs esa Hkh mUgksua s de egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ugha fd,¸19 mUgsa O;kolkf;d ekudj lkfgfR;d txr ls nwj gh
vkxs mUgksaus fy[kk gS& ¶jktdiwj dh varjjk"Vªh; le>k x;kA
[;kfr ds ihNs 'kSysanz ds xhrksa dk cgqr cM+k gkFk gS] 'kSynas z us flusek ds fy, xhr ys[ku dks dsoy
mu xhrksa dks dHkh ugha Hkqyk;k tk ldsxk¸20 vkokjk euksjatu dk ekè;e gh ugha ekukA os Lo;a vius le;
gw¡*] êsjk twrk gS tkikuh*] ^lc dqN lh[kk geus*] ds cgqr ls xhrdkjksa ds xhrks dks vPNk ugha ekurs FksA
^ltuck cSjh gks x, gekj*]& jktdiwj ij fiQYek, mudh ut+jksa esa 'kksj&'kjkck gh xhr&laxhr ugha FkkA os
bu xhrksa esa okLro esa xgjk eeZ fufgr gSA flusek ds xhrksa esa py jgh HksM&+ pky dks ilan ugha
izgykn vxzoky ds vuqlkj & ¶oSls rks 'kSysanz djrs Fks& ¶Vhu duLrj ihV&ihV dj xyk iQkM+
ds xhr jktdiwj dh fiQYeksa dh cgqr cM+h 'kfDr ga]S fpYykuk@;kj esjs cqjk eku ;g xkuk gS u ctkuk gSA¸23
ysfdu ^cwV ikfy'k* ds nks xhrksa esa rks bruh lgt 'kSynas z vius nkSj ds dbZ xhrdkjksa ls blfy, Hkh
vkSj okLrfod fcac jpuk dh gS fd mUgsa xhrdkj vyx gS]a D;ksfa d mUgksua s dHkh vius jpukRed fln~èkkarksa
dgk gh ugha tk ldrk& mUgsa dfo gh dguk gksxk¸21 ds lkFk le>kSrk ugha fd;kA fiQYe ds fy, xhr
og nks xhr gS&a ^pyh dkSu ls nsl xqtfj;k rw lt èkt fy[kuk Hkh muds fy, fdlh vU; lkfgfR;d jpuk
ds* vkSj ûUgsa eqUus cPps rsjh eqV~Bh esa D;k gS*A vkxs djus tSlh fu"Bk ls izfs jr dk;Z FkkA fiQYe xhr ys[ku
os fy[krs gS&a ¶fganh {ks=kksa esa ;g [kq'kiQgeh ges'kk dh rduhd ij ckr djrs gq, [kqn 'kSynas z us fy[kk
cuh jgh ;k cukbZ j[kh xbZ fd flusek ls tqMk+ tks gS& ¶fiQYe ds fy, xhr fy[kuk vDlj cgqr vklku
dqN Hkh gS og ?kfV;k gSA gekjk rFkkdfFkr laHkzkr le>k tkrk gSA lhèks&lkns 'kCn] f?klh&fiVh rqdsa] dgk
lekt gj dke dks Nqikdj djus dh izo`fRr dks tkrk gS fd fiQYe&xhr&jpuk esjh le> ls ,d
rgthc ekudj flusek ij ppkZ djuk] muds egRo fo'ks"k dyk gS] pw¡fd gekjh fiQYesa 'kr&izfr'kr xhr
dks vkaduk xSj t:jh ekurk jgk gSA blfy, flusek izèkku gksrh ga]S xhr muesa gksrs gh gSa] blfy, xhr tSls
ds nq"ifj.kke gh gekjs lkeus vk ldsA mldh vlkèkkj.k ik=kksa ds laokn dk dke djrs gSa] vU;Fkk xhr dgkuh
{kerk dk jpukRed mi;ksx ugha gqvkA chloha 'krkCnh dks jksdsxk vkSj Bwl ¡ k gqvk ekywe gksxkA blfy, Hkkouk
esa dyk dk ;g ekè;e bruh iz[kjrk ls tuO;kih vkSj 'kCnksa dk pquko dgkuh ds vuqlkj cM+h lkoèkkuh
gqvk fd vU; :i èkwfey iM+ x,A blfy, blds ls djuk gksrk gSA¸24 blfy, mUgsa dHkh&dHkh fdlh
vR;ar O;kid izHkko {ks=k dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, bldh ifjfLFkfr ds fy, xhr fy[kus esa cgqr le; yx tkrk
mis{kk dj nsuk oLrqr% gekjk rqPN vagdkj gh gksxkA FkkA vius xhrksa esa 'kCnksa ds p;u dks ysdj os cM+s
'kk;n ;gh dkj.k jgk fd 'kSysanz ds ÑfrRo dk fganh ltx jgrs FksA muds izR;sd 'kCn dk viuk vFkZ gksrk
lkfgR; esa dksbZ ewY;kadu ugha gqvkA muds xhr Fkk] viuh xfjek gksrh Fkh fiQj pkgs os & ¶pkgs eq>s
mRÑ"V dkO; ds mnkgj.k gSa_ ysfdu os lnSo misf{kr dksbZ taxyh¸25 ;k ¶igys eqxhZ gqbZ fd vaMk¸26 ;k
jgs] ges'kk fiQYeh xhrdkj gh jgsA¸22 ¶rqEgkjh Hkh t;&t; gekjh Hkh t;&t;¸27 tSls xhr
mnwZ lkfgR; bl ekeys esa fganh lkfgR; ls cgqr gksaA os 'kCnksa ds p;u ds lkFk dHkh le>kSrk ugha
vfèkd izxfr'khy ekuk tk ldrk gS lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh] djrs FksA ^Jh 420* dk ,d yksdfiz; xhr gS& Î;kj
'kdhy cnk;wua h] gljr t;iqjh] dSiQh vkt+eh tSls gqvk bdjkj gqvk* blds varjs dh ,d iafDr& ^jkras
fiQYeh xhrdkjksa dks mnwZ lkfgR; esa Hkh mruk gh nlksa fn'kkvksa esa dgsxa h viuh dgkfu;k¡* ij laxhrdkj
lEeku izkIr gS] ftruk fd flusek dh nqfu;k esAa t;fd'ku us vkifRr dhA mudk [;ky Fkk fd n'kZd
lkfgR; esa Hkh os yksx dfo;ksa ds :i esa i<+&s i<+k, ^pkj fn'kk,¡* rks le> ldrs gSa ^nl fn'kk,¡* ugha]
tkrs gS]a fdarq fganh ds xhrdkjksa dh rks fganh lkfgR; ysfdu 'kSysanz ifjorZu ds fy, rS;kj ugha gq,A mudk
esa ?kksj mis{kk gh gqbAZ dfo iznhi] uhjt] 'kSysna ]z n`<+ earO; Fkk fd n'kZdksa dh #fp dh vkM+ esa gesa

mFkysiu dks mu ij ugha Fkksiuk pkfg,A dykdkj dk cstkj gw¡ eS*a A f'kf{kr ;qokvksa dks ukSdjh u feyus dh
;g drZO; Hkh gS fd og miHkksDRkk dh #fp;ksa dk leL;k vkSj csdkjh dks ;g xhr cgqr laons u'khyrk
ifj"dkj djus dk iz;Ru djsa vkSj mudk ;dhu xyr ds lkFk Loj nsrk gSA nq[kn :i ls orZeku esa csjkstxkjh
ugha FkkA¸28 laHkor% blh fo'okl vkSj jpukRed dh leL;k igys dh rqyuk esa vkSj vfèkd Hk;kog
bZekunkjh dh cnkSyr os vke tu ds chp bruh gqbZ gS vkSj ,sls eas 'kSysanz dk fy[kk ;g xhr vkSj
O;kid LohÑfr vftZr dj ldsA vfèkd izklafxd yxrk gSA
'kSysanz dk fj'rk eè;dky ds mu lar&HkDr 'kSynas z ds flusek ds fy, fy[ks xhrksa dks flusek
dfo;ksa ls Hkh curk gS] ftUgksua s :f<+;ksa ds fo#n~èk dh fLFkfr;ksa ls dkVdj ns[kk tk, rks Hkh mudk egRo
vkokt mBkbZ vkSj turk dks tkx`r lpsr djus dk de ugha gksrk] cfYd vkSj c<+ tkrk gSA mudh viuh
vn~Hkqr iz;kl fd;kA izes ds izfr mudk n`f"Vdks.k Lora=k b;Rrk gSA ¶dqN rsjk u esjk eqlkfiQj tk,xk
Bhd oSlk gh jgk tSlk bu larksa dkA mnkgj.k ds fy, dgk¡¸35 ,sls xhrksa ds fufgrkFkZ okdbZ cgqr O;kid gSaA
dchj dgrs gSa& ^gfj eksjs iho eSa rks gfj dh cgqfj;k* xqyt+kj us 'kSynas z ds fo"k; esa ;g Hkh dgk gS fd&
vkSj 'kSyasnz us fy[kk& ¶vki gq, esjs ckye eSa rqEgkjh ¶fiQYeksa ds ekgkSy esa jgrs gq, Hkh 'kSynas z ds xhrksa esa
gqbZ¸29] dchj us dgk& ^lc [kyd l;kuh eSa ckSjk* fyVjspj eqlye egdrk jgkA,d vke vkSj ekewyh
rks 'kSynas z us dgk& ¶lp gS nqfu;k okyks fd ge gSa fdLe dh flpq,'ku dks xkus esa lkfgR; dk ntkZ ns
vukM+h¸30A ;gh ugha nk'kZfudrk vkSj thou ds izfr nsuk] ,d vnc cuk ysuk] 'kSyasnz dh cM+h [kkfl;r
mudk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh mUgsa larka&s HkDr dfo;ksa ds fudV FkhA¸36
ys vkrk& ¶dgrs gaS Kkuh nqfu;k gS iQkuh] ikuh is fganh ds izfrf"Br dfo ukxktqZu us mudh izfrHkk
fy[kh fy[kkbZ@ gS lcdh ns[kh gS lcdh tkuh] gkFk dks le>k FkkA ukxktquZ us mUgsa viuh dfork esa ;kn
fdlh ds uk vkbZ] dqN rsjk uk esjk] eqlkfiQj tk,xk djrs gq, fy[kk gS& ¶lp crykÅ¡ rqe izfrHkk ds
dgk¡¸31A lwiQh larks]a iQdhjksa dh lh ckuxh muds xhrksa T;ksfriqat Fks] Nk;k D;k Fkh] Hkyh&Hkkafr ns[kk Fkk eSaus]
ds vFkZ esa fNih jgrh gSA muds xhrksa esa thou ds izfr fny gh fny Fks dk;k D;k FkhA¸37 ysfdu fganh ds
Hkjiwj vkLFkk vkSj jkx ds lkFk&lkFk oSjkX; Hkh >ydrk leh{kdksa us muds izfr mnklhurk cjrh_ gkykafd ;g
gS& ¶ogk¡ dkSu gS rsjk eqlkfiQj tk,xk dgk¡] ¶ltu js mnklhurk 'kSysna z dh izfr"Bk dks rks izHkkfor ugha dj
>wB er cksyks [kqnk ds ikl tkuk gS¸] ¶gj fiQØ dks ldrh] mudh txg yksxksa ds fnyksa esa gS] ysfdu bl
èkq,¡ esa mM+krk pyk x;kA¸32 fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa os mnklhurk vkSj mis{kk ds dkj.k fganh lkfgR; vkSj
euq";rk dks gh loksZifj ekurs Fks& ¶ekuk viuh tsc vfèkd le`nè~ k gksus ls t:j oafpr jg tkrk gSA
ls iQdhj gSa] fiQj Hkh ;kjksa fny ds ge vehj gaS¸33 'kSynas z ds n~okjk flusek ds fy, fy[ks xhrksa dks
'kSynas z esa xgu nk'kZfud lR; dks Hkh lhèks&ljy 'kCnksa fdlh mRÑ"V ekuh tkus okyh lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa ds
esa O;Dr djus dk vn~Hkqr dkS'ky FkkA ;s rRo mUgsa le{k j[kdj ;g riQlhy dh tk ldrh gS fd muds
Js"B jpukdkjksa dh Js.kh esa [kM+k djrs gSAa xhr dgha ls derj ugha gSa dksbZ xhr fiQYe ds fy,
'kSynas z vius ;qx dks eq[kfjr djus okys jpukdkj fy[ks tkus dh otg ls vlkfgfR;d ugha gks tkrkA
FksA Lora=krk ds mijkar fLFkfr;k¡ lq[kn gksus dh ctk; lkfgfR;d Lrjh;rk dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, tks leh{kd
vkSj vfèkd nq:g gksus yxh FkhaA csjkstxkjh] xjhch] mlds fiQYeh xhr gksus dks Lrjghurk dk vkèkkj ekurs
?kVus dh ctk; c<+ jgh Fkh_ ;qokvksa dks i<+&fy[k gks]a mudh lkfgfR;d le> ij lansg djuk vko';d
dj Hkh ukSdfj;k¡ ugha fey jgh Fkh] bl fLFkfr dk gSA 'kSynas z ds n~okjk flusek ds fy, fy[ks x, xhr
o.kZu os ûkSdjh (1954)* fiQYe ds xhr esa dwN ;w¡ Hkkjrh; tuthou dk fgLlk jgs gaAS bu xhrksa ls lqduw
djrs gSa ¶dqN vkSj tks ek¡xw rks xqugxkj gw¡ eS]a ,d vkSj izjs .kk ikus okys vkSj bUgsa vius eu] viuh ihM+k
NksVh lh ukSdjh dk rycxkj gw¡ eS]a ,d lkS vkBoha vkSj leL;kvksa dh vfHkO;fDr ekuus okys yksxksa dh
vthZ esjs vjekuksa dh] dj yks eatjw fd csdkjh ls cM+h la[;k gSa fuf'pr rkSj ij 'kSynas z vius fiQYeh

xhrksa dh lkFkZdrk vkSj lgtrk ds dkj.k ges'kk ;kn 15- ufyu ljkiQ n~okjk ladfyr fdrkc ^lqgkuk
fd, tkrs jgsxa As liQj vkSj ;s ekSle glha* esa 'kkfey Jherh 'kadrq yk
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 'kSynas z dk ys[k ^dgk¡ rd muds ckjs esa fy[kw\¡ * i`-
1- fiQYe & ^ftl ns'k es xaxk cgrh gS*] 1965 la& 83
2- ufyu ljkiQ (ladyudrkZ)% lqgkuk liQj 16- fiQYe & êklwe*] 1962
vkSj ;s ekSle glha] i`- la- 9% thou izHkkr izdk'ku] 17- fiQYe & ^vc fnYyh nwj ugha*] 1957
eqac bZ& 400058 18- MkW- banzthr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc
3- eSaustj ikaMs; % fganh dfork dk vrhr vkSj ^tudfo 'kSysan*z esa ladfyr jktdiwj dk ys[k& ^rqe
orZeku] i`- la-& 162 % ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh vxj gks] vius xhrksa esa vej gks esjs nksLr*] i`- la&13
110002 19- ogh] i`- la& 13
4- MkW- bantz hr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc ^tudfo 20- ogh] i`- la-&15
'kSynas *z esa ladfyr dSiQh vkt+eh dk ys[k ^vkt fiQj 21- izgykn vxzoky% jktdiwj vkèkh gdhdr
thus dh reUuk gS*] i`- la& 37 % ve`r ifCyf'kax vkèkk i+Qlkuk] i`- la& 61% jkèkkÑ".k izdk'ku izk-fy-]
gkml] fnYyh& 110035 fnYyh&110002
5- MkW- bant
z hr flag n~okjk ladfyr fdrkc ^tudfo 22- ogh] i`- la&61&62
'kSysna *z esa 'kkfey Hkh"e lkguh dk ys[k ^dfojkt 23- fiQYe & ^yo eSfjt*] 1959
'kadj 'kSynas *z ] i`- la& 2&3 24- Lo;a 'kSynas z n~okjk fyf[kr ys[k êSa esjk
6- ufyu ljkiQ dh fdrkc ^lqgkuk liQj vkSj dfo vkSj esjs xhr* dk ,d va'kA ;g ys[k ewy :i
;s ekSle glha* esa ladfyr ys[k* vks tkusokys] gks ls èkeZ;qx_ 16 ebZ] 1965 esa izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA
lds rks ykSV ds vkuk*] i`- la- 15 nsf[k,& czt Hkw"k.k frokjh % xhrksa dk tknwxj
7- jek Hkkjrh n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc ^vanj dh 'kSysanz] i`- la& 223 % ubZ fnYyh 10002
vkx*] esa ladfyr dfork îsfjl dE;wu*] i`- la- & 25- fiQYe & ^taxyh* 1961
41% jktdey izdk'ku izk- fy&ch] usrkth lqHkk"k ekxZ] 26- fiQYe & ^djksM+ifr*] 1965
ubZ fnYyh&110002] izFke laLdj.k&2013 27- fiQYe & ^nhokuk*] 1967
8- ^lgkjk le;* esa 10 flracj 2005 dks izdkf'kr 28- izgy
~ kn vxzoky % jktdiwj vkèkh gdhdr
fnus'k 'kadj 'kSynas z dk ys[k ^ge rks tkrs vius xk¡o*] vkèkk iQlkuk] i`- la& 151
izLrqrdrkZ&f'kf'kj 'kekZ 29- fiQYe & ^djksM+ifr*] 1961
9- MkW- banzthr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc 30- fiQYe & ^vukM+h*] 1959
^tudfo 'kSysan*z esa ladfyr jktdiwj dk ys[k ^rqe 31- fiQYe & ^xkbM*] 1965
vej gks vius xhrksa esa vej gks esjs nksLr*] i`- la&10 32- fiQYe & ^vkg*] 1953
10- ^vktdy*] tuojh 2005 esa izdkf'kr 33- fiQYe & ^vukM+h*] 1959
bant
z hr flag dk ys[k ^dkyt;h xhrksa ds jpf;rk 34- fiQYe & ^xkbM*] 1965
'kSysan*z ] i`- la& 42 35- fiQYe & ^rhljh dle*] 1956
11- fiQYe & ^rhljh dle*] 1966 36- MkW- banzthr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc
12- fiQYe & ^cafnuh*] 1963 ^tudfo 'kSysanz* i`- la&49
13- fiQYe & ^vkokjk*] 1951 37- ufyu ljkiQ n~okjk ladfyr fdrkc ^lqgkuk
14- fiQYe & ^xkbM*] 1965 liQj vkSj ;s ekSle glha esa* 'kkfey ukxktquZ n~okjk
'kSynas z ij fy[kh dfork îzfrHkk ds iqt a *] i`- la&110
µ ch&55] Lo.kZ ikdZ] eqaMdk] fnYyh& 110041
qqq
flusek & vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ekè;e
nhid nhf{kr
v fHkO;fDr dk vFkZ
ifjfLFkfr] Kku rFkk bPNkvksa ds le; izHkko
esa fujarj gekjs fopkj cnyrs jgrs gSAa fopkjksa dk ;g
flusek dk mn;
dSejs ds vkfo"dkj ls tgk¡ fp=kksa dks dkxt ij
dSn djuk laHko gqvk ogha py&fp=k ;k flusek ds
cnyko Hkkoukvksa ds tUe dk dkj.k curk gSA gekjh vkfo"dkj us iwjs ds iwjs ukVd dks gh lsyqykbM dh
Hkkouk,¡ Hkh vfèkd le; rd fLFkj ugha jgrhaA vius fiQYe ij vafdr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k] ftls lqfoèkkuqlkj
vanj gq, bl cnyko dks ge nwljksa rd igqp ¡ kuk dgha Hkh vkSj fdruh gh ckj ,d ijns ij fiQj ls
pkgrs gSa vkSj vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa ls ck¡Vuk pkgrs ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA ;g u;k ekè;e ukVd vkSj
gSaA efLr"d n~okjk lapkfyr vkSj 'kjhj n~okjk dh tkus iqLrdksa dh lhfer vfHkO;fDr ds csgrj fodYi ds
okyh bl izfØ;k dks gh vfHkO;fDr dgrs gSaA :i esa tuekul esa nwj&nwj rd izpfyr gqvkA vkjaHk
vfHkO;fDr dk vFkZ gS vius eu esa Nqis fopkj rFkk dh 'osr&';ke rFkk ewd fiQYeksa ds nkSj ds ckn èofu
Hkko dks izdV djuk ;k lkoZtfud djukA rFkk jaxksa dks Hkh oSKkfudksa us dBksj ifjJe djds
izkphu dky esa xhr] ukVd] ukSVd a h] dBiqryh fiQYe ;k flusek esa lekfgr dj fy;k vkSj vc
vkfn ekè;eksa ls vfHkO;fDr dks mHkkjk x;kA ianzgoha bldh yksdfiz;rk vkleku Nwus yxhA xzg.kh gks ;k
'krkCnh esa fizfa Vax&izl
s vkus ls blesa ,d u;k vk;ke edSfud] fon~;kFkhZ gks ;k vè;kid] lSfud gks ;k
tqMk+ vkSj iqLrd rFkk i=k&if=kdk,¡ pyu esa vkb± tks O;olk;h gj dksbZ bldk nhokuk gks x;kA blds pkgus
'kCn vkSj fp=kksa dk lgkjk ysdj lc ij Nkus yxhaA okyksa esa gj mez ds yksx tqMr+ s x,] fiQj pkgs os cPps
ukVdksa esa dFkk vkSj fo"k;oLrq ds lkFk gh n`';kRedrk gksa ;k ;qod@;qorh gksa ;k fiQj meznjkt cqtxq Z gh D;ksa
rFkk èofu ,oa okrkoj.k vkfn ds mi;ksx ls izHkkodkjh u gksAa
vfHkO;fDr dh laHkkouk,¡ rks c<+h ij mudk eapu vkt rks bysDVªkfW uDl esa vikj vuqlèa kkuksa ds
lhfer n'kZdksa rd gh laHko Fkk vkSj ;g eap ij ,d dkj.k gesa flusek dk cgqr gh mUur :i ns[kus dks
ckj esa dsoy ,d gh LFkku ij fd;k tk ldrk FkkA feyrk gS] ftlesa daI;wVj tfur izHkkoksa ds ne ij
tgk¡ lHkh dykdkjksa dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z FkhA nwljh foLe;dkjh rjhds ls ?kVukvksa dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS
vksj iqLrdsa rFkk i=k&if=kdk,¡ vklkuh ls yksxksa rd vkSj fiQj vc rks flusek ds fy, flusek gkWy rd Hkh
igqp¡ ldrh gS]a ij mudk vkuan dsoy i<+k&fy[kk tkus dh vko';drk ughaA vki vius ?kj ij Vhoh ij
oxZ gh ys ldrk Fkk tks lhfer FkkA blds vfrfjDr ;k vius eksckby dh LØhu (ijns) ij bldk vkuan
fdlh vke O;fDr ds fy, i<+us dh izfØ;k ,d ys ldrs gaAS vkt ds flusek esa xhr vkSj eèkqj laxhr
uhjl vkSj mckÅ izfØ;k FkhA Hkh lekfgr gSA fdlh vkSj Hkk"kk esa cus flusek dks Hkh

vki viuh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn dh gqbZ Mfcax ;k viuh vuqHkwfr dk vkSj blds l`tudrkZvksa ds fy, vfHkO;fDr
Hkk"kk ds 'kh"kZd ds lkFk ns[kdj mldk vkuan ys dk ,d csgn l'kDr ekè;e gSaA
ldrs gSAa flusek us gj fdlh dks vius eksg&ik'k esa fdldh vfHkO;fDr\
ckaèk j[kk gSA u,&u, xhrksa ds lkFk pfpZr yksdxhrksa vkt dh nqfu;k esa dyk ds bl l'kDr ekè;e
dk fiQYekadu bldh lqna jrk c<+krs gSA gj cgqpfpZr (flusek ;k fiQYe fuekZ.k) ds l`tu dk dk;Z vR;ar
miU;kl dk fiQYekadu Hkh nsj&losj ns[kus dks fey nq:g gSA nks ?kaVs esa ns[kh tk ldus okyh ,d
gh tkrk gSA O;kolkf;d fiQYe dks cukus esa eghuksa (dHkh&dHkh
flusek dk vFkZ o"kks)± yx tkrs gSa vkSj Ñfr dks vusd fØ;kvksa rFkk
flusek 'kCn Úkalhlh Hkk"kk ds cinematographe laLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA ;g foèkk
ls vkrk gS tks ewyr% ,d ;wukuh 'kCn Kinema ij dsoy blds ys[kd ;k dykdkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr ugha
vkèkkfjr gS] ftldk vFkZ gS xfr ;k gjdrA1 flusek cfYd vusd yksxksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk lzksr gSA buds
ds fy, vaxt sz h ds ewoh 'kCn dk Hkh vDlj mi;ksx vykok laxhrdkj vkSj xhrdkj bl foèkk ds izeq[k
fd;k tkrk gS tks move dk viHkz'a k gSA vaxt sz h 'kCn jpukdkj gSAa lkFk gh iQksVksxkz iQj ds egRo dks Hkh ugha
fiQYe dk Hkh lkekU;r% bUgha vFkks± esa mi;ksx fd;k vk¡dk tk ldrk vkSj bldks fof'k"Vrk iznku djus
tkrk gSA uke pkgs tks Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk,] vfHkO;fDr okyksa esa rduhdh fo'ks"kdj daI;wVj vkèkkfjr rduhdfon~
dh bl foèkk esa cgqr ls fp=kksa dks ,d xfr nsdj ijns dk ;ksxnku Hkh gSA oSls dgus ds fy, fiQYe dks
(LØhu) ij ,d fo'ks"k izHkko mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS] mlds funs'Z kd dk ekè;e dgk tkrk gS ij vktdy
'kk;n blfy, fganh esa bldks pyfp=k dk uke fn;k vfHkO;fDr ds bl tfVy vkSj pfpZr ekè;e ds lkFk
x;k gSA fdruh gh vU; foèkk,¡ iui jgh gSa tSl&s dksfjvksxzkiQj]
izHkkodkjh ekè;e fluseVs ksxzkiQj] laiknd] vfHkdYidkj vkfnA bu foèkkvksa
gekjh ik¡p Kkusfa nz;k¡ gS&a vk¡[ksa tks n`';ksa dks ls tqMs+ O;fDr bUgsa dyk dh ,d lEekutud foèkk
ns[kus dk dke djrh ga]S dku tks vkoktksa dks lquus dk LFkku fnykus esa iz;kljr gSa] ogha O;olk;h cqn~fèk
dk dke djrs gS]a ukd tks lw?a kdj xaèk dks igpkurh ds yksx bUgsa O;olk; ds :i esa izpfyr dj jgs gSAa
gS] ftg~ok ;k thHk tks p[kdj Lokn dk vkuan ysrh lewgxr l`tu
gS vkSj gekjh Ropk tks Li'kZ n~okjk vuqHko djrh gSA tSls dksbZ ys[kd viuh jpuk dks lqna j cukus ds
gekjs efLr"d esa tkus okyh lwpukvksa dk lcls cM+k fy, ;k fp=kdkj vius fp=k dks cukus ds fy, mlesa
Hkkx n`';ksa dk gksrk gSa2A tc ge iqLrd i<+rs gSa rks viuh tku Mky nsrk gS oSlk gh fiQYe fuekZ.k Hkh
fliQZ gekjh vk¡[ksa gh izHkkfor gksrh gSa vkSj tc ge ,d l`tu dk dke gSA ij vke rkSj ij ;g ,d
dksbZ èofu ;k xhr lqurs gSa rks fliQZ gekjh Jo.k O;fDrxr dk;Z u gksdj lewgxr dk;Z vFkok VheodZ
'kfDr vFkkZr~ lquus dh 'kfDr gh izHkkfor gksrh gSA ij gSA blds fuekZ.kdehZ feydj blds gj ,d Úse dks
flusek gekjh vk¡[kksa rFkk dkuksa dks ,d lkFk gh lqnaq j cukus ds fy, ,M+h pksVh dk tksj yxk nsrs gSAa
izHkkfor djrk gSA ;gh ugha vR;kèkqfud rduhd ls lkFk gh ;g Hkh è;ku j[krs gSa fd mudh ykxr de
cus vusd flusek?kjksa esa gekjh Li'kZ 'kfDr rFkk Jo.k gks vkSj equkiQk vfèkdA vfHkO;fDr ds vU; ekè;eksa
'kfDr dks Hkh izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA dh rqyuk esa flusek ds ekè;e ls dYiuk dh dgha
dnkfpr vkus okys le; esa ge oSKkfud iz;klksa ls vfèkd Å¡ph mM+ku Hkjh tk ldrh gSA fiQYe fuekZ.k
flusek n~okjk Lokn dk Hkh vkuan ys ldsaA ,slk gksus mn~ ;ks x bles a dk;Zj r yksx ksa ds dBks j ifjJe]
ij flusek iw.kZ vuqHkwfr dk ,d vn~forh; ekè;e cu mn~;e'khyrk vkSj jpukRedrk ds dkj.k ,d liQy
tk,xk vkSj vU; lHkh ekè;e blds lkeus ckSus gks O;olk; ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd blls
tk,xsA viuh orZeku fLFkfr esa Hkh ;g n'kZdksa ds fy, tqMs+ eq[; O;fDr lekt esa vfr pfpZr gksrs gSAa

flusek vkSj laLÑfr igqp
¡ krs gSa ij lkFk gh dykdkj vkSj O;olk;h ,d
fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k Hkk"kk dk flusek ml ns'k ;k nwljs dh vkykspuk Hkh djrs lqukbZ nsrs gSAa
leqnk; dh laLÑfr dh >yd vkSj lqaxèk fy, gksrk fdlh flusek dks cukus esa gkykafd fuekZrk@funs'Z kd
gSA fo'o esa vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa vkSj vusd ns'kks esa vkSj muds ny dks fo"k; oLrq dh iw.kZ Lora=krk gksrh
fofoèkrk fy, gq, gj o"kZ gt+kjksa fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gS ij O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksrk gS fd
gksrk gS ij vejhdk ds gkWyhoqM fiQYe O;olk; dks muds fopkj ;k dYiuk n'kZd oxZ dks Lohdkj gksxa As
viuh mRre rduhd vkSj c`gr O;kikj o equkiQs ds blds vfrfjDr ,d O;kolkf;d flusek dks lkoZtfud
dkj.k 'kh"kZ LFkku ij ekuk tkrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa Hkh izn'kZu ls igys lsl sa j (fu;a=kd) ds ekudksa ij Hkh
n'kdksa ls eqca bZ ls cgqr vfèkd ek=kk esa fganh fiQYeksa [kjk mrjuk gksrk gSA
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k mls ckWyhoqM dk tgk¡ ,d vksj O;kolkf;d flusek dk fuekZ.k
uke fn;k tkus yxk gSA3 O;olk; vkSj rduhd dh fnuksafnu eagxk gksrk tk jgk gS] ogha u,&u, bysDVªkWfud
n`f"V ls fiNys dqN o"kks± esa gekjh fiQYeksa dh xq.koRrk midj.kksa ls fMftVy rduhd n~okjk fdlh fiQYe dks
esa rst xfr ls fodkl gqvk gS vkSj vusd fiQYeksa dks cuk ysuk vkSj iznf'kZr djuk csgn vklku vkSj lLrk
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU;rk vkSj lEeku Hkh feyk gSA Hkh gks x;k gSA flusek 'kCn dk mi;ksx vke rkSj ij
blds lkFk gh ckaXyk] rsyxq ]q rfey] dUuM] Hkkstiqjh] O;kolkf;d flusek ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ij vxj
ey;kye] iatkch vkfn vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa fiQYe bldks c`gr vFkks± esa fdlh Hkh mn~n's ; ls cuk,
fuekZ.k dk dk;Z Hkh [kwc iui jgk gSA flusek dk pyfp=k ekudj ns[ksa rks vkt vusd vO;kolkf;d
mi;ksx vizR;{k :i ls lekt esa psruk ;k fo'ks"k pyfp=k Hkh cuk, tkrs gSa tks O;fDrxr mi;ksx ;k
lan's k nsus dk dke Hkh izHkkoh <ax ls fd;k tkrk jgk vkuan ds fy, ;k fiQj fdlh vO;oklkf;d laLFkkxr
gSA flusek ds ekè;e ls Hkh vaxt sz ksa ds 'kklu dky esa mi;ksx ds fy, gks ldrs gSAa cfYd baVjusV vkSj
Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa us cM+h prqjkbZ vkSj izHkkodkjh <ax eksckby iQksu dh lqfoèkk ds izlkj ds ckn lks'ky
ls tu ekul esa Lora=krk laxkz e dh psruk dks txkus ehfM;k ij rks budh ck<+&lh vk xbZ gSA dksbZ Hkh ,d
dk dke fd;k FkkA lkèkkj.k ls eksckby dk mi;ksx dj feuVksa esa ,d
dyk ;k O;olk; fiQYe cuk ldrk gS tks rduhdh n`f"V ls lHkh
dqN yksx flusek dks dyk dk ,d ekè;e ekudksa ls ,d fiQYe gh dgyk,xh vkSj vxj bl
ekurs gSa rks dqN ds fy, ;g ,d fo'kqn~èk O;olk; fiQYe dks lks'ky ehfM;k ds IysViQkWeZ tSls ;wV;~ cw ]
gSA lp rks ;g gS fd dksbZ fiQYe fdruh gh cM+h iQslcqd ;k V~foVj vkfn ij Mky fn;k tk, tgk¡ ls
dykÑfr D;ksa u gks] mls n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ kus ds fy, foKkiuksa ds n~okjk vkenuh Hkh gks ldrh gSA bl
èku dh vko';drk gksrh gh gSA blds foijhr dksbZ lanHkZ esa ;g Hkh ,d fopkj dk fo"k; gS fd D;k bls
fiQYe fdrus gh O;kolkf;d mn~ns'; ds fy, cukbZ ,d O;kolkf;d fiQYe ekuk tk,xk\
xbZ gks] mlesa dykdkj gh tku Mkyrs gSAa flusek&vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ekè;e
D;kasfd flusek mRiknu dk dke ,d cgqr fiQYe fuekZ.k dks O;olk; ekus ;k dyk] bldk
egaxk dke gS vkSj bl ij ,d cM+h jde nkao ij ,dek=k mn~n's ; rks n'kZdksa dk euksjt a u djds muls
yxrh gSA vr% ,d funsZ'kd vkSj mlds lkFkh dykdkjksa iz'kalk vFkok ljkguk ikus dk gS vkSj blds fy,
dks fuekZrk ;k foRr&nkrk ds cuk, x, caèkuksa ds Hkhrj blds fuekZ.kdrkZ@fuekZ.kdrhZ viuh l`tuèkfeZrk ds
jgdj gh viuk dke djuk gksrk gSA vDlj ;s nksuksa u,&u, mnkgj.k izLrqr djds bl foèkk dks u fliQZ
oxZ (dykdkj vkSj O;olk;h) ,d lkFk dnerky izpfyr cukus esa cfYd bls ,d mn~;ksx dk ntkZ
djds gh bl Ñfr dks tUe nsrs gSa vkSj n'kZdksa rd fnykus eas liQy jgs gSAa vfHkO;fDr ds bl l'kDr

ekè;e dk lqanj mi;ksx djus ds fy, mu lHkh 3. https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/
O;fDr;ksa dks lkèkqokn ,oa èkU;oknA vk'kk gS] vfHkO;fDr english-hindi/Bollywood/Bollywood-meaning-
dh ;g l'kDr foèkk Hkfo"; esa fnu nwuh vkSj jkr in-hindi
pkSxuq h mUufr djsxhA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cinema
2. https://hi.wiipedia.org/wiki/Kkusfa nz;
µ ÝySV uacj&410] Cykd&2] th ds izkbM] ckykth uxj jksM ;izky] fldanjkckn]

esMpy] rsyaxkuk&500087
qqq

lkfgR;] flusek vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k
MkW- foiqy dqekj
20 oha lnh ds vafre nks n'kdksa dks bfrgkl

esa nks ckrksa ds fy, ;kn j[kk tk,xkA
igyk & vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k rFkk nwljk & lapkj
rjg dh gM+cM+h dk dkj.k u, jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd]
lkaLÑfrd] èkkfeZd vkSj oSpkfjd ifjiz{s ; jgsA flusek
blh :i esa ;FkkFkZ dk ,d vax Hkh gS vkSj mleas
ØkafrA ftl izdkj 15oha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi ls vU; gLr{ksi HkhA
egkn~ohiksa dks tksMu+ s ds fy, leqnhz ekxks± dh [kkstksa us fiQYe ,d pk{kq"k ekè;e gSA tc ge fiQYe
vkfFkZd mifuos'kokn dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k] mlh dks insZ ij ns[krs gS]a rc thou geas Bhd oSlk gh
izdkj bu vafre nks n'kdksa esa lwpuk ekxZ ds vkfo"dkj ut+j vkrk gS] tSlk fd gesa fiQYe esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
us vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLÑfrd mifuos'kokn ds fy, jkLrk viuh bl 'kfDr ds dkj.k gh flusek dk izHkko fdlh
[kksy fn;kA vU; dyk foèkk ds eqdkcys dgha T;knk gSA flusek
lwpuk Økafr ,d tytys ds :i esa vkbZA Hkkjr lekt ds jktuSfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd thou
dk eè;oxZ èkhjs&èkhjs lwpuk dk ^daiu* vius vanj dks dbZ :iksa esa vkSj dbZ <ax ls vfHkO;Dr vkSj
eglwl djrs&djrs] ml ^daiu* dh fxjÝr esa ôkbZcsVz * izHkkfor dj jgk gSA ;s izHkko u rks iwjh rjg udkjkRed
(Liafnr) gksrk pyk x;kA lwpuk ds bl nkSj esa gSa vkSj u gh ldkjkRedA
cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa us vius njokts [kksys vkSj Hkkjr orZeku nkSj miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr dh fxjÝr esa
ljdkj us bls vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dh laKk nhA gSA ;gk¡ ^mRiknu&miHkksx* lacaèk dk cM+k yphyk vkSj
vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k us lekt dh ;FkkFkZ le> dks vkSj djrch fu;e ns[kus dks feyrk gSA gkykafd lkfgR;
l?ku cuk fn;kA lekt ds fofHkUu oxks± ds ikjLifjd ds lekt'kkL=kh ¶dyk vkSj lkfgR; dh Ñfr;ksa dks
lacèa kks]a la?k"kks± vkSj rukoksa dk Lo:i cnyrk pyk x;k lkekftd mRiknu ekurs gSaA¸1 bl fglkc ls dgkuh
vkSj mlh ds vuq:i ;qxhu ;FkkFkZ Hkh cnyrk jgkA dh dksbZ fdrkc ;k miU;kl ,d lkekftd mRiknu gS
fujarj cnyus okys ;FkkFkZ dks izR;sd oxZ vkSj nwljh rjiQ] fiQYe Hkh u dsoy lkekftd mRikn gS]
izR;sd O;fDr us vius oxhZ; cksèk vkSj oS;fDrd cfYd bldk y{; Hkh lekt gh gS] iSlk dekus ls
laons ukvksa ds vkèkkj ij xzg.k fd;k gSA blh nkSj esa ysdj lkekftd lan's k nsus rdA dksbZ jpukdkj lkfgR;
iqjkus ewY; lekt ds fodkl ds lkFk ugha py ik jgs jpuk Lokar% lq[kk; Hkh dj ldrk gS] fdarq fdlh
Fks vkSj u, ewY;ksa dh jpuk esa iqjkus ewY;ksa dh otg fiQYedkj ds fy, ,slh ckr csekuh ekuh tkrh jgh gSA
ls #dkoV vk jgh FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa tc Hkh ,sls esa tc dksbZ fiQYe fuekZrk fdlh lkfgfR;d Ñfr
rFkkdfFkr u, ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir djus okyh dksbZ ckr dks vkèkkj cukdj fiQYe fuekZ.k djrk gS] rc mldk
lkeus vkrh rks lekt gM+cM+h esa mls yid ysrkA bl mn~ns'; ;k rks lkfgfR;d jpuk dh yksdfiz;rk dks

Hkqukuk gksrk gS ;k og lkfgfR;d jpuk ds cjDl Js"B HkweMa yhdj.k ledkyhu fo'o dh fof'k"Vrkvksa
ewY;ksa ,oa u, iz'uksa dks lekt ds lEeq[k j[kus dk esa ,d gS bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx eq[;r% vkfFkZd lanHkZ
iz;Ru djrk gSA fiQYedkj dk mn~ns'; mi;qDZ r nksukas esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl n`f"V ls] HkweMa yhdj.k eqDr
esa ls dqN Hkh gks] ysfdu og orZeku nkSj dh cktkj dh fLFkfr esa fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds
lkekftd] oSpkfjd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd l?kurk ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls fo'o us
ls izHkkfor vo'; gksrk gSA mUuhloha lnh ds mRrjkn~èkZ vkSj chloha lnh ds izkjaHk
bl nkSj ds vafre n'kd esa igyh ckj fdUujksa esa Hkh vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k dk vuqHko fd;k FkkA ysfdu
ij rhu fiQYesa iznf'kZr gqb±& ^reUuk*] ^njE;ku* rFkk fo'o;qnè~ kks]a vkfFkZd eanh vkSj yksxksa ds vkokxeu ij
^nk;jk*A blh n'kd esa dqN ,slh Hkh fiQYesa vkb±] jksd ds dkj.k yxHkx 1970 bZ- rd bl izfØ;k esa
ftUgsa ;fn 'kqnè~ k dyk fiQYesa u dgk tk lds rks Hkh] vojksèk jgkA HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfØ;k us chloha
mUgsa iwjh rjg O;kolkf;d fiQYesa Hkh ugha dgk tk 'krkCnh ds 8osa n'kd ls u, izkRs lkguksa n~okjk fodkl
ldrkA ^yEgs*] ^#nkyh*] ^lyke ckWEcs* vkfn dks bl ik;kA
Js.kh esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA HkweMa yhdj.k ds bl LoHkko ls Hkkjr nks fgLlksa
vaxszth ls Mc dh gqbZ dqN fiQYesa fganh esa vkb± esa c¡V x;kA ,d yxkrkj vkfFkZd rjDdh djrk Hkkjr]
vkSj mUgksua s viuh liQyrk ls fiQYedkjksa dks pkSd a k nwljk yxkrkj vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+rk HkkjrA 21oha
fn;kA ^tqjkfld ikdZ*] ^xkWMftyk* rFkk ^VkbVsfud* 'krkCnh rd Hkkjr eas ûfn;k ds ikj* dk panu viuk
fiQYeksa dks Hkkjrh;ksa us dkiQh ilan fd;kA blh izdkj Ñ"kd :i [kksrk pyk tkrk gS vkSj ^ge vkids gaS
dqN fiQYesa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ls Hkh Mc gksdj fganh esa dkSu* dk izes uoèkuk<~; oxZ ls gksus ds dkj.k
vkb±A buls Hkh ,d ubZ izof` Rr dh 'kq#vkr gqbAZ liQyrk ds dhfrZeku jprk pyk tkrk gSA
efgyk fiQYedkjksa dh igpku dh LFkkiuk bl flusek tUe ls gh futh {ks=k ds gkFkksa esa jgk gSA
nkSj dh ,d fo'ks"k izo`fRr dgh tk ldrh gSA bl futh iwath dh bl Hkwfedk us fiQYeksa dh varoZLrq ij
vafre n'kd esa u dsoy efgyk funs'Z kdksa dh la[;k Hkh 'kq: ls gh xgjk vlj Mkyk gSA pwf¡ d vkBosa
esa gh o`nf~ èk gqb]Z cfYd mudh fiQYeksa dh jk"Vªh; ,oa n'kd ds ckn ls iwath izèkku ;qx [ke Bksd dj [kM+k
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ljkguk Hkh gqbAZ lbZ ijkatis dh gqvk] blfy, fuosf'kr iwath ds Mwc tkus ds Mj us
^fn'kk* ,oa ^lkt*] ruqtk panzk dh ^la?k"kZ*] dYiuk fiQYedkjksa dks lnSo bl ckr ds fy, izfs jr fd;k fd
ykfteh dh ^#nkyh* ,oa ^njE;ku*] vi.kkZ lsu dh os dfFkr tu Hkkoukvksa dk è;ku j[kdj fiQYe
îjek*] ^lrh* ,oa ^fe- ,aM felst vÕ;j*] ikesyk cuk,¡A fiQYeksa esa yksdfiz; dykdkjksa dks j[kus ds lkFk
:Dl dh ^Vªsu Vw ikfdLrku* vkSj vizoklh efgyk lrgh dFkkud gkL; ds fNNys izlxa ] vuko';d
fiQYedkjksa esa ehjk uk;j dh ^dkelw=k*] êkulwu ukp&xkus] HkO; lsV vkSj ekj&èkkM+ ds mRrstd n`';
osfMax* rFkk nhik esgrk dh fiQYe îQk;j*] ^vFkZ&1947*] O;kolkf;d fiQYeksa ds fy, vfuok;Z ls jgs gSaA
rFkk ôkVj* dkiQh ljkgh xb±A urhtru elkyk@iQkewy Z k tfur fiQYesa pyrh de]
orZeku nkSj dk fganh flusek HkweaMyhdj.k] fiVrh T;knk gSaA ,sls esa] lkfgR; dk :ikarj.k fiQYeksa
miHkksDrkokn] cktkjokn vkSj mRrj vkèkqfud lanHkks± ls ls laLÑfr ds ikjaifjd lkfgfR;d laons ukvksa dh
cuk vkSj iznf'kZr gqvk_ Bhd mUgha lanHkks± esa n'kZdksa us fp=kkuqHkwfr dks lq[kn vglkl ds :i esa j[krk gSA
bu fiQYeksa dks ilan&ukilan fd;kA ;kuh] orZeku nkSj Úkalhlh fuekZrk&funs'Z kd vkLrqd dk dguk gS fd
dk fganh flusek Øe'k% jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ¶fy[ks gq, 'kCnksa dh rjg flusek Hkh ,d Hkk"kk gS
vkSj oSpkfjd ifjizs{; ls xqtjrk gqvk vkt dh fLFkfr ftls fy[kus vkSj i<+us ds fy, u, n`f"Vdks.k dh
esa jpukRedrk ds fofoèk vk;keksa dks izLrqr dj jgk t:jr gSA¸2 orZeku nkSj dh fiQYeksa us lekt vkSj
gSA ckt+kj ds ncko dks vius f'kYi vkSj dkS'ky ls ,slk

jpk fd lkfgfR;d Ñfr fiQYe :ikarj.k u gksdj fd vkSn;~ ksfxd izfØ;k esa O;kolkf;d ncko ds pyrs
fiQYedkj dk u;k l`tu yxus yxhA fiQYedkjksa us fiQYeh mRiknu dks lkfgfR;drk vkSj Ñfr dh laosnuk
dyk vkSj jpukRedrk ds vk;ke dks deksc's k vius ds cjDl euksjt a u ds ik'oZ esa rS;kj fd;k x;kA
eqrkfcd fn[kk;k ysfdu HkweaMyhdj.k ds nkSj esa njvly chloha lnh ds var vkSj bDdhloha lnh ds
O;kolkf;d flusek dk lkfgR; ls ljksdkj mruk gh izkjaHk ds o"kks± esa bfrgkl us ubZ djoV yhA gekjs
gS] ftruk dgkuhiu dks cpk, j[kus ds fy, t:jh lkspus&le>us vkSj thus ds rjhds rduhd] ehfM;k
gksA muds fy, lkfgR; dgkuhiu ls vfèkd dqN Hkh rFkk cktkj dh 'kfDr;ksa ds ncko esa cny jgs gSa ;k
ugha gS vkSj dgkuh esa Hkh cktkj ds eqrkfcd tks cny fn, tk jgs gSAa ,sls esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk
t:jh rRo gSa] dsoy mudks gh 'kkfey djuk mudk ikjLifjd lacèa k vius le;] vkxs vkus okys le;
eq[; y{; gSA rFkk iwooZ rhZ le; (ftls oSpkfjd 'kCnkoyh esa Kkuksn;
HkweMa yhdj.k ds nkSj esa gekjs ;gk¡ ,d ubZ rFkk vkèkqfudrk laKk ls iqdkjk tkrk gS) dh n~ona o~ kRedrk
O;oLFkk fodflr gks xbZ gS & fiQYeksa ds izn'kZu dks esa ,d jkspd ruko djus okyk vuqHko gSA
ysdjA ;g gS eYVhIysDl dYpjA ;fn eupkgh fiQYe cktkj us miHkksDrk laLÑfr dks tUe fn;k gSA
dk fVdV u fey ik, rks nwljh] rhljh vkSj pkSFkh miHkksx gh vkt lcls cM+k ewY; cu x;k gSA oSf'od
LØhu esa Hkh yxh fiQYesa ns[kus dk fodYi lkeus vFkZO;oLFkk ekax dsfa nzr u gksdj] miHkksx dsfa nzr gSA
gksrk gSA vkt fiQYe ns[kuk ,d eg¡xk miØe gSA bu cktkj T;knk ls T;knk miHkksx dh izof` Rr dks c<+kok
lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkyksd esa lkfgR; dks O;kolkf;d ns jgk gSA 'kgjh eè;oxZ miHkksx dh mn~;e ykylk
flusek ls tksM+ ysa rks Hkh] O;kolkf;d flusek brus dk f'kdkj gks x;k gSA cktkj ds lrr fodkl dk ewy
nckoksa ls curk gS fd lkfgR; ds lkFk og U;k; ugha dkj.k gh ;g miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr gSA cM+h daifu;k¡
dj ldrkA lkfgR; ls og vkèkkjHkwr dFkkud ;k jkst u,&u, mRiknksa ds :i esa ubZ&ubZ bPNk,¡ iSnk
lkexzh ys ldrk gS] ij insZ ij mldk Lo:i cnyk djrh gSAa foKkiu muds egRoiw.kZ 'kL=k gSAa gj jkst
jgrk gSA rHkh vkt dk ^nsonkl* dksydkrk ls vk,xk vla[; u,&u, foKkiu miHkksDrk ds fnekx ij
rks n'kZd ij og izHkko ugha iM+xs k] tks mls yanu ls pkSrjiQk geyk djrs gSAa ;s foKkiu lkFkZdrk vkSj
okil vkrk fn[kykus ij iM+rk gSA fujFkZdrk dh ubZ&ubZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ izLrqr djrs gSAa
1980 bZ- ds ckn ls O;kolk;hdj.k ds dkj.k cktkj ,d ,slh laLÑfr dks tUe ns jgk gS] tgk¡
fiQYeksa ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr xk;c gks jgh gSA fiQYeksa ikjaifjd ewY; cktkj n~okjk rksM+s tk jgs gSa vkSj cktkj
esa lkaLÑfrd LFkyksa dk LFkku nqdkuksa vkSj ekWyksa us ys lqfoèkk ds vuqlkj u, fljs ls ikfjHkkf"kr fd, tk jgs
fy;kA HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k HkkSxksfyd nwfj;k¡ feVha] gSAa ,sls esa ,d vke Hkkjrh; dh fLFkfr fueZy oekZ ds
iwjh nqfu;k djhc vkbZ] ysfdu fiQYeksa esa bldk izHkko 'kCnksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS& ¶chloha lnh ds vafre
lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk ds FkksMk+ feVrs :i esa vk;kA n'kdksa esa eq> tSls Hkkjrh; dks dHkh&dHkh ;g yxrk
lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa gh bl nkSj esa Hkkjr ds gS fd eSa ,d ,sls ,sfrgkfld ukVd dk xwxa k n'kZd gw¡
flusek dh igpku cpkdj j[k ikb± gSaA ;k mlls Hkh cnrj mldk n;uh; f'kdkj gw¡] ftldh
1980 bZ- ds ckn lkfgR; vkSj fiQYe dk fj'rk fLØIV fdlh nwljs us fy[kh gS vkSj ml ij esjk dksbZ
dBksj ckSn~fèkdrk vkSj lkfgfR;d Ñfr rFkk fiQYe vfèkdkj ugha gSA¸3
fuekZ.k dh varoZLrq dh izfrdwyrk esa my>dj jg D;k dkj.k gS fd chloha 'krkCnh ds vafre
x;kA tcfd] bl nkSj esa Ñfr;ksa ls T;knk liQy n'kd esa turk dh #fp ,d ckj fiQj ikfjokfjd
fiQYesa jghA ^dksgcj dh 'krZ* miU;kl ls dgha T;knk fiQYeksa dh vksj eqM+ xbZA bl ekax dks iwjk djus ds
yksdfiz;rk ml ij cuh fiQYeksa] ûfn;k ds ikj* vkSj fy, êSus I;kj fd;k*] ^ge vkids gSa dkSu* vkSj
^ge vkids gaS dkSu* us vftZr dhA dkj.k Li"V Fkk ^fnyokys nqYgfu;k¡ ys tk,¡x*s tSlh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k

fd;k x;k vkSj ;s Hkkjrh; ikfjokfjd lacèa k Bhd ogh c<+k&p<+kdj [kwc iSlk vkSj uke dek;k rFkk Hkkjrh;rk
ugha gS]a tks gekjs jkstejkZ ds thou esa vuqHkwr gksrs gSAa dks îzkMs DV* ds :i esa cspkA
;s lacaèk cgqr dqN liuksa dks cspus tSls gSaA ;s lqugjs ^dksgcj dh 'krZ* miU;kl ij loZiFz ke ûfn;k
lius ogh gS]a ftUgsa ge miHkksDrk ds :i esa rCnhy ds ikj* fiQYe xksfoan eqfu'k ds funs'Z ku esa 1982 bZ-
gksrs gq, [kksrs tk jgs gSAa esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ ûfn;k ds ikj* esa ekSu eqgCcr dh
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks pV[k jax esa ijkslk tkus feBkl vkSj xzkeh.k thou dh jkxkRexdrk] fiQYe ds
yxk] rHkh fot;nku nsFkk dh Ñfr ^nqfoèkk* bl ;qx ,d&,d Úse esa clh gqbZ gSA fuekZrk&funsZ' kd us
esa îgsyh* cu tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dh ekax ys[kd ds'ko izlkn feJ ds miU;kl ds iwokZnè~ kZ dks
fons'kkas esa ^Hkkjrh;rk* ds bl Nn~e :i ls c<+hA cgqr gh dq'kyrkiwod Z ,d vkn'kZoknh fiQYe esa
'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; dk nsonkl chloha lnh ds :ikarfjr dj fn;k gSA eqca bZ esa igys izn'kZu ij rks
vkf[kjh n'kd esa baXySaM fjVZu nsonkl gS tks 2010 bldk n'kZdksa n~okjk BaMk Lokxr gqvk] ysfdu tc
rd vkrs&vkrs ^nso&Mh* tSls gkbZ&iQkbZ uke ls izfln~èk eè; Hkkjr vkSj mRrj Hkkjr esa bldk izn'kZu gqvk]
gks tkrk gSA rc n'kZd meM+ iM+As NksVh txgksa ij Hkh bldh
miHkksDrk laLÑfr ds bl nkSj esa tks fdrkc flYoj@xksYMu tqcyh gqbAZ lgh vFkks± esa ;g xzkeh.k
cktkj esa liQy gks tkrh gS] mldh yksdfiz;rk dks ifjos'k dh fiQYe Fkh] ftlesa ;gk¡ dk tuthou]
Hkqukus ds fy, ml ij fiQYe cukbZ tkrh gSA tSls ts- jLeks&fjokt iwjh thoarrk vkSj rktxh ds lkFk mHkjdj
ds- jkWfyax dh jpuk ^gSjh ikWVj* ij fiQYe lhjht vk;k FkkA miHkksDrk laLÑfr ds vkjafHkd n'kdksa esa]
cuh ;k tSls ehjk uk;j us >qia k ykfgjh dh jpuk tc jpukRedrk ds Åij foRrh; iwt a h gkoh gks jgh
ûses lsd* ij blh uke ls fiQYe cukbZ] psru Hkxr Fkh] rc ûfn;k ds ikj* us lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds
dh yxHkx lHkh yksdfiz; jpukvksa ij fiQYesa cuh gSAa lkFkZd lacèa k dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gks jgs fganh flusek
vkt nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh Dykfld lkfgR; ij fiQYesa vkSj lkfgR; ds vkilh lacaèkksa dks eq[kj fd;kA
uke ek=k gh curh gaSA Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gSA ûfn;k ds ikj* NksVh lh lkèkkj.k dgkuh ij
fiQYe ^ge vkids gSa dkSu* ds'ko izlkn feJ cuh vlkèkkj.k fiQYe gSA fiQYe dk yksdthou ls
ds miU;kl ^dksgcj dh 'krZ* ij vkèkkfjr FkhA tqMk+ ekuoh; i{k] jgu&lgu dk Lrj] os'kHkw"kk] xhrksa
egkuxjhdj.k] miHkksDrk laLÑfr ds pdkpkSèa kh; laLdj.k dh yksdèkqu] 'kCn&foU;kl] lgt&ljy&lhèks laokn
ds :i esa ;g fiQYe 1994 bZ- esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ bl vkSj x¡obZ laosnuk gh bldh 'kfDr vkSj liQyrk dk
fiQYe dh liQyrk ;g n'kkZrh gS fd ;g vkèkqfudrkokn dkj.k gSA¸4 bl fiQYeh yksddFkk us tks [kq'kuqek
ls vkxs c<+k gqvk dne FkkA vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh us xzkeh.k ifjos'k jpk vkSj liQyrk ikbZ] og 1980 bZ-
ifjokjksa dks rksM+k vkSj fookg dh jLesa vkSipkfjdrk ds ckn ds nkSj esa nwljh fiQYe n~okjk laHko ugha gks
Hkj jg xb±A bl fiQYe us cktkj vkSj miHkksx dh ikbZA dkj.k Li"V Fkk fd HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa
laLÑfr esa mRlofiz;rk dks iqu% vkg~ykfnr fd;k vkSj miHkksDrk laLÑfr us xzkeh.k ifjos'k dks izLrqr dj
urhtk] bl ij MkWyjksa rFkk ikSMa ksa dh cjlkr gqbAZ foRrh; ykHk ds vklkj dks ugha ekukA cktkj rFkk
fiQYe O;olk; us Hkkjrh;rk ds eLds ds lkFk miHkksDrk laLÑfr dk izfrjksèk djrh gqbZ ;g fiQYe
miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr ds pLds dks iQyus&iQwyus fn;k dgha&u&dgha ,d lkfgfR;d fiQYe dk cf<+;k mnkgj.k
vkSj O;kikj ds u, jkLrs fn[kk,A fiQYeksa us HkO; lsVksa gSA
dh i`"BHkwfe] laiUu ifjokj esa ok;oh dh izfrcn~èkrk] 1991 bZ- ls ns'k esa dbZ ifjorZu gq, gSaA
mRÑ"V laxhr ds tfj, dFkk&rRo vkfn dk la;kstu fu;af=kr ,oa vkarfjd n`f"V j[kus okyh vFkZO;oLFkk
le; ds vuq:i fd;kA vizoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ds chp ckg~; n`f"V okyh gks jgh gSA vfèkdka'k dk;Z{ks=kksa eas
vkfnR; pksiM+k vkSj dju tkSgj us 'kkg#[k dks jkT; dk LFkku futh mn~;e ys jgs gSaA jk"Vªh; cktkj

dk fodkl cktkj ds fln~èkkarksa ds vkèkkj ij fo'o mRrj vkèkqfudrk dh foospuk ds Øe esa]
O;oLFkk ls ,dhÑr gksrk gSA cktkj O;oLFkk ges'kk ^vkèkqfudrk* gekjk vkèkkj rS;kj djrh gSA vkèkqfudrk
equkiQs dh [kkst esa yxh jgrh gSA eqDr izfr;ksxh cktkj ds ftu fopkjksa ls mRrj vkèkqfudrk dk >xM+k gS]
dk;Zd'q kyrk dh xkjaVh rks ns ldrk gS] ysfdu vfuok;Z muesa loZiez [q k gS&a rkfdZdrk] fdlh Hkh rjg ds Hksn
:i ls lekurk dks lqfuf'pr ugha j[k ldrkA blfy, ls Åij mBdj ekuo&ekuo esa vuqHko dh ,drk]
cktkj O;oLFkk esa ^bu vn`'; gkFkksa* ij vikj fo'okl egko` RRkka rks sa dh ize q[ krk] O;fDr dh Lok;Rrrk]
fo'o dks vlguh; vlekurk ds vusd Lrjksa dh liQyrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k] lkoZHkkSfed lR; dh dYiuk
vksj <dsy jgk gSA vkSj Hkk"kk dh ikjnf'kZrkA bUgha >xM+kas ls mRiUu gks
fganh flusek esa mPp eè;oxZ dks gh vfHkO;fDr nsonkl mRrj vkèkqfud lanHkks± esa ^nso&Mh* esa ifj.kr
fey ikbZA lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa ij cuh fiQYeksa dk gksrk gSA rkfdZdrk dks ijs j[kdj dgk tkrk gS fd ¶rw
f'kYi Hkh mPp eè;oxZ dks yqHkkus ds fy, rS;kj eqf[kok dks ekjdj nkeqy ij dkgs ugha p<+yjsA¸
fd;k x;kA vkeksy ikysdj] lwjt cM+tkR;k vkfn liQyrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds fojksèk esa ûkSdj dh deht*
cktkjokn ds vUos"k.k esa liQy gq, vkSj mUgksaus miU;kl vkSj fiQYe ckj&ckj i<+us vkSj ns[kus dh
lkfgfR;d flusek dh viuh vyx Hkk"kk dk vkfo"dkj vihy djrh gSA ;g gj ckj gekjs fy, fopkj djus
fd;kA ûkSdj dh deht*] ^lwjt dk lkrok¡ ?kksM+k*] dk ,d u;k Lisl fufeZr djrh gS] tks igys okys
^nkeqy*] eksgunkl vkfn lkfgfR;d Ñfr;k¡ fiQYeh Lisl ls ,dne fHkUu gksrk gSA O;fDr dh Lok;Rrrk
:ikarj.k ls dgha vfèkd Js"B gSAa rFkk egko`Rrkarksa dh ize[q krk ds fojksèk esa ^lwjt dk
fot;nku nsFkk dk dguk gS fd ¶fganh flusek lkrok¡ ?kksM+k* fiQYe dk fuekZ.k ,d egRoiw.kZ mRrj
dh bl O;kolkf;drk ds u'ks ij gekjs ;gk¡ dh ,d vkèkqfud lanHkZ gSA ^lwjt dk lkrok¡ ?kksMk+ * dbZ
dgkor lVhd cSBrh gSA NksVs Bkdqj tc 'kkSp ds ?kqekonkj dFkkudksa dks ysdj pyrk gSA miU;kl ,oa
fy, [ksr&eSnku tkrs Fks rks muds yksVs ds ikuh esa fiQYe] nksuksa esa O;fDr dh Lok;Rrrk ckj&ckj [kafMr
viQhe feyk nh tkrh FkhA bl rjg cpiu ls gh xqnk gksrh gS] buesa NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;ksa ds tfj, eè;oxZ
ekxZ ls viQhe muds 'kjhj esa tkrh Fkh vkSj cM+s gksdj ds thou ds fofHkUu Hkkoksa dks mdsjk x;k gSA 'kek
og ml u'ks ds vknh gks tkrs FksA gekjs fiQYe fuekZrk tSnh us èkeZohj Hkkjrh ds bl miU;kl dh iVdFkk dks
blh rjg O;kolkf;drk ds u'ks ds vknh gks pqds gaAS lkFkZd :i fn;k gSA dFkk ds fofHkUu ewM uk;dRo ds
vHkh geus nsonkl dk gJ ns[kk gSA bleas ftl rjg ifjos'k dks dHkh mRiUu ugha gksus nsrAs dgkuh ds
ekèkqjh nhf{kr vkSj ,s'o;kZ jk; tSlh nks LVkj ghjksbuksa vanj dgkuh dh fdLlkxksbZ 'kSyh egko`Rrkar dh voèkkj.kk
dks fy;k x;k] rks lkjh fiQYe mUgha dh VDdj esa dks èoLr djrh gSA
pyh xbZA nsonkl ds lkFk 'kjrckcw dh Hkh gR;k gks mRrj vkèkq f ud foe'kZ Hkkjrh;&lka LÑfrd
xbZA¸5 voèkkj.kk esa FkksMk+ Bw¡lk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA blfy,
fganh flusek vkt ds nkSj esa ,d O;kolkf;d tulapkj ds fofHkUu ekè;eks]a tSls Vsyhfotu] v[kckj
dyk gSA bldh fufeZfr ds fy, izpjq èku pkfg,A ,sls vkfn esa eè;;qxhu ekufldrk ds èkkfeZd izopu]
esa lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa dk :ikarj.k ,d iS'ku] lkekftd nsoh&nsorkvksa dh efgek dk xku djus okys lhfj;Yl
ftEesnkjh Hkh gS] rkfd vkt ds viQykrwuh [kjhn&csp fn[kk, tkrs gSAa bl ij Hkh] eè;;qxhu ekufldrk
ds le; esa fdLlkxksbZ dh ewy laons uk ftank jg ldsA n~ona o~ esa mRrj vkèkqfud foe'kZ lkfgR; vkSj flusek
îgsyh* ds funs'Z kd us orZeku nkSj dh cktkjokfnrk esa n~okjk nfyr eqfDr] L=kh Lokèkhurk vkSj euq"; dh
lkfgfR;drk dks vksNs <ax ls cpk;kA ysfdu euksjt a u Lora=krk dh iSjoh djrk fn[krk gSA
ds ekè;e ls iSlk dekuk fiQYe fuekZ.k dh cqfu;knh mRrj vkèkqfudrk vfrfodflr lekt ds lkFk
'krZ Hkh gSA lacn~èk dh tkrh gSA ,slh vuqdy w fLFkfr;k¡ fo'ks"kr%

Hkkjr ds egkuxjksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa ekl ehfM;k mRrj vkèkqfudrk dh fopkjèkkjk ls izHkkfor
n~okjk laons uk'kwU; cuk nsus okyk ikWiy q j dYpj ijkslk gksdj ûkSdj dh deht* (1999 bZ-) dk fuekZ.k ef.k
tk jgk gSA buds lg;ksx ls fodflr gqbZ miHkksDrkoknh dkSy us fd;kA ûkSdj dh deht* Hkk"kk dh ikjnf'kZrk
la L Ñfr bfrgkl] pfj=k] rkfdZ d rk] uS f rdrk] ds vkèkqfud ekunaM dks rksMr+ h gSA bl fiQYe dk
ewY;&O;oLFkk dks [kafMr dj jgh gSA ;g vkt ds laokn & ¶lkgc dh deht iguus ls dksbZ lkgc ugha
'kgjh eè;oxhZ; Hkkjrh; lekt dh lPpkbZ izrhr gks gksrk vkSj ûkSdj dh deht* iguus ls dksbZ----A¸
jgh gSA ,sls nkSj esa fganh fiQYesa Hkh vNwrh ugha jgh gSaA ^dksbZ* ds ckn laokn ekSu gks tkrk gSA ^dksbZ* 'kCn bl
^jax ns clarh* uO; ,sfrgkfld foe'kZ dks dykRed n`'; eas ^gkL;* vkSj ^ruko*] nksuksa mRiUu djrk gS
:i esa izLrqr djrh gS rks ^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ* xkaèkhokn vkSj xgjs vFkZ dh O;atuk djrk gS] tks n'kZd vius&vius
dks iquO;kZ[;kf;r djrh gSA njvly bl rFkkdfFkr ifjos'kxr vkSj LoHkkoxr ekufld voLFkk ls xzg.k
mRrj vkèkqfud ifjos'k esa chloha lnh ds vafre dj ldrs gSaA
n'kd ls gekjh laLÑfr ewyr% ,d ^flusekbZ laLÑfr* fiQYe ,d Lisl dk fuekZ.k djrh gS vkSj
gksrh pyh tk jgh gSA dsanzh;rk dh voèkkj.kk dks èoLr djrh gSA dyk
mRrj vkèkqfud lanHkks± ds dkj.k uDlyokn] ekè;e gksus ds lkFk&lkFk flusek dks cktkj ds mRiknu
vkradokn] lkekftd&vkfFkZd] oxhZ; pfj=k dh lPpkbZ ds lalkèkuksa vkSj rkdrksa dk bLrseky djds n'kZdksa
vkfn iQyd ij vkuk 'kq: gksrh gS]a tks vfr&vkSn;~ ksfxd rd igqp ¡ uk gksrk gSA n'kZdksa rd igqp
¡ us ds fy, mls
vkèkqfudrk dh nsu gSA izdk'k >k fganh fiQYeksa ds ftl izfØ;k dk bLrseky djuk gksrk gS] og izfØ;k
ekè;e ls ^nkeqy* ls ysdj ^vigj.k* rd dh ;k=kk ogh gksrh gS] tks vU; mRiknksa ds fy, t:jh gksrh gSA
dks fcgkj dh jktuSfrd ;k=kk ds izfjiz{s ; esa ns[krs gSAa flusek dks oSls Hkh vkerkSj ij mn~;ksx dh Js.kh esa
Øe'k% ^nkeqy*] ê`R;qnaM*] ^xaxkty* vkSj ^vigj.k* j[kk tkrk gSA bl n`f"V ls ns[kus ij flusek ,d
fiQYesa fcgkj ds rhu n'kdksa dh jktuSfrd ;k=kk dks mRikn gS] ysfdu ;g dyk&mRikn gSA
n'kkZrh gSAa bu lcesa jktuhfr ds lkFk&lkFk gj leL;k lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
ds ewy eas dgha u dgha vkfFkZd izHkko Hkh gSA 1- eSut s j ikaM;s ] lkfgR; ds lekt'kkL=k dh
dFkkdkj 'kSoky dh dgkuh ^nkeqy* ij cuh ^nkeqy* Hkwfedk] i`- 124
fiQYe nfyr&fiNM+ksa vkSj lkearksa ds vkilh Vdjko 2- egsna z feRry] Hkkjrh; pyfp=k] i`- 2
dks n'kkZrh gSA 1970 bZ- ds ckn fcgkj ds Hkwfeghu 3- fueZy oekZ] iRFkj vkSj cgrk ikuh] i`- 61
fdlku lkearksa ds paxqy ls fudyus ds fy, NViVkus 4- olaèq kjk 81] (la-) Lo;a izdk'k] jktsna z 'kekZ]
yxsA blh nkSj esa uDlyokfn;ksa dk izHkko foLrkj i`- 417
ik;kA blh i`"BHkwfe esa ^nkeqy* dh dFkk fu:fir gS] 5- vkmVyqd] (la-) vkyksd esgrk] flracj 2007
tks vius dFku] vfHku; {kerk] vn~Hkqr i`"BHkwfe ds i`- 24
jpko ls dykRedrk dk n'kZu djkrh gSA
µ lgk;d izoDrk (fganh foHkkx)] eksrhyky usg: dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
qqq

flusek % vkt vkSj dy
MkW- Jo.k dqekj
t ;'kadj izlkn us ^bM+k lxZ* esa fy[kk gS&

ml jE; iQyd ij uoy fp=k lh] izdV
gqbZ lqanj ckykA
ftKklq izof` Rr rFkk lSu ÚkaflLdks ds Nk;kdkj ,MoMZ
esfa czt ds Nk;kadu lacèa kh iz;ksx us îzDs lhuksLdksi*
vkSj ^dkbusVksLdksi*3 dks tUe fn;kA gkykafd 1882 esa
ml u;u egksRlo dh izrhd] vEyku ufyu îzDs lhuksLdksi* dks ,feyh fjukMZ rFkk VkWel vYok
dh uoekykAA1 ,fMlu us ^dkbusVksLdksi* dk vkfo"dkj dj mUgsa
dkek;uh ds bM+k lxZ esa fy[kha ;s iafDr;k¡ iathÑr djk;k FkkA fMdlu] ,fM'ku ds lg;ksxh Fks
flusek ds Lo:i ij lVhd fVIi.kh djrh gSaA uoy vkSj ,fM'ku dh Hkwfedk ek=k O;kikjh dh FkhA blds
izÑfr ds O;kikj dks ge insZ ij ns[k jgs gSAa flusek iwoZ 1873 esa IysVksa dh e'kgwj nwjchu îQsukfdLVksLdksi*
dk bfrgkl dqN&dqN ¶iQ+yd ij uoy fp=k lh ds fln~èkkar ij Úkal ds dYiuk'khy Nk;kdkj isjs
izdV gqbZ uockyk¸ ds leku jgk gS vc og izk<S + twYl fl”kj tkWulu us ,d vn~Hkqr dSejs dk fuekZ.k
ifjiDo gks xbZ gSA vkb, tkus bldh foy{k.k ;k=kk& fd;k ftls îQksVksxzkfiQd jkbiQYl* ds uke ls tkuk
flusek ds lkS o"kZ x;kA4 mUgksua s vius blh vn~Hkqr dSejs ls 'kqØ xzg dh
flusek chloha lnh dh dyk gSA okYVj csatkfeu ;k=kk dks cgRrj lsdMas esa vM+rkyhl Nk;kfp=kksa n~okjk
us fy[kk gS& ¶vkèkqfud dyk,¡ mu ijaijkxr dykvksa dSn fd;kA ;g flusek ds tUe dh vksj ,d vkSj
ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrh gSa tks vius pkjksa vksj ,d egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA 29 vDrwcj] 1888 dks ,d ,sls
îzHkkeaMy* vkSj ,d ^vfèkdkj* Hkkouk j[krh gSaA dSejs dk vkfo"dkj gqvk tks ,d lsdMas esa dqy rhl
ysfdu vkt dh dyk,¡ [kklrkSj ij fiQYesa bl rjg fp=kksa dks dSn dj ldrk FkkA blds vkfo"dkjd Fks&
dk dksbZ izHkkeaMy ugha j[krhA turk bu dykvksa ls fpfdRld elhZA 1890 esa tkWtZ bZLVeSu n~okjk
xgjs :i ls tqMh+ jgrh gSA yksx buls euksjt a u gh ^lsY;wykbM* ds O;kolk;hdj.k us pyfp=kksa ds fodkl
gkfly ugha djrs cfYd buds lkFk dgha xgjk lacaèk dh izfØ;k esa tku iQwd ¡ nhA blh Øe esa tktZ tSfeuh
gksrk gSA¸2 cst
a kfeu fiQYeksa dks ^jktuSfrd tukanksyu* us 1893 esa dqN y?kq fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
dk lcls izHkko'kkyh ekè;e ekurs gSaA bl iz;ksxkRed nkSj esa dbZ izpfyr ukeksa ds
flusek dk tUe Úkal esa gqvkA vkèkqfud dykvksa ckotwn Úkal ds yqbl Z Y;wejs dks flusek dk tud
dh tuuh Úkal esa 1839 esa ,d Úkalhlh us Nk;kadu ekuk x;kA Y;wesj O;olk;h O;fDr FksA mudh daiuh
dh rduhd dk vkfo"dkj fd;k] uke Fkk& yqbZ nqxkjsA ^Y;wejs daiuh* ds uke ls yksdfiz; FkhA 22 ekpZ]
bl vkfo"dkj us flusek ds Hkfo"; dks ysdj dbZ 1895 esa yqbl Z Y;wejs us viuh izFke dFkk fiQYe ^fy
laHkkouk,¡ iSnk dhA dSfyiQksfuZ;k ds xouZj yhySMa dh vjkstjs vjks”k* dk izn'kZu dj lcdks pkSadk fn;kA5

bl izn'kZu us fo'o flusek esa Økafr dk lw=kikr fd;kA bl izn'kZu us Hkkjr esa n'kZdksa dk utfj;k cny fn;kA
fiQYe ds izn'kZu us Y;wejs ,oa muds lkfFk;ksa dks ûksosYVh fFk,Vj* ukVd ds izn'kZu ds fy, bLrseky
^Y;wejs caèkqvks*a ds uke ls izfln~èk dj fn;kA Y;wejs gksrk Fkk] vc ogk¡ 'kke dks Ng cts ds ckn fiQYeksa
caèkqvksa ds O;kolkf;d izn'kZuksa us flusek ds Hkfo"; dk izn'kZu gksus yxkA Hkkjr esa 'kq#vkrh fiQYe izn'kZu
dks lqugjk cuk fn;kA ;FkkFkZ ,oa dYiuk dk u;k ,oa fuekZ.k dk dk;Z fonsf'k;ksa us laHkkykA 1898 esa
lalkj [kM+k dj fn;kA uksokxknZ ds lekjksg esa ^ckx esa ^gekjk Hkkjrh; lkezkT;*] ^y[kuÅ dk egku bekeckM+k*]
ikuh nsrk ekyh* fiQYe ns[kus ds ckn izflnèk dFkkdkj eqacbZ LVs'ku ij jsyxkM+h dk vkxeu* tSlh dbZ
eSfDle xksdhZ us fVIi.kh dh Fkh& ¶dy jkr eSa lwpukRed fiQYesa cuhaA8 bu fiQYeksa dks izk;% fonsf'k;ksa
Nk;kvksa ds lkezkT; esa Fkk--- vkSj eSua s Y;wejs ds us gh cuk;k FkkA
fluseVs ksxkz iQ n~okjk iznf'kZr pyfp=k ns[ks-a --- bu fcacksa 1912 esa Hkkjr dh igyh iQhpj fiQYe cuh&
dk izHkko vlkèkkj.k] foy{k.k] tfVy vkSj cgqvk;keh îqaMfyd*A ftls la;qDr :i ls vkj-th- rks.ksZ vkSj
FkkA eq>s ugha yxrk eSa bl izHkko ds lHkh igyqvksa dh ,u-th- fp=ks us cuk;kA9 ysfdu bls iw.kZ Hkkjrh;
Li"V O;k[;k djus esa leFkZ gks ik¡Åxk--- rqe lksprs gks fiQYe ugha ekuk x;k D;ksfa d blds fuekZrk ,oa Nk;kdkj
fd ;g ckSNkj lhèks rqEgkjs psgjs ij Hkh iM+xs h vkSj rqe fons'kh FksA Hkkjr dh igyh fiQYe ^jktk gfj'pan*z FkhA
rsth ls ihNs gV tkrs gks--- rqe Hkwy tkrs gks fd rqe ;g gj dks.k ls ,d Lora=k ,oa lai.w kZ iQhpj fiQYe
dgk¡ gksA vn~Hkqr dYiuk,¡ rqEgkjs fnekx esa izo's k djus Fkh] ftls Hkkjrh; fuekZrk n~okjk Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa ds
yxrh gSaA eq>s iwjk ;dhu gS fd cgqr tYnh gh bu fy, cuk;k x;kA10 dFkk dgus vkSj fn[kkus dh igyh
fiQYeksa ds LFkku ij vyx rjg dh fiQYesa fn[kkbZ 'kq#vkr ^jktk gfj'pan*z ls gqbZ ftls 1913 esa nqfMjkt
tkus yxsaxhA¸6 xksdhZ dh ;g vkykspukRed fVIi.kh xksfoan iQkYds vFkkZr~ nknk lkgsc iQkYds us cuk;k tks
flusek ds Hkfo"; dks cM+h ckjhdh ls idM+ jgh FkhA 13 ebZ] 1913 dks eqca bZ ds dksjksu's ku flusek?kj esa
mudh ;g fVIi.kh flusek dh laHkkoukvksa dks ryk'krh iznf'kZr gqbAZ nknk lkgsc iQkYds us yxHkx lkS fiQYeksa
gSA flusek vkt mlh :i esa gekjs lkeus [kM+k gS dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ftuesa ls egt pkj fiQYesa gh
ftlds ckjs esa xksdhZ lksp jgs FksA flusek gekjh jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj esa laxg` hr gSaA nknk lkgsc iQkYds
dYiukvksa dks ia[k ns jgk gSA ds bUgha iz;klksa us mUgsa ^Hkkjrh; flusek dk tud*
Hkkjr esa flusek cuk fn;kA 1931 esa vknsZf'kj bZjkuh dh igyh lokd~
Hkkjr esa flusek dh 'kq#vkr mruh gh jkspd gS fiQYe ^vkye&vkjk* ds cuus ls iwoZ ckjg lkS vV~Bklh
ftruh fd ;wjksi esAa Hkkjr esa 7 tqykbZ] 1896 esa ewd fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk FkkA ckjg lkS vV~Bklh
pyfp=kksa (flusek) dk igyk izn'kZu gqvkA ;g izn'kZu fiQYeksa esa ls eg”k rsjg fiQYesa gh jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj
eqca bZ ds okVlu gksVy esa gqvkA Y;wejs caèkqvksa ds bl esa miyCèk gaAS 11 ftuesa iQkYds dh ^dkfy;kenZu*]
fiQYe izn'kZu ij ^VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k* us fy[kk ^jktk gfj'panz*] ^JhÑ".ktUe* rFkk ^yadkngu*] fgeka'kq
¶,d 'kfDr'kkyh ykyVsu dh enn ls okLrfod jk; dh îzes laU;kl*] ^fljkt* vkSj îziap ik'k*] th-
thou ls feyrs&tqyrs cgqr ls n`'; insZ ij fn[kkbZ ih-iokj dh ^fnysj ftxj* vkSj ^xqykeh dk iru*]
x,A ftl izdkj izR;sd ik=k dh HkkoHkafxek vR;ar gfjyky ,e- HkV~V dh ^firìzse* rFkk ih-,u- jko dh
Li"Vrk ls izLrqr dh tk ldh] mlls irk pyrk gS êkr±M oekZ* ize[q k gSaA buds vfrfjDr ^lar rqdkjke*
fd Nk;kadu dh dyk vkSj tknqbZ ykyVsu dk xBtksM+ rFkk ^HkDr izgykn* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh ;gk¡ laxg` hr gSAa
fdl mUur fLFkfr rd igqp ¡ pqdk gSA ,d feuV esa 1931 esa vknsZf'kj bZjkuh] vCnqy vyh vkSj
yxHkx lkr&vkB lkS Nk;kfp=k insZ ij izdk'keku gksrs ;qlwiQvyh us igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye&vkjk*
gSaA bu n`';ksa dks n'kZdksa us csgn ilan fd;kA¸7 Hkkjr cukbZA bl fiQYe us Hkkjr fuekZ.k ijaijk dks cnykA
esa fiQYe dk vkxeu fdlh peRdkj ls de ugha FkkA èkkfeZd fo"k;ksa dh vis{kk lkekftd eqn~nksa ij fiQYesa

cuus yxhaA rhl&pkyhl ds n'kd esa gkWyhoqM dk dh ^ckcqy* rFkk ^ckojs uSu* dk laxhr vR;ar yksdfiz;
Hkkjrh; flusek ij izHkko fn[kus yxrk gSa ifj.kkeLo:i jgkA ^lekfèk* fiQYe Hkys gh u pyh gks ijarq mlds
fganh flusek lkekftd ,oa ekuoh; lacèa kksa ij ckr xhr ^xksjs&xksjs vks ckads Nksj*s vkSj ns'kHkfDr xhr
djus yxkA bl nkSjku eè;dkyhu larksa ij Hkh dbZ ^dne&dne c<+k, tk* vkt Hkh gekjs tsg+ u esa gSAa
fiQYesa cuha] ftuesa ^lar rqdkjke*] ^HkDr dchj*] ^lar 1951 esa i=kdkj ls funsZ'kd cus ch- vkj-
rqylhnkl*] ^lar Kkus'oj*] ûjlh esgrk* vkfnA mn~n's ; pksiM+k us ^viQlkuk* fiQYe ls 'kq#vkr dh vkSj fganh
Fkk& buds R;kx] vkilh izse] ln~Hkko] lkekftd flusek dks dbZ èkkjnkj fiQYesa nhaA mudh fiQYeksa esa
lejlrk ls tqMs+ O;fDrRo dk izn'kZuA ftlls lekt û;k nkSj*] ^lkèkuk*] ôDr*] ^voke*] ê”knwj* vkSj
esa vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldsA ^fudkg* tSlh dbZ lqijfgV fiQYesa FkhaA 1951 esa cuh
lokd~ fiQYeksa us Hkkjrh; flusek dks igyh ckj ^cjlkr* ,oa ^vkokjk* us Hkkjrh; flusek dks varjjk"Vªh;
xhr fn,A ^vkye&vkjk* esa dqy lkr xhr FksA12 1943 igpku nhA 1951 esa fiQYe ^ck”kh* vkbZ vkSj xq#nRr
esa cuh ^fdLer* fiQYe ds ns'kHkfDr xhrksa us Hkkjrh; tSlk izfrHkk'kkyh funs'Z kd lkeus vk;kA 1952 dh
Lora=krk laxkz e esa tku iQ¡d
w nhA dfo iznhi dk fy[kk lqijfgV E;wft+dy fiQYe ^cStw ckojk* us laxhr ds
xhr& ^nwj gVks ,s nqfu;kokyksa fganqLrku gekjk gS* us lkjs fjdkWMl Z~ rksM+ MkysA
yksdfiz;rk ds f'k[kj dks Nqvk vkSj u, vk;ke 1964 ls 1977 ds chp Hkkjrh; jktuhfr
LFkkfir fd,A bl xhr us ukStokuksa esa izk.k iQwd
¡ fn,A vfuf'prrk ds nkSj ls xqtjhA Hkkjrh; flusek ij Hkh
Lora=krk vkanksyu dks fn'kk nsus ds fy, flusek dk bldk vlj fn[kkA blh n'kd esa flusek esa ,d vkSj
Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k x;kA bl izdj.k esa dbZ fiQYesa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gqvkA fiQYesa 'osr&';ke ls jaxhu
izfrcafèkr dh xb±A ftlesa n~okjdknkl lair dh 1921 gks xb±A fiQYe cukus dk [kpkZ c<+ x;kA bl n'kd dh
esa cuh fiQYe ^HkDr fonqj* ize[q k FkhA bl fiQYe esa 'kq#vkrh jaxhu fiQYeksa esa ^xaxk&tequk*] ^taxyh* ize[q k
HkDr fonqj dks ^xkaèkh* dh rjg fn[kk;k x;k Fkk rFkk FkhaA 1960 esa fiQYe foRr fuxe dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ 15
^nhoku cgknqj* ds f[krkc dks ^MkWdh cgknqj* dgdj fiQYe foRr fuxe dh lgk;rk ls e`.kky lsu] foey
O;aX; fd;k x;k FkkA13 jk;] xq#nRr] lR;thr js] ½f"kds'k eq[kthZ] je.k
vktknh ds ckn nslkbZ tSls jpukRed fiQYedkj lkeus vk,A blh Øe
15 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr vktkn gqvkA vktknh esa ge ';ke csuxsy] igyk”k fugykuh dks Hkh j[k
ds miy{; esa ^bIVk* us ^vktknh dk mRlo* uked ldrs gSaA
fiQYe cukbZA14 blh o"kZ lh- jkepanz ds laxhr funsZ'ku lRrj dk n'kd ^;ax ,axzh eSu* vFkkZr~ vferkHk
esa cuh fiQYe ^'kgukbZ* dk xhr ^vkuk esjh tku laMs cPpu dk jgkA izdk'k esgjk dh ^tathj* fiQYe ls
ds laMs* vkt Hkh jsfM;ks ,oa foKkiuksa dk fgLlk gSA fganh flusek dks O;kolkf;d fn'kk feyhA ^tathj*]
blh fiQYe ls fd'kksj dqekj us viuk fiQYeh liQj ^nhokj*] ^'kksys*] ^vej vdcj ,aFkuh* us fiQYeh
'kq: fd;k FkkA 1948 esa vehjh&xjhch ds chp ds vFkZ'kkL=k dks ubZ Å¡pkbZ nhA lRrj ls vLlh ds n'kd
varj dks vkSj mlls izHkkfor gks jgs ukStokuksa dh ihM+k esa vferkHk cPpu Nk, jgsA 1990 esa vkbZ êSua s I;kj
dks vkèkkj cukdj jktdiwj us ^vkx* fiQYe cukbZA fd;k* ftlus fiQYe esa fiQj ls izes ,oa laxhr dks
;g og ukStoku Fkk tks csgrj ftanxh dh mEehn esa iquLFkkZfir fd;kA vafre n'kd HkweaMyhdj.k ysdj
th jgk FkkA blh o"kZ fiQYe fuekZ.k daiuh ^tSfeuh* ds vk;k vkSj blus nqfu;k ns[kus dk utfj;k cny fn;kA
cSuj rys cuh ^fp=kys[kk* tks vc rd dh lcls fiQYesa ck”kkj vkSj fo'ks"k oxZ dks è;ku esa j[kdj
egaxh vkSj fiQYe bfrgkl dh lcls fgV fiQYe cukbZ tkus yxhaA fiQYekadu ns'kh yksd's ku dh vis{kk
lkfcr gqbZA fons'kh yksds'ku esa gksus yxkA Hkkjrh; ikfjokfjd
1949 ds ckn ds o"kZ xhrksa ds o"kZ jgsA bl ewY;ksa esa cnyko fn[kus yxsA ^fnyokys nqYgfu;k ys
nkSjku lqijfgV E;wft+dy fiQYesa vkb±A ftuesa 1950 tk,¡x*s bldk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k gSA bl fiQYe esa

vki HkweMa yhdj.k dk izHkko ns[k ldrs gSaA bl nkSj etnwjksa dks ysdj lrdZ Fkk ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs ;s eq[;èkkjk
dh fiQYeksa us euksjt a u ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa dh fiQYeksa ls xk;c gksrs x,A ^nks ch?kk tehu*] û;k
dk cktkjhdj.k 'kq: dj fn;kA gkykafd vkt dk nkSj*] ênj bafM;k*] ^xaxk tequk*] tSlh fiQYeksa esa
flusek vis{kkÑr T;knk fj;fyfLVd gqvk gSA xk¡o] fdlku vkSj etnwj ekStnw FksA vc ns'k dh lRrj
flusek dk lekt ;k lekt dk flusek izfr'kr vkcknh fiQYeksa ls yxHkx xk;c gks pqdh gSA
flusek euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk ,d yksd ekè;e lkfgR; vkSj flusek
Hkh gSA loky ;g gS fd flusek vius vki esa lekt lkfgR; dks lekt dk niZ.k dgk tkrk gS rks
gS ;k lekt dk izfrfcacA le; ds lkFk flusek us ;g flusek dks ml niZ.k dh izfrPNk;kA lkfgfR;d Ñfr;k¡
fln~èk dj fn;k fd ,d Lora=k dykRed foèkk gksus fiQYeksa ds fy, ges'kk izjs .kklzkrs jgh gSAa izkphu egkdkO;ksa
ds ckotwn lekt dh Nfo;k¡ gh mlds insZ ij pyrh vkSj jpukvksa ij fiQYesa cuha rks lkfgfR;d foèkkvks]a
gSaA gkykafd fiQYe leh{kd tojheYy ikj[k ekurs tSl&s dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd vkfn ij Hkh fiQYesa
gS&a ¶flusek vkèkqfud ;qx dh lkewfgd tu dyk gSA cuh gSAa izes pan us vius izfln~èk ys[k ^flusek vkSj
og yksd dykvksa dh rjg turk dh lPph vkSj thou* esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds lacèa k dks dqN bl
fuLlax Hkkoukvksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e <ax ls le>k;kA mUgksaus fy[kk& ¶lkfgR; tu#fp dk
ugha gSA flusek dh jpuk turk ds fy, gS ysfdu iFkizn'kZd gksrk gS] mldk vuq;k;h ughaA flusek
turk n~okjk ughaA¸16 os ekurs gSa fd flusek turk dks tu#fp ds ihNs pyrk gS] turk tks dqN ekaxs ogh
^miHkksDrk* esa cny nsrh gSA O;kolkf;d flusek ds nsrk gSA¸17 izes pan ^tu#fp* ds vkèkkj ij lkfgR; vkSj
lanHkZ esa mudh ;g ckr lksyg vkus lp gS ijarq flusek dks ,d ugha ekursA ge lc tkurs gSa fd
lekukarj flusek ds lanHkZ esa mudh ;g ckr lgh ugha ^gal* if=kdk dks pykus ds fy, izes pan us fiQYe
dgh tk ldrhA ys[ku Hkh fd;k FkkA ijarq ogk¡ os vliQy jgsA ;g
flusek dk tUe Hkys gh euksjt a u ds ekè;e ds ys[k muds fiQYe ys[ku ds vuqHkoksa dk fupksM+ gSA
:i esa gqvk gks vkSj izkjafHkd nkSj esa ;g ckr lgh Hkh vliQy gksus dh mudh ihM+k bl ys[k esa Li"V
Bgjrh gSA flusek dh 'kq#vkr èkkfeZd fiQYeksa ls gksrh fn[krh gSa blhfy, mUgksus flusek dh rqyuk ^rkM+h* ls
gS ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs fiQYesa ^fo"k;* dks ysdj xaHkhj gks vkSj lkfgR; dh rqyuk ^nwèk* ls dhA18 izes pan fiQYeksa
tkrh gSAa 1936 esa nfyr leL;k ij fiQYe cuh& dks ^fuEu Hkkoukvksa dh fo'ks"k r`fIr19 dk lkèku ekurs
^vNwr dU;k*A bl fiQYe esa Hkkjrh; lekt dh ,d gaAS vius le; ds lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds chp ds
dM+oh lPpkbZ fn[kkbZ xbZA flusek tu&Hkkoukvksa dks varj dks izes pan c[kwch le>rs Fks gkykafd os nksuksa ds
lgh fn'kk nsus dk dke djrk gSA lkekftd eqnn~ ksa ij ,d:i gksus dh laHkkouk Hkh ns[krs gSAa os fy[krs gS&a
cuh xaHkhj fiQYeksa us viuk dke c[kwch fd;kA ^vNwr ¶vHkh og tekuk cgqr nwj gS tc flusek vkSj
dU;k* ls ysdj ^lqtkrk* (1959)] êaFku* (1976)] lkfgR; dk :i ,d gksxkA yksd#fp tc bruh ifj"Ñr
ê`x;k* (1976)] ^vkØks'k* (1980)] ^ln~xfr* gks tk,xh fd og uhps ys tkus okyh phtksa ls ?k`.kk
(1981)] ^nkeqy* (1984)] ^cSafMV Dohu* (1995) djsxh rHkh flusek esa lkfgR; dh lq#fp fn[kkbZ iM+
tSlh dbZ vU; fiQYeksa us flusek dk lkekftd i{k ldrh gSA¸20 izsepan dh Hkfo";ok.kh fujFkZd lkfcr
lkeus j[kkA blds iwoZ 1950 esa Ogh- 'kkarkjke dh ugha gqbAZ e`.kky lsu] foey jk; rFkk lR;thr js us
fiQYe ^ngst* us L=kh eqfDr dh leL;k dks mBkdj flusek vkSj lkfgR; ds dykRed varj dks de
flusek dks tulaidZ ls tksM+kA bl Js.kh dh vkxs dh fd;kA fu%langs xaHkhjrk dh n`f"V ls lkfgR; chl
fiQYeksa esa ênj bafM;k*] ^lkgsc choh vkSj xqyke*] Bgjsxk ijarq yksdfiz;rk dh n`f"V ls flusek lc ij
Î;klk*] êaMh*] ^nkfeuh*] ^nk;jk*] ^pkanuh ckj* tSlh Hkkjh gSA xqytkj us vius ys[k ^flusek ,oa lkfgR;* esa
dbZ egRoiw.kZ fiQYesa gSAa 'kq#vkrh flusek fdlkuksa ,oa fy[kk ¶flusek ds ckjs esa nwljh jkspd ckr n'kZdksa dh

Hkkxhnkjh gSA lkfgR; esa ikBdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ugha flusek dk cktkj% cktkj dk flusek
gksrhA flusek ds ikl [ksy ds n'kZdksa dh rjg gj fiQYe dk lacaèk O;kolkf;drk ls gSA mldk
fLFkfr ds fy, lq>ko gksrs gSAa flusek dk n'kZd lsV] ,d :i lkekftd nkf;Ro dk Hkh gS fczfV'k lkezkT;okn
iks'kkd] dykdkj vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ctV ij Hkh vkSj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fojksèk ls flusek us lkfgR;
cgl djrk gSA¸21 bl varj ds ckotwn xqytkj ekurs dh rjg lkekftd ifjorZu dk dk;Z fd;kA flusek
gSa fd flusek us vius vkjafHkd pj.k esa vkSj viuk dk mn~ns'; iSlk dekuk] euksjt a u djuk rFkk lkFk gh
Hkfo"; laokjus ds fy, lkfgR; ls gh izk.krRo xzg.k lan's k izpkfjr djuk FkkA okYVj cst
a kfeu bls ^jktuSfrd
fd;kA22 lkfgR; ds ikl flusek ds fy, vikj HkaMkj tukanksyu dk izHkko'kkyh ekè;e* ekurs gSaA lekukarj
gSA ;gk¡ rd fd lkfgfR;d xhrks]a x”kyksa dOokfy;ksa flusek ,oa dykRed ds lanHkZ esa ;g ckr iw.kZr% lR;
dks fiQYeksa esa i;kZIr LFkku feykA xkfyc dh x+”ky lkfcr gksrh gSA flusek fu%langs ck”kkj ds fy, gS vkSj
^gtkjksa [okfg'ksa ,slh* uke ls 2003 esa lqèkhj feJk us ck”kkj flusek ds fy,A dqN fiQYe fo'ks"kK ekurs gSa
,d fiQYe Hkh cukbZ FkhA fd flusek lkaLÑfrd mRikn gS ftldh ladYiuk
lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa ,d cM+k varj dykRed O;olk; ,oa ck”kkj dh t:jrksa ls r; gksrh gSA23
vfHkO;fDr dk gSA nksuksa vyx&vyx foèkk,¡ gSAa dSejs blds cjDl vfHkus=kh 'kckuk vkteh ekurh gSa fd
dh Hkk"kk lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gS vkSj laHkor O;kolkf;d flusek viuh lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k
blh dkj.k dHkh&dHkh lkfgR; dk fiQYekarj.k lgh djus ds ckotwn lekt ls tqMk+ gqvk gksrk gSA24
:i esa ugha gks ikrkA tSls egk'osrk nsoh dh dgkuh def'kZ;y fiQYeksa dh yksdfiz;rk dh cM+h otg ;g
^#nkyh* ij cuh fiQYeA ^#nkyh* ds fiQYekadu ls Hkh gS fd mls cktkj n~okjk rS;kj fd;k x;k n'kZd
egk'osrk nsoh lar"q V ugha FkhaA fiQYe fdlh Hkh n`f"V fey tkrk gSA ,slk n'kZd ftldh #fp >kj[kaM ds
ls dgkuh ls de ugha cuhA viuh lhekvksa ds vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa ij ugha gksxhA 'kckuk
ckotwn ^#nkyh* ,d csgrjhu fiQYe gSA blh izdkj vkteh dyk ,oa O;kolkf;d flusek nksuksa esa varj
foey fe=k ds caxkyh miU;kl ^lkgsc] choh vkSj djrh gSAa ijarq pfj=k vfHkusrk dqyHkw"k.k [kjcank nksuksa
xqyke* ij cuh fiQYe us lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds chp dks eg”k O;olk; ekurs gSAa 25
ds varj dks dkiQh de dj fn;kA fcHkwfrHkw"k.k lPps vFkks± esa flusek ds fy, Ô;kolkf;d*
caèkksikè;k; ds miU;kl îkFksj ikapkyh* ij lR;thr js 'kCn dk iz;ksx uCcs ds n'kd esa gqvkA tc igyh ckj
us fiQYe cukbZA îkFksj ikapkyh* vkt foHkwfrHkw"k.k gkWyhoqM dh rtZ ij fganh flusek dks ^ckWyhoqM* dgk
can~;ksikè;k; ls T;knk lR;thr js dh fiQYe ekuh tkus yxkA ^ckWyhoqM* 'kCn gkykafd dkiQh igys vk
tkrh gSA izsepan dh dgkfu;ksa ^ln~xfr* ,oa ^'krjat pqdk Fkk ysfdu uCcs ds n'kd ds ckn fganh flusek ds
ds f[kykM+h* ij lR;thr js us csgrjhu fiQYesa cukb±A fy, bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx vfèkd gksus yxkA vkt
izes pan ds miU;kl ^xksnku* ij dbZ iz;klksa ds ckotwn fiQYe ds fgV lqijfgV dks mldh dekbZ ls tksMk+
izHkko'kkyh fiQYe ugha cu ldhA blds vfrfjDr tkus yxk gSA gkykafd dqN fiQYedkj ,sls Hkh gaAS tks
'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; ds miU;kl ^nsonkl*] îfj.khrk*] O;kolkf;drk vkSj dyk ds chp vn~Hkqr leUo; dj
jktLFkku ds lkfgR;dkj fot;nku nsFkk dh dgkuh jgs gSAa lqèkhj feJk] eèkqj HkaMkjdj] lat; yhyk
^nqfoèkk* rFkk jfLdu ckWUM dh dgkuh ^n Cyw vacy sz k* Hkalkyh] jktdqekj fgjkuh] uhjt ikaM;s dk uke ;gk¡
ij fiQYe cu pqdh gSA ^nqfoèkk* dgkuh ij veksy fy;k tk ldrk gSA
ikysdj us îgsyh* rFkk ^n Cyw vacy zs k* ij fo'kky 21oha lnh dk flusek% ifjorZu ,oa iz;ksx
Hkkjn~okt us fiQYe cukbZA ,slh fiQYesa flusek vkSj dk nkSj
lkfgR; ds LokHkkfod fj'rs dks fn[kkrh gSaA 21oha lnh vfr fodflr rduhdh dh lnh gSA
flusek vc mPp rduhdh ds Lrj rd igqp ¡ pqdk

gSA Vhoh 'osr&';ke ls vks,ybZMh (OLED) rd dk [kpZ djus ls xqjts ugha] nwljk vis{kkÑr de vkfFkZd
liQj r; dj pqdk gSA lkèkkj.k Vhoh] iQksu vc LekVZ laiUu tks eghus esa ,d ;k nks ckj gh eYVhIysDl
gks pys gSAa vlxj otkgr fy[krs gSAa & ¶lkS lky ckn tkrk gSA êYVhIysDl dYpj* ds lanHkZ esa tojheYy
vkt fganh flusek vius Lo:i vkSj O;olk; esa ikj[k fy[krs gSa& ¶eYVhIysDl egt+ bekjr ugha oju~
fcYdqy cny pqdk gSA vkt ls ipkl lky igys dh ml ekWy laLÑfr dk fgLlk gS tks egkuxjksa vkSj 'kgjksa
fganh flusek ds lacèa k esa LFkkfir ekU;rk,¡ VwV pqdh esa rsth ls mHkjk gSA¸27 VkWdht NksVs dLcks&a 'kgjksa dh
gSaA¸26 vlxj otkgr bl rjg ds igys cnyko dks nsu gS tcfd eYVhIysDl egkuxjksa ,oa cM+s 'kgjksa
n'kZdksa ds îzkis Qkby* esa ns[krs gSAa 21oha lnh dk dhA nksuksa dh thou 'kSyh vkSj [kpZ djus dh rkdr
n'kZd fiQYesa êYVhIysDl* esa ns[kus yxk gSA u, vyx&vyx gSA eYVhIysDl esa ^vfHktkR;iu* dk
^miHkksDrk laLdkj* us n'kZdksa dh #fp ,oa joS;s esa cksèk gSA NksVs dLcksa dk n'kZd vkt Hkh VkWfdt dk
cnyko yk fn;k gSA iqjkus gkWy esa n'kZd rhu Jsf.k;ksa vkuan ysrk gSA lqj{kk] rduhdh ,oa 'kkWfiax ds fygkt
esa fiQYesa ns[krk Fkk& igyh] nwljh rFkk rhljh Js.khA ls VkWdht dk n'kZd Hkh vc eYVhIysDl dh vksj
flusek vc Js.kh cny pqdk gSA og vc eè;oxhZ; #[k djus yxk gSA
flusek cu x;k gSA ck”kkj us ^flusek miHkksDrk* VkWdht vkSj eYVhIysDl flusek ds ^fo"k;* esa
cuk;kA ;g ^flusek miHkksDrk* ekWy esa 'kkWfiax djrk gS Hkh varj gSA VkWfdt ds eqdkcys eYVhIysDl vfèkd
vkSj ogha fiQYe ns[krk gSA izklafxd fo"k; dks ijkslrs gSAa ;gk¡ euksjt
a u ds ijaijkxr
21oha lnh ds flusek dk varjjk"Vªh;dj.k gqvkA fo"k; ds lkFk&lkFk lelkef;d fo"k;ksa dks Hkh fn[kk;k
HkweMa yhdj.k us ^20oha lsp a jq h*] îQkWDl vkSj ^fM”uh* tkus yxk gSA flusek vkSj eYVhIysDl nksuksa vc u,
tSlh cM+h daifu;ksa dks flusek ds {ks=k esa fuos'k dk n'kZd dks è;ku esa j[kdj cuk, tk jgs gSAa
volj fn;kA ;s daifu;k¡ fganh flusek fuekZ.k esa #fp VkWdht ds eqdkcys eYVhIysDl esa O;olk;
fn[kkus yxh gaSA fganh flusek dk ck”kkj varjjk"Vªh; vfèkd gSA fVdV VkWfdt ls ik¡p ls nl xquk egaxkA
ck”kkj cu pqdk gSA fganh fiQYesa Hkkjr ls ckgj vPNh blds ckotwn eYVhIysDl esa tkuk yksx vfèkd ilan
dekbZ dj jgh gSAa dgk tkrk gS fd Je vkSj iwt a h djrs gSaA bldh cM+h otg eYVhIysDl dk vkd"kZ.k]
ogha tk,¡xh] tgk¡ mls vfèkd Hkqxrku vkSj ykHk dh mldh cukoV] VkWdht ds eqdkcys n'kZdksa dh lhfer
laHkkouk utj vk,xhA iwt a h vius lkFk vius fo"k; la[;k] n'kZdksa dk O;ogkj rFkk j[kj[kko gSA lqj{kk]
ykrh gS] os fo"k; ck”kkj r; djrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i rduhdh] [kkuiku rFkk 'kkWfiax dh ckr ge igys Hkh
fiQYeksa ls dqN t:jh fo"k; NwV tkrs gSAa gqvk ;g fd dj pqds gSAa VkWdht lhfer ,oa e¡>ys vk; okyksa dh
vc xk¡o] fdlku] etnwj insZ ls xk;c gksus yxsA txg gS tcfd eYVhIysDl mPp vk; okyksa dhA
mldh txg vk;k mPpeè;oxhZ; ifjokj vkSj ,slk gkykafd eYVhIysDl vc gj vk; okyksa dh txg cu
oxZ ftldk lacèa k vkSj O;olk; ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk pqds gSaA yksx vklkuh ls ,d fiQYe ds fy, pkj lkS
ls gSA dqN t:jh fo"k; iwath ds ncko esa NwVrs utj ls ik¡p lkS #i, [kpZ dj jgs gSa vkSj miHkksDrk ck”kkj
vk jgs gSAa dqN vioknksa dks NksM+ fn;k tk, rks fiQYesa dk fgLlk cudj cjkcjh eglwl dj jgs gSaA
ckt+kj dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh cukbZ tk jgh gSAa jhfeDl dk tekuk gS tukc
VkWdht cuke eYVhIysDl 21oha lnh jhfeDl dh nqfu;k Hkh dgh tk
21oha lnh êYVhIys Dl* dh lnh Hkh gSA ldrh gSA O;kolkf;drk dk ncko gh gS fd iqjkuh
eYVhIysDl îzkbosV LØhfuax* dk etk nsrk gSA fMftVy lqijfgV fiQYeksa dks vkèkqfud rduhd ls laiUu dj
nqfu;k ls vkidk ifjp; djkrk gSA eYVhIysDl ds û;k* cuk;k tk jgk gSA csgrj fiDpj DokfyVh]
vius n'kZd gS]a ftudh nks Jsf.k;k¡ gS&a ,d vkfFkZd csgrj lkmaM ds lkFk mls n'kZd ds lkeus ijkslk tk
:i ls csgn laiUu ftls vPNh lqfoèkkvksa ds ,ot esa jgk gSA ½f"kds'k eq[kthZ dh ^xksyeky* ds rtZ ij

jksfgr 'ksV~Vh ^xksyeky* dh ,d iwjh lhjht+ gh cuk dh Hkwfedk vf[+r;kj dj yh gS vkSj og lekt dks
Mkyrs gSAa ^'kksys ds rtZ ij jkexksiky oekZ ^vkx* lgh fn'kk ns jgk gSA mlus viuh lkFkZdrk ik yh gSA
cukrs gSaA ^?kk;y* dks luh nsvksy ^?kk;y oal vxsu* lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
ds uke ls nksckjk cukrs gSAa jktdqekj fgjkuh êqUuk 1- dkek;uh (bM+klxZ)] Hkkjrh; xzaFk fudsru]
HkkbZ* dh lhjht+ cukdj xkaèkhoknh n'kZu dks u, 1990] i`"B&58
vankt esa is'k djrs gSAa 2- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] tojheYy ikj[k]
fiQYeksa ls vfèkd xkuksa ds jhfeDl bu fnuksa xzaFk f'kYih (bafM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsM] izFke laLdj.k]
[kwc py iM+s gSAa ^vkt fiQj rqeis I;kj vk;k gS*] 2006] i`"B&21
^ySyk eSa ySyk*] ^lkjk tekuk* tSls iqjkus fgV Mhts dh 3- fganh flusek dk bfrgkl] eueksgu pM~<k]
jhfeDl nqfu;k esa èkwe epk jgs gSAa ;gk¡ rd fd lfpu izdk'ku] 1990] i`"B&36
guqeku pkyhlk dk jhfeDl Hkh vk x;k] gky gh dh 4- Hkkjrh; flusek % ,d vuar ;k=kk] izlwu
fjyht+ fiQYe& ^lkaM dh vk¡[k* esa ftu iqjkus fgV flUgk] uVjkt izdk'ku] izFke laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&16
xhrksa ls ubZ ih<+h ifjfpr ugha gS] vkt ogh xhr Å¡ps 5- ogh] i`"B&18
gkbZ DokfyVh fMftVy lkmaM ds lkFk ct jgs gSAa 6- fganh flusek dk bfrgkl] eueksgu pM~<k]
^fMftVy nqfu;k* us jhfeDl dh nqfu;k dks vkSj lfpu izdk'ku] 1990] i`"B& 40
jkspd vkSj euksjatd cuk fn;k gSA 7- ogh] i`"B&40
milag kj 8- ogh] i`"B&41
flusek dk lkS lky dk bfrgkl ;g izekf.kr 9- fganh flusek dh ;k=kk] laiknu& iadt 'kekZ]
djrk gS fd flusek egt euksjt a u dk lkèku ugha] vuU; izdk'ku] laLdj.k 2018 i`"B&13
vfirq og lkekftd] jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd cnyko 10- laons & HkweMa yhdj.k ds nkSj esa fganh
dk okgd Hkh gSA flusek dyk ,oa euksjt a u nksuksa gSA flusek] laiknu & fd'ku dkyt;h] o"kZ&7] vad&1]
O;kolkf;drk ds ckotwn lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dk fp=k.k tuojh] 2015] i`"B&218&219
mldk mn~ns'; gS flusek gj ;qx dh lPpkbZ dks 11- ogh] i`"B&13
dykRed <ax ls gekjs lkeus izLrqr djrk gSA flusek 12- ogh] i`"B&222
dk bfrgkl ftruk euksjatd gS] mruh gh mldh 13- ogh] i`"B&213
izLrqfrA gj ;qx dh leL;k dks mlus csckdh ls izLrqr 14- Hkkjrh; flusek% ,d vuar ;k=kk] izluw
fd;kA bl vkys[k esa flusek ds bUgha fcanv q ksa ij flUgk uVjkt izdk'ku] izFke laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&96
foLrkj ls fopkj fd;k x;k gSA flusek dh Hkwfedk 15- fganh flusek dk bfrgkl] eueksgu pM~<k]
rFkk lekt vkSj lkfgR; ls mlds lacèa k dks O;kogkfjd lfpu izdk'ku] 1990] i`"B&404
<ax ls bl vkys[k esa ij[kk x;k gSA flusek ckt+kj ds 16- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] tojheYy
fy, gS] ;g Hkh O;kogkfjd lR; gSA flusek vkSj ikj[k] xzaFk f'kYih (bfM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsM] izFke
ckt+kj ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa vkSj ckt+kj fdl rjg laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&91
flusek dks izHkkfor dj jgk gS] bl fcanq dks bl 17- fganh flusek dk lp] laiknu&e`R;qt a ;]
vkys[k esa egRoiw.kZ <ax ls mBk;k x;k gSA u, vkSj ledkyhu l`tu] dksydkrk] vad&17] o"kZ& 1997]
iqjkus <ax dh n'kZd nh?kkZ] bDdhloha lnh ds flusek i`"B&17
esa gks jgs ifjorZu ,oa u, iz;ksx dks Hkh bl vkys[k 18- ogh] i`"B&16
esa ns[kk ij[kk x;k gSA flusek us viuh dykRed 19- ogh] i`"B&16
{kerk ls mu lkjh pqukSfr;k¡ dks ikj dj fy;k gS tks 20- ogh] i`"B&13
fiNys lkS o"kksZ esa mlds lkeus [kM+s FksA mlus ekxZn'kZd 21- ogh] i`"B&48

22- ogh] i`"B&46 25- ogh] i`"B&62
23- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] tojheYy 26- fganh flusek dh ;k=kk] laiknu& iadt 'kekZ]
ikj[k] xzaFk f'kYih (bafM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsM] izFke vuU; izdk'ku] laLdj.k] 2018] i`"B&107
laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&103 27- laons & Hkwea Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa fganh flusek]
24- fganh flusek dk lp] laiknu&e`R;qt a ;] laiknu& fd'ku dkyt;h] o"kZ&7] vad&1] tuojh]
ledkyhu l`tu] dksydkrk] vad&17] o"kZ&1997] 2015] i`"B&147
i`"B&58
µ lgk;d izkè;kid (fganh)] fnYyh Ldwy vkWiQ tuZfy”e] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
qqq

Ckky eu ij vkèkkfjr fganh flusek
MkW- fouhrk dqekjh
fga nh flusek esa cPpksa dh Hkh ,d nqfu;k

'kkfey gSA cky eu cM+k gh Hkkoqd vkSj
laons u'khy gksrk gSA bl voLFkk esa mldh viuh ,d
ckWyhoqM esa cPpksa dks dYiukyksd esa ys tkus okyh
fiQYesa ^vyknhu dk fpjkx*] ûkuh ek¡*] ^vkcjk dk
Mkcjk*] ^tknw*] ^djkekrh dksV*] ^HkwrukFk*] ^Hkwr vady*
dkYifud nqfu;k gksrh gS] tks ;FkkFkZ ls dgha nwj gksrh vkfn tknqb]Z fryLeh] ijhyksd esa ys tkus okyh]
gSA mldk ;g dkYifud lalkj cM+k gh tknqb]Z jksekapd Mk;u] Hkwr&izsrks ls lacafèkr fiQYesa cukbZ xbZ rks nwljh
vkSj banèz kuq"kh gksrk gSA cky eu lnSo bl tknqbZ vksj cPpksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] ekufld] 'kSf{kd
vkd"kZ.k ds ihNs erokyk jgrk gSA cky eu dksjh leL;kvksa ls tqMh+ fiQYesa Hkh cukbZ xbZ tks u dsoy
LysV dh rjg gksrk gSA mUgsa tSlh f'k{kk iznku dh cPpksa ds fy, euksjt a d gksrh gSa vfirq muls cPpksa
tkrh gS] tSls laLdkj fn, tkrs gS]a tSlk ifjos'k feyrk dk mRlkgoèkZu Hkh gksrk gS] muesa vkRefo'okl tkx`r
gS] os mlh :Ik esa <y tkrs gSAa cPpksa dh blh gksrk gS] laosnu'khyrk vkrh gS] f'k{kkizn gksrh gSa vkSj
ekufldrk dks ns[krs gq, cPpksa dks ewY; vkèkkfjr vkxs c<+us ,oa thou esa dqN u;k ,oa mRlkgiw.kZ djus
euksjta u nsus ds fy, Hkkjr ds izFke izèkkuea=kh tokgjyky dh izjs .kk Hkh tkx`r djrh gSAa feFkd vkèkkfjr fiQYesa
usg: n~okjk 11 ebZ] 1955 dks cky fp=k lfefr dh ^x.ks'k*] êkb ÚsMa x.ks'kk*] ^?kVksRdp*] ^guqeku* fiQYesa
LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;g Hkkjr ljdkj dh ,d uksMy Hkh cukbZ xbZ vkSj cPpksa dks vaèkfo'oklksa ls nwj jgdj
laLFkk gS tks cPpksa ds fy, muds euksjt a u ds vfèkdkj panez k] rkjs vkfn dh oSKkfud tkudkjh nsus ds fy,
dks U;k;iw.kZ ekurs gq, fiQYe vkSj Vsyhfotu ds ^èkwedsrq* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh cukbZ xbZA
ekè;e ls lai.w kZ euksjt a u djrh gSA dsoy cPpksa dk fganh flusek txr esa jktdiwj ls ysdj vkfej
euksjatu djuk gh bl laLFkk dk mn~ns'; ugha gSA og [kku rd us cPpksa ds euksfoKku dks dsna z esa j[kdj
,slh cky fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] tks euksjt a u ds fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;s fiQYesa fliQZ euksjatu gh
lkFk&lkFk lan's k ,oa f'k{kk Hkh iznku djrh gSaA lwpuk ugha djrh vfirq cPpksa dh vusd leL;kvksa dh vksj
,oa izlkj.k ea=kky; ds varxZr ;g ,d Lok;Rr laLFkk Hkh lekt dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djrh gSAa cky eu ij
gSA bldk eq[; vkWfiQl eqca bZ esa gSA fnYyh vkSj vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa esa ekuoh; lacèa kksa vkSj lg;ksx] cky
psUubZ esa bldh 'kk[kk,¡ gSAa bl laLFkk n~okjk 260 cky leL;kvksa dks fofoèkrkiw.kZ ,oa euksoSKkfud èkjkry
fiQYesa ns'k dh 15 izkra h; Hkk"kkvksa esa cukbZ xbZA ij fiQYek;k x;k gSA lu~ 1954 esa ckWyhoqM esa
cPpksa ds fy, cPpksa dh blh ekufldrk dks ^tkx`fr* fiQYe cuh] ftlesa cPpksa dks ijaijkxr rjhds
ns[krs gq, eq[; èkkjk dh fiQYeksa ds lkFk&lkFk ckWyhoqM ls i<+kbZ djus ds rjhds ls gVdj O;kogkfjdrk ds
us cPpksa ds fy, Hkh fiQYesa cukbZA ,d vksj tgk¡ vkèkkj ij i<+us dh ,d ubZ lksp fodflr djus dh

izsj.kk nh xbZA blds Ik'pkr~ jktdiwj dh ^vc fnYyh yM+dh dh dgkuh FkhA jkuh eq[kthZ us bl yM+dh dk
nwj ugha* cky fiQYeksa esa mYys[kuh; fiQYe dgh tk vfHku; fd;k vkSj vferkHk cPpu us ml vaèkh
ldrh gSA ;g fiQYe cky ekufldrk dk cgqr lqna j cPph ds dBksj f'k{kd ds :Ik esa izHkko'kkyh vfHku;
,oa lgt fp=k.k djrh gSA bl fiQYe ds xhr Hkh fd;kA bl fiQYe dks cgqr ljkguk feyh vkSj loZJs"B
cPpksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[ks x, gSaA ,d vkSj fiQYe ds dbZ iqjLdkj Hkh feysA n'kZdksa ij bl
fiQYe ^cwV ikfy'k* tks 1954 esa cuh] mlesa vukFk] fiQYe dk cgqr vfèkd izHkko iM+k vkSj bl izdkj ds
cs?kj cPpksa dh leL;k dks mBk;k x;kA ,slk èkuh cPpksa ds izfr lekt esa laons u'khyrk tkx`r djus esa
oxZ] tks fuLlarku gS] vkJ;jfgr cPpksa dks xksn ysdj ;g fiQYe liQy jghA lat; yhyk Hkalkyh dks
mudk Hkfo"; l¡okj ldrs gSa] bl fo"k; ij cuh bl loZJ"s B funs'Z kd dk fiQYeiQs;j iqjLdkj feyk] vferkHk
fiQYe us Ik;kZIr yksdfiz;rk gkfly dh FkhA bl cPpu dks loZJs"B vfHkusrk vkSj jkuh eq[kthZ dks
fiQYe dk ,d xhr ûUgs&eqUus cPps rsjh eqVB~ h esa vaèkh] xwaxh&cgjh yM+dh dk loZJ"s B vfHku; djus
D;k gS* vkt Hkh xquxquk;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1980 ds ij fiQYeiQs;j vokMZ ds vfrfjDr vkbZ- vkbZ- ,iQ-
n'kd esa ^feLVj bafM;k* fiQYe cuh] tks vn`'; ,- iqjLdkj ,ao th flus iqjLdkj Hkh feysA
ekuo dh ladYiuk dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ FkhA bl n Cyw vacy sz k & fo'kky Hkkjn~okt] ftUgksaus
fiQYe ds dsna z esa Hkh cPps gh FksA fiQYe dk uk;d êdM+h* tSlh ,d liQy vkSj yhd ls gVdj cky
,d vukFk vkJe pykrk gS] ftls fuèkZurko'k mu fiQYe cukbZ Fkh] muds funs'Z ku esa cuh bl fiQYe dks
vukFk cPpksa dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk u loZJs"B cky fiQYe ds us'kuy vokMZ ls lEekfur
dj ikus ds dkj.k [ksn gksrk gSA ,d fnu mls fd;k x;kA ;g fiQYe iz[;kr ys[kd jfLdu ckaM dh
vpkud xk;c dj nsus okyh ?kM+h feyrh gS] ftls ,d dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d
gkFk esa ck¡èkus ls og vn`'; gks tkrk gS vkSj og lHkh lkèkkj.k NksVh yM+dh fcfu;k dk eeZLi'khZ fp=k.k gS]
dk;Z vklkuh ls dj ikrk gSA dF; vkSj izLrqfr nksuksa tks uhys jax dk ,d tkikuh Nkrk [kjhn dj ykrh gS
gh euksjatd gSA ;g fiQYe n'kZdksa n~okjk cgqr ljkgh vkSj vius xk¡o esa vkd"kZ.k dk dsna z curh gSA ,d
xbZ vkSj O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls Hkh ;g fiQYe liQy nqdkunkj uanfd'kksj mldh Nrjh ysuk pkgrk gS]
jghA blds Ik'pkr~ fo'kky Hkkjn~okt n~okjk funsZf'kr ysfdu fcfu;k bls nsus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA ,d
fiQYe êdM+h* us fganh cky flusek ds izfr lekt fnu Nrjh pksjh gks tkrh gS] fcfu;k dks nqdkunkj uanw
dh èkkj.kk dks cnykA ^feLVj bafM;k* ds ckn cky (uanfd'kksj) ij 'kd gksrk gSA ryk'kh ysus ij Hkh
fiQYeksa dk nkSj tSls Bgj lk x;k Fkk] ftls fo'kky Nrjh uanw ds ikl ugha feyrhA iwjh fiQYe fcfu;k
Hkkjn~okt dh fiQYe êdM+h* us iquthZfor fd;kA vkSj uanw ds chp Nrjh dks ysdj mRiUu gq, ruko
blesa nks tqMo+ ka cgusa ,oa ,d pqMy S+ dh dgkuh cM+s dh dgkuh gSA ;g fiQYe cPpksa dh fu'Ny nqfu;k
jksekapd ,oa euksjt a d <ax ls vfHkO;Dr dh xbZ gSA dh lqna j ,oa eksgd Nfo fn[kkrh gSA cky dykdkj
edM+h dh liQyrk ls izfs jr gksdj dbZ uohu fo"k;ksa Js;k us bl fiQYe esa cgqr lqna j vfHku; fd;kA
dks vkèkkj cukdj ckWyhoqM ds dbZ tkus&ekus fuekZrk FkSaDl ek¡ & funsZ'kd bjiQku dey us bl
funs'Z kd cky fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k dh vksj izfs jr gq, fiQYe esa eqca bZ dh >qXxh&cfLRk;ksa ds vkokjk vkSj
vkSj dbZ fiQYesa cukb±] tks n'kZdksa esa Ik;kZIr yksdfiz; vukFk cPpksa ds ekè;e ls vèkwjs cpiu dh ekfeZd
Hkh gqb± vkSj mudh ljkguk Hkh dh xbZA ckWyhoqM dFkk n'kkZus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d
fiQYe baMLVªh esa bu fiQYeksa us viuh ,d vyx vukFk cPpk gSA og Lo;a dks lyeku [kku dgykuk
igpku cukbZA buesa ls dqN fiQYeksa dh ppkZ djuk ilan djrk gSA nwljs vkokjk vkSj vukFk cPpksa ds lkFk
bl ys[k esa vko';d gS & og ikWdsVekjh dj viuk xqtkjk djrk gSA og vius
CySd & lat; yhyk Hkalkyh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh thou esa ek¡ dh deh dks cgqr eglwl djrk gS vkSj
;g fiQYe] ftlesa ,d NksVh vaèkh vkSj xwxa h&cgjh mldh ;gh bPNk gS fd fdlh fnu og viuh ek¡ ls

feysA cky lqèkkj x`g ls Hkkxrs le; mls nks fnuksa dk Cke&ce cksys & fiz;n'kZu n~okjk funsZf'kr bl
,d uotkr cPpk feyrk gS] og mldk ykyu&ikyu fiQYe esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps iyus okys ,d ,sls
djrk gSA vius fe=kksa dh lgk;rk ls og ml cPps ifjokj dh dgkuh gS] ftlesa nks NksVs HkkbZ&cgu gSAa
dh ek¡ rd igqp ¡ us esa liQy gks tkrk gSA ijarq tc mls ,d fnu xyrh ls HkkbZ ls viuh cgu ds twrs xqe gks
irk pyrk gS fd mldh ek¡ us gh mls ogk¡ NksM+k Fkk tkrs gSaA ekrk&firk ds Mj ls og mUgsa crkrs ugha gSaA
rks og vk'p;Zpfdr jg tkrk gSA fiQYe ds vuqlkj vc muds ikl ,d gh tksMk+ twrk jg tkrk gSA os nksuksa
ns'k esa 270 cPps izfrfnu vukFk NksM+ fn, tkrs gSAa twrk lk>k djus dk fu.kZ; djrs gSa fd lqcg cgu og
bu cPpksa dh ftanxh 'kgj dh xqeuke xfy;ksa esa twrk igudj Ldwy tk,xh vkSj 'kke dks HkkbZ og twrk
xqtjrh gS vkSj dqN cPps vijkèk ds jkLrs ij py igudj Ldwy tk,xkA HkkbZ baVjus'kuy Ldwy eSjkFku
iM+rs gSAa bl fiQYe esa eqca bZ dh >qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa ds jsl esa blfy, Hkkx ysrk gS D;ksfa d rhljs LFkku ij
vkokjk vkSj vukFk cPpksa ds ekè;e ls vèkwjs] vHkkoxzLr vkus okys fon~;kFkhZ dks twrs feysxAas og bl jsl esa
cpiu dh ekfeZd n'kk dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA rhljs LFkku ij vkus ds fy, gh Hkkx ysrk gS ijarq og
Rkkjs teha ij & bl fiQYe dk fuekZ.k vkfej jsl esa fot;h gksdj izFke LFkku dks izkIr djrk gSA
[kku izksMD'ku ds rgr gqvk gS vkSj bl fiQYe ds mls vkxs dh i<+kbZ ds fy, LdkWyjf'ki feyrh gSA
fuekZrk Hkh vkfej [kku gSa vkSj eq[; Hkwfedk Hkh mls [kq'kh ugha gksrh vfirq jsl esa thr dj Hkh og
vkfej [kku us gh fuHkkbZ gSA fMLySfDl;k ls ihfM+r vius vki dks gkjk gqvk ekurk gSA bl fiQYe dk ;g
cPps fdl izdkj ifjokj] fon~;ky;] lekt ls tw>rs ekfeZd izlxa gSA ;g fiQYe mu vuNq, igyqvksa ls
gSa vkSj u os viuh leL;k crk ikrs gSa vkSj u gh voxr djkrh gS] ftUgsa vDlj vkt dh Hkkx&nkSM+
lekt mUgsa le> ikrk gS] bl fo"k; dks dsna z esa dh ftanxh esa ge vuns[kk dj nsrs gSAa bl fiQYe esa
j[kdj cky euksfoKku ij vkèkkfjr ;g ,d ,slh HkkbZ&cgu ds lkFk muds ekrk&firk ds la?k"kZ dh Hkh
fiQYe gS] ftlus dbZ dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd,A ekrk&firk dgkuh pyrh gSA firk bZekunkj vkSj lH; ukxfjd
dks izfrLièkkZ vkSj bZ";kZ dh vaèkh nkSM+ esa u iM+dj gksrs gq, Hkh fuèkZurk ,oa csjkstx+ kjh ds dkj.k vkradoknh
vius cPps dh leL;k dks le>uk pkfg,] mUgsa vius le> fy;k tkrk gSA xjhch ds vfHk'kki dks bl
cPps ij viuh egRokdka{kkvksa dks yknuk ugha pkfg,A fiQYe esa c[kwch n'kkZ;k x;k gSA n'khZy liQkjh] ftlus
ekrk&firk viuh larku dks izFke LFkku ij gh ns[kuk ^rkjs teha ij* fiQYe esa vfHku; fd;k Fkk] mlh cky
pkgrs gSaA izFke LFkku u vkus ij Lo;a rks rukoxzLr dykdkj us bl fiQYe esa Hkh Js"B vfHku; fd;kA
gksrs gh gS]a cPps ds cpiu dks Hkh [kRe dj nsus esa blh dgkuh ij iz[;kr fiQYedkj ekftn eftnh us
rfud Hkh ladksp ugha djrsA ;g fiQYe mu fiQYe ^fpYMªu vko gsosu* cukbZ] fganh esa [kkfyn ckbZ
fuekZrkvksa ds fy, Hkh ,d lcd gS] tks cky fiQYeksa ckVyhokyk us ^lyke cPps* uke ls ;g fiQYe cukbZA
ds uke ij dqN Hkh ijksl nsrs gSAa ckWyhoqM esa cgqr vkb ,e dyke & funsZ'kd uhyuk ekèko ikaMk
de ,slh cky euksfoKku ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa cuh gSa] dh ;g fiQYe jktLFkku ds ,d xjhc yM+ds NksVw dh
tks ,d vksj lkekftd vkèkkj ij oSpkfjd gksa] dykRed dgkuh gS] tks jk"Vªifr vCnqy dyke dk cgqr cM+k
:Ik esas lkFkZd gksa vkSj O;kolkf;d :Ik ls Hkh liQy iz'kald gS vkSj muls feyuk pkgrk gSA fiQYe dk
vkSj yksdfiz; gkaAs ^rkjs teha ij* fuLlangs ,slh gh dF; xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou clj dj jgs uUgsa
fiQYe gS] ftlus cky fiQYeksa ds {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; cPps NksVw ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk gSA og ,d ckj Vsyhfotu
flusek dk u dsoy ns'k es]a vfirq fons'kksa esa Hkh xkSjo ij jk"Vªifr vCnqy dyke dk Hkk"k.k lqurk gSA bl
c<+k;kA blh izdkj fiztfs j;k fcekjh dh leL;k dks Hkk"k.k esa og vius ckjs esa crkrs gSa fd cpiu esa
ysdj Îkk* fiQYe cuhA bl fiQYe esa vferkHk cPpu muds ikl Ldwy dh iQhl Hkjus ds fy, Hkh iSls ugha
us bl fiztfs j;k fcekjh ls xzLr cPps dk vfHku; FksA os v[kckj ck¡V dj viuh f'k{kk ds fy, iQhl dk
c[kwch fuHkk;kA bartke djrs FksA os dgrs gSa fd balku vius deZ ls

viuh ftanxh cny ldrk gSA thou esa liQyrk izkIr LVsuyh rks MCck ykrk gh ughaA f'k{kd ckcwjke LVsuyh
djus ds fy, pkj pht+sa vko';d gSa & 1- ftanxh esa ij viuk MCck ykus ds fy, ncko Mkyrk gS vkSj
y{; r; djuk 2- f'k{kk 3- dM+h esgur 4- èkS;AZ dgrk gS fd vxj og MCck ugha yk;k rks mls Ldwy
dyke ds bl Hkk"k.k ls NksVw dk thou ds izfr esa ?kqlus ugha fn;k tk,xkA ;gha ls LVsuyh ds MCcs dh
n`f"Vdks.k cnyrk gSA igys mls lc NksVw ds uke ls ryk'k 'kq: gksrh gSA fiQYe ds var esa tc n'kZdksa dks
tkurs FksA fiQj og Lo;a dks dyke le>us yxrk gS tkudkjh feyrh gS fd LVsuyh vukFk gS vkSj og
vkSj fdlh ds n~okjk uke iwNs tkus ij og viuk uke vius [kM+l w pkpk ds jgeks dje ij th jgk gS rks
dyke dgrk gSA <kcs ij fnuHkj ifjJe djus ds n'kZdksa dh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk tkrs gSAa ;g fiQYe
ckn og 'kke dks fdrkcsa i<+rk gS vkSj viuh i<+kbZ Ldwy esa vè;kidksa vkSj fon~;kfFkZ;ksa ds vkilh lacèa kksa
iwjh djus dh gj laHko dksf'k'k djrk gSA NksVw dks dh ijrksa dks [kksyrh gSA cPpksa dks ;g fiQYe cgqr
fo'okl gS fd ,d fnu og dyke tSlk cM+k vkneh ilan vkbZ D;ksfa d gj cPps dks yxk fd ;g rks [kqn
cusxkA bl fiQYe esa cky eu dh lgt ,oa LokHkkfod mlds vius gh Ldwy dh dgkuh gSA
vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA fpYyj ikVhZ & ;w- Vh- oh- vkSj lyeku [kku
xV~Vw & jkts'k [kkslk n~okjk funsfZ 'kr ;g fiQYe ds lgfuekZ.k esa fufeZr fiQYe fpYyj ikVhZ >qXxh&cLrh
,d 10 o"kZ ds cPps xV~Vw dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gS] esa jgus okys vHkkoxzLr] lHkh lqfoèkkvksa ls oafpr
tks prqj gS vkSj mls irax mM+kus dk cM+k 'kkSd gSA og eklwe cPpksa ds ,d ,sls lewg dh dgkuh gS tks xyh
vius pkpk ds lkFk jgrk gS] ftldk dckM+h dk dke ds ,d vkokjk dqRrs dks cpkus ds fy, ,d jktusrk
gS vkSj og xV~Vw dks Hkh dckM+ ds dke esa gh fuiq.k ds fo#n~èk [kM+s gks tkrs gSa vkSj ml vkokjk dqRrs dh
cukuk pkgrk gSA ijarq xV~Vw dk eu dckM+ ds dke esa ftanxh cpkdj lcdk fny thr ysrs gSAa >qXxh&>ksiM+h
fcYdqy ugha yxrkA vkdk'k esa ,d dkyh irax esa jgus okys cPpksa ds thou dks dsna z esa j[kdj muds
lcls Å¡ph mM+rh gS] ftls vkt rd dksbZ ugha dkV lkekftd] ikfjokfjd ifjos'k] mudh leL;kvks]a la?k"kksZa
ik;k FkkA dksbZ ugha tkurk Fkk fd og irax fdldh gSA vkSj liuksa dks izfrfcafcr djus okyh fiQYe vius <ax
xV~Vw ml dkyh irax dks dkVus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gSA dh ,d vyx vkSj vuks[kh fiQYe gSA
og viuh lw>&cw> vkSj prqjkbZ ls Ldwy esa nkf[ky èkud & ukxs'k dqdquwj n~okjk funsZf'kr ;g
gks tkrk gSA Ldwy ds rhu cPpksa dks dkYifud dgkuh fiQYe cM+h HkkoukRed ,oa vFkZiw.kZ gSA ;g fiQYe
dk vkJ; ysdj vius lkFk feyk ysrk gS vkSj Ldwy HkkbZ&cgu dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA nksuksa cPpksa ds
dh Nr ij tkdj ml dkyh irax dks dkVus esa ekrk&firk ugha ga]S jktLFkku ds ,d xk¡o esa pkpk&pkph
liQy gks tkrk gSA ysfdu ckn esa Ldwy ds fizfa liy ds ikl jgrs gSAa HkkbZ NksVw dh vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh pyh
dh Mk¡V ls xV~Vw viuh xyrh Lohdkj djrk gSA xV~Vw tkrh gSA NksVw lyeku [kku dk iz'kald gS vkSj cgu
dh eklwfe;r vkSj mldh lw>&cw>] rst fnekx dks ijh 'kkg#[k [kku dh fnokuh gSA ijh 'kkg#[k [kku dk
ns[krs gq, fizfa liy mls Ldwy esa nkf[kyk ns nsrs gSAa us=knku ls lacafèkr iksLVj ns[krh gS] mlds Hkhrj ;g
viuh n`<+ fu'p;&'kfDr vkSj lw>&cw> ls gj dfBu izjs .kk tkxrh gS fd mlds HkkbZ dh vk¡[ksa okil vk
dk;Z dks laHko cuk;k tk ldrk gS] ;g lan's k bl ldrh gSaA og ml iksLVj ls izHkkfor gksdj HkkbZ dks
fiQYe ds ekè;e ls fn;k x;k gSA ysdj tSlyesj ds fy, fudy iM+rh gS] tgk¡ 'kkg#[k
LVsuyh dk MCck & ;g fiQYe veksy xqIrs [kku dh fiQYe dh 'kwfVax py jgh gSA ijh vius HkkbZ
n~okjk funsfZ 'kr gSA bl fiQYe esa Ldwy esa i<+us okys ls oknk djrh gS fd mlds uosa tUefnu ls igys
ukS o"khZ; LVsuyh dh dgkuh gSA LVsuyh vius nksLrksa mldh vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh vk tk,xh] og ns[k ik,xkA
ds lkFk jkst+ [kkuk [kkrk gS] og viuk MCck ugha ekxZ esa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeus djrs gq, nksuksa
ykrkA ,d fnu ,d f'k{kd dh ut+j muds [kkus ds 'kwfVax LFky ij igqp ¡ tkrs gSAa fiQYe esa jktLFkku ds
MCcksa ij i<+ tkrh gS] rc mls irk pyrk gS fd n`'; eueksgd gSAa nksuksa cPpksa dk lkgl ,oa lw>&cw>

n'kZuh; gSA cPps dPph feV~Vh dh rjg mitkÅ gksrs vkJ; ysdj vf'kf{kr Hkksys&Hkkys yksxksa dks cgdkdj
gSaA muesa laLdkj :ih tSls cht Mkys tkrs gSa] oSls gh viuk LokFkZ fln~èk djrs gSaA
os vadfq jr gksrs gSAa cPpksa ds fy, cM+h izjs .kknk;h bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ckWyhoqM esa fofHkUu
fiQYe gSA fo"k;ksa dks dsna z esa j[kdj dbZ cky fiQYesa cuhA ^dksbZ
,d vtwck & lquhy vkMok.kh n~okjk funsZf'kr fey x;k*] ^cktk*] ^gok gokbZ*] îkB'kkyk*] ûUgs
;g fiQYe nks cPpksa dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA fp=kk tSlyesj*] ^fyydh*] ^mM+ku*] ^psu dqyh dh esu
vkSj jru nks HkkbZ&cgu gSaA fp=kk esgurh gS ij mlesa dqyh*] ^rgku*] ^fldanj*] ^flØsV lqijLVkj* tSlh
vkRefo'okl dh deh gSA dM+h esgur djus ds fiQYesa n'kZdksa esa Ik;kZIr yksdfiz; gqbAZ ckyeuksfoKku
ckotwn d{kk esa izFke u vkus ds dkj.k og fujk'k gSA ij vkèkkfjr vkSj cPpksa dh leL;kvksa ls tqMh+ fiQYeksa
og xq#th ls lgk;rk ek¡xrh gS vkSj xq#th vius dk lekt ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+k gSA gekjk lekt
rjhds ls mldh lgk;rk djrs gSa vkSj mlesa vkRefo'okl fMLySfDl;k vkSj fiztsfj;k tSlh fcekfj;ksa ls vufHkK
txkrs gSAa HkHkwr] tknw&Vksuk] xaMk&rkcht+ vkfn vaèkfo'oklksa Fkk ysfdu ^rkjs teha ij* vkSj îk* tSlh fiQYeksa ds
ls dksbZ vtwck ugha gksrk vfirq vkfRed 'kfDr] dkj.k lekt muls ifjfpr gqvkA gkWyhoqM dh rtZ
vkRefo'okl] esgur vkSj yxu ls gh thou esa ij ckWyhoqM esa Hkh ,fues'ku fiQYeksa dk nkSj py iM+k
liQyrk izkIr gksrh gSA vkRefo'okl vius vki esa gSA cPps euksoKS kfud :Ik ls bu ,fues'ku fiQYeksa ls
,d vtwck gS] mlesa gh liQyrk dh dqt ¡ h gS] ;g cgqr gh HkkokRed vkSj laoxs kRed :Ik ls tqM+ tkrs
lans'k nsus ds fy, gh ;g cky fiQYe cukbZ xbZ gSA gSaA ^MksukYM Md*] ^feDdh ekml*] ^NksVk Hkhe*]
tyijh & bl fiQYe ds funs'Z kd uhy ekèko ^Mksjseksu*] ^guqeku*] êkb ÚsaM x.ks'kk* vkfn ,fues'ku
iaMk gSAa ;g jktLFkku ds ,d ,sls xk¡o dh dgkuh gS] fiQYeksa us cPpksa ds eu ij vfeV Nki NksMh+ gSA
tks vaèkfo'oklksa vkSj jgL;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ml xk¡o budh yksdfiz;rk dks ns[krs gq, vusd Vh-oh- PkSuy
esa ,d Hkh ifjokj esa yM+dh ugha gSA dksbZ vLirky ,fues'ku fiQYeksa ,oa èkkjkokfgdksa ds [kqy x, gSa vkSj
Hkh ugha gSA ,d uhe gdhe gh lc xk¡o okyksa dk cPpksa esa Ik;kZIr yksdfiz; gSaA
bykt djrk gSA mlh xk¡o dk ,d csVk nso 'kgj vkt tc varjjk"Vªh; iVy ij Hkkjr ,d
tkdj i<+rk gS vkSj MkWDVj curk gSA mldh csVh Js;k oSf'od 'kfDr ds :Ik esa rsth ls viuh fof'k"V
gS] tks cgqr gh lkglh ,oa rkfdZd cqn~fèk okyh gSA igpku cuk jgk gS] rc ;g loky egRoiw.kZ vkSj
og vius firk vkSj HkkbZ ds lkFk xk¡o vkrh gS] tgk¡ izklafxd gks tkrk gS fd ge vius cPpksa ds fy, dSlk
mls vusd vaèkfo'oklksa vkSj jgL;ksa dk irk pyrk gSA euksjta u izLrqr dj jgs gS\a cky fiQYeksa dks fliQZ
og vius HkkbZ ds lkFk feydj cgknqjh ls mu jgL;ksa euksjta u dh n`f"V ls vk¡duk mfpr ugha gksxkA vkt
dk inkZiQk'k djrh gSA xk¡o ds tehankj dh feyhHkxr vko';drk gS fd cky flusek dks eq[; èkkjk ds
ls eksckby vLirky ls voSèk :Ik ls xHkZ esa fyax dk flusek ls tksMk+ tk,A cM+s [ksn ds lkFk dguk iM+rk
irk yxkdj csVh gksus ij xHkZikr djk fn;k tkrk gS] gS fd ckWyhoqM esa cky flusek dks eq[; èkkjk ds
bldk inkZiQk'k ml lkglh Js;k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA flusek esa og LFkku ugha feyk] tks visf{kr gSA ;fn
;g fiQYe lelkef;d ,oa ;FkkFkZijd gSA lekt dh bls eq[; èkkjk esa LFkku feys rks fuf'pr :Ik ls ns'k
ml ekufldrk dks n'kkZrh gS tks vkt Hkh ?kj esa dU;k esa cky flusek dk Hkfo"; mTToy gksxk vkSj mls ,d
dk tUe gksuk vfHk'kki ekurs gSaA vaèkfo'oklksa dk ubZ fn'kk feysxhA
µ ,lksfl,V izksiQslj] Lokeh Jn~èkkuan dkWyt

s ] vyhiqj] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
qqq

Hkkjrh; flusek dh izkjafHkd fiQYesa o eqa'kh izsepan ds
lkfgR;kèkkfjr fiQYeksa ds ifjn`'; esa tkfrxr leUo;
gsrjke
Hkk jrh; flusek esa tkfrokn ds lacèa k esa

leUo; Hkkouk dk ifjp; dyk vkSj
foKku dk vn~Hkqr laxe gSA blesa flusek dk cgqr
(1919) tSlh èkkfeZd fiQYesa nhaA bu fiQYeksa esa
fiNM+s oxks± dk losl Z okZ gksuk] bUgha fiQYeksa esa fiNM+s
oxks± dk dykdkj ds :i esa Hkkx ysuk] fuEu&tkfr;ksa
cM+k ;ksxnku gSA flusek ,d ,slk n`'; pyfp=k dyk dks leku o lEeku LFkkfir djus dh izjs .kk nh gSA
gS] ftlds ekè;e ls tkfrokn dks nwj djus dk vFkd nknk lkgsc iQkYds us viuh fiQYEkksa esa fuEu oxks± dks
iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izkjafHkd lHkh fiQYeksa esa tkfrokn u`R;] laxhr o okn~; esa 'kkfey fd;kA D;ksfa d ;s yksx
ds fo#n~èk tkrs gq,] lkearokn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ ds vkfFkZd eanh ds f'kdkj FksA vkfFkZd vHkko ls xzflr
la?k"kZ dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA dFkkud dh n`f"V ls Fks vr% ^lR; gfj'panz rkjkerh* fiQYe dh Hkwfedk esa
izkjafHkd fiQYeksa esa vfHku; uohu iVy ij nfyr ,sls gh dykdkjksa dks fy;k tkuk ,d lE;d n`f"Vdks.k
gksus dh ghu xzfa Fk dks bl fo'oluh;rk ls izLrqr dk igyk mnkgj.k izLrqr djrk gSA lR; gfj'panz esa
fd;k x;k gS fd n'kZd vius eu ekul esa tkfrxr jkuh rkjkerh dh Hkwfedk djus okyk uk;d nfyr Fkk]
èkkj.kk dks Hkwyus dk iz;kl djrk gSA izes pan dk D;ksfa d bl fiQYe ds fy, dksbZ efgyk ik=k rS;kj ugha
lkfgR; ,d vksj 'kks"k.k dks feVkus dh izsj.kk nsrk gS gqbAZ uk;d dh Hkwfedk esa jktdqekj dk jksy djus
ogha nwljh vksj cscl dks cy'kkyh cukus dh vfèkdrk okyk jksgrk"k Hkh nfyr FkkA ^dkfy;k enZu* esa eankfduh
ij tksj nsrk gSA vr% pyfp=k esa ;g ;FkkFkZ jkl ugha vkSj Ñ".k dh Hkwfedk djus okys nksuksa ik=k nfyr FksA
vk ldkA izsepan th dh lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa vr% ge le> ldrs gSa fd flusek us nfyr lkfgR;
esa ekuork ls ekuork dks tksMu+ s o tkfrokn la?k"kZ vkSj 'kqnz vFkkZr~ fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa dks 'kkfey djds
feVkus dk ,d liQy iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izes pan ds ;g igyh ckj fln~èk fd;k fd dyk laxhr vkSj
lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr lHkh fiQYesa lekt dh :f<+ dks okn~; ;a=k ds ekè;e ls ge lHkh ds lEeq[k mifLFkr
rksMu+ s dk liQy dk;Z djrh gaSA gks ldrs gSAa dkykarj esa MkW- vacMs dj dk mnkgj.k
Hkkjrh; flusek dh izkjafHkd fiQYeksa ds ifjn`'; izLrqr djsa rks vktknh ds ckn ,slh vusd fiQYesa tks
esa tkfrxr leUo; & flusek ,d ,slh n`'; pyfp=k o.kZ O;oLFkk ij Hkh vkèkkfjr jghA buesa ^vNwr dU;k*
dyk gS ftlds ekè;e ls tkfrokn dks nwj djus dk (1936) esa ;g ,d oLrqfu"B oSKkfud vkSj bZekunkj
vFkd iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izkjaHk ds Lrj esa Hkkjrh; O;fDrRo dks izLrqr djrs gq, vktknh ds vkanksyu o
flusek esa nknk lkgsc iQkYds us ^lR; gfj'panz rkjkerh* tkfrokn ij fy[kh xbZ gSA blesa Bkdqj izfrf"Br
(1913)] êksfguh HkLeklqj* (1913)] ^yadk ngu* O;fDr gksrs gq, ekufld ?k`f.kr O;fDr gS] og ?k`f.kr
(1917)] ^Ñ".k tUe* (1918)] ^dkfy;k enZu* Hkkouk j[krk gSA vkxs 1940 ds ckn dh fiQYeksa eas

uk;d&ukf;dk ds cfynku bR;kfn ftlesa xkaèkh th ds ;k ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k ;k izfrjksèkh ns'k ds uk;d
gfjtu mn~èkkj dh izjs .kk fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA ukf;dk vkilh izes ds fp=k.k dks izLrqr djrs gq,
Lora=krk ds iwoZ geus tkfrokn ds izfr opZLo lg"kZ thou vkSj izse dk mnkgj.k ôlqèkSo dqVqacde~*
dh yM+kbZ dks ns[kk vkSj tc ns'k vktkn gqvk rks ns'k ds :i esa izLrqr djrs gSAa orZeku ifjn`'; esa ge
dh vktknh ds ckn vusd ,slh fiQYesa cuhA ftlesa ns[krs gSa fd flusek ds ekè;e ls tkfrokn ij xgjh
ge dqN eq[; fiQYeksa dks gh ;gk¡ ys ldrs gS]a tSls pksV dh xbZ gS vkSj lekt ds eu ekul esa tkfrokn
^vkokjk* fiQYe nfyr foe'kZ ;k tkfrxr HksnHkko ij ds Hkwr dks fudkyus dk iz;kl flusek ds ekè;e ls
rks ugha gS ijarq bl fiQYe esa lE;d lerk o lekurk fd;k x;k gSA Li"V gS fd tkfrokn ds 'kks"k.k dh
ds ifjis{; esa tkfrokn ds fopkjksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA pDdh esa cqjh rjg ihl jgs O;fDr dks ljdkjh
tSl]s blh fiQYe ds xkus esa lsokvksa esa vkus dk volj] vkSn;~ ksfxdj.k fodkl]
?kj ckj ugha] lalkj ugha] eq>ls fdlh dks I;kj muds fy, HkjisV [kkuk] cPpksa dks vPNh f'k{kk]
ugha cPpksa ds mPp ntsZ ds flusek ds ekè;e ls vke tu
nqfu;k esa rsjs rhj dk ;k rdnhj dk ekjk gwA¡ A rd pyfp=k ds ekè;e ls fn[kkrs gq, bl leL;k ls
bl xhr ls Li"V gS fd ;gk¡ iwathoknh vkSj futkr ikus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA Lokèkhurk ds ckn
HkkX;oknh ihM+k ls ihfM+r gaSA ^nks ch?kk tehu* rks Lokèkhurk vkanksyu ,oa jk"Vªh; uofuekZ.k ds :i eas
izes pan th ds ^jaxHkwfe* miU;kl ij vkèkkfjr FkhA bl flusek dk ,d Økafrdkjh ;ksxnku gSA vkt yk[kksa yksx
fiQYe esa 'kaHkw egrks fdlku (cyjkt lkguh) ds :i izfrfnu flusek ds ekè;e ls tkfrokn ds fo#n~èk
esa iRuh ikoZrh (fu:iekjk;) dh Hkwfedk esa ,d lE;d èkeZ] lE;d lekt vkèkkfjr lkekftd thou
tkfrokn ls la?k"kZ'khy jgrs gaSA ^cwV ikWfy'k* (1954) dh fiQYesa ns[krs gSAa ftlls og vius eu ekul esa
esa Hkh Hkh[k ekaxus vkSj pksjh djus ls vPNk esgur ,d lk{; izLrqr djrs gSa] fd gesa gekjs ns'k esa èkeZ
etnwjh djds thou ;kiu djuk fn[kk;k x;k gSA ds fo#n~èk vkpj.k ugha djuk pkfg,] èkkfeZd vkSj
ft;k ljgnh dh ^ge yksx* (1951)] îQqVikFk* tkfrxr fo"kerk ls nwj gesa ,d lE;d lekt dh
(1954)] ^vkokt* (1956)] ^Jh 420* (1955)] LFkkiuk djuh pkfg,A vr% tkfrxr erHksnksa dks nwj
^bafM;k* (1957)] ^viZ.k* (1957)] ^lqtkrk* (1959)] djus ds fy, flusek dk vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku gSA
^xaxk tequk* (1960)] îQwy vkSj iRFkj* (1960)] Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj eq'a kh izes pan dk lkfgR;
^laxhu* (1970) bu lHkh fiQYeksa esa Hkys gh dgha flusek ds izkjafHkd ;qx esa vusd lkfgR;dkjksa us
fczfV'k vR;kpkj gS dgha mPp oxZ dk vR;kpkj gSA flusek dh vksj viuk HkkX; vktek;k] blesa ewèkZU;
bUgha lHkh fiQYeksa esa Å¡p&uhp vkSj tkfrxr HksnHkko lkfgR;dkj eq'a kh izes pan Hkh ihNs u jgsA izes pan dk
ds vkilh la?k"kZ dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh lkfgR; ;FkkFkZ ds iVy ij psruk nsrs gq, ekuo dks
fiQYeksa esa czkg~e.kokn vkSj tkfrokn ds fo#n~èk tkrs la?k"kZ'khy cukrk gS lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr vusd fiQYesa
gq,] lkearokn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ ds la?k"kZ dks fn[kk;k cuh gSAa flusek vkSj lkfgR; dk varr% xgjk lacèa k gSA
x;k gS dFkkud dh n`f"V ls bUgha fiQYeksa esa vfHku; flusek esa viuk HkkX; vktekus gsrq eq'a kh izes pan eqca bZ
uohu iVy ij nfyr gksus dh ghu xzfa Fk dks bl igqp
¡ x,A eqca bZ esa izes pan th dks 1933 esa vtark
fo'oluh;rk ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd n'kZd vius ewohVksu eqacbZ dh vksj ls funsZ'kd eksgu Hkkoukuh
eu ekul esa tkfrxr èkkj.kk dks Hkwyus dk iz;kl n~okjk ^fey etnwj* fiQYe dh dgkuh fy[kus gsrq
djrk gS varr% ,d tehankjh izFkk ls Åij mBdj fuea=k.k feykA ijarq ^fey etnwj* dgkuh ij ;g
vHkh 21oha 'krkCnh esa cuus okyh fiQYeksa esa varjtkrh; fiQYe cuus ds ckn izes pan th dh fy[kh xbZ lkfgR;
fookgksa ij vusd fiQYesa cuh gaAS bu fiQYeksa esa ge dFkk vkSj fiQYe ds pyfp=k esa vyx&vyx cnyko
ns[krs gaS fd ,d èkeZ ls nwljs èkeZ ds uk;d ukf;dk ds dkj.k izes pan th dkiQh fujk'k gq,A vr% izes pan

th dks fiQYeh nqfu;k jkl ugha vkbZA mUgsa dkiQh xgjk fiQYe ftldks [kwc ljkgk x;k vkSj dbZ vokMZ Hkh
èkDdk yxk vkSj og viuh O;Fkk dks izdV djrs gq, feysA ;g fiQYe 'krjat ds [ksy esa Mwcs jgus okys nks
tSunas z dqekj dks vius i=k esa eqca bZ dh fiQYeh nqfu;k jktk'kkgh dykdkjksa dk mnkgj.k is'k djrh gSA ½f"kds'k
ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSAa ¶fiQYeh gky D;k fy[kw\¡ fey eq[kthZ ds n~okjk funsZf'kr ^xcu* (1966) fiQYe
(ckn esa etnwj uke ls cuh pyfp=k fiQYe)] ;gk¡ lkekftd n'kk dk fp=k.k djrh gSA ,- vkj- dkjnkj
ikl u gqvkA ykgkSj esa ikl gks x;k vkSj fn[kk;k tk us izsepan th dh dgkuh ^f=k;k pfj=k* dks vkèkkj
jgk gSA eSa ftu bjknksa ls vk;k Fkk muesa ls ,d Hkh iwjk cukdj ^Lokeh* (1941) fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
gksrk ugha utj vkrk gSA ;s izkMs ;~ l w j ftl <ax dh ;g fiQYe ,d lkekftd fparu dk mnkgj.k nsrh gqbZ
dgkfu;k¡ cukrs vk, gS]a mldh yhd ls tkS Hkj Hkh lekt esa ekuoh;rk dks >d>ksj dj j[k nsrh gSA
ugha gV ldrsA ôYxSfjVh* dks ;s ^,aVjVsuesaV oSY;w* 1940 es jaxHkwfe miU;kl ij ^jaxHkwfe* fiQYe cukbZ
dgrs gSAa eSua s lkekftd dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gS]a ftUgsa xbZ] tks ekuo thou la?k"kZ ds cnyko dks izdV djrh
f'kf{kr lekt Hkh ns[kuk pkgs] ysfdu mudh fiQYe gS ijarq ^f=k;k pfj=k* vkSj ^jaxHkwfe* nksuksa gh fiQYesa
cukrs gq, bu yksxksa dks lansg gksrk gS fd pys ;k u n'kZdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr ugha dj ikbZA 1981
pysA¸ bl dFku esa izsepan th tSusanz dks viuh O;Fkk esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fuekZrk ds :i esa lR;thr js ds
izdV dj jgs gSa] blls Li"V gS fd fiQYeh nqfu;k funsZ'ku esa ^ln~xfr* fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;k bl
dgkfu;ksa dks rksM&+ ejksM+ dj is'k djrh gSA ftlls fiQYe esa ekufld :i ls xqyke O;fDr] tks czkg~e.kokn
izes pan th lar"q V u FksA vusd lkfgR;dkjksa us fiQYeh ls xzflr gksrk gSA 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj jgrk gS vkSj
nqfu;k esa txg cukbZ ijarq izes pan th dks flusek dh vR;kpkj lgrk gS blh ekufld xqykeh dks ;g
vkn'kZoknh nqfu;k jkl ugha vkbZA fiQYe n'kkZrh gSA ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa e`.kky lsu ds funs'Z ku
eqa'kh izsepan th ds lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr esa ^diQu* dgkuh ij fiQYe cukbZ xbZ] ftldk uke
cuh gqbZ fiQYesa& eq'a kh izes pan th ds lkfgR; ij Fkk ^vksdk mjh dFkk* (1977)A ;g fiQYe xjhch o
igyh fiQYe ^fey etnwj* (1934) eksgu Hkkoukuh ftthfo"kk ds ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k ds lkFk cqjh yr dks
n~okjk etnwjksa dh iVdFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA nwljh] iznf'kZr djrh gSA
funsZ'kd ukuw HkkbZ us ôdhy* (1934) fiQYe lsoklnu izes pan ds lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr lHkh fiQYesa
miU;kl dks vkèkkj cukdj cukbZA Jherh enqjS lekt dh :f<+ dks rksMu+ s dk liQy dk;Z djrh ga]S
"k.eq[kofMoq lqCcqy{eh dukZVd dh e'kgwj laxhrdkjk ijarq n'kZd pyfp=k dh fiQYeh nqfu;k esa euksjt a u
FkhA bUgksua s eq'a kh izes pan th dh ^lsoklnu* dks vkèkkj djrs gq, pyfp=k ds var esa Lokar lq[kk; dh izfriqf"V
cukrs gq, ^lsoklnu* (1938) dks fjyht fd;k x;kA pkgrs gSAa vr% izes pan ds ;FkkFkZoknh lkfgR; ds var
;g ,d egRoiw.kZ O;kolkf;d fiQYe jghA ^lsoklnu* esa Lokar lq[kk; dh izfriqf"V ugha gks ikrh gSA izes pan
lekt dh :f<+ O;oLFkk dks lkekftd uhfr;ksa n~okjk dk lkfgR; n'kZdksa dks pyfp=k ds insZ ij fj>kus esa
lqèkkj o odkyr djus okyh izkjafHkd rfey fiQYeksa vliQy jgkA blhfy, eq'a kh izes pan dh dgkfu;ksa ij
esa ls ,d gSA eq'a kh izes pan th ds yksdfiz; miU;kl vkèkkfjr yxHkx lHkh fiQYesa bruh liQy ugha jgh gaAS
^xksnku* ij Hkh rRdkyhu le; ds e'kgwj vfHkusrk mudh liQyrk dk mn~n's ; fliQZ lkfgfR;d fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
jktdqekj o egewn dks ysdj fiQYe cukbZ xbZA tks rd gh lhfer jgk gSA lPps vFkks± esa eq'a kh izes pan dk
ckn esa ,d Vhoh lhjht ,filksM ds :i esa 2004 esa lkfgR; ;FkkFkZ&vkn'kZ ds iVy ij ekuo thou dks
26 ,filksM ds ekè;e ls ^rgjhj , eqa'kh izsepan* ds èkeZ o laLÑfr bR;kfn ds HksnHkko esa thou thus okys
:i esa fn[kkbZ xbZA Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa dks ^xksnku* dks iw.kZ yksxksa dks ,d lkFk feydj jgus dh f'k{kk nsrk gSAa
djus ds fy, ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gSA ^'krjat ds izsepan dk lkfgR; vR;kpkjh O;fDr dks 'kks"k.k dk
f[kykM+h* dgkuh lR;thr js n~okjk blh uke ls cuh R;kx vkSj 'kksf"kr dks 'kks"k.k dk fojksèk djrs gq, nksuksa

dks mHkjus dk volj nsrk gSA izes pan dk lkfgR; ,d istA
vksj 'kks"k.k dks feVkus dh izjs .kk nsrk gS] ogha nwljh 3- lkfgR; vkSj flusek & vt; dqekj pkSèkjh]
vksj cscl dks cy'kkyh cukus dh vfèkdrk ij tksj fucaèk lkfgR; vkSj flusek] lgk;d izkè;kid] ih ,u
nsrk gSA vr% pyfp=k esa ;g ;FkkFkZ jkl ugha vk nkl iyrkA
ldkA izes pan th dh lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa esa 4- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk varl±cèa k &
ekuork ls ekuork dks tksMu+ s o tkfrokn la?k"kZ feVkus jes'k pankz ] jes'k pankz osc CykWxA
dk ,d liQy iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA 5- ;w V~;cw ij izes pan dFkkèkkfjr fiQYesAa
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 6- bDdhloha lnh esa nfyr vkanksyu & MkW- t;
1- flusek fganh lkfgR; & bdcky fjtoh] fganh izdk'k dnZe] iadt iqLrd eafnj fnYyhA
le; esa bdcky fjtoh dh jpuk,¡] exk¡vfa gfofo]
oèkkZ bZ if=kdkA
2- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek & foosd nqcs osc
µ 'kksèkkFkhZ] jktdh; ekWMy mPp ekè;fed fon~;ky;] djlku] paMhx<+&160002
qqq

fganh fiQYeksa esa tkfrizFkk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk fp=k.k
mes'k dqekj
Hkk jrh; flusek dk vkjaHk vokd fiQYeksa ls

gqvk FkkA rRdkyhu yksdfiz; flusek us ml
ikjlh fFk;sVj dh txg viuh tM+s tekb± Fkha] tks
Lora=krk ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA vacMs dj ds lkFk xkaèkh
th us Hkh ml le; vNwrksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds fy, u
dsoy vkokt mBkbZ cfYd NqvkNwr tSlh vekuoh;
'kgjh fuEueè;oxZ ds euksjt a ukFkZ FkkA blh ikjlh izFkk dks [kRe djus dk lkgfld iz;kl fd;k] vNwrksa
fFk;sVj ds ukVdksa dk izHkko vkjafHkd Hkkjrh; flusek ds eafnj izos'k vkSj muds lkFk ekuoh; O;ogkj dks
ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ysfdu vokd fiQYeksa ds le; Hkh lkekftd vkanksyu dk eq[; fgLlk cuk;k rks mldk
,slh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxk Fkk] ftuesa lkekftd izHkko fganh flusek ij Hkh iM+uk t:j FkkA blh izHkko
ljksdkjksa dks fo"k; cuk;k x;k FkkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ckcwjko us 1934 esa U;w fFk;sVlZ dh fiQYe ^paMhnkl* dk
isaVj dh fiQYe ^lkodkjh ik'k* (1925) tks oh- fuekZ.k laHko cuk;k] tks NqvkNwr dh leL;k ij cuh
'kkarkjke vfHkuhr FkhA blesa lkgwdkjksa ds 'kks"k.k dks igyh yksdfiz; fiQYe Fkh vkSj tks vkt Hkh n'kZdksa
dFkk dk fo"k; cuk;k x;k FkkA n~okjk ljkgh tkrh gSA 1936 esa ckacs VkWdht dh
fganh flusek ds lokd ;qx dh 'kq#vkr ds lkFk fiQYe ^vNwr dU;k* fufeZr gqbAZ 1940 esa ^vNwr*
gh ,slh vusd fiQYesa cuus yxha ftudk lkekftd uke ls ,d vkSj fiQYe dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ;s fiQYesa
lokyksa ls ljksdkj FkkA 1932 esa tc fczfV'k ljdkj ml le; cgqr yksdfiz; gqbA± tSlk fd fiQYeksa ds
us fuokZpu {ks=kksa dks tkfr vkSj èkeZ ds vkèkkj ij uke ls Hkh izdV gksrk gS fd bu fiQYeksa dk lacèa k
foHkkftr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA ml le; ns'k esa tks NqvkNwr dh leL;k ls FkkA fiQYe ;g crkrh gS fd
cgl pyh vkSj xkaèkh rFkk vacMs dj ds eè; tks tUe ls u dksbZ cM+k gksrk gS vkSj u dksbZ NksVkA ftUgsa
le>kSrk gqvk vkSj ckn esa tks iwuk iSDV ds uke ls tUe ds vkèkkj ij tkfr ls NksVk le>k tkrk gSA os
tkuk x;k] mlus vNwrksa ds loky dks lcls cM+k Hkh balkfu;r esa muls cM+s gks ldrs gSAa tks vius dks
jktuSfrd loky cuk fn;kA vc [kqn xkaèkh th us tUe ds vkèkkj ij tkfr ls Å¡pk le>rs gSaA muls
eglwl fd;k fd Lora=krk vkanksyu esa tc rd vNwrksa Hkh jksVh&csVh dk lacaèk cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk,xkA rc rd lPph Lora=krk cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A mek 'kf'k vkSj ds-,y- lgxy
izkIr ugha gksxhA vacMs dj rks cgqr igys gh ;g vfHkuhr fiQYe ^paMhnkl* esa izes vkSj lekurk dk
eglwl dj pqds Fks] fd tc rd lkekftd Lora=krk ;gh lans'k fn;k x;k gSA nsfodk jkuh vkSj v'kksd
izkIr ugha gks tkrh rc rd jktuSfrd Lora=krk dk dqekj vfHkuhr fiQYe ^vNwr dU;k* esa Hkh ;gh lan's k
dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA vacMs dj us vNwrksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds fn;k x;k gSA xkaèkh th ds gfjtuksnè~ kkj ls izfs jr ;g
fy, xksyest lEesyu esa vkokt mBkbZ vkSj lkekftd fiQYe xkaèkh th ds fopkj ls vkxs rd c<+rh gSA

mudk eq[; tksj NqvkNwr lekfIr vkSj eafnjksa esa dh ctk; oxZ vkèkkfjr jghA vr% mUgksua s tkfr ds
gfjtu izo's k rd gh lhfer FkkA ysfdu ;g fiQYe iz'u dks ewy esa LFkku ugha fn;k ysfdu blls tehu
Å¡ph vkSj uhph tkfr;ksa ds chp fookg lacèa kksa dk dk iz'u de egRoiw.kZ ugha gks tkrkA ;g vkt Hkh
leFkZu Hkh djrh gS] ysfdu ml nkSj dh fiQYeksa dh mruk gh ;FkkFkZ gS fd tkfrokn dh leL;k dk dksbZ
lhek ;g Hkh Fkh fd os tkfrokn ds loky dks lekèkku Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks ykxw fd, fcuk ugha gks
lkekftd lhek esa gh ns[krh gSa] mlds vkfFkZd] ldrkA ^nks ch?kk tehu* esa tehu dh leL;k dks
jktuSfrd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd i{k dh mis{kk djrh gSaA ;g fo"k; cukdj fuEu tkrh; lekt dh ewy leL;k dks
fo'ks"krk cgqr ckn rd cuh jgrh gSA fcey jk; dh gh fcey jk; vfHkO;Dr dj jgs FksA jktdiwj dh
fiQYe ^lqtkrk* (1959) dh lhek Hkh ;gh gSA fiQYe ^cwV ikWfy'k* dk lacèa k egkuxj dh >qXxh
fganh flusek ds vkjafHkd nkSj esa dqN ,slh cfLr;ksa esa clus okys mu xjhcksa ls gS] tks ;k rks Hkh[k
fiQYesa Hkh cuha tks izR;{k rkSj ij tkrh; leL;k ij ekaxdj viuk thou fuokZg djrs gSa ;k NksV&s eksVs
ugha cuh gS]a ysfdu buesa iznf'kZr leL;kvksa dk lacèa k dke djdsA ,sls dke vkerkSj ij Hkkjr esa fuEu
fuEuoxksZ ls Hkh mruk gh xgjk gSA bl lanHkZ esa NBs le>h tkus okyh tkfr;k¡ gh djrh jgh gSaA ;g ,sls nks
n'kd esa fufeZr fcey jk; dh ^nks ch?kk tehu* cPpksa dh dFkk gS ftudh ek¡ gSts ls ej xbZ gS vkSj
(1953)] jktdiwj dh ^cwV ikWfy'k* (1954)] ^tkxrs ftuds firk dks dkys ikuh dh ltk gks xbZ gSA nksuksa
jgks* (1956)] vkSj ^vc fnYyh nwj ugha* (1957) cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k mudh pkph djrh gS tks [kqn
viuk egRo j[krh gSAa bu fiQYeksa ij uo ;FkkFkZokn 'kjhj cspdj viuk thou ;kiu dj jgh gSA og nksuksa
dk izHkko FkkA uo ;FkkFkZokn dk vkjaHk bVyh ds cPpks ls Hkh[k eaxokrh gSA ,sls ifjos'k esa iyus okys
flusek ls gqvk FkkA izfln~èk brkyoh fiQYe funs'Z kd cPpksa esa tkWu pkpk yxkrkj ;g Hkkouk Hkj nsrk gS fd
foVksfj;ks fM fldk dh fiQYe ^fn ckbfldy FkhiQ* Hkh[k ekaxuk cqjk dke gS] esgur dh :[kh&lw[kh dgha
(1948) us fo'o ds lHkh fiQYedkjksa dks izHkkfor vfèkd vPNh gSA bu eklwe cPpksa dh ,d gh bPNk
fd;k FkkA Hkkjr esa Hkh lR;thr js] ½fRod ?kVd] gS fd os Hkh[k ekaxuk NksM+dj cwV ikWfy'k dk dke
jktdiwj] fcey jk; vkfn dbZ fiQYedkjksa us NBs djs]a ftlls mUgsa Hkh[k ekaxus ds fy, fdlh ds vkxs
n'kd esa ,slh fiQYesa cukbZ Fkha] ftuesa ml lkekftd gkFk iSQykuk uk iM+sA twrksa dh ikWfy'k djus dk LoIu
;FkkFkZ dks viuh fiQYeksa dk fo"k; cuk;k] ftudk ns[kus okys ;g cPps D;k fuEu tkfr ds vykok dqN
lacaèk lekt ds lokZfèkd mRihfM+r vkSj 'kksf"kr oxZ ls vkSj gks ldrs gS\a fganLq rku esa twrs xkaBus okys vkSj
FkkA fcey jk; dh fiQYe ^nks ch?kk tehu* dk lacaèk twrksa dh ikWfy'k djus okys yksxksa dh fuEu tkfr ds
,d xjhc fdlku ls gSA ;g xjhc fdlku viuh vfrfjDr vkSj D;k igpku jgh gS\ D;k fiQj Hkh
tehu tehankj ds ikl fxjoh j[k nsrk gS vkSj og mudh tkfr dk mYys[k vko';d Fkk\ blh izdkj
tehu dks NqM+kus esa vleFkZ gSA ,d fnu mldh ^tkxrs jgks* dk fdlku tks etnwjh dh ryk'k esa 'kgj
tehu uhyke dj nh tkrh gSA og fdlku ls etnwj vkrk gSA ,d ÝySV esa ikuh ihus ds fy, ?kql tkrk gS]
cuus dks etcwj gks tkrk gSA ^nks ch?kk tehu* dh mlds fuEu tkfr dk gksus vkSj u gksus ls D;k varj
dFkkoLrq dk dsna hz ; Hkko izsepan ds egku miU;kl vk tkrk\ ,d tkfroknh lekt esa tSls fuEu tkfr ds
^xksnku* ls lekurk j[krk gSA xkSjryc gS fd izes pan fy, ihus dk ikuh rd vklkuh ls izkIr ugha gksrkA
ds miU;kl dk uk;d gksjh Hkh fuEu oxZ dk FkkA ^nks ;gk¡ izes pan dh izfln~èk dgkuh ^Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* dh
ch?kk tehu* ds fdlku dh tkfr ds ckjs esa dqN ugha fo"k; oLrq ls lekurk gSA D;k bl fdlku dh fLFkfr
crk;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;g ;FkkFkZ gS fd xjhc fdlkuksa Hkh Bhd oSlh gh ugha gS\ blh rjg ^vc fnYyh nwj
ds bl oxZ esa vfèkdrj os leqnk; gh vkrs gS]a ftUgsa ugha* dk etnwj gjh ftls ml vijkèk ds fy, tsy
fuEu tkfr dk ekuk tkrk gSA fiQYedkj dh n`f"V o.kZ esa can dj fn;k x;k gS] ftls mlus fd;k gh ughaA

U;k;ky; Hkh mls vkèks&vèkwjs lcwrksa ij gh iQkalh dh fiQYe ;g vfHkO;Dr djrh fn[krh gS fd lqtkrk rks
ltk lquk nsrk gSA gjh uked etnwj ds fy, U;k; dh oSls Hkh tUeuk gh vNwr gS vU;Fkk mPp oxZ esa
[kkfrj fnYyh igq¡pdj usg: th rd viuh iQfj;kn ikyu&iks"k.k gksus ds dkj.k og rks mPp oxZ dh gSA
igqp¡ kus dk iz;kl djus okyk mldk iq=k dsoy vius bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh fudyrk gS fd vNwr vxj mPp
firk ds fy, gh U;k; ugha ekax jgk gS] cfYd mu oxZ ds laLdkj xzg.k djys rks os lekt esa viukus
lHkh ds fy, U;k; ekax jgk gS] ftudks xjhch vkSj ;ksX; gSaA ;g vfHkO;fDr mPp oxZ dh Js"Brk dks
tgkyr dk thou thus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk iquLFkkZfir djuk gh rks gSA ^lqtkrk* tSlh fiQYeksa ds
jgk gSA NBs n'kd dh ;s fiQYesa tks dbZ vFkksZ esa izxfr'khy utfj, dh ;g lhek gSA ysfdu lqtkrk dh
Dykfldh; ntkZ izkIr dj pqdh gS]a lekt ds ml oxZ bl vfHkO;fDr ds ldkjkRed i{k dks bl utfj, ls
dh dFkk c;ku djrh gSa] fuEu tkfr ftlls tqMh+ gSA Hkh ns[kk tkuk pkfg, fd vkf[kdkj fiQYe dk mn~ns';
,d vFkZ esa bu fiQYeksa esa tkfr dk ftØ u gksuk tUe vkèkkfjr Js"Brk ds fln~èkkar dks udkjuk gSA
fiQYedkjksa ds ml izxfr'khy utfj, dk ifjpkyd izxfr'khy fiQYedkjksa us bl iz'u dks dbZ fiQYeksa esa
Hkh gS] tks bu fiQYeksa ds tfj, ,d lerkoknh lekt mBk;kA mnkgj.kkFkZ] jktdiwj dh izfln~èk fiQYe ^vkokjk*
fuekZ.k dk lans'k nsuk pkgrs gSaA ,d ,slk lekt tgk¡ (1951) dk ewy edln gh ;g Fkk fd O;fDr tUe
fdlh rjg dk HksnHkko] 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u u gks] ls vPNk ;k cqjk ugha gksrk] cqjk gksrk gS vius deksZ ls
tkfroknh izrkM+uk Hkh ughaA vkSj deksZ dk fuèkkZj.k mlds ifjos'k ij vkèkkfjr gksrk
fiQYedkjksa ds bl izxfr'khy utfj, dk izek.k gSA fiQYe dk lan's k ;g Fkk fd ;fn ge vius djhc
gesa mu fiQYeksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftlesa tkrh; dh nqfu;k dks csgrj cuk,¡xs rks dksbZ O;fDr cqjk ugha
leL;k dks izR;{k rkSj ij n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fcey jk; cu ldrkA Li"V gS ;g lan's k vius ewy vFkZ esa
us ^lqtkrk* (1959) fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g tkfrokn dh voèkkj.kk dks udkjrk gSA ;fn ge
fiQYe tkfrokn ij vkèkkfjr FkhA lqtkrk ,d vNwr yksdfiz; vkSj O;kolkf;d fiQYeksa esa tkfrokn dh
ekrk&firk dh dU;k gS] ftudh egkekjh ds nkSjku leL;k ds izfr joS;s ls bldh rqyuk djsa rks bldks
e`R;q gks tkrh gSA xzkeh.k ml dU;k dks mlh eè;oxhZ; vfèkd vPNs <ax ls le> ldrs gSaA fganh dk
vkSj mPpo.khZ; ifjokj dks lkSia nsrs gSa ftuds ;gk¡ yksdfiz; flusek vkerkSj ij tkfrokn dh leL;k dks
mldk firk dke djrk FkkA ifjokj ml dU;k dks izR;{k :i ls ugha mBkrkA Åijh rkSj ij fganh fiQYesa
cks> le>rk gS vkSj NqVdkjk ikus dk iz;kl djrk gS tkfr vkèkkfjr Å¡p&uhp ds HksnHkko dks udkjrh gqbZ
ysfdu liQy ugha gks ikrkA fiQYe tkfrokn ds iz'u utj vkrh gaAS
dks HkkokRed Lrj ij gh vfèkd mBkrh gS vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt esa varfuZfgr tfVyrkvksa dks
mldk lan's k Hkh cgqr vklku gSA tcfd tkfrokn dh dgha vfèkd vPNs <ax ls vfHkO;Dr mu fiQYedkjksa
leL;k cgqr tfVy gSA ^vNwr dU;k* vkSj ^lqtkrk* us fd;k gS ftUgksaus ;FkkFkZoknh ijaijk ls vius dks
nksuksa esa NqvkNwr dh tkfrizFkk dks cgqr gn rd lacn~èk fd;k gSA 1970 ds vkl&ikl fganh flusek esa
lkadfs rd :i fn;k x;k gSA tcfd lekt esa tkfrizFkk ;FkkFkZokn dh tks ubZ ygj mHkjh mlus tkrh; leL;kvksa
cgqr fodjky leL;k ds :i eas viuh tM+s tek, dks Hkh viuk fo"k; pqukA fiQYedkj ';ke csusxy us
gq, FkhA lqtkrk esa tkfrizFkk dh leL;k cgqr gn rd 'kq: ls gh bl leL;k ij è;ku fn;k gSA ^vadqj*
,d mPp oxZ ds ifjokj dh futh vkSj uSfrd leL;k (1973)] êaFku* (1976) vkSj ^lej* (1998) esa
ds :i esa utj vkrh gS] u fd ,d lkekftd leL;k mUgksua s tkrh; leL;k dks viuh fiQYeksa dk fo"k;
ds rkSj ijA fiQYe esa lqtkrk dk vNwr gksuk bl vFkZ cuk;k gSA blh rjg e`.kky lsu dh fiQYe ê`x;k*
esa Hkh vfèkd izHkko ugha NksMr+ k D;ksfa d mldk (1976)] xksfoan fugykuh gh fiQYe ^vkØks'k* (1980)]
ikyu&iks"k.k ,d mPp oxZ ds ifjokj esa gqvk gS vkSj lR;thr js dh fiQYe ^ln~xfr* (1981)] fjpMZ

,Vucjks dh ^xkaèkh* (1982)] xkSre ?kks"k dh fiQYe tkfr;ksa n~okjk csxkjh ds n~okjk fuEu tkfr;ksa ds 'kks"k.k
îkj* (1984)] izdk'k >k dh fiQYe ^nkeqy* (1984)] dh dFkk fpf=kr gSA ;g dFkk fuEu tkfr;ksa dh
v#.k dkSy dh fiQYe ^nh{kk* (1991)] 'ks[kj diwj lkewfgd ,drk vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fo#n~èk ladYi ds
dh fiQYe ^cSafMV Dohu* (1994)] tCckj iVsy dh lkFk ,dtqV gksdj [kM+s gksus dh rkdr dk Hkh fp=k.k
^MkW- ckck lkgsc vacMs dj* (2000)] vuoj teky djrh gSA blh fiQYe esa ,d vksj uo ;FkkFkZokn dh
dh ^Lojkt % fn fyfVy fjifCyd* (2003)] etgj ijaijk gS rks nwljh vksj lkekftd ifjorZu dk Økafrdkjh
dkejku dh êksgunkl* (2009)] izdk'k >k dh jktuSfrd lans'k Hkh gSA îkj*] ^vkØks'k* ;k ^nkeqy*
^vkj{k.k* (2011)] latho tk;loky dh ^'kwnz % fn fiQYe dk ;FkkFkZokn Hkh mlh jktuSfrd psruk ls iSnk
jkbftax* (2012)] dsru esgrk dh êka>h % fn gqvk gS tks ml nkSj esa lkfgR; dk Hkh ewy Lrj FkkA
ekmaVsu eSu* (2013)] vf'ouh vÕ;j frokjh dh ysfdu bu rhuksa fiQYeksa esa dgha u dgha fuEu tkfr ds
^fuy cVs lUukVk* (2016)] vuqjkx d';i dh :i esa lkekftd psruk i`"BHkwfe esa gh cuh jgrh gSA
êqDdkckt* (2018) vkSj vuqHko flUgk dh ^vkfVZdy ^cSafMV Dohu* fiQYe iwQyu nsoh dh thouh ij
15* (2019) esa Hkh ge izR;{k ;k viz;R{k rkSj ij vkèkkfjr gSA blesa ,d fuEu tkfr dh L=kh ds vkRelEeku
tkrh; ;FkkFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr ns[k ldrs gSaA bu ds la?k"kZ dks ftl lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj
fiQYeksa dh [kkfl;r ;g gS fd ;s fiQYesa tkrh; iz'u 'kS{kf.kd ifjiz{s ; esa mBk;k x;k gS] og bl ckr dks
dks O;kid lkekftd nk;js esa j[kdj ns[krh gSaA buesa rks fln~èk djrk gh gS fd tkx:d fiQYedkj tkrh;
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dks utj vankt ugha loky dh tfVyrk dks dykRed mRd"kZrk ds lkFk
fd;k x;k gSA ;s fiQYesa lkekftdrk ds lkFk vkfFkZd fn[kkus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ^lej* fiQYe esa 'kgjh
ltxrk vkSj vkèkqfud lksp dks izdV djrh gSAa vkèkqfudrkoknh gksus dk nkok djus okys yksxksa esa Hkh
lkrosa n'kd vkSj mlds ckn ds n'kdksa dh tkfrokn fdl rjg vanj rd cSBk gqvk gS] mldk
fiQYeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls ;g ckr lkiQ mtkxj cgqr gh izHkko'kkyh fp=k.k gqvk gSA ^vkj{k.k* fiQYe
gksrh gS fd lkekftd mRihM+u ds loky ds lkFk pSfjVh ls vkjaHk gksdj pSfjVh ij lekIr gks tkrh gSA
vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds loky dks Hkh lkFk fy;k x;k gSA lkjk thoV] vfèkdkj dh ekax] 'kks"k.k&neu dh O;Fkk
^vadqj* fiQYe esa fuEu tkfr dh L=kh dh vkfFkZd vkSj la?k"kZ ;s lc dqN dsoy ,d jktuSfrd vkSj
ijra=krk dk ykHk mBkdj mldk 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k djus vkfFkZd :i ls lqn`<+ vkSj ,d VªLV dh ekyfdu
okys tehankj ds fo#n~èk fiQYe esa vfHkO;Dr xqLlk efgyk dh {kf.kd mifLFkfr esa [kRe gks tkrk gSA ftl
fdlh fonzkgs esa ifj.kr ugha gksrkA ysfdu ,d NksVs izdkj fuEu tkrh; leqnk; vuqnku vkSj vfèkdkj ds
cPps n~okjk tehankj ds ?kj ij iRFkj isQd a uk ml chp fil jgk gS] mlh rjg fiQYe ds vkjaHk vkSj
Hkfo"; dh rjiQ t:j b'kkjk djrk gS] tc fuEu lekIr ds eè; tkrh; foe'kZ Hkh fildj jg tkrk gSA
tkfr ds yksx bl izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ds fo#n~èk mB [kM+s ;fn dqN cprk gS rks ,d cw<s+ f'k{kd dk tTck] iRuh
gksaxsA êaFku* fiQYe esa lgdkfjrk dk vkanksyu fuEu dk fo'okl] csVh dk izes ] Nk=k dk vius f'k{kd ds
tkrh; lekt esa jktuSfrd tkx:drk dk ekè;e izfr lEeku rFkk vo.kZ vkSj lo.kZ tkfr ds nks
cudj vk;k gSA fuEu tkrh; vkSj xSj fuEu tkrh; laons u'khy ;qokvksa ds chp dh nksLrhA foe'kZ dgha
xjhcksa ds chp 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u ds fo#n~èk jktuSfrd [kks x;k gSA foe'kZ dks] la?k"kZ dks rks VªLV dh ekyfdu
ykecanh lgh jktuSfrd lanHkZ dks Hkh fn[kkrh gSA us viuh mnkjrk vkSj vuqnku ls nck fn;k gSA ;g
ê`x;k* fiQYe esa mRihM+u ds fo#n~èk vkfnoklh fiQYe uo mnkjokn dh >yd fn[kkrh gSA fiQYe ;g
leqnk; ds la?k"kZ dh dFkk dks uk;dRo dh xfjek ds Hkh fn[kkrh gS fd nhid tSls fuEu tkfr okyksa ds ikl
lkFk vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA ^ln~xfr* fiQYe izes pan ,d pht gS tks reke Ny&diV ds ckn Hkh gM+ih
dh blh uke dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA blesa mPp ugha tk ldrh vkSj ftldks Nhuus dh dksf'k'ksa vc

yxkrkj tksjksa ij gSa] og gS& vkRecyA og dgrk Hkh dh dgkuh gSA vij iqfyl vèkh{kd v;ku jatu
gS fd ¶gekjs ikl vkRecy gS ftls dksbZ rkdr (vk;q"eku [kqjkuk) ;gk¡ in&LFkkfir gksrs gSaA flikfg;ksa
dqpy ugha ldrhA¸ vkSj ;g lR; Hkh gS fd thrus esa dksbZ czká.k gS] rks dksbZ vU; fiNM+h tkfr ls gS] rks
ds fy, vkRecy pkfg,A êksgunkl* fiQYe esa tgk¡ dksbZ fuEu tkfr dk gSA lHkh tkfr;ksa esa Hkh Å¡p&uhp
csgrj thou dh vk'kk fy, ,d fuEu tkfr dk ;qod gSA blh tkfrokn ds p'esa ls os Fkkus esa vkus okyh
f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa liQyrk ds >aMs xkM+rk gS og dM+h fjiksVksZ dks roTtks nsrs gSaA xk¡o ls rhu fuEu tkfr dh
esgur ls Kku vkSj fMxzh izkIr djrk gSA i<+kbZ lekIr yM+fd;k¡ xk;c gSAa nks yM+fd;ksa dh yk'k nwljs fnu
djus ds ckn ukSdjh ds fy, ;gk¡&ogk¡ u tkus isM+ ij yVdh feyrh gSAa ,d yM+dh dh ryk'k
dgk¡&dgk¡ pIiy f?klrk gS vkSj vkf[kjdkj tc djrs gq, v;ku dks le> vkrk gS fd fuEu tkfr ds
ukSdjh izkIr gksrh gS rks O;oLFkk dk "kM~;a=k mlls yksxksa ds lkFk vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj vHkh Hkh gks jgk
mldh ukSdjh gh ugha] mldk uke Hkh Nhu ysrk gSA gSA Fkkus esa v;ku ^vkfVZdy 15* dh iQksVks dkWih yxk
eksgunkl dk vafre n`'; bl O;oLFkk dh usduh;rh nsrk gSA blesa vkfFkZd loky ;g mBrk gS fd mudks
ij ,d djkjk O;aX; gS& ¶vki 'kk;n xyr txg vHkh Hkh etnwjh ds iSls c<+kus dh ekax ij mudk
vkbZ gSa] ;gk¡ dksbZ eksgunkl ugha jgrkA¸ es?kuk (ehfM;k 'kks"k.k gksrk gS vkSj ekSr ds eq¡g esa èkdsy fn;k tkrk
dehZ) ds eqg¡ ij HkM+kd ls can gqvk njoktk] ,d gSA blesa jktusrkvksa vkSj iqfylokyksa dk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k
tkfr ds ml vFkd la?k"kZ dh pje ifj.kfr gS ftlesa gqvk gSA
og igys [kksy ls ckgj vkrk gS vkSj fiQj vkf[kjdkj tkrh; ljdkj ds brus tfVy vkSj vrafoZjksèkh
mlh [kksy esa tkus dks etcwj dj fn;k tkrk gSA igyqvksa dks Nwus dk iz;kl bl ckr dk izek.k rks gS
êqDdkckt* fiQYe esa I;kj&eksgCcr ds rM+ds esa gh fd fganh flusek dh izxfr'khy èkkjk tkfrokn dh
eqDdsckth dh ftn vkSj vkt ds lekt dh gdhdr leL;k ds loky dks mruk gh egRo nsrh jgh gS
fn[kkbZ gSA cukjl fuoklh fuEu tkfr dk dksp lat; ftruk fd vU; lkekftd lokyksa dksA bl èkkjk ds
dqekj] Bkdqj tkfr ds Jo.k dqekj flag dks Vªfs uax nsus izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k dsoy bl ckr ls ugha fd;k tk
dk tksf[ke] eqDdsckth la?k ds ekfiQ;k Hkxoku nkl ldrk fd bu fiQYeksa dks fdrus n'kZd feysA buds
feJk ds fojksèk ds ckotwn mBkrk gSA ifj.kker% n'kZd de gks ldrs gSa ysfdu bldk izHkko O;kolkf;d
mldh tcjnLr fiVkbZ gksrh gS vkSj og ges'kk ds flusek dh rqyuk esa dgha T;knk LFkk;h vkSj nh?kZdkyhu
fy, dksek esa pyk tkrk gSA Jo.k dqekj flag] Hkxoku gksrk gSA
nkl feJk dh Hkrhth lquSuk feJk ds lkFk oSokfgd fiQYe lwph
thou bl 'krZ ds lkFk O;rhr djus yxrk gS fd og 1- isaVj] ckcwjko_ ^lkodkjh ik'k*] 1925
Hkfo"; esa fdlh eqDdsckth izfr;ksfxrk esa fgLlk ugha 2- cksl] fufru_ ^paMhnkl*] 1934
ysxkA blh 'krZ ij Hkxokunkl feJk] Jo.k dks ekiQ 3- vkLVsu] Úkat_ ^vNwr dU;k*] 1936
djrk gS vkSj mldks ftank NksMr+ k gSA fiQYe ds vafre 4- fldk] foVksfj;ks fM_ ^fn ckbfldy FkhiQ*]
n`'; esa Jo.k dqekj flag cgqr lEeku ls Hkxoku nkl 1948
feJk ds iSj Nwdj vk'khokZn ysrk gSA ;g lc dqN 5- vjksjk] izdk'k_ ^cwV ikWfy'k*] 1954
vkt ds lekt esa tkrh; Js"Brk dks fn[kkuk gh rks gSA 6- jktdiwj_ ^vc fnYyh nwj ugha*] 1957
^vkfVZdy 15* fiQYe Hkkjr dk lafoèkku] 1950 ds 7- jk;] fcey_ ^lqtkrk*] 1959
vkfVZdy 15 ij vkèkkfjr gSA ftlesa ;g gS fd èkeZ] 8- csusxy] ';ke_ ^vadqj*] 1973
uLy] tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku ;k blesa ls fdlh 9- fugykuh] xksfoan_ ^vkØks'k*] 1980
vkèkkj ij jkT; vius fdlh Hkh ukxfjd ls dksbZ 10- js] lR;thr_ ^ln~xfr*] 1981
HksnHkko ugha djsxkA blesa mRrj izn's k ds yky xk¡o 11- ,Vucjks] fjpMZ_ ^xkaèkh*] 1982

12- >k] izdk'k_ ^nkeqy*] 1984 dk lekt'kkL=k*] xzFa k f'kYih (bafM;k) fnYyh
13- ?kks"k] xkSre_ îkj*] 1984 9- ikyhoky] Ñ".knRr_ (2016)] ^MkW vacsMdj
14- diwj] 'ks[kj_ ^cSafMV Dohu*] 1994 % vLohdkj dk lkgl*] lLrk lkfgR; eaMy]
15- csusxy] ';ke_ ^lej*] 1999 ubZ fnYyh
16- iVsy] tCckj_ ^MkW ckcklkgsc vacMs dj*] 2000 10- iwj.key_ (2012)] ^xkaèkh] vacMs dj ,oa nfyr
17- teky] vuoj_ ^Lojkt % fn fyfVy dY;k.k*] izsepan ckdyhoky] vkfo"dkj
fjifCyd*] 2003 ifCy'klZ] t;iqj
18- dkejku] etgj_ êksgunkl*] 2009 11- cjuoky] vuwi_ (2017)] ^fuekZ.k&iq#"k MkW-
19- tk;loky] latho_ ^'kwnz % fn jkbftax*] 2012 vacMs dj dh lafoèkku ;k=kk*] yksdHkkjrh
20- esgrk] dsru_ êka>h % fn ekmaVsu eSu*] 2013 izdk'ku] bykgkckn
21- frokjh] vf'ouh vÕ;j_ ^fuy cVs lUukVk*] 12- ewu] olar (vuqoknd% ikaM]s iz'kkar)_ (2017)]
2016 ^MkW- ckcklkgsc vacsMdj*] jk"Vªh; iqLrd
22- flUgk] vuqHko_ ^vkfVZdy 15*] 2019 U;kl] ubZ fnYyh
lanHkZ xzzaFk lwph 13- eh.kk] izeksn (laik-)_ (2016)] ^fganh flusek%
1- fd'kksj] iadt _ (2017)] ^MkW- Hkhejko nfyr&vkfnoklh foe'kZ*] le; ds laokn&19]
vacsMdj*] lRlkfgR; izdk'ku] fnYyh vuU; izdk'ku] fnYyh
2- dhj] èkuat; (vuqoknd&lqosZ] xtkuu)_ 14- jt+k] jkgh eklwe (laiknd ,oa ladyu %
(2006)] ^MkW- ckck lkgsc vacsMdj % flag dq¡ojiky)_ (2015)] ^flusek vkSj
thou&pfjr* jkenkl HkVdy] ikWiy q j izdk'ku] laLÑfr*] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
ubZ fnYyh 15- jaxwuokyk] fiQjkst_ (1979)] ^v fiDVksfj;y
3- dqekj] MkW- v#.k_ (2017)] ^';ke csuxs y % fgLVªh vkWiQ bafM;u flusek*] fn gefyu
Hkkjrh; laons ukvksa vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk flusek*] ifCyf'kax xziq fyfeVsM yanu] baXySMa ]
lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj 16- 'kekZ] MkW- jkefoykl_ (2017)] ^xkaèkh]
4- pkSdls] t;izdk'k_ (2010)] ^jktdiwj % vacMs dj] yksfg;k vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh
l`tu izfØ;k*] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh leL;k,¡*] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
5- f=kikBh] lR;nso_ (2013)] ledkyhu fiQYeksa 17- 'kekZ] iadt (laik-)_ (2015)] ^fganh flusek
ds vkbZus esa lekt*] fnYyh dh ;k=kk*] le; ls laokn&5] vuU; izdk'ku]
6- izlkn] deyk] izdk'k Lo;a] 'kekZ] jktsan]z fnYyh
vxzoky] izgykn (laiknd)_ (2009)] ^fganh i=k&if=kdk,¡
flusek % chloha ls bDdhloha lnh rd*] 1- tulRrk] ubZ fnYyh
bykgkckn 2- VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh
7- ikj[k] tojheYy_ (2001)] ^yksdfiz; flusek 3- n fganw] ubZ fnYyh
vkSj lkekftd ;FkkFkZ*] vukfedk ifCy'klZ 4- nSfud HkkLdj] t;iqj
,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyh 5- fganqLrku] ubZ fnYyh
8- ikj[k] tojheYy_ (2006)] ^fganh flusek
& lgk;d vkpk;Z (fganh)] jktdh; okf.kT; egkfon~;ky;] vyoj ('kksèkkFkhZ] jkt ½f"k Hkr`Zgfj eRL;
fo'ofon~;ky;] vyoj)
qqq
fganh flusek ,oa tutkrh; laLÑfr%
fo'ks"k lanHkZ iwoksZRrj Hkkjr
MkW- feyu jkuh tekfr;k
tS lk fd ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd Hkkjrh;

fganh flusek us 1912&13 bZ- ls viuh
;k=kk vkjaHk dh vkSj tu&#fp] ftKklk ,oa le; dh
(2011)] ^pØO;wg* 2012 vkfn ,slh dbZ fiQYesa gSa]
tks fganh flusek dh nqfu;k esa vkfnoklh@tutkrh;
thou dks mdsjrh gaAS vkSifuosf'kd dky esa lkgwdkjh
ekax ds vuqlkj Lo;a dks cnyrs gq, blus ,d ubZ neu dh leL;k dks dsanz cukdj ê`x;k* (1976)
igpku cukbZ gSA bl lqugjs liQj ds izfr izR;sd fiQYe cukbZ tkrh gS rks ^vkØks'k* (1980) esa
Hkkjrh;ksa dk cgqr xgjk vkd"kZ.k jgk gSA dqN fon~okuksa Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; jkT; esa iqfyl iz'kklu
us flusek dks ¶euq"; tkfr dk lcls cM+k lEeksgu Bsdsnkjh ra=k ds uhps filrs tutkrh; thou dh
dsan¸z ekuk rks dqN us bls ¶vius le; ds lekt ds =kklnh fpf=kr djrh gS] blh rjg êSlh lkgc*
ifjorZuksa dk niZ.k¸ dgk gSA ;gk¡ gj ,d n'kd vius (1986) fiQYe gks vkfnoklh lekt dh ^xsuksax izFkk*
lkFk reke ifjorZuksa dks ysdj vkrk gSA vkt ds ij vkèkkfjr gSA
lekt dk js[kkadu ge bl le; dh fiQYeksa esa vPNh tutkrh; thou ds dqN igyqvksa dks fganh
rjg ns[k ldrs gSAa pkgs og èkkfeZd vkMacjksa vkSj flusek us vius <ax ls izLrqr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS]
lkekftd :f<+;ksa ij vkèkkfjr îhds* fi+QYe gks ;k tks fd iz'kaluh; gS] ysfdu loky ;g gS fd fganh
fiQj ^vks,eth&vksg ek; xkWM* gks] pkgs oks fyo&bu flusek ds insZ ij fn[kk;k tkus okyk vkfnoklh@tutkrh;
fjys'kuf'ki ij cuus okyh ^'kqn~èk nslh jksekal* gks ;k ;FkkFkZ vly esa fdruk ;FkkFkZijd gS vkSj fdruh
^dkWdVsy*A fganh flusek us 'kq: ls ysdj vkt rd iQarklh ;k dYiuk vkèkkfjr gS! ,sls esa tutkrh;
vius lekt dh izfrèofu dh Hkwfedk vPNh rjg thou ds okLrfod izLrqfrdj.k dks ysdj eu esa
fuHkkbZ gSA ,slk dksbZ eqnn~ k ugha] foe'kZ ugha ftldh langs mRiUu gksrk gSA tutkrh; thou ds fofHkUu
vkokt fganh flusek us u lquh gks] ;k u mBkbZ gksA igyqvksa ds ckjs esa fuekZrk&funs'Z kd] vfHkusrk vkfn
pkgs og L=kh foe'kZ gks] nfyr foe'kZ gks ;k fiQj dh vufHkKrk blesa cM+h ckèkk ds :i esa lkeus vkrs
vkfnoklh@tutkfr foe'kZA gSa] blfy, tutkfr ds dykdkjksa dk lhèkk gLr{ksi
fganh flusek dks ;fn ge vkfnoklh thou ds bl {ks=k esa egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
lanHkZ esa ns[kas rks ^jkgh* (1952)] ^lxhuk egrks* jgh ckr iwoksZRrj Hkkjr vkèkkfjr fganh fiQYeksa
(1970)] ê`x;k* (1976)] ^vkØks'k* (1980)] ^n dh] ge lc tkurs gSa fd ,d rks bl {ks=k ij
uDlykbV* (1980)] ^rjax* (1984)] êSlh lkgc* vkèkkfjr fiQYesa cgqr de gS]a vxj gaS Hkh rks ;gk¡ dh
(1986)] ^gtkj pkSjklh dh ek¡* (1998)] ^yky tutkfr;ksa ds thou ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa ux.; dgh
lyke* (2002)] ^gtkjksa [okfg'ksa ,slh* (2005)] tk ldrh ga_S tcfd iwoksRZ rj Hkkjr esa flusek vkSj
^pedw* (2008)] ^jsM vyVZ* (2009)] ^jkou* jaxeap dh ,d etcwr ijaijk jgh gSA ftl le; ;gk¡

;kuh vle esa T;ksfr izlkn vxzoky ds funs'Z ku esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa 70 ds n'kd ;kuh lekukarj
igyh fiQYe ^lrh t;erh* cuh] mlds cgqr igys flusek vkSj O;kolkf;d nkSj esa fn[krk gSA
ls ;gk¡ vlfe;k] ckaXyk vkSj ef.kiqjh jaxeap etcwrh iwoksZRrj Hkkjr vkèkkfjr fganh fiQYeksa dk lkj
ls [kM+k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA iwoksZRrj ds flusek vkSj dqN bl izdkj gS] ;Fkk& Hkkjrh; fganh fiQYe dh
dykvksa dks ysdj fo'ks"kKrk j[kus okys izks- vkse nqfu;k esa jktfryd ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^36 ?kaV*s
izdk'k Hkkjrh ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks] ¶iwoksZRrj Hkkjr ds (1974)] ftlesa MSuh nsatqaxik dks vR;ar iQwgM+] xSj
dyk :iksa esa tks f'kYidkjh gS] ØkfÝVax gS] og cgqr ftEesnkj] ;FkkFkZ vkSj vuqHko ls nwj fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
et+crw gSA ;g pht+ mudh jaxeaph; ijaijk vkSj nwljs ^36 ?kaVs* 1950 ds n'kd esa U;w;kWdZ 'kgj esa gqbZ ,d
lapkj vkSj yksd ekè;eksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;gk¡ ds okLrfod thou dh ?kVuk ij vkèkkfjr gkWyhoqM
jaxeap ls flusek dks cM+k ykHk ;g gqvk fd izf'kf{kr fiQYe ^n MsLijsV vkolZ* dk Hkkjrh; laLdj.k FkkA
vfHkusrk fey x,A vxj ge eq[; èkkjk dk flusek Hkwius gtkfjdk ds funs'Z ku esa v#.kkpy izn's k ds
ns[k ys]a rks ikrs gSa fd ,sls vnkdkj gesa dgha ns[kus tu&thou ij vkèkkfjr êsjk èkje esjh ek¡* (1976)
dks ugha feyrs tks iwoksRZ rj Hkkjr dh bu fiQYeksa esa fiQYe bl vFkZ esa egRoiw.kZ ekuh tk ldrh gSA
ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA T+;knk ls T+;knk ogk¡ iQkjlh fiQYe dh dgkuh vktknh ds ckn v#.kkpy izn's k
fFk;sVj dk izHkko ns[kus dks fey jgk Fkk] ysfdu dk jkT; :i esa mn; dSls gqvk\ mlds fodkl dh
iwoksRZ rj ds flusek esa vxj ge igyh fiQYe ^lrh ize[q k leL;k,¡ D;k jgha\ dSls ogk¡ ds f'kf{kr ;qodksa
t;erh* dks gh ns[k ysa rks ikrs gSa fd ml fiQYe dh us vaèkfo'oklks]a :f<+;ksa dk lkeuk dj yksxksa dks lgh
vfHku; 'kSyh esa Hkh fHkUurk,¡ gSaA bldk dkj.k gS fd jkLrk fn[kk;k vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ogk¡ ds yksxksa ds
ogk¡ lkekftd vkSj fHkUu fo"k;ksa ij gksus okys jaxeap ns'k izes vkSj ns'k HkfDr dks] fuekZrk] funsZ'kd us
ls fHkUurkvksa ls Hkjiwj vfHkusrk fey jgs FksA¸ fn[kk;k gSA
(2019 esa vkse izdk'k Hkkjrh n~okjk euh"k dqekj vle dh Økafr ,oa mxzokn dh leL;k ij cuh
tSly dks fn, x, ewy lk{kkRdkj ds laikfnr va'k ^dky laè;k* (1997) Hkh bl dM+h dh egRoiw.kZ
ls) fi+QYe gS] ftlds funsZ'kd HkosanzukFk lSbfd;k gaAS
vk'k; ;g gS fd iwoksZRrj Hkkjr us gh lkiQ&lqFkjh] bldk uk;d ,d f'kf{kr vkSj csjkstxkj ;qod jathr
vPNh vkSj lqy>h gqbZ fiQYesa Hkkjrh; lekt dks gS] tks mxzokn esa 'kkfey gSA l'kL=k fonzkfs g;ksa ds
lkSia h] mnkgj.k ds fy, T;ksfr c#vk ds funs'Z ku esa yf{kr gR;kvksa esa fyIr gksus ds dkj.k og Hkh vuqjkèkk
cuh vle dh igyh fiQYe ^lrh t;erh* (1935) ds ifr dh gR;k esa 'kkfey gSA dqN fnuksa ckn]
dks ns[ksa] tks ukf;dk izèkku fiQYe Fkh] mlesa ukf;dk LFkkuh; dkWyt s ds ,d izkis Qs lj] cuthr nRrk dh Hkh
jktk ds vR;kpkj ds fo#n~èk [kM+h gksrh gSA ogha xksyh ekjdj gR;k dj nh xbZA le; chrus ds
fiQYe ^fi;kyh iQqdu* tks vaxt zs k+ as ds fo#n~èk Fkh] og lkFk&lkFk jathr izksisQlj ds ifjokj ds djhc vkrk
pk; cxkuksa ds et+njw ;k LFkkuh; tutkfr;ksa dks tkrk gS] lPpkbZ tkuus ds ckn mls vius vijkèk ij
laxfBr djds fjoksYV dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA bl iNrkok gksrk gSA bl fi+QYe esa vfèkdrj dykdkj
rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd 'kq#vkr ds fnuksa esa gh ;gk¡ iwoksRZ rj ds gh gSaA
lkekftd O;fDrRoksa dks ysdj dbZ fiQYesa cuh tks 2003 esa vuqjkx cklq ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^lk;k*]
ml lekt ds yksxksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrs fn[krs gSAa ftlesa vkdk'k ^vDdh* (tkWu vczkge) vkSj mudh
vkt+knh ds ckn 1958 esa ,d vkSj fiQYe ^jaxk iRuh ek;k (rkjk 'kekZ) MkWDVj eq[; fdjnkj esa gSaA
iksfyl* curh gS] ftls Ng us'kuy vokMZ fn, x,A tc Hkkjr dh cekZ lhek ij eysfj;k dk geyk gksrk
fud c#ok ds funs'Z ku esa cuh bl fiQYe dks ml nkSj gS] rks vkdk'k dh vLohÑfr ds ckotwn] xHkZorh
dh egRoiw.kZ fiQYeksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA ftlesa ek;k yksxksa dh enn djus ds fy, fudy tkrh gSA
ml nkSj ds djI'ku dk fp=k.k gS] tks fganh ;k vU; vkdk'k dks tYn gh ,d cl nq?kZVuk ls mldh ekSr

dh [kcj feyrh gSA Hkkjh ckfj'k esa cl ikuh esa :id xksxbZ ds funs'Z ku esa 2017 esa ^xSaXl vkWiQ
nq?kZVukxzLr gks tkrh gSA vkdk'k ek;k ds fuèku dks ukFkZ bZLV* uked ,d jksekafVd fiQYe vkbZA fiQYe esa
Lohdkj ugha dj ikrk gS vkSj bl ckjs esa Nkuchu jsorh {ks=kh] ijhfiz;k vgen] foosd cksjk vkSj mn;u
djrk gSA flLVj ekFkkZ uked ,d uu vkSj dqN nqokjk izeq[k Hkwfedkvksa esa gSA fiQYe dh dgkuh
lqjkxksa dh enn ls] vkdk'k lhek ij igqp ¡ rk gSA bl f'kykax dh èkjrh esa ,d fd'kksj yM+dh ekxzVZs vkSj
rjg bl fi+QYe esa iwoksRZ rj dh fLFkfr;k¡ n'kkZbZ xbZ gSaA mldh flaxy enj jksth ds thou ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh
2005 esa ef.k'kadj ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^VSxa ks gSA ftlesa ekxzVs dk mldh flaxy enj n~okjk LoLFk
pkyhZ* fganh Hkk"kk esa cuh] ;qnè~ k vkèkkfjr fi+QYe gSA ekgkSy esa ikyu&iks"k.k fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ysfdu vkjke
bl fi+QYe dk lkj r#.k pkSgku uked vn~èkZlfS ud ls ds thou ds ckotwn] og vkRefuHkZj gksus dk iSQlyk
Hkkjrh; lhek lqj{kk cy esa crkSj uo fu;qDr flikgh djrh gS vkSj V~;w'ku i<+kuk 'kq: dj nsrh gSA og
ds rFkkdfFkr ;qnè~ k esa dBksj vuqHkoksa ij dsfa nzr gSA vius thou esa ,d [kq'kgky ifjos'k esa gS ij ,d
fi+QYe esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd lPps flikgh tUe yacs le; rd fNik gqvk vkSj Hkwyk gqvk jgL; mlds
ugha ysr]s cl cu tkrs gSAa psgjs ij lkiQ >ydrk gS] tks mldh ek¡ jksth ds
2014 esa meax dqekj dh êSjh dkWe* fiQYe thou esa n~oan~o cudj lkeus vkrk gS fd og bl
ef.kiqj dh eSjh dkWe dh dgkuh gSA os Hkkjr ds ml dM+oh lPpkbZ dks ckgj vkus nsa ;k ughaA blds
fgLls dh jgus okyh gS]a tgk¡ vktknh ds o"kks± ckn Hkh vfrfjDr fiQYe esa iwoksRZ rj dh [kklrkSj ij ef.kiqj]
ogk¡ ds yksxksa dks crkuk iM+rk gS fd os Hkkjrh; gSaA vle vkfn dh leL;kvksa dks Hkh vkaf'kd :i ls
eSjh dkWe us ,d ,slk [ksy pquk ftlesa iq#"kksa dk fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ncnck gSA Hkkjr esa ckWfDlax esa efgyk f[kykM+h <w<¡ s fudksyl [kkjdaxksj dh ^,Dlksu* (2019) Hkh
ugha feyrhA eSjh dkWe ds ifjokj dh vkfFkZd gkyr iwoksZRrj vkèkkfjr ,d egRoiw.kZ fiQYe dgh tk ldrh
,slh ugha Fkh fd mUgsa reke lqfoèkk,¡ feyrhA eSjh ds gSA mPp f'k{kk ds fy, fnYyh esa vk, iwoksRZ rj ds
firk bl [ksy ds f[kykiQ FksA Hkkjrh; [ksyksa esa O;kIr Nk=k 'kknh dh ikVhZ vk;ksftr djus ds vius iz;kl esa
Hkz"Vkpkj ls rks lHkh ifjfpr gSaA eSjh dkWe dks Hkh mUgsa irk pyrk gS fd lc dqN ;kstuk ds vuqlkj
vius Lrj ij blls yM+uk iM+kA isQMjs'ku eqDdscktksa ugha gqvk gSA fiQYe esa desMh Mªkek ds lkFk iwoksZRrj
dks MkbV esa ,d dsyk vkSj pk; nsrk gSA eSjh viuh ds fo'ks"k [kkn~; inkFkZ ftls ukxkySaM dh izk;% lHkh
igyh iQkbV Hkw[ks isV yM+rh gSA mudk dksp iwNrk gS tutkfr;ksa ;Fkk lweh] jsxa ek] Nkdslkax vkfn ,oa ef.kiqj
fd D;k og yM+ ysxh rks og dgrh gS fd lj] [kq'kh dh tutkfr;ksa vkSj eSrsbZ tkfr n~okjk ^v[kquh* dks
ls gh isV Hkj x;kA reke ckèkkvksa dks ikj djrs gq, es?kky; esa [kklh tutkfr n~okjk ^r#eckbZ* dgk tkrk
eSjh us fo'o pSfEi;u dk f[krkc ,d&nks ckj ugha gS] mldh xaèk dks ysdj fiQYe esa dkiQh coky
cfYd iwjs ik¡p ckj vius uke fd;kA eSjh dh dgkuh fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
lHkh dks izsfjr djrh gSA iwoksZRrj Hkkjr us fganh vkSj ckaXyk fiQYeksa ds
vfu#n~èk jkW; pkSèkjh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^fiad* fo[;kr laxhrdkj vkSj xk;d lfpu nso ceZu] djksMk+ as
(2016) dks O;kid vkykspuk feyh vkSj vU; yksxksa ds fny ij jkt djus okys iape nk ;kuh vkj-
lkekftd eqnn~ ksa ij loZJ"s B fiQYe ds fy, jk"Vªh; Mh- ceZu] ftUgas fo'o ds loZJ"s B laxhrdkjksa esa ls
iqjLdkj Hkh feyk ij fiQYe esa ,afMª;k rkfj;kax uked ,d ekuk tkrk gS] laxhrdkj [kxsl nso ceZu tSls
fdjnkj ewd ;k dkB dh rjg iwoksRZ rj dh tutkfr O;fDrRo ckWyhoqM dks fn,A
efgyk dks fjizt s Vas djrh gS] blds ckotwn pwf¡ d og T;ksfr izlkn] iQuh Hkw"k.k] Hkwius gtkfjdk] :id
iwoksZRrj dh gS blfy, ml ij dbZ rjg ds vkjksi xksxbZ vkfn tSls fiQYe&fuekZrk vkSj funsZ'kd Hkh fn,]
yxk, tkrs gaSA ftUgksua s iwoksZRrj esa vlfe;k fiQYeksa dh vfLerk vkSj

Lora=krk j[krs gq,] mls fof'k"V igpku fnykbZ vkSj [kkn~; lkexzh Hkh vyx gksrs gSaA lgh gS fd Hkkjrh;
'ks"k Hkkjr ds flusek tks jktuSfrd] lkekftd ;k fiQYeksa esa Hkh tutkfr;ksa ds thou dks n'kkZ;k x;k]
ledkyhu eqnn~ s ij cus] mlesa Hkh viuk ;ksxnku ysfdu dqNd s fi+QYeksa vkSj MkWD;weVas hª dks NksM+ nsa rks
fn;kA ckotwn blds fdlh ,sfrgkfld rF; dks ysdj tutkfr;ksa ds ;FkkFkZ thou] muds jgu&lgu] igukos]
iwoksZRrj Hkkjr esa vc rd dksbZ egRoiw.kZ fganh fiQYe rht&R;ksgkj dks 'kk;n gh fiQYeksa esa txg nh xbZ
ugha cuh gS vkSj u gh ;gk¡ ds tutkrh; lekt dh gksxhA budks izk;% iRrksa dh iks'kkdsa igus] ^>haxk&yk&yk
lPpkbZ dks fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA gqj]Z gqj*Z djrs gq, taxyksa esa Hkkyk&cjNk ysdj nkSMr+ s
;g lR; gS fd tutkfr; {ks=k] LFkku] Hkk"kk] gq,] vkthcks&a xjhc gkoHkko djrs gq, gh fn[kk;k tkrk
cksyh] izFkk&ijaijk] jhfr&fjokt vkfn dh tkudkjh jgk gSA gkykafd tutkfr;k¡ vHkko esa jgrs gSa ysfdu
bdV~Bh djuk vkSj muds nq[k&leL;k,¡ vkSj oLrqfLFkfr gj ekSdksa dks fny ls thuk tkurs gSa] ,sls esa cM+s inksZ
ls Lo;a dks tksM +u k u fliZQ funsZ 'kd cfYd ij mUgsa nhu&ghu] eSp&s dqpyksa ifjèkkuksa esa fn[kkuk
uk;d&ukf;dkvksa ds fy, Hkh ,d pqukSrh gSA bu rF;ksa dgk¡ rd U;k; laxr gS!
dk ckjhdh ls vè;;u djus dh t:jr gS] rHkh iwoksZRrj dh tutkfr;k¡ vius lekt] laLÑfr
budh okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa dks insZ ij xaHkhjrk ls vkSj ijaijk ds izfr ltx gS]a bUgsa laLÑfr vkSj ijaijk
fiQYek;k tk ldrk gSA ls dVh gqbZ phtsa l[r ukilan gS]a blfy, ;gk¡ dh
vkt fiQYeksa ds lkFk ,d cM+h leL;k gS] og tutkfr;ksa dks] mudh laLÑfr vkSj ewY;ksa dks fiQYe
gS&n'kZd oxZA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ;fn ckr djsa rks ds insZ ij mrkjus ls igys lgh iM+rky dh tkus dh
eè;oxZ gh lcls vfèkd fiQYesa ns[krk gS vkSj muls vko';drk gSA buds izfr iwokZxgz ls dke ysxa s rks
izHkkfor Hkh gksrk gSA muds fiQYe ns[kus dk mn~ns'; oLrqfLFkfr lkeus ugha vk ik,xh vkSj fiQj muds
dsoy euksjt a u gksrk gSA ,sls esa fdlh fiQYe ls dksbZ thou vkSj lekt dks lgh <ax ls vuqHkwr u dj ikus
f'k{kk ;k izjs .kk fey tk, rks fdLer dh gh ckr gks ds dkj.k bl fo"k; esa LokuqHkwfr vkSj ijkuqHkwfr dk
ldrh gSA fookn mBrk jgsxkA
tutkfr;ksa ij vkèkkfjr tks FkksMh+ lh fiQYesa orZeku esa iwoksZRrj Hkkjr ds yksx [kklrkSj ij
cuh] mUgsa le>us ds fy, n'kZd mruk rS;kj ugha gS] fganh fiQYe ds gj n`'; dks ;FkkFkZ ls tqMk+ gqvk
D;ksafd og mudh fLFkfr vkSj ijaijkvksa ls ifjfpr ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] vxj muds thou ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe
ugha gksrk] og fiQYe ns[kdj Hkys gh laosnuk ls Hkj gks rks mlesa fn[kk, tkus okys izR;sd n`'; pkgs xk¡o
tk,] lgkuqHkwfr j[ks ij [kqn dks muls tksM+ ugha ikrk gks ;k uxj] unh gks ;k igkM+] iwtk&in~èkfr] rht&R;ksgkj]
gSA dksbZ Økafr gks ;k vkanksyu vkfn eas furkar ;FkkFkZ gksA
eSa tksj nsdj dguk pkgrh gw¡ fd iwoksRZ rj ds ;gk¡ dk lekt ia[k yxkdj vkleku esa mM+ku ugha
yksx dyk vkSj izÑfr izes h gSAa ;gk¡ ds tutkrh; Hkjrk gS] cfYd ;FkkFkZ dh rdZ'khy vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ
lekt dk viuk èkeZ gSA ;s izÑfr iwtd gSa vkSj tehu ij jgrk gSA mls viuh lPph nqfu;k dk
taxy] igkM+] ufn;ksa ,oa lw;Z dh vkjkèkuk djrs gSAa vkHkkl fganh fiQYeksa esa pkfg,] ;g dksbZ vfoosdiw.kZ
buds vius&vius ikjaifjd ifjèkku gSa tks T;knkrj vkSj gokbZ ekax rks ugha!
izÑfr ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA budk jgu&lgu] cksypky ,ao
& lgk;d izkè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] f=kiqjk fo'ofon~;ky;] vxjryk

qqq

cny jgk gS fganh flusek
M‚- lquhy dqekj frokjh
Hkk jrh; miegkn~ohi esa flusek us vius o;l

ds lkS o"kZ iwjs dj fy, gSAa igyh fganLq rkuh
fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* dk fuekZ.k 1931 esa gqvk Fkk
og vkèkqfudre l'kDr ekè;e gS] tks vius n'kZdksa
dks fdlh [kkl dFkk ls iwjh rjg tksM+ ysrk gS vkSj
euksjta u djrs gq, n'kZdkas ds ân; esa xgjs mrj tkus
vkSj bls chrs gq, 89 o"kZ gks pqds gSAa bl yach vofèk dh vHkwriwoZ {kerk j[krk gSA ns'kdky] lekt] ifjos'k]
esa fganh flusek dk ifjn`'; yxkrkj cnyrk jgk gSA lH;rkewyd foe'kZ] lkekftd lajpuk,¡ ,ao fofoèk
dgkuh] uk;d&ukf;dk] xhr&laxhr] laokn vnk;xh] leL;k,¡] flusek dk lacèa k bu lcls lhèkk tk tqMr+ k
eSustesaV ,tsafl;k¡] laxfBr çksMD'ku gkml] rduhd gSA bl rjg euq"; dh dykRedrk vkSj mldh psruk
l{kerk] eYVhIysDlksa dh c<+rh la[;k && flusek ds ls mn~?kkfVr ,d rduhd&laiUu foèkk gS flusek]
gj {ks=k esa vkt cnyko dh lq[kn c;kj mifLFkr gSA ftldh lexzrk vkSj laiw.kZ çHkko vlafnXèk gSA
vkt fganh flusek egt vkg~yknijd vk[;ku ugha] ;n~;fi ç[;kr fiQYedkj ½fRod ?kVd ;g
ljksdkj èkeZ ifjorZu dk Økafrdkjh vkg~oku Hkh gSA ekurs gSa fd ¶fiQYe dks vU; dykvksa dk lqèkjk gqvk
,d vksj og dyk Hkh gS] nwljh vksj foKku HkhA :i dgdj 'ks[kh c?kkjuk xyr gSA dksbZ Hkh dyk
lkfgR; dh Hkk¡fr vkt flusek Hkh lekt dk niZ.k gSA vU; dykvksa dk lqèkjk gqvk :i gksus dk nkok ugha
og euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd nkf;Ro dk Hkh dj ldrhA bl fo'o esa gj dyk dk viuk&vyx
fuoZgu gSA vkt og ,d lkFk O;kolkf;d vkSj LFkku gSA mudh vfHkO;fDr ds rkSj&rjhds vkSj lhek,¡
lekarj èkkjk dk lq[kn lqesy gSA mldh utj lpeqp fHkUu gSaA fiQYe tks dg ldrh gS] og vU; dyk
dekbZ ds lkFk&lkFk cM+kbZ ij Hkh tk fVdh gSA bl foèkkvksa dh ifjfèk ls ckgj gSA blh çdkj] vU;
rjg] ,d cM+s dky[kaM esa iQSys fganh flusek ds dykvksa esa tks lkeF;Z gS] og fiQYe eas ugha gks
dSuokl ij Hkkjr ds cnyko dh rLohj le;≤ ldrh] vr% budh rqyuk ;k çfr;ksfxrk dk ç'u gh
ij fn[krh jgh gS vkSj bl iwjh çfØ;k esa cgqr dqN ugha mBuk pkfg,A fiQYe ,d i`Fkd~ Hkk"kk gS ;gh
tqM+rk vkSj NwVrk Hkh jgk gSA i;kZIr gSA¸
flusek fp=kdyk] laxhr] lkfgR; vkSj ukV~;& cgqfoJqr ltZd tSusaæ ^fiQYe dh lkoZtuhu
dykvksa dh rjg gh ,d mRÑ"V dyk :i gS] tks laHkkouk,¡* 'kh"kZd ys[k esa fy[krs gSa fd ¶flusek dh
çkSn~;ksfxdh vkSj lkSan;Z&n`f"V ds vU;ksU; fØ;k ls Hkk"kk :i dh Hkk"kk gS] blfy, bldk çHkko O;kid
ifj?kfVr gksrk gSA ;n~;fi mi;qZDr dykvksa ds l`tu vkSj rkRdkfyd gSA Hkk"kkvksa esa Hksn gS] ij Hkko vkSj
vkSj çLrqfr esa çR;{kr% de èku [kpZ gksrk gS] ogha :i dh vihy ,d gSA bl rjg flusek esa laHkkouk,¡
fiQYe fuekZ.k cgqO;;lkè; dk;Z gSA flusek dyk dk tcjnLr gSaA¸

lpeqp ;FkkFkZ dks lsY;wykbM ij mrkjus dh ges'kk egRoghu ekuk vkSj funsZ'kd dh Ñfr ds :i
çfØ;k esa flusek dbZ rjg ds u, ;FkkFkks± dks jprk Hkh esa viuh Js"Brk dks LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dhA
gSA ysfdu ckWyhoqM ds flusek dh iM+rky djsa vkSj iQyr% çfrfØ;k esa ;g dgk tkrk jgk gS fd flusek
;FkkFkZ ls mlds fj'rs dh [kkst djsa rks [kklh eqf'dy dk funs'Z kd lkfgR;dkj dh ewy Hkkouk] laosnuk]
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA fganh flusek ds lekukarj ladrs ] lw{erk vkSj euksn'kk dks ugha idM+ ldrkA
[kM+s dyk&fiQYe&vkanksyu dks gVk nsa rks Hkkjrh; l`tukRedrk ds lkFk U;k; mlds cl dh ckr ughaA
thou vkSj mlds ;FkkFkZ ls flusek dk lacaèk vViVk fiQYedkj ekSfydrk ds vHkko dk ekjk gksrk gS vkSj
lk fn[krk gSA Hkkjrh; yksdfç; flusek] pedhys vkSj dksbZ Hkh fiQYe iwjh rjg fopkj dks :ikarfjr ;k
lR; çrhr gksus okys vlR; liuksa dks e[keyh lst vuwfnr ugha dj ldrhA tkWtZ CywLVksu fy[krs gSa fd
ij fn[kkrk jgk gSA nyhy ogh gS fd n'kZd tks ns[kuk ¶miU;kl ds fo'ks"k l`tukRed {k.kksa dks fdlh Hkh
pkgrk gS] mls gh ge fn[kkrs gSaA njvly lkekftd& vU; ekè;e ls çdV ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA¸
lkef;d vkSj çklafxd fiQYe] ckWDl vkWfiQl dh vkt Hkh fganh flusek vkSj lkfgR; dk lacaèk
'krks± ds vuqdwy ugha iM+rh] ij lp ;g Hkh gS fd ruko dk laacèa k cuk gqvk gS vkSj ;g loky gj
tks fiQYesas ckWDl vkWfiQl dh ijokg ugha djrha] muds lkfgR; vkSj flus çsfe;ksa dks lkspus ij etcwj djrk
dkj.k gh fganh flusek dh ,d egr~ Lrjh;rk cuh gS gS fd çsepan] ve`ryky ukxj] Hkxorh pj.k oekZ]
vkSj fo'o flusek ds ifjn`'; esa mls FkksMh+ &cgqr oa`nkou yky oekZ] misaæukFk v'd vkfn vusd
ljkguk çkIr gqbZ gSA lkfgR;dkj flusek ds O;olk; esa D;ksa ugha fVd
flusek vkSj ltZukRedrk dk lacaèk utnhd dk ik,\ mUgsa D;ksa ykSVuk iM+k\ ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk esa
jgk gSA ç[;kr fiQYedkj baxekj cxZeuS ds vuqlkj] Js"B Ñfr;ksa ij vlkèkkj.k fiQYesa cuh gSa] ij vfèkdka'k
flusek lkfgR; dk gh rduhdh miyfCèk;kas ls la;Dq r fganh fiQYeas lkfgR; dh ewy laosnuk dks idM+us vkSj
,d iQkeZ gSA ij lPpkbZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa lkfgR; O;Dr djus esa D;ksa foiQy jgha\
vkSj flusek dk lacèa k ges'kk gh fooknkLin vkSj oLrqr% fganh fiQYeksa dh laLÑfr dh tM+as viuh
vkjksi&çR;kjksi ds vknku&çnku okyk jgkA dqN yksx feV~Vh esa ugha gS vkSj jk"Vªh;&varjjk"Vªh; igpku ds
lkfgR; dks Js"B] mnkRr vkSj 'kk'or ekurs gS]a tcfd O;keksg ds lkFk cktkj dk ncko mUgsa bèkj&mèkj
dqN yksx flusek dks lkaLÑfrd Js"Brk dk lagkjd HkVdkus esa l{ke gks tkrk gSA vkt rduhd] Lis'ky
?kksf"kr djrs gSaA oftZfu;k oqYiQ us rks lkfgR; vkSj biQsDV~l] èofu vkSj çdk'k ds mUur ;a=kksa ds lgkjs
flusek ds varl±cèa k dks nksuksa ekè;eksa ds fy, vfgrdj flusek n'kZuh; gqvk gS vkSj dF; ds foLrkj us mls
vkSj vLokHkkfod crk;kA nwljh vkSj tkWtZ cukZMZ 'kkW us fo'ks"k etcwrh nh gS] ij flusek dh fo'oluh;rk esa
flusek dks uSfrdrk ls tksMr+ s gq, dgk fd flusek jRrh Hkj dh c<+ksRrjh ugha fn[krhA oLrqr% vkt ds
n~okjk nhf{kr uSfrdrk dk ç'u vlkèkkj.k egRo dk papy cktkjoknh nkSj esa fiQYesa çcaèku gSAa iQyr%
gSA flusek ns'k ds fnekx dks vkdkj nsxkA ns'k dh vkt dkjiksjVs lsDVj gh ugha] vejhdk flusek ds
psruk] ns'k ds vkn'kZ vkSj vkpj.k dh dlkSVh ogh dkjksckjh Hkh fganh flusek ds cktkj esa gSAa
gksxh] tks flusek dh gksxhA flusek dh liQyrk vkSj yksdfç;rk dks ckWDl
lp gS fd dbZ ckj lkfgR; dks fiQYe ekè;e vkWfiQl dh dekbZ ls tksMd + j ns[kk tkus yxk gSA
us thoar] çk.koku] ikWiy q j vkSj uO; :i esa çLrqr dj vkSlr] fgV] lqijfgV] Iyl] ÝykWi] ywftax && flusek
mldh egRrk vkSj xzkárk dk foLrkj fd;k rFkk dkjksckj ds fglkc ls ;s 'kCn vc ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa
vkerkSj ij ftldh dYiuk ekSfyd jpukdkj ugha dk ntkZ ik x, gSaA vkSlr dk eryc gS] ykxr
dj ikrk] mls Hkh ijns ij thoar dj fn;kA nwljh fudky ysukA fgV dk rkRi;Z gS] tks ykxr nksxquh dj
vksj fiQYe ekè;eksa us lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dks nsA lqijfgV dk vFkZ gS] pkSxuq h ds vykok ipkl

çfr'kr dh c<+kRs rjh gksukA Iyl dk vfHkçk; gS] tk ldrk gS] D;ksfa d flusek ges'kk ls vke yksxksa ds
ykxr olwyh ds Åij equkiQk dekukA ÝykWi ;kuh thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj ns'k ds jktuSfrd Lo:i
ykxr esa vkèks dk uqdlku vkSj ywftax vFkkZr~ ykxr ds lkFk tqMk+ gqvk gSA eryc ;g gS fd yksdfç;
esa Hkh vkèks ls vfèkd iwt a h dh gkfuA flusek ml le; Lor% cny tk,xk tc vke yksxksa
fganh flusek esa lkS djksMh+ dk bLrseky 'kk;n ds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj jktuSfrd Lo:i cny
lu~ 2012 esa gh 'kq: gks x;k FkkA blh rtZ ij vc tk,¡xAs cz[s r dh lksp dk vlj pkgs fdlh Hkh ns'k ds
dekbZ dh vk¡dM+cs kth us yksdfç; flusek ds u, flusek ij iM+k gks] ij lp ;g gS fd bldk vlj
ekud x<+s gSaA rktk iSekuk rhu lkS djksM+ okyk gSA Hkkjrh; flusek ij drbZ ugha iM+kA ftl fFk;sVj eas
igys flYoj vkSj xksYMu tqcyh ds iSekus pyk djrs ve`rk çhre dh dFkk ij vkèkkfjr ^fiatj* ,d
FksA tks fiQYe 25&50 lIrkg rd pyk djrh Fkh] mls lIrkg gh py ikrh gS] mlh fFk;sVj esa ^dy gks u
gh liQy ekuk tkrk Fkk] tcfd vkt igys fnu ds gks* Ng lIrkg dk gkmliQqy fctusl djrh gSA
fctusl dks çHkkoh ekudj djksMk+ sa dk fglkc&fdrkc flusek vke vkneh ds fy, euksjatu dk lcls lLrk
yxkus dk pyu gSA lkèku jgk gS] tcfd eYVhIysDl ds fVdV vkt
flusek ds lkFk çfrcn~èkrk vc cgqr egRoiw.kZ dkiQh eg¡xs gks x, gSa vkSj ikWidkuZ dh dher] ykxr
ugha jghA tcfd Hkkjrsna q fy[k jgs Fks] rc ikjlh ls nl&chl xquh nsuh iM+rh gSA loky ;g gS fd
fFk;sVj dk cksyckyk Fkk] ij èkkjk ds fo#n~èk rSjrs gq, n'kZd&euksfoKku dks le>s fcuk n'kZdksa dh ekax dh
mUgksua s ukVd dh lksnn~ 's ;rk dks lkdkj fd;kA çsepan nqgkbZ nsdj ik'pkR; laLÑfr vkSj miHkksDrkokn dh
ds le; fryLeh vkSj ,sÕ;kjh miU;klksa dh tcjnLr f?klh&fiVh Nfo;ksa dks turk ds eu&efLr"d esa
ekax Fkh] ij çsepan us cktkj dh ijokg u dj lekt fcBkus dk [ksy] irk ugha fganh flusek dc rd
dks mn~nkRr ewY;ksa ls tksMd + j leL;kvksa ij m¡xyh [ksyxs k\
j[kus dk ekn~nk fn[kk;kA cgqèkk gekjs vfèkdka'k fiQYedkj flusek dk çHkko {ks=k lkfgR; dh vis{kk cgqr
;g lkgl ugha dj ikrsA ckWDl vkWfiQl mudk ,dek=k O;kid gSA çfln~èk fpard gScjekl lgh dgrs gSa fd
y{; cu tkrk gS] iQyr% dbZ egRoiw.kZ dFkk,¡ ijns flusek ds vkfo"dkj us lekt esa [kkl rjg dk
ij ifj?kfVr ugha gks ikrha vkSj lekt ds fn'kk&funs'Z k îfCyd LiQh;j* cuk;k gSA dYiuk dks çR;{k fn[kkus
ds egRoiw.kZ volj vDlj muds gkFk ls fiQly dh flusek dh çfØ;k Hkys gh vkHkklh gks] ij bldk
tkrs gaSA os [kqn dks nksgjko dk vklku f'kdkj cukrs çHkko çR;{k tSlk gh gSA bl ekè;e ds çHkko ds ckjs
jgrs gSa vkSj f?klh&fiVh dgkuh esa vViVkiu ;k esa euksoKS kfud vkSj U;wjksoSKkfud 'kksèkjr gS]a ij fcuk
vkbVe lkax tksMd + j iwt a h dk [ksy [ksyus dk liuk 'kksèk ds Hkh bl ckr ls dksbZ badkj ugha dj ldrk fd
ikyrs jgrs gSAa dbZ ckj muds gkFk rqDdk yx tkrk gS flusek fny vkSj fnekx nksuksa dks >ad>ksj nsus okyk
rks liQyrk ds iQkewZys ds :i esa blh çes; dks loZleFkZ ,oa lokZfèkd yksdfç; tuekè;e gSA ;g
ckj&ckj nksgjkus dh nqgkbZ nh tkus yxrh gSA ek=k i<+s&fy[ks] le>nkj] lk{kj yksxksa dk gh ekè;e
njvly] flusek ds l`tukRed vkSj O;kolkf;d ugha gSA ;g ,d lkFk Åij ls uhps rd lcdks
lalkj ds ik¡p LraHk gSa uk;d] funsZ'kd] fuekZrk] laçfs "kr djus dk lkeF;Z j[krk gSA fu'p; gh def'kZ;y
forjd vkSj n'kZdA flusek Hkys gh funsZ'kd dk ckWyhoqM fiQYeksa dh rduhd igys dh rqyuk esa
ekè;e dgk tkrk gks ij bu lcds chp vxj lary q u dq'ky] dYiuk'khy vkSj pednkj gqbZ gSA ,d ls ,d
ugha gksxk rks dksbZ peRdkj gh flusek dks pyk ik,xkA Js"B funs'Z kd] çfrHkkoku vkSj dq'ky vfHkusrk] cstksM+
cz[s r ;g ekurs Fks fd yksdfç; flusek dks vke yksxksa ys[kd] dq'ky rduhf'k;u vkSj le>nkj rFkk ljksdkj
dks lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa ls :c: ns[kuk laiUu fuekZrkvksa dh cM+h iQkSt vkt fganh flusek dh
vR;ar vko';d gSA vke yksxksa ds tuthou eas rkdr cu x, gSAa
ifjorZu ykdj gh yksdfç; flusek esa ifjorZu yk;k

fganh flusek ds yacs liQj esa vkbZ ,djlrk dh fd ftl rjg ge T;knk fiQYesa cukus ds fy,
Fkdku bèkj VwVh gS vkSj liQyrk ds r;'kqnk iQkewZys fo'oHkj esa e'kgwj gS]a oSls gh csgrjhu fiQYeksa ds
cny x, gSAa vc vkbVe lkax fgV gksus dh xkjaVh fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkh tkus tk,¡xAs
ugha nsrsA dgkuh dh vgfe;r cM+h gSA iQyr% flusek lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
dh dgkuh vc ,d lhèk esa ugha pyrhA ?kqeko] eksM]+ 1- jtk jkgh eklwe] flusek vkSj laLÑfr] ok.kh
jgL; ;k çfr'kksèk dh ljy] ifjfpr vkSj isp jfgr çdk'ku] 2003] fnYyh
dgkfu;k¡ vc vfuok;Zr% ugha nksgjkbZ tkrhaA gfM~M;k¡ 2- ikj[k tojheYy] fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k]
fgyk nsus okys iap] jksxa Vs [kM+s dj nsus okys laokn xzaFk f'kYih] 2006] fnYyh
vc chrs fnuksa dh ckr gSA vc gkL;] lLisl a ] fFkzyj] 3- js lR;thr] fo"k; % pyfp=k] js e kèko
çsjd O;fDrRo ls tqMs+ fo"k; vkSj lanHkZ fiQYeksa ds ifCyds'kal uks,Mk] 2007] m- ç-
dF; dks fofoèkrk ls tksM+ jgs gSAa vc uk;d ls LVkj 4- dqekj gjh'k] flusek vkSj lkfgR;] lat; çdk'ku]
cuus ds fy, cgqr yack liQj r; ugha djuk iM+rkA 1998] fnYyh
ukf;dk,¡ Hkh vc vius cy ij etcwrh ls [kM+h gSAa 5- Hkkjn~okt fouksn] flusek % dy&vkt&dy]
mudh 'kSyh] igukok vkSj lathnxh iqjkuh ukf;dkvksa ok.kh çdk'ku] 2006] fnYyh
dh rqyuk esa fcYdqy cny xbZ gSA fganh flusek esa 6- jaxuw okyk fiQjkst] Hkkjrh; pyfp=k dk bfrgkl]
vc ;g fo'okl n`<+ gqvk gS fd yksdy ds lkFk Hkh jktiky ,aM lal] 1975] fnYyh
Xykscy gksuk eqefdu gS vkSj blh vkRe&fo'okl ds 7- czge~ kRet vt;] flusek ledkyhu flusek]
lkFk fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa cfy±u varjjk"Vªh; egksRlo ok.kh çdk'ku] 2006] fnYyh
ls ysdj dku] xksYMu Xyksc vkSj vdkneh vokWMZ 8- frokjh çnhi] flusek ds f'k[kj] laokn çdk'ku]
tSls fiQYeksa ds egr~ fBdkuksa ij fganh flusek us u 2006] esjB
dsoy viuh Nki NksMh+ gS] cfYd oSf'od Lrj ij 9- teky vuoj] pVthZ lScy] gkWyhoqM ckWyhoqM]
viuk ,d Bksl cktkj Hkh cuk fy;k gSA dqy feykdj] ok.kh çdk'ku] 2006] fnYyh
cnyko dh bu c;kjksa ds lkFk ;g mEehn txrh gS
µ vflLVsVa çksiQslj] fganh foHkkx] 'kghn Hkxr flag dkWyt

s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] ubZ fnYyh&110017
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fganh flusek dk cnyrk VªsaM
M‚- vkyksd jatu ikaMs;
igqp
fl usek tulapkj ds çHkko'kkyh o egRoiw.kZ
lkèkuksa esa ls ,d gSA 'kq: ls gh bldh
¡ tu lkekU; rd jgh gSA bldk çHkko tu
egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu euksjatu ds {ks=k esa Hkh gqvkA
7 tqykbZ 1896 bZ- dks tc ywfe,j HkkbZ; ksa dh
fluseSVksxzkiQh us igyh ckj Ng vkoktghu y?kq fiQYeksa
lkekU; ij 'kq: ls gh jgk gS tks vkt Hkh fon~;eku dk çn'kZu eqca bZ ds okVlu gksVy esa fd;k rks fdlh
gSA blds çHkko ls lekt çsfjr Hkh gksrk gSA flusek us lkspk Hkh ugha Fkk fd ;g çn'kZu Hkkjrh; euksjatu
vkSj lekt ,d nwljs ds lkeus Hkh fn[krs gSa vkSj esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxk] ftldks ns[kdj
lekukarj HkhA ,d vksj ;fn flusek ds ekè;e ls dbZ vkSj iRFkj rS;kj gks tk,¡xsA blh ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr
lkekftd ifjorZuksa dk y{; fd;k tkrk gS rks nwljh esa igyh ckj fdlh Hkkjrh; ^gfj'paæ HkVokMsdj* us
vksj lkekftd cnykoksa dks y{; djus dh laHkkouk lsY;wykbM dSejs dk ç;ksx dj nks y?kq fiQYeksa dks
flusek esa mruh gh curh gSA cqfu;knh :i esa lkjh 'kwV dj mUgsa çnf'kZr fd;kA blh ls Hkkjr esa èkqMa hjkt
nqfu;k esa vkt flusek lekt ds euksjt a u dk ,d xksfoan iQkYds dh 1913 esa pyrh&fiQjrh fiQYeksa dh
O;kid ekè;e gS] blfy, tkfgj gS fd fdlh Hkh :i 'kq#vkr gqbAZ Hkkjr esa flusek dh 'kq#vkr nknk lkgsc
esa os ,d nwljs ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg ldrsA iQkYds dh fiQYe ^jktk gfj'paæ* ls gqbAZ ;g çFke
tSls&tSls lekt dk ^VªsaM* cnyrk tkrk gS oSls&oSls Hkkjrh; fiQYe èofu jfgr Fkh vkSj blh fiQYe ds
fiQYeksa dk Hkh ^VªMas * cnyrk gSA ;gk¡ ^VªMas * 'kCn dks fuekZ.k Lo:i nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks Hkkjrh; flusek
bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa fd tc ,d gh dk firkeg Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bl fiQYe ds vfrfjDr
rjhds dh fiQYesa curh gSa ;k ,d gh fo"k; ij nknk lkgsc iQkYds us ^HkLeklwj eksfguh*] ^lR;oku
vkèkkfjr gksrh gaS rc mls ^VªMas * dg fn;k tkrk gS vkSj lkfo=kh* vkSj ^yadkngu* tSlh èkfeZd ijaijk ls lth
tc blesa cnyko gksrk gS rks ^VªsaM* esa Hkh cnyko vk lekt dks çHkkfor djus okyh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
tkrk gSA yxHkx 107 o"kks± esa Hkkjrh; flusek dbZ u, fd;k] ftlesa èkkfeZd o.kZu dk ^feFk* feyrk gSA
VªMas ksa ls xqtj pqdk gSA êwd* fiQYeksa ls 'kq: gksdj blds ckn dbZ fiQYe daifu;k¡ cuha vkSj ewd fiQYeksa
vkt og ^fMftVy&MkWYch* rd igqp ¡ pqdk gSA bu dk fuekZ.k 'kq: gqvkA flusek ds {ks=k esa lcls cM+k
cnykoksa dks ns[kus ls igys Hkkjrh; flusek dh vkjafHkd vkSj egRoiw.kZ cnyko rc vk;k tc Hkkjr esa cksyrh
voLFkk dks tkuuk Hkh vko';d gSA gqbZ fiQYesa cuuh 'kq: gqbA± bl cnyko dks fiQYe
19oha lnh ds var esa gekjs ns'k esa vusd daifu;ksa us gkFkksa&gkFk fy;k vkSj 'kh?kz gh bu fiQYeksa
ifjorZuksa ds lkFk dbZ jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd lqèkkj us êwd&fiQYeksa* dk LFkku ys fy;kA Hkkjr esa igyh
Hkh gq,A blh vkèkqfudrk ds lkFk&lkFk ,d vfr cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* cuh] ftlds fuekZrk

baihfj;y fiQYe daiuh vkSj funs'Z kd ^vnsZf'kj bZjkuh* [kpZ djdsA ifj.kkeLo:i tks xq.koRrk LVwfM;ks dh
FksA ;g fiQYe 14 ekpZ 1931 dks eqca bZ ds eStfs LVd fiQYeksa esa Fkh og de gks xbZA vc fiQYeksa dh ck<+
flusek esa fjyht gqbAZ bl cksyrh fiQYe us flusek ds vk xbZ] ftldk urhtk Fkk fd yxHkx 600 fuekZrk
iwjs rkSj&rjhdksa esa Økafrdkjh cnyko yk fn;kA cksyrh fiQYe fuekZ.k mn~;ksx esa vk x,A ,d losZ ds vuqlkj
fiQYeksa ds Øst ds dkj.k gh 1935 bZ- ds ckn ewd 1931 ls 1948 bZ- ds chp Hkkjr esa pkj lkS iQhpj
fiQYeksa dk cuuk Hkkjr esa yxHkx [kRe lk gks x;kA fiQYesa cuhaA tks ml le; dk ,d fjdkWMZ ekuk tkrk
^vkye vkjk* dk fuekZ.k rhljs n'kd esa gqvk gSA LVwfM;ks&ç.kkyh vc flrkjk&ç.kkyh esa ifjofrZr
FkkA rhljk vkSj pkSFkk n'kd Hkkjrh; flusek ds bfrgkl gks xbZA igys tks fiQYesa LVwfM;ks ds uke ij pyrh Fkh
esa lkekftd foæksg dk n'kd ekuk tkrk gSA rhu cM+s og vc flrkjksa ds uke ij pyus yxhaA blls LVkj
cSuj ^çHkkr VkWdht*] ^ckWEcs VkWdht* vkSj Û;w fFk;sVj* flLVe vkSj l'kDr gksrk x;k] ftl dkj.k fiQYeksa esa
us xaHkhj] çHkko'kkyh vkSj euksjt a d fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k dgkuh] iVdFkk vkfn dk egRo de gksus yxkA vc
'kq: fd;k] tks lHkh rjg ds n'kZdksa ds fy, fiQV lkekftd ;k xaHkhj fiQYeksa dh txg 'kqnè~ k euksjt a u
cSBrk FkkA bu fiQYeksa esa T;knkrj ,slh fiQYesa Fkha] djus okyh iyk;uoknh fiQYesa cuus yxh] gkykafd
ftuesa lkekftd HksnHkko ;k vU;k; ds f[kykiQ etcwr eè;oxZ vHkh Hkh ikfjokfjd ukVdksa dks vfèkd ilan
foæksg fn[kk;k x;kA ,slh fiQYeksa esa oh- 'kkarkjke dh djrk FkkA èkhjs&èkhjs ysfdu fuf'pr :i ls ;FkkFkZ ls
^nqfu;k uk ekus*] ^vkneh vkSj iM+kl s h* egcwc lkgsc foeq[k ijh dFkkvksa tSls cM+s iSekus ij cuus okyh ;s
dh ^jksVh* vkSj ôru*] xq#nRr dh Î;klk* vkSj fiQYesa NBs vkSj lkrosa n'kd esa yksdfç; gksus yxhA
^pkSngoha dk pk¡n* vkfn çeq[k gSAa bl le; dh bUgha esa ,sfrgkfld jksekal Hkh 'kkfey Fkk] tSls
vfèkdrj fiQYeksa dk lan's k Fkk fd iSls vkSj uke dh ^vukjdyh*] êqxy&,&vkte* tks cM+h fgV lkfcr
ftl ejhfpdk ds ihNs nqfu;k Hkkx jgh gS] mlls dgha gqbA± bl nkSj esa ,d liQy ij O;kolkf;d :i esa
Åij gaS balkuh fj'rs o bZekunkjhA bl nkSj dh ,d vliQy fiQYe ^rhljh&dle* dk ftØ Hkh t:jh
Økafrdkjh fiQYe ftldk uke ^ge rqe vkSj oks* gS dk gSA iQ.kh'oj ukFk ^js.kq* dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr bl
ftØ fd, fcuk vkxs c<+uk ml fiQYe ds fy, fiQYe dks ftl fu"Bk ds lkFk cuk;k x;k vkSj fiQYe
vU;k; lkfcr gksxkA bl fiQYe dk fuekZ.k egcwc ds fuekZ.k esa ftl çdkj ys[kd dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
[kku us fd;k Fkk ftlesa ,d ukjh fookg ls ckgj ;kSu x;k og loZFkk vHkwriwoZ pht FkhA
vkSj HkkoukRed larks"k çkIr djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA lu~ 1969 esa rhu fiQYeksa ds çn'kZu ds lkFk gh
gkykafd blds fy, mls fir`lRrkRed lRrk ls Vdjkuk fganh fiQYeksa esa ûoflusek vkanksyu* dk tUe gqvkA
iM+rk gSA ml le; ds lekt ds fy, ,slh fiQYeksa ;s rhu fiQYesa Fkha&&e`.kky lsu dh ^Hkqou'kkse*] ef.kdkSy
dk fuekZ.k vk'p;Ztud yxrk gS ysfdu egcwc [kku dh ^mldh jksVh* vkSj cklw pVthZ dh ^lkjk vkdk'k*A
us ,slk djds fo"k;ksa ds pquko esa ,d u;k VªMas * [kM+k u;k flusek ,d ,slh çfrfØ;k ds :i esa mHkjk tks
dj fn;k tks vkt rd çpfyr gSA çfln~èk flusek ls ,d vyx vfLrRo j[krk gSA ;g
fiQYeksa esa cnyko dk ,d çeq[k dkj.k ;g Hkh ,slk flusek Fkk ftldh viuh vyx lkekftd lkFkZdrk
dgk tkrk gS fd tgk¡ igys daifu;k¡] VkWdht] fFk;sVj Fkh] vkSj dykRed yxu o fu"diVrk Fkh] buds
vkfn fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k djrh Fkha] og vc fleV n~okjk vkèkqfud vkSj ekuoh; ifjçs{; ls fiQYeksa dk
dj fuekZrk ds gkFkksa esa iw.kZr% vk xbZA fiQYe fuekZ.k çLrqrhdj.k gksus yxkA ;g flusek çfln~èk flusek dh
esa vkus okys ;s fuekZrk bu iqjkus LVwfM;ks ls fcYdqy dkYifud nqfu;k ls vfèkd ltho vkSj fVdkÅ FkkA
vyx FksA mUgsa fiQYe&fuekZ.k dh bl dykRed vkSj fganh flusek esa pys bl u, VªsaM us mls Cywe ihfj;M
O;ofLFkr 'kSyh dh dksbZ ijokg ugha FkhA os rks dsoy rd igqp ¡ k;k] tgk¡ 70 dk n'kd lekfIr dh vksj Fkk
vfèkd ls vfèkd iSlk dekuk pkgrs Fks] og Hkh de vkSj mlh le; dqN u, fiQYedkjksa dk Hkh vkxeu

gqvkA tSl&s lkb± ijkatis dh ^Li'kZ*] xksfoan fugykuh fo"k;ksa dks mBkuk Hkkjrh; flusek ds fo"k;ksa dks foLr`r
dh ^vkØks'k*] lbZn fetkZ dh ^vYcVZ fiaVks dks xqLlk gksus dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA
D;ksa vkrk gS* eqtÝiQj vyh dh ^xeu* vkfnA bu fiQYesa lekt ds euksjt a u dk lkèku gksrh gSa
fiQYeksa us fganh flusek dks ,d u, :i esa ifjHkkf"kr ysfdu lekt dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nsuk Hkh bldk
fd;kA u, flusek dk ;g nkSj 80 ds n'kd esa miQku mn~ns'; jgk gSA fiQYe&fuekZ.k ds çkjafHkd dky esa
ij FkkA dqN vU; fiQYesa Hkh cuha ftUgsa vyx rjg Hkkjrh; lekt f'k{kk ds vHkko esa dqjhfr;ksa ls tdM+k
ls is'k fd;k x;kA tSl&s ^nkeqy*] ^fepZ elkyk*] ^36 gqvk Fkk] rks fiQYe fuekZrk vkfn Hkh lekt esa O;kIr
pkSjaxhysu*] ^btktr* vkfnA dqjhfr;ksa ij lhèkk çgkj ugha djrs Fks] D;ksfa d mUgsa
;g ,d lPpkbZ gS fd fiQYeksa ds ^VªsaM* esa ewy viuh fiQYe ds vliQy gks tkus ;k dksbZ fookn
ifjorZu 90 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa vk;k] tc [kM+k gks tkus dh vk'kadk gqvk djrh FkhA dqN fiQYe
fiQYeksa esa dFkkud] iVdFkk] rduhd] vfHkusrk vkfn vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd fiQYe ^'kksy*s esa t;
lHkh Lrjksa ij cnyko fn[kus yxkA çkjaHk esa flusek (vferkHk cPpu) dk ejuk blfy, Hkh t:jh Fkk
dh dgkuh ,sfrgkfld ;k çse ij vkèkkfjr gqvk djrh D;ksafd og foèkok ukf;dk (t;k cPpu) ls I;kj
FkhA çse vkèkkfjr dgkfu;ksa esa lkekU; ifjos'k esa djrk gSA ml le; bl çse dk vkSj dksbZ lq[kn var
mRiUu uk;d ds n~okjk èku o çse çkfIr tSls dFkkud laHko ugha FkkA ysfdu dkykarj esa tSl&s tSls lekt
Hkkjrh; lekt dks vkdf"kZr djrs Fks] ogha mRrjksRrj f'kf{kr gksrk pyk x;k] yksx dqjhfr;ksa dks xyr
Hkkjrh; flusek vius fo"k; esa foLr`r gksrk x;kA tgk¡ le>us yxs rks fiQYeksa esa Hkh bu ij dVk{k fd;k tkus
80 ds n'kd esa uk;d [kyuk;d esa varj fn[krk Fkk] yxkA blh nkSj ku Hkkjrh; flusek esa ôkVj* tSlh
ogha 90 ds n'kd ds ckn uk;d dh dqlhZ dks fiQYesa Hkh vkb±] tks dqjhfr;ksa ij lhèkk çgkj djrh
[kyuk;d us gkfly dj fy;kA ,slh fiQYeksa dh çrhr gksrh gSaA blh rjg lkekftd ijaijkvksa ds
'kq#vkr ^nhokuk* vkSj ^Mj* ls gqbZ tc fuxsfVo fo#n~èk ^f[kykfM+;ksa dk f[kykM+h*] ^fny pkgrk gS*]
fdjnkj fuHkkus okys 'kkg#[k [kku lcds fç; cu x,A tSlh fiQYeksa esa uk;d vius ls vfèkd mej dh
blds ckn ^xtuh* vkSj ^jkou* tSlh fiQYeksa us bls ukf;dk ls çse lacaèk cukrk gSA ogha ^phuh de*]
vkSj iq[rk fd;kA ^dj.k&vtqZu* tSlh fiQYeksa esa ^fu'kCn* tSlh fiQYeksa esa ukf;dk yxHkx vius firk
iqutZUe tSlh ckrksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k rks ûD'kk* dh voLFkk ds uk;d ls çse djrh ut+j vkrh gSaA
vkSj ^æks.k* tSlh fiQYeksa esa fdlh ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk 2000 bZ- ds ckn fganh flusek esa dFkk]
dks orZeku ls tksM+dj iVdFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA iVdFkk] fuekZ.k vkSj rduhd ds Lrj ij dbZ cnyko
,d vksj Hkwr&çsr tSls fo"k; ij ^jkt*] ^tkuh&nq'eu* gksrs gSaA bl cnyko dk çeq[k dkj.k 'kgjhdj.k vkSj
tSlh fiQYesa cuha] rks nwljh vksj ^dksbZ fey x;k* tSlh if'peh lH;rk dk vkèkqfudhj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
fiQYeksa esa vU; xzgokfl;ksa dks Hkh iVdFkk esa 'kkfey if'peh lH;rk dks ns[kdj gekjs lekt esa uk dsoy
fd;k x;kA blh rjg [ksy ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^pd laLÑfr cfYd jgu&lgu vkSj thou&'kSyh esa Hkh
ns bafM;k*] ^xksy*] êSjhdkWe*] ^xksYM*] ^lwjek*] ^naxy*] cnyko vkrk gSA tgk¡ ge igys vius fj'rksa dks
^lqYrku*] îfV;kyk gkml*] îaxk* vkfn fiQYeksa dk Nqikdj j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs Fks] ogha 2000 ds ckn
fuekZ.k gqvk rks nwljh vksj êqUuk HkkbZ ,echch,l*] vkilh [kqykiu lekt esa T;knk fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA
^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ*] ^jax ns clarh*] îst Fkzh*] ^Fkzh pwf¡ d flusek lekt ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg
bfM;V~l* tSlh fiQYesa cuha tks ikjaifjd fiQYeksa dh ldrk bl dkj.k 2000 ds ckn fiQYeksa esa ,d u,
dgkuh vkSj rduhd nksuksa :iksa esa vyx FkhA blh ^VªsaM* dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA blh ^VªsaM* ds rgr 2000 ds
rjg ^rkjs teha ij*] ^èkksch ?kkV*] ^bf'd;k*] îQS'ku*] ckn ^fjesd* vkSj ^dkWu fiQYeksa* dk çpyu c<+k rks
ôkVj* ^xqtkfj'k* tSlh fiQYeksa ds ekè;e ls u,&u, 2005 ds ckn ^fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki* ij cuus okyh

fiQYeksa dh] 2008 ds ckn ^100 djksM+h Dyc* dh ¶Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks Fkkyh ilan gSA mUgsa yacs le;
LFkkiuk gqbZ rks 2010 ds vkl&ikl ^flDoy* vkSj rd ,d gh rjg dh fiQYesa fn[kkdj larq"V ugha j[kk
^ck;ksfid* fiQYeksa dk çpyu [kwc c<+kA lcls cM+h tk ldrkA n'kZdksa dks [kkfyl euksjt a u pkfg,A os
ckr fd bl ^VªMas * dks flusek ds n'kZdksa us gkFkks&a gkFk flusek ls lans'k dh vis{kk ugha djrsA flusek gkWy esa
ysdj [kwc ilan fd;k] ftl dkj.k fuekZrk Hkh ,slh os <kbZ ?kaVs cSBdj ikbZ&ikbZ olwyuk pkgrs gSaA lkmFk
fiQYeksa esa iSlk yxkus yxsA ;gk¡ la{ksi esa bu ^VªMas ks*a ij bafM;u fiQYesa elkyksa ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSAa muds dysoj
fopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA esa FkksMk+ &cgqr iQsj&cnydj n'kZdksa ds le{k mldh
vktdy fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd oSlh fiQYeksa dk fganh fjesd is'k dj nh tkrh gS] tks mUgsa ,aVjVsu
fuekZ.k djuk pkgrk gS tks T;knk equkiQk ns ldsA djrk gSA mUgsa oSlh fiQYesa vPNh yxrh gSa] rHkh rks
equkiQs ds ykyp esa fiQYedkj {ks=kh; vkSj fons'kh os mls ns[kus tkrs gSa vkSj mls fgV djkrs gSAa fiNys
Hkk"kkvksa esa liQyre fiQYeksa dks fganh esa iqufuZekZ.k dj pkj&ik¡p lkyksa dh ckr djsa rks 'kk;n gh fdlh lkmFk
n'kZdksa ds le{k ijkslus yxs gSAa ,slh vfèkdrj fiQYeksa bafM;u fiQYe us fjesd ?kkVs dk lkSnk fd;k gksxkA¸
dks n'kZd ns[kus vkSj ljkgus Hkh yxsA n'kZdksa dks ns[kus okLro esa fjesd fiQYe cuus dh 'kq#vkr lokd
vkSj ljkgus ls ,slh fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k dk ,d ^VªMas * fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk gksrh gSA lokd fiQYeksa ds
'kq: gks x;k ftls ^fjesd fiQYe* dgk x;kA vkt 'kq#vkr ds lkFk gh vfèkdrj fiQYedkj viuh ewd
fjesd fiQYe O;kolkf;d liQyrk dh xkjaVh gks xbZ fiQYeksa dk iqufuZekZ.k djus yxsA ftlesa 'kjrpan n~okjk
gS vkSj vfèkdrj iqjkuh fgV fiQYeksa dk iqufuZekZ.k fyf[kr miU;kl ^nsonkl*] îfj.khrk* vkSj ml le;
'kq: gks x;k gSA vktdy çnf'kZr gksus okyh vfèkdrj yksddFkk ds :i esa çpfyr ^ghj&jk¡>k* dk uke
fiQYesa fdlh u fdlh fiQYe dh fjesd gh gSA fiNys çeq[krk ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA ,slh fiQYeksa esa
15&20 o"kks± esa flusek esa dbZ cnyko ns[kus dks feys êqxy&,&vkte* fganh fiQYe ^vukjdyh* dk] îkVZuj*
gSa bUgha cnykoksa dk ifj.kke ^fjesd fiQYe* Hkh gSA vaxt sz h fiQYe ^fgp* dk] ^ljdkj* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^n
orZeku le; esa çnf'kZr gksus okyh vkèkh ls vfèkd xkWM iQknj* dk] ^;w eh vkSj ge* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^n
fiQYesa fdlh u fdlh fiQYe dh fjesd gh gSaA fjesd uksV cqd* dk] ^,srjkt* vaxszth fiQYe ^fMLDykstj*
dk vFkZ gS ¶fdlh Hkh iqjkuh fiQYe dks u, rjhds ls dk] ^pksjh&pksjh* vaxzt s h fiQYe ^gkmlflVj* dk] ^,d
is'k djukA¸ blesa vfèkdka'kr% igys okyh fiQYe esa vtuch* vaxt sz h fiQYe êSu vkWu iQk;j* dk] êqlkfiQj*
fcuk dFkkud esa ifjorZu fd, gq, ik=k] laokn] vaxt sz h fiQYe ^;w VuZ* dk] ^dk¡V*s vaxt sz h fiQYe
xhr&laxhr] lsV] yksd's ku vkfn esa ifjorZu dj mls ^fjtfoZ;j MkWXl* dk] êMZj* vaxst z h fiQYe ^vuiQsFkiQqy*
u, :i esa fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA dqN dk] ^fnyokys nqYgfu;k¡ ys tk,¡xs* vaxszth fiQYe ^n
fiQYesa rks okLro esa igyh fiQYe ls vfèkd fu[kjdj L;wj fFkax* dk] ^d;ker* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^n jkWd* dk]
n'kZdksa ds lkeus vkrh gSa rks dqN [kjkc gksdjA fiNys ^èkwe&2* vaxszth fiQYe Îys cSd* dk] ^CySd* vaxszth
o"kksaZ esa çnf'kZr dbZ liQy fiQYes&a ^fgpdh*] ^ckxh&2*] fiQYe ^n fejdy odZl*Z dk] ^jsl* vaxzt s h fiQYe
^èkM+d*] îfr&iRuh vkSj oks*] ^tathj*] ^xtuh*] ^jsMM~ h*] ^cSM yolZ* dk] ^vjkèkuk* vaxzsth fiQYe ^n bp fgt
^,d Fkk VkbZxj*] ^vfXuiFk*] ^fgEerokyk*] ^MkWu*] vksu* dk] ^ckWEcs Vw xksvk* rfey fiQYe êækl Vw
^jkmMh jkBkSj*] ^lu vkWiQ ljnkj*] ^ljxe*] ^,d nwts ikWUMhpsjh* dk] ^dydRrk esy* rsyxq q fiQYe ^N~Mkyeh
ds fy,*] ^lnek*] ^lkfFk;k¡*] ^bZ'oj*] ôks lkr fnu* oqna h* dk] ôks lkr fnu* rfey fiQYe ^vank ;g
vkfn çeq[k gaSA buesa ls vfèkdrj fiQYesa lkmFk uVfjdky* dk] ^jeSÕ;k oLrk oSÕ;k] rsyxq w fiQYe*
bafM;u fiQYeksa dh fjesd gaAS vktdy lkmFk bafM;u uqoksLRukars fuuksn~ukaruk dk] fç;n'kZu dh fiQYe ^jaxjst*
fiQYeksa dk fjesd T;knk D;w¡ cu jgk gS bl lanHkZ esa rfey fiQYe ûkMksfMxy* dk] îQSeyh fiDpj* rfey
çfln~èk vfHkusrk vt; nsoxu dk dguk gS fd fiQYe ^rkeht ine* dk] îqfylfxjh* nf{k.k Hkkjrh;

fiQYe ^lkEeh* dk] ef.k jRue dh fiQYe ^;qok* Hkh ugha djrkA lkFk gh og 'kkjhfjd :i ls fdlh dks
mudh rfey fiQYe ^vk;sFkk bt~gqFkq* dk] ^dgks u uqdlku Hkh ugha igqp ¡ krk cfYd vius fnekx vkSj
I;kj gS* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^czkthy* dk] ^ftLe* vaxt sz h cqfn~èkeRrk ls yksxksa dks Bxrk gSA gk¡ 1964 esa çnf'kZr
fiQYe ^ckWMh fgV~l dk*] ûks ,aVªh* rfey fiQYe fiQYe ^tkSgj egewn bu xksok* esa tkSgj egewn ns'kHkDr
^pkyhZ pkSiyhu dk*] êsjs cznj dh nqYgu* vaxszth ^dkWu eSu* dh Hkwfedk esa gS]a tks iqrxZ kyh ljdkj ds
fiQYe ^MSu bu fj;y ykbZiQ dk*] ^fu#'kCn* ^yksfyrk* f[kykiQ Bxh dj vius ns'k ds fy, dke djrs gSAa
dk vkfn çeq[k gSAa blh rjg v{k; dqekj vfHkuhr blds ckn ^dkWu eSu* ij cuh çeq[k fiQYesa gS&a
fiQYe ^jkmMh jkBkSj* ,l ,l jktekSyh dh fiQYe ^dksfguwj*] ^lPpk >wBk*] ^gsjk&iQsjh*] ^fdLer*] ^cki
^foØekjdqM*q dh] fç;n'kZu dh fiQYe ^HkwyHkqy;S k* uacjh csVk nl uacjh*] ^[ksy*] ^[ksy [ksy esa*] ^,d ls
1993 esa vkbZ ey;kye fiQYe êfufp=krktgq* dh] cqjs nks*] ^,d f[kykM+h ,d glhuk*] ^t; oh:*]
ôkaVsM* rfey fiQYe îksfdjh* dh] 2011esa vkbZ ^èkeky*] ^vks; ydh vks;*] ^cnek'k daiuh*] ^rhlekj
fganh fiQYe ^fla?ke* 2010 esa vkbZ rfey fiQYe [kk¡*] ^CyiQekLVj*] ^cukjlh ckcw*] ^la?k"kZ*] ^èkwe*]
^fl?ke* dh]^dchj flag* rsyxq w fiQYe ^vtquZ jsMM~ h* ^caVh vkSj ccyh*] ^:i dh jkuh pksjksa dk jktk*]
dh] ^ckxh&2* rsyqxq fiQYe ^{kue* dh] ^èkM+d* ^cnek'k daiuh*] ^Lis'ky 26*] ^BXl vkWiQ fganqLrku*
ejkBh fiQYe ^lSjkV* dh] ^fgpdh* gkWyhoqM fiQYe vkfnA ^dkWu eSu* ij cuh fiQYeksa dh liQyrk dh
^ÚaV vkWiQ Dykl* dh] ^flEck* rsyxq q fiQYe ^Vsia j* otg ;g Hkh gS fd mlds ik=k udkjkRed gksrs gq,
dh vkfn fjesd fiQYesa gSAa Hkh jkspd gksrs gSAa og yksxksa dks blfy, ilan vkrs gSa
2000 ds vklikl fiQYeksa esa ,d u;k ^VªMas * fd os uV[kV] I;kjs] ehBh ckrsa djus okys elkysnkj
'kq: gksrk gS ftls ^dkWu* fiQYeksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk o pVdnkj gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k ^dkWu eSu* ij fujarj
gSA ^dkWu* fiQYeksa ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd mldk fiQYesa cu jgh gSAa
ghjks usxfs Vo gksrk gS] fdarq mls [kyuk;d ugha dgk 2005 esa fjyht lSiQ vyh [kku vkSj çhfr
tk ldrkA [kyuk;d vkSj ^dkWu eSu* esa varj gksrk ftaVk dh fiQYe ^lyke ueLrs* fganh flusek esa ,d
gS] [kyuk;d tgk¡ [krjukd gksrk gS] ogha dkWu eSu u;k vè;k; tksMr+ h gS ftls ^fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki*
[krjukd uk gksdj viuh cqfn~èk o fnekx dk mi;ksx ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bl fiQYe ls fganh flusek esa
dj vehj o rkdroj yksxksa dks Bxrk gSA ^dkWu eSu* ,d u;k ^VªMas * 'kq: gksrk gS ftlds ckn bl fo"k; ij
xjhcksa dks èkks[kk ugha nsrk cfYd ftl rjg dh 'kSrkuh fujarj fiQYesa cuus yxrh gSaA ewyr% ^fyo&bu&
;k Bxh og djrk gS mls gj vke balku Hkh djuk fjys'kuf'ki* ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa ,d yM+dk
pkgrk gSA blh dkj.k ^dkWu eSu* ij cuh fiQYesa vkSj ,d yM+dh ftudk fookg ugha gqvk gS og ,d
vktdy n'kZdksa dks jkspd yxrh gSa vkSj mUgsa vkdf"kZr lkFk ,d gh ?kj esa ifr&iRuh tSlk lacaèk cukdj jgrs
Hkh djrh gSAa ^dkWu eSu* fiQYeksa esa Bxh dk dke djus gSAa ;g lacèa k LusgkRed gksrk gS vkSj fj'rk xgjkA ;g
ls igys ,d yack&pkSMk+ [ksy jprk gS tks fd n'kZdksa lacèa k dbZ ckj yacs le; rd pyus ds ckn LFkk;h
dks ilan vkrk gSA dqN fiQYe leh{kdksa dk ekuuk gS Hkh gks tkrk gSA ^fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki* dks vkèkkj
fd fnyhi dqekj dh fiQYe ^la?k"kZ* esa os ^dkWu eSu* cukdj cuus okyh çeq[k fiQYesa gSa& ^dV~Vh&cV~Vh*]
dh Hkwfedk esa gS ij è;ku ls ns[kus ij irk pyrk gS ^yqdk&Nqih*] ^gSIih ,afMax*] ^cpuk ,s glhuksa*] ^'kqn~èk
fd os ^dkWu eSu* gks gh ugha ldrsA ;g fiQYe nslh jksekal*] îQS'ku*] ^dkWdVsy*] Î;kj dk iapukek*]
cukjl dh Bxh ij cuh Fkh vkSj blds ik=k fnyhi ^xsLV bu yanu* vkfnA
dqekj dks ^dkWu eSu* ugha dgk tk ldrk D;ksfa d og 2008 esa cuh ,d fiQYe ^xtuh* us fganh
vehj ;k tokuksa ds tsoj dks ywVus ds fy, mldh flusek esa ,d ,slk ^VªsaM* yk fn;k ftlus fganh flusek
gR;k dj nsrs gSa tcfd ^dkWu eSu* fdlh dh gR;k dh O;kolkf;d fn'kk gh cny nhA og ^VªMas * 100

djksMh+ fiQYeksa dk FkkA ;g rks 'kq: ls gh ekuk tkrk vo'; gksrs gSAa lhDoy fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k ds ihNs
jgk gS fd tks fiQYe ckWDl vkWfiQl ij ftruk iSlk ctV dk gkFk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA vktdy fiQYeksa ds
cVksjxs h mls mruk gh dke;kc ekuk tk,xk] ij xtuh ctV esa mudh ekdsfZ Vax dk cM+k fgLlk gksrk gSA
us vkus okyh fiQYeksa ds le{k ,d pqukSrh j[k nh og ysfdu lhDoy fiQYeksa ds fy, blds fy, T;knk iSlk
pqukSrh Fkh 100 djksM+ Dyc ds fgLlk cuus dhA bl [kpZ djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh D;ksafd ftl lhDoy
Dyc dk fgLlk cuus ds fy, fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd fiQYe dks fuekZrk cukrs gSa mldh ekdsfZ Vax igyh
csdjkj gksus yxsA mudh O;kdqyrk mu esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh fiQYe esa gh gks xbZ gksrh gS] D;ksfa d vfèkdka'kr%
yxhA vktdy rks 100 djksM+ dh dkSu ckr djs] gj n'kZd ml fiQYe ds uke] funsZ'kd vkSj ik=k ls igys
vfHkusrk] funs'Z kd vkSj fuekZrk ik¡p lkS djksM+ Dyc gh okfdiQ gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx
dk lnL; cuuk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g crkuk t:jh gS esa lhDoy fiQYesa vc [kwc cu jgh gSaA lhDoy
fd ^100 djksMh+ Dyc* esa fiQYesa dSls 'kkfey gksrh fiQYe ds lanHkZ esa Mªhe xyZ ds ,lksfl,V fuekZrk
gS\a fdlh fiQYe dk 100 djksM+ ds dysD'ku ls v{kr lywtk dk ekuuk gS fd ¶Hkkjr esa lhDoy
lhèkk eryc gS fd mldk ckWDl vkWfiQl ij dysD'ku fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k blfy, gksrk gS mldk vkWfM;al
ftls ^VªMas * dh Hkk"kk esa usV dysD'ku dgk tkrk gSA iDdk gksrk gS] ij dbZ ckj lhDoy fiQYesa blfy,
bl usV dysD'ku esa lSVsykbV jkbV~l] E;wftd jkbV~l] ÝykWi gks tkrh gSa fd ftruh esgur dgkuh ij gksuh
Úsp a kbth] vksojlht dysD'ku vkfn ls çkIr vkenuh pkfg, mruh esgur dgkuh ij ugha dh tkrh gSA¸
dks ugha tksMk+ tkrk gSA ;g dsoy flusek?kjksa ls çkIr blh lanHkZ esa fiQYe VªMs ,DliVZ vrqy eksgu dk
dysD'ku gksrk gS og Hkh VSDl vkfn dks NksMd + jA ekuuk gS fd ¶gkWyhoqM esa tc fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh gSa
^xtuh* ds ckn dh çeq[k ^100 djksMh+ * fiQYesa gS&a rks igys gh mldk lhDoy ,syku dj fn;k tkrk gS
^Fkz h bfM;V~ l *] ^ckW M hxkMZ * ] ^jkou*] ^MkW u &2*] tcfd gekjs ;gk¡ tc dksbZ fiQYe fgV gks tkrh gS rc
^xksyeky*] ^fla?ke*] ^vfXuiFk*] ^gkmliQqy&2*] ^dsljh*] ml fiQYe dk lhDoy cukus dh ge ckr djrs gSaA¸
^gkmliQqy&3*] ^tkWyh ,y,ych*] ^#Lre*] ^jkmMh Hkkjrh; fganh flusek esa lhDoy fiQYeksa dk tknw
jkBkSj*] ^VksVy èkeky*] ^lu vkWiQ ljnkj*] ^cksy vktdy [kwc ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ^ncax* ds ckn
cPpu*] ^fla?ke fjVuZ*] ^psUubZ ,Dlçsl*] ^fnyokys*] ^ncax 2*] ^ncax 3* dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS vkSj gks ldrk
^gSIih U;w bZ;j*] ^tc rd gS tku*] ^Vkbxj ftank gS*] gS fd vkus okys le; esa ncax 4 dk Hkh fuekZ.k gksA
^ctjaxh HkkbZtku*] ^V~;wcykbV*] ^jsM~Mh*] ^t; gks*] blh rjg ^gkmliQqy*] ^gkmliQqy 2*] ^gkmliQqy 3*]
^ckWMhxkMZ*] ^çse jru èku ik;ks*] ^naxy*] ^lqYrku*] ^gkmliQqy 4*] ^ckgqcyh*] ds lhDoy ds :i esa
^ckgqcyh*] ^mjh % n lftZdy LVªkbd*] ôkj*] ^ckgqcyh 2*] ^tkWyh ,y,ych* ds lhDoy ds :i esa
^gkmliQqy&4* vkfn fiQYeksa dk fjdkWMZ cukrs tk jgs ^tkWyh ,y,ych 2*] ^gEIVh 'kekZ dh nqYgfu;k* ds
gSa vkSj vc rks ik¡p lkS djksMh+ Dyc esa 'kkfey gksus lhDoy ds :i esa ^cæhukFk dh nqYgfu;k*] ^xksyeky*
dh gksM+ yxh gSA ds lhDoy ds :i esa ^xksyeky vxsu*] ^tqM+ok* ds
2010 ds vklikl gh lhDoy fiQYeksa dk Hkh lhDoy ds :i esa ^tqMo+ k&2*] îQqdjs* ds lhDoy ds
çpyu [kwc pykA lhDoy fiQYe Hkh nks çdkj dh :i esa îQqdjs fjVuZ*] ^,d Fkk Vkbxj* ds lhDoy ds
gksrh gS] ftUgsa ge ^fLiu vkWiQ lhDoy* vkSj ^fLçpqvy :i esa ^Vkbxj ftank gS*] ^jkscksV* ds lhDoy ds :i
flDoy* dg ldrs gSaA ^fLiu vkWiQ lhDoy* esa esa ^jkscksV 2-0*] ûeLrs yanu* ds lhDoy ds :i esa
fiNyh fiQYe ds dqN fdjnkjksa dks ysdj dgkuh vkxs ûeLrs baXySMa *] ^D;k dwy gS ge* ds lhDoy ds :i
c<+kbZ tkrh gS rks ogha ^fLçpqvy lhDoy* esa dgkuh esa ^D;k lqij dwy gSa ge*]^xaxkty* ds lhDoy ds
iqjkuh fiQYe dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr ugha gksrh cfYd :i esa ^t; xaxkty*]^vkidk lq:j* ds lhDoy ds
mlesa iqjkuh fiQYe ds Fkhe] LVkby] ,fyesVa vkSj ik=k :i esa ^rsjk l:j*] êLrh* ds lhDoy ds :i esa

^xzaMS eLrh* vkSj ^xzsV xzaMS eLrh* vkfn dks ns[kk tk fuHkk;h Fkh] ftldh ljkguk n'kZdksa us dh FkhA bl
ldrk gSA fiNys 5 lky esa lhDoy fiQYe&fuekZ.k fiQYe ds ckn ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fujarj gksus
dh ckr djsa rks 2016 esa 12 lhDoy fiQYesa] 2017 yxkA ,slk ugha gS fd ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
esa 9 lhDoy fiQYes]a 2018 esa 8 lhDoy fiQYes]a igys ugha gksrk FkkA vrhr esa >k¡ddj ns[ksa rks feFkd
2019 esa 6 lhDoy fiQYesa cuha rks 2020 esa 13 vkSj bfrgkl ds çsjd pqfuank pfj=kksa dks fiQYeksa dk
lhDoy fiQYesa fjyht gksuh gSAa 2020 esa vkus okyh fo"k; cuk;k tkrk jgk gS] rc buds fy, ck;ksfid
çeq[k lhDoy fiQYesa gS&a ^ykbiQ bu esVkª *s dk ^ywMks*] 'kCn dk bLrseky ugha gksrk FkkA mudh dksbZ foèkkukRed
^caVh vkSj ccyh* dk ^caVh vkSj ccyh ikVZ&2*] igpku ugha FkhA fjpMZ ,Vucjks dh ^xkaèkh* fiQYe
^Hkwy Hkqy;S k* dk ^Hkwy Hkqy;S k ikVZ&2*] ^gaxkek* dk dks Hkh dqN leh{kd ck;ksfid ds rkSj ij ugha ekursA
^gaxkek ikVZ&2*] ^lR;eso t;rs* dk ^lR;eso&t;rs mUgsa og egkRek xkaèkh ds thou ij cuh çekf.kd
ikVZ&2*] ^dsth,iQ pSIVj* dk ^dsth,iQ pSIVj&2* fiQYe ekurs gSaA fganh flusek dh igyh fiQYe ^jktk
vkSj ^mjh % n lftZdy LVªkbd* dk ^mjh % n gfj'paæ* Hkh dgha uk dgha ,sfrgkfld vkSj feFkdh;
lftZdy LVªkbd&2*A lhDoy fiQYeksa dh lcls cM+h pfj=kksa dh 'kkS;Z xkFkk gS tks lekt ds yksxks dks vkSj
fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bldh dekbZ ckWDl&vkWfiQl ij fiQYedkjksa dks vkdf"kZr vkSj çsfjr djrh gSA vktknh
[kwc gksrh gS vkSj vfèkdrj fiQYesa 100 djksM+ ls ds vklikl oh- 'kkarkjke us [oktk vgen vCckl
T;knk dek ys jgh gSaA blfy, lhDoy fiQYeksa ds dh enn ls ^MkWDVj dksVuhl dh vej dgkfu;k¡*a
fuekZ.k esa fuekZrk vfèkd #fp ys jgs gSaA bl rjg uked ,d fiQYe cukbZ tks MkWDVj dksVuhl ds thou
lhDoy fiQYeksa us Hkh Hkkjrh; flusek esa viuk vyx ij vkèkkfjr FkhA phu Økafr esa enn ds fy, os Hkkjr
LFkku cuk fy;k gSA ls x, FksA phuh Økafrdkfj;ksa dh lsok djrs gq,
vktdy fganh flusek esa ,d u;k VªMas ^ck;ksfid fnoaxr Hkh gks x, FksA bl fiQYe ds ckn Hkh lekt
fiQYeksa* dk gSA vkt ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dks liQyrk dks çsfjr djus okyh]fdlh O;fDr ds thou pfj=k dks
dh xkjaVh ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk jgk gSA ck;ksfid ysdj fiQYesa cuha] ysfdu os fiQYesa n'kZdksa dks T;knk
fiQYesa os gksrh gSa ftlesa tkuh&ekuh gfLr;ksa ds thou çHkkfor u dj ldhaA 'ks[kj diwj dh fiQYe ^cSfa MV
ij vkSj lR; ?kVukvksa ij vkèkkfjr rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k Dohu* us fiQYedkjksa ds fy, u;k :i [kksy fn;kA
dj mls ,d u, vankt esa n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ krs gSAa ,sls nL;q lqna jh iQwyu nsoh ds thou ij vkèkkfjr ^cSfa MV
O;fDr;ksa ;k lR; ?kVukvksa dks flusek esa blfy, Dohu* fj;fyfLVd fiQYe FkhA fganh esa fdlh thfor
mrkjrs gSa fd ml O;fDr ds thou deZ ls o ml O;fDr ij cuh laHkor% ;g igyh fiQYe ekuh tkrh
?kVuk ls lekt esa dqN u;k vkSj vPNk çHkko iM+As gSA çeq[k ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dh ckr djsa rks êka>h n
2010 esa frXeka'kq èkwfy;k ds funs'Z ku esa vkbZ fiQYe ekmaVsu eSu*] ^Hkkx feY[kk Hkkx*] ^n MVhZ fiDpj*]
îku flag rksej* us ck;ksfid fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k esa ,d êSjhdkWe*] ^vtgj*] ^ljcthr*] ^,e ,l èkksuh] n
u;k vè;k; tksM+ fn;kA bl fiQYe esa frXeka'kq èkwfy;k vuVksYM LVksjh*] ^naxy*] ^jkth*] êf.kdf.kZdk*] ^xksYM*]
us ,d ,sls O;fDr ds pfj=k dks #igys insZ ij mrkjk ^lqjek*] ^lqij FkVhZ*] ^lqYrku*] îh,e ujsaæ eksnh*]
ftlus vius thou dh 'kq#vkr Hkkjrh; lSfud ds ^lkaM dh vk¡[k* vkfn dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA
:i esa dh Fkh] og lkr ckj ,FkyhV dh jk"Vªh; jktdqekj fgjkuh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh fiQYe ^lat*w
çfr;ksfxrk esa Lo.kZ&ind Hkh thrk FkkA 1952 ds vfHkusrk lat; nRr dh ck;ksfid gS] ^lwjek* gkWdh
,f'k;kbZ [ksy esa Hkkjr dk çfrfufèkRo Hkh fd;k Fkk ij Iys;j lanhi flag dh ck;ksfid gS] bl fiQYe esa
ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k og ckxh gksdj Mkdw cu x;k lanhi flag ds la?k"kZ vkSj tTcs dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ftls iqfyl us ,udkmaVj esa ekj fxjk;k FkkA bl uafnrk nkl ds funs'Z ku esa cuh fiQYe êaVks* çfln~èk
fiQYe esa iku flag rksej dh Hkwfedk bjiQku [kku us dgkuhdkj ^lvknr glu eaVks* ds thou&pfj=k dks

n'kkZrh gSA eaVks dh Hkwfedk dks #igys insZ ij uoktqnn~ hu c<+rk tk jgk gSA
fln~nhdh us lkdkj fd;k gSA 2020 esa vkbZ ^Nikd* lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
fiQYe rstkc ihfM+rk y{eh vxzoky ds thou ij 1- lR;nso f=kikBh % ledkyhu fiQYeksa ds vkbZus
cuh gS rks lkmFk ds fnXxt jktusrk t;yfyrk ds esa lekt] fnYyh] f'kYik;u çdk'ku] 2013
thou ij ^Fkykbok* cu jgh gSA 2- çg~ykn vxzoky % fganh flusek chloha ls
bl rjg dgk tk ldrk gS fd tks Hkkjrh; bDdhloha lnh rd] bykgkckn] lkfgR; HkaMkj] 2009
flusek dh 'kq#vkr ,d lkekftd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa 3- çks- jru dqekj ikaMs; % flusek vkSj lkfgR;
ls gqbZ Fkh vkt mlesa ;FkkFkZ vfèkd tksjksa ij gSA tgk¡ dk varlacZ aèk] fnYyh- vuax çdk'ku] 2015
igys fiQYeksa esa vfHkusrk çeq[k gksrk Fkk] vkt mlesa 4- çlwu flUgk % Hkkjrh; flusek ,d vuar
[kyuk;d Hkh uk;d dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxk gSA igys ;k=kk] fnYyh] Jh uVjkt çdk'ku] 2006
'kq#vkrh nkSj esa fiQYesa laxhr çèkku gksrh Fkha vkSj ,d 5- MkW- rstukjk;.k vks>k MkW- vkyksd jatu ikaM;s ]
fiQYe esa 60 ls 70 xkus gksrs Fks] ogha ^CySd* tSlh fganh flusek cnyrs lanHkZ] fnYyh] lrh'kcqd fMiks]
fiQYeksa esa xkus dh xqta kb'k Hkh ugha gSA vkt fiQYeksa ds 2014
lkFk xkuksa esa Hkh v'yhyrk vius tksjksa ij gSA vkt 6- çg~ykn vxzoky % fganh flusek vkfn ls
gj fiQYe O;kolkf;d :i ls liQy gksdj lkS djksMh+ vuar rd (pkj Hkkx) lkfgR; HkaMkj] bykgkckn]
Dyc ;k ik¡p lkS djksM+h Dyc dk fgLlk cuuk 2014
pkgrh gS] lkFk gh og xhr dh n`f"V ls gks ;k laxhr 7- fiQjkst jaxuw okyk % Hkkjrh; pyfp=k dk bfrgkl]
dh ;k iVdFkk&dFkk dh n`f"V ls ;k ubZ rduhd dh jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh] 1975
n`f"V ls ^VªMas * esa cnyko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;g 8- MkW- iwjupan VaMu] MkW- lquhy dqekj frokjh%
u;k fiQYeh ^VªMas * mRrj vkèkqfud ;qx esa dqN n'kZdksa lkfgR;] flusek vkSj lekt] uo mUu;u lkfgfR;d
dks xqnxqnkrk gS rks dqN dks dgha u dgha lkspus ij Hkh lkslk;Vh] fnYyh] 2017
etcwj djrk gSA fiQj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd 9- tojheYy ikj[k % fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k]
Hkkjrh; flusek vkèkqfud lanHkZ ls lkeatL; LFkkfir fnYyh
dj fur&çfrfnu ,d u, ^VªMsa * dks viukdj vkxs
µ vflLVsVa çksiQslj] jkekuqtu dkWyt

s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] dkydk th] ubZ fnYyh&19
qqq

Hkkjr esa fiQYe fuekZ.k f'k{kk ,oa
O;olk; ds fofoèk igyw
MkW- xksj[kukFk frokjh
Hkk jr esa fiQYeksa dk uke ysrs gh gekjs eu%

iVy ij vfHkusrk] vfHkus=kh] ukp&xkuk]
dSejk rFkk cktk laxhr tSls 'kCn fp=kkafdr gksus yxrs
gekjh ekufldrk dks izHkkfor djrh gaSA fiQYeksa dks
gekjh ftanxh dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk ekuk x;k gSA
fofHkUu Hkk"kkbZ ,oa {ks=kh; fiQYeksa dh ;k=kk] lkfgR; ls
gSaA fiQYe laokn dk ,d l'kDr ekè;e gS ftlls mudk lacèa k] fiQYeksa ds fofHkUu izokg] fiQYeksa dh
vke vkneh vklkuh ls tqM+ ldrk gS vkSj viuh ckr bfrgkl ;k=kk] mn~;ksx vkfn vusd egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa
lekt ds lkeus csckd <ax ls j[k ldrk gSA ;g dks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
euksjt a u ds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa dks f'kf{kr Hkh djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa jktfdj.k jS th îfjn`';* 'kh"kZd
Hkkjr esa fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k Lora=krk ds igys ls gh ds varxZr fy[krs gSa fd& ¶;gk¡ fiQYe fuekZ.k ,d
gksrk vk jgk gSA nknk lkgsc iQkYds tSls egkiq#"kksa ds mn~;ksx ds :i esa LFkkfir gks pqdk gS] ckotwn blds
O;fDrxr iz;kl ls gh gekjs ns'k esa fiQYe fuekZ.k 'kq: ;s fiQYesa vkids thou vkSj ekufldrk dks izHkkfor
gqvkA èkhjs&èkhjs yksxksa dk fiQYeksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k c<+k djrh gSaA¸1
vkSj vkt Hkkjrh; flusek fo'o flusek dks dM+h tc ge fiQYesa ns[krs gSa rks mls ns[kdj ge
pqukSrh ns jgk gSA mlds lkFk g¡lrs gS]a jksrs gS]a Øksfèkr gksrs gS]a [kq'kh ls
vkèkqfud ;qx esa rduhdh fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk >weus yxrs gS]a insZ ds uk;d vkSj ukf;dk,¡ gekjs
fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k dk Hkh nk;jk c<+k gSA vxj O;fDr thou esa vkn'kZ cu tkrs gSAa fiQYeksa dk lekt gekjs
izfrHkk laiUu gS rks mls dke feyuk cgqr gh vklku lekt tSls yxus yxrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj fiQYeksa dks
gSA vkt&dy izR;sd Lrj ij fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gks ns[kdj ge xgjh lksp esa Mwc tkrs gSa ;k fiQj gesa ;g
jgk gSA ns'kHkj esa dbZ ,sls izfrf"Br laLFkku gSa tgk¡ ls dgus esa dksbZ ladksp ugha gS fd Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa us
fMxzh] fMIyksek ;k ih-th- dkslZ djus ds mijkar bu gekjs lekt ij viuh vfeV Nki NksMh+ gSA
{ks=kksa esa jkstxkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fo"k; ij MkW- lqyHkk dksjs vius laikndh;
ns'kHkj esa fiQYe fuekZ.k] Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] f'k{kk] esa fy[krh gSa fd& ¶fofHkUu Hkk"kkbZ ;k {ks=kh; fiQYeksa
lekt rFkk mn~;ksx ds {ks=k esa Hkh Hkkjrh; fiQYesa vkt dh ;k=kk mn~;ksx vkfn us vusd igyqvksa dks [kaxkyus
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSa] blesa dksbZ nks jk; ugha dk iz;kl fd;k gSA¸2
gSA Hkkjr fo'o esa lcls vfèkd fiQYe cukus okys Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa izfro"kZ yxHkx nks gtkj
ns'k ds :i esa [;kfr vftZr dj pqdk gSA ;gk¡ fiQYe fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh gSaA nknk lkgsc iQkYds us jktk
fuekZ.k ,d mn~;ksx ds :i esa LFkkfir gSA ;s fiQYesa ^gfj'pan*z (1913) bZ- esa ewd fiQYe dk fuekZ.k

fd;kA bl fiQYe dh O;kolkf;d liQyrk dh otg ns[kdj ;g vanktk ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd
ls vU; fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd dkSu&lk ifjèkku ukf;dk dk gS vkSj dkSu&lk ifjèkku
dks ,d ubZ lathouh izkIr gqbAZ 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa [kyukf;dk dk gSA
fiQYeksa esa vkokt ugha gksrh Fkh mlds ckn vkokt+ Hkkjrh; flusek vkt ds le; esa fo'o flusek
okyh fiQYesa cuus yxhA lu~ 1931 esa Hkkjrh; flusek txr ls izfrLièkkZ dj jgk gSA igys ,d le; esa ,d
dh igyh cksyrh gqbZ fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* cuh] gh flusek?kj esa fiQYe pyrh Fkh ysfdu vkt eYVhIysDl
ftlesa fp=k ds lkFk vkokt ds feJ.k ls flus txr ds tfj, ,d lkFk dbZ fiQYesa fn[kkbZ tk jgh gSa vkSj
dks ,d ubZ xfr vkSj u;k vk;ke feykA mlds ckn fiQYe cukus ds fy, vkèkqfud e'khujh dk iz;ksx tSls
xhr laxhr dk nkSj 'kq: gqvkA egkuxjksa ls ysdj cM+&s cM+s dSejs] LVqfM;ks] daI;wVj] laxhr ds midj.k
NksV&s NksVs 'kgjksa rFkk xk¡oksa esa flusek?kj [kqyus yxsA vkfn fiQYe cukus esa gtkjksa yksxksa dk lg;ksx Hkh ysuk
lu~ 1937 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; flusek dh igyh jaxhu iM+ jgk gS ftlls fd bl {ks=k esa jkstxkj c<+rk gh tk
fiQYe ^fd'ku dUgS;k* ds mijkar jaxhu fiQYesa cuus jgk gS vkSj mlds volj eqgS;k djk, tk jgs gSaA
yxha vkSj Hkkjrh; flusek ubZ Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks Nwus yxkA f'k{kk ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa le;≤ ij ns[kus dks
tSlk fd ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ckWyhcqM ds feyrh gSa tks f'k{kk ds egRo dks le>krh gSAa ftuesa
izkjafHkd nkSj esa èkkfeZd fiQYeksa dh lekt esa ekax ls ge dqN fiQYeksa dks ysdj ns[k ldrs gSAa o"kZ
vfèkd gksus ls èkkfeZd fiQYesa fufeZr gksrh Fkha D;ksfa d 2007 esa ^rkjs tehau ij* fjyht gqbZ rks mlus lekt
ml le; uSfrdrk vkSj èkeZ dk cksyckyk lekt esa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ lans'k fn;kA gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa
FkkA mlds ckn ,sfrgkfld fiQYesa êqxy&,&vkte* lekos'kh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA lekos'kh f'k{kk dk vFkZ gh
tSlh fiQYe (1960)] ^tc I;kj fd;k rks Mjuk D;k* gksrk gS fofHkUu v{kerkvksa okys cPpksa dks fu;fer
ns'k esa cuus yxha vkSj tuekul esa vR;fèkd yksdfiz; d{kk esa tgk¡ lkekU; cPps gSa muds lkFk 'kkfey fd;k
gqbA± ftl le; gekjk ns'k Lora=k gqvk rc ns'k HkfDr tk,A fiQYe esa bZ'kku voLFkh uked ,d ckyd gS tks
dh fiQYesa cukbZ tkus yxha vkSj yksxksa dks [kwc ialn ekufld chekjh fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r gSA bl izdkj
vkb±A ge lc îwjc vkSj if'pe* (1970) dks Hkwy ds cPpksa dks fy[kus vkSj i<+us dh leL;k gksrh gSA
ugha ikrs gSa ftldk xhr& gS izhr tgk¡ fd jhr lnk] bZ'kku dks lkekU; cPpksa ds lkFk j[kdj xhr xk dj
eSa xhr ogk¡ ds xkrk gw¡] Hkkjr dk jgus okyk gw¡ Hkkjr vyx izdkj dh ,DVhfoVh n~okjk f'k{kk nsdj bZ'kku
dh ckr lqukrk gwA¡ ml le; lekt lqèkkjdksa vkSj dh enn dh tkrh gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d cgqr cM+k
fopkjdksa ij Hkh fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh FkhaA ^nks vk¡[ks]a lans'k lekt dks fn;k x;k gS fd ^,ojh pkbYM bt
ckjg gkFk*] ^vNwr dU;k*] ^cafnuh* tSlh fiQYeksa dk Lis'ky* ,d ekrk&firk vkSj ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa
ghjksa ;k ghjksbu (uk;d ;k ukf;dk) ,d lkèkkj.k gesa vius cPpksa ds xq.kksa vkSj mudh f'k{kk esa vkus
O;fDr gksrk FkkA ;s lHkh fiQYesa lekt dh lksp dks okyh dfBukb;ksa dk irk yxkuk gksxkA rHkh ge Hkkoh
ifjofrZr djus vkSj tuekul dks >d>ksjus eas dke;kc Hkkjrh; ih<+h dks etcwr dj ik,¡xAs
jgh gSAa ;qok ih<+h fiQYe uk;d vksj ukf;dkvksa dk vkxs 2009 esa ^3 bfM;V~l* fiQYe vkbZ ftlesa
vkt vuqdj.k dj jgs gS]a fiQYeksa dh dgkuh] lan's k cPpksa ij vfHkHkkod rFkk lekt n~okjk iM+us okys
ds vuqlkj mu ij izHkko Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA lu~ ncko ds ckjs esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl fiQYe dk lans'k
1960 vkSj 1980 ds n'kdksa esa fiQYe fuekZ.k ds eq[; :i ls ;gh gS fd cPps tks Hkh cuuk pkgsa mUgas
le; ukf;dk,¡ lkM+h ;k lwV igurh Fkha vkS j cuus nsAa mu ij vius liuksa dk ;k >wBh lkekftd
[kyukf;dk,¡ LdV~Zl vkSj vax izn'kZu djus okys izfr"Bk cuk, j[kus ds fy, ncko u Mkyas D;ksafd gj
ifjèkkuA ysfdu orZeku ifjos'k esa muds ifjèkku dks ckyd vius vki esa dqN vyx gksrk gSA ^vkfej

[kku* vkSj muds nks nksLr vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- dkWyt s esa vkt dqN fganh fiQYeksa vkSj daifu;ksa us viuk
i<+kbZ dj jgs gSas mUgha ds thou ij ;s iwjh fiQYe ,d vkSj lht ekdsVZ rS;kj fd;k gSA izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa
pyrh gSA ^vkfej [kku* us bl fiQYe ds ekè;e ls dks è;ku esa j[kdj vc fganh fiQYesa cukbZ tk jgh gSAa
,d egRoiw.kZ ckr dgh gS fd ¶vki vius fny dh vxj ;s fiQYesa vius ns'k esa dekbZ ugha dj ikrh gSa
lquksa ;fn lfpu rsna y q dj us vius fny dh ckr u rks Hkh fiQYe fuekZrkvksa dks dksbZ ?kkVk ugha gksrk
lqudj nwljksa ds ncko esa vkdj fdlh vU; {ks=k esa D;ksfa d ,slh fiQYesa izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa n~okjk fons'kksa esa
iz;kl fd;k gksrk rks os vkt bl ns'k ds egku [kwc pyrh gSa vkSj ogk¡ ilan Hkh dh tkrh gSaA ;gh
f[kykM+h u gksrAs lan's k lkiQ gS gesa tks vPNk yxs] fiQYesa ykHk ds u, fjdkMZ dks cukus esa liQy jgrh
ftlesa eu yxs ogh dke djuk pkfg,A fcuk eu ds gSa vkSj fuekZrk funsZ'kd dks dksbZ ruko dh ckr ugha
cks> le>dj pquk gqvk dke dHkh liQyrk ugha gksrhA
fnykrkA 2009 esa gh ^py pys*a fiQYe esa vdknfed fiQYe cukus ds fy, vkt vkbZ-Mh-ch-vkbZ-
ncko dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA vfHkHkkodksa ds 'kSf{kd (vkSn;~ ksfxd fodkl cSd a ) us èku ½.k ij nsuk 'kq:
ncko ds pyrs cPpk vkRegR;k dj ysrk gSA bl fd;k gSA fuekZrk&funs'Z kd] laxhrdkj] uk;d&ukf;dk]
fiQYe esa vfHkHkkodksa ds ncko dh rLohj esa f'k{kk rduhf'k;u] dSejkeSu] ys[kd ;k NksVs ,oa cM+s dykdkj
iz.kkyh dks lekt ds lkeus fp=kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA dh rduhdsa cnyus yxhaa gSAa igys cgqr de ctV
2012 esa ^bafXy'k foafXy'k* fiQYe vkbZA bl dh fiQYesa gksrh Fkha] ysfdu vkt dh fiQYesa djksMk+ as
fiQYe dk eq[; lan's k gS fd ftl ns'k dh Hkk"kk fganh dh ykxr ls cukbZ tk jgh gSa igys tgk¡ yk[kksa dk
gS ogha fganh cksyus esa yksx viekfur eglwl djrs gSAa O;olk; gksrk Fkk vc mlesa vk'kkrhr O;olk; gks jgk
ogha bafXy'k cksyus okyksa dks cgqr ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA gSA
vki xf.kr ds egkjFkh gksa ;k foKku ds Kkrk vkidks Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s
Kkuh rHkh dgk tkrk gS tc vkidks iQjkZVsnkj vaxzt s h cktkjksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gk¡ lHkh oxZ ds yksx ,d lkFk
vkrh gksA vkf[kj esa ckr djsxa s ^pkWd ,aM MLVj* dh feydj dke djrs gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx ds
tks fiQYe 2016 esa vkbZA ;g fiQYe Hkkjrh; izkbosV fodkl ds lkFk jkstxkj ds volj Hkh eqg;S k djkrs gSAa
f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds O;kolk;hdj.k ij vkèkkfjr gS ;g fiQYe baMLVªh fliQZ dykdkjksa ds fy, gh ugha vfirq
vè;kidksa vkSj Nk=kksa ds chp dE;wfuds'ku vkSj mudh yk[kkas ;qokvksa dks Hkh jkstxkj iznku djrh gSA y?kq
vkilh leL;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrh gS tks fnu&izfr&fnu fiQYeksa eas èkkjkokfgd] osc fljht] foKkiuksa vkfn esa
cnyrh vkSj c<+rh tk jgh gSAa jkstxkj dh vlhe laHkkouk,¡ gSaA rduhd vkSj xzkfiQDl
vkt fiQYeksa dks mn~;ksx dk ntkZ izkIr gSA dk fiQYeksa esa iz;ksx c<+k gS bl {ks=k esa jkstxkj dh
fiQYesa vkt djksMk+ as dk O;olk; dj jgh gSAa ,slh vkSj vfèkd laHkkouk,¡ c<+rh tk jgh gSAa fons'kh
fiQYeksa dh liQyrk ds ize[q k :i ls dbZ dkj.k gSa fiQYeksa ds Hkkjr esa O;kikj djus ls ns'kh fiQYeksa us Hkh
tSls u`R;] laxhr] fgalk] eksyksMkª ek] fons'kh yksd's ku] vius Lrj esa dkiQh lqèkkj djrs gq, ^ckgqcyh* tSlh
vkbVe lkaXl] izfln~èk ghjksa ,oa ghjksbusa bR;kfnA gk¡ fiQYesa cukbZ gSAa bl rjg ls izfr;ksf xrk euksjatu
;g lp gS fd fiQYe dh liQyrk vkSj vliQyrk ds O;kikj esa ,d Økafrdkjh ifjorZu oSf'od iQyd ij
ihNs mldhs dekbZ ls vkt ge vanktk yxkrs gSAa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
fiQYe mn~;ksx vc dkiksjZ Vs lsDVj tSlk gks x;k gSA bl izdkj ls ge ;g ns[krs gSsa fd fiQYeksa ds
fiQYe LVwfM;ks vc daifu;ksa dh rtZ ij dk;Z djus ekè;e ls lekt dk izfrfcac gesa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,slk
yxs gSAa fiQYeksa dh ekdsfZ Vax gksus ls vkenuh ds lzkrs izfrfcac tks tuekul dks euksjt a u iznku djrs gq,
c<+ jgs gSAa

lR;&vlR;] U;k;&vU;k; ds izfr iQdZ vkSj fonzksg 2- MkW- lqyHkk dksj&s laiknd ;wfu;u l`tu fiQYeh
dj lR; ds ekxZ ij pyus dk lans'k nsrk gSA nqfu;k fo'ks"kkad] vizy
S &twu] 2018
lkekftd dqjhfr;ks]a vaèkfo'oklksa ,oa ik[kaMksa tSlh
ckrksa ds izfr flusek gekjk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- ;wfu;u l`tu& fiQYeh nqfu;k fo'ks"kkad]
vizy
S &twu] 2018] jktfdj.k jS th
µ lgk;d vkpk;Z] ih- th- foHkkx] mPp f'k{kk vkSj 'kksèk laLFkku] nf{k.k Hkkjr fganh izpkj lHkk ,oa
laiknd ladY; (=kSekfld) [kSjrkckn] gSnjkckn&500004
qqq

flusek & ledkyhu ifjn`"; (lkekftd] jktuSfrd]
lkaLÑfrd) FkMZ tsaMj (fdUuj foe'kZ) ds lanHkZ esa
MkW- vuqiek
c piu ls gh eq>s flusek ds izfr fo'ks" k

yxko jgk gSA nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr gksus okys
èkkjkokfgd] lkIrkfgd ds dkj.k iSnk gqvk fiQYeksa dk
dks ysdj ?kj vkrk gS rks fgtM+s vkrs gS]a mlls iwNrs
gSa fd oks dqo¡ kjk gS rks cPpk dgk¡ ls vk;kA cPps dks
lM+d ls ?kj rd mBkdj ykus dk tks n`'; xkus ds
vkd"kZ.k] fFk,Vj esa ns[kh fiQYeksa ds dkj.k #>ku esa lkFk pyrk gS mlesa fgtM+kas dh iwjh&iwjh lgHkkfxrk
cny x;kA flusek ds izfr #>ku vkSj lkfgR; ij rFkk Hkkjrh; lekt ijaijk jgrh gS ijarq mudh mifLFkfr
vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa ds izfr ftKklk ds dkj.k gh bl ls n`'; cgqr gh thoar cu tkrk gSA
fo"k; ij dqN fopkj j[kus dk eu cu x;kA FkMZ tsaMj ij cuh dbZ fiQYeksa esa udkjkRed
flusek vfHkO;fDr dk ,d ,slk izHkko'kkyh vkSj ldkjkRed nksuksa igyqvksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
vkSj l'kDr ekè;e jgk gS ftlus lfn;ksa ls lekt dks misf{krksa dh vkokt cuus okyh fiQYeksa esa 1997 esa
lokZfèkd izHkkfor fd;k gSA ;g dgus esa xqjt s ugha ,d fiQYe vkbZ& ^reUuk*A ;g fiQYe gekjs lkeus
djuk pkfg, fd dgha&u&dgha lekt vkSj flusek dqN cM+s iz'u NksM+ tkrh gSA ,d fdUuj ik=k fVdw
nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ds iwjd jgs gSAa ges'kk flusek dks vkSj mldh csVh reUuk (iwtk HkV~V) ds ekè;e ls
euksjt a u ds rkSj ij ns[kk tkrk gS ijarq ;g izfrjksèk dk ;g fiQYe vius fo"k; ls Hkh dgha vfèkd vkxs
,d etcwr tfj;k Hkh gSA blus vius vanj lkekftd] fudy tkrh gS vkSj vius dsna hz ; fo"k; ^FkMZ tsMa j*
jktuSfrd eqnn~ ksa dks lesVk gSA yxHkx lHkh vkèkqfud] ds lkFk&lkFk L=kh foe'kZ ds Hkh dqN tfVy loky
mRrj vkèkqfud foe'kZ fiQYeksa dk fgLlk cus gSAa mUgha gekjs lkeus j[krh gSA ;g fiQYe ekuoh; laosnuk dh
vfLerkewyd foe'kks± esa ,d gS& ^FkMZ tsMa j foe'kZ*A vVwV xkFkk gSA
;g lkfgR; o lekt foKku ds lkFk&lkFk flusek ds 'kks,c ealwj ds funsZ'ku esa cuh fiQYe ^cksy* ds
fy, Hkh mruk gh egRoiw.kZ fo"k; jgk gSA FkMZ tsMa j vkèkkj ij flusek esa fdUujksa dh mifLFkfr vkSj muds
dh vfLerkbZ igpku gks ;k muds vfLrRo ls tqM+s VªhVesaV ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS gdhe dh lkr csfV;k¡
vU; iz'u bu lcdks js[kkafdr djus dk dk;Z flusek gSa vkSj vkBok¡ csVk gksrk gS og u rks yM+dh gS u
us t:j fd;k gSA eq>s flus&txr esa fgtM+kas dh yM+dk (fdUuj)A os mlls uiQjr djrs gaS vkSj
mifLFkfr ds uke ij ;fn dksbZ fiQYe lcls igys mldk ukedj.k rd ugha djrs] bTtr ds pyrs
;kn vkrh gS rks og gS egewn vfHkuhr ^dqo¡ kjk fdUujksa dks Hkh ugha nsuk pkgrs] u mls Ldwy Hkstk
cki*(1974) blesa egewn cPpksa dks lM+d ls mBkdj tkrk gS bl fiQYe esa fdUuj dk lekt esa dksbZ ugha
ys vkrk gSA fgtM+s cPps ds vkus ij cèkkbZ xkus xkrs gS ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS] u og oa'k c<+k ldrk gS u dksbZ
gSAa blesa egewn fjD'kk pkyd gS vkSj og ,d cPps bTtrnkj dke dj ldrk gS tkfgj gS] tc rd

lekt dk ;g ut+fj;k ugha cnysxk] fLFkfr;ksa dk vkfn fiQYeksa esa Hkh fdUuj dh Hkwfedk gSA ^dwVku n
cnyuk eqefdu ugha gSA oLrqr% fdUuj eqn~ns vkSj L=kh MsfLVuh vkWiQ Mkal* & iwjh rjg ls fdUuj ij vkèkkfjr
lEeku dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ ^cksy* tSlh fiQYeksa dks u gSA blesa Mkal dks iQksdl esa j[kdj cgql[a ;d lekt
dsoy cM+s Lrj ij fjyht djuk pkfg, cfYd ,slh ls yM+us okys vYila[;dh; fdUuj thou ds =kklnh;
fiQYeksa dk izpkj&izlkj Hkh vfèkd ls vfèkd djuk {k.kksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
pkfg,A ;g fiQYe lekt ds lkeus vkRekykspu gsrq ^'kcue ekSlh* fiQYe eè; izn's k ds lksgkxiqj
vusd xaHkhj loky [kM+s dj nsrh gSA ds iwoZ foèkk;d fdUuj 'kcue ckuks ds futh vkSj
Hkkjr esa cuus okyh FkMZ tsaMj dks dsafnzr djrh HkkSfrd thou ij vkèkkfjr gSA mlds tUe ls ysdj
gqbZ dqN fiQYesa Hkkjrh; flusek esa inkiZ.k dj pqdh gSa pquko rd dh leL;kvksa dk fp=k.k blesa fd;k x;k
ftlesa eèkqj HkaMkjdj dh ^VªfS iQd flXuy*] egs'k gSA ;g fiQYe ,d ik=k dks dsanz esa j[kdj vR;ar
HkV~V dh ^rEeuk*] dYiuk ykteh dh ^njfe;k¡*] xaHkhjrk ,oa jkspdrk ds lkFk vkxs c<+rh gSA fiQYe esa
;ksx's k Hkkjn~okt dh ^'kcue ekSlh*] ^dqo¡ kjk cki*] fdUuj dk fp=k.k de gqvk gSA ysfdu le; ds lkFk
^lM+d*] ôsyde Vw lTtuiqj*] ^cksy*] ^tksxok*] cnyko t:j gSA l'kDr :i esa buds thou iyksa dks
^vèkZukjh*] ^la?k"kZ* fganh flusek dh ,slh fiQYesa gSa tks fiQYe esa vafdr fd;k x;k gSA tks vadu fdUuj dks
FkMZ tsMa j dh nqfu;k dks iznf'kZr djrh gqbZ mudh ysdj gqvk gS bldh okLrfodrk dks ij[kuk t:jh
leL;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djrh gaAS dgha&dgha bu fiQYeksa gSA
esa O;kolkf;drk vo'; vk xbZ gSA ijarq lkjh fiQYesa fiQYe vfHkusrk ds :i esa fdUuj vatyh dk
cgqr xaHkhjrk ls vius fo"k; dks lekt ds lkeus uke jks'ku gqvk gS tks dsjy ls gSA bl rjg fganh
izLrqr djrh gSa vkSj ,sls loky [kM+s djrh gSa ftlls fiQYe ls fdUuj dh Nki fn[kus yxh gSA ehfM;k esa
irk pyrk gS fd lekt esa dsoy ,d leL;k ugha gS] fpf=kr fdUuj thou dk nqgjk psgjk gS mls ij[kus dk
cfYd lekt esa ;g ,d dks<+ ds :i esa Hkh ekStnw nkf;Ro gj ,d lqân; dk gSA fdUuj tks lekt esa
gSA gkf'k;s esa èkdsy fn, x, gaAS mls lekt dh eq[;èkkjk
ns'k&fons'k esa dbZ fiQYesa fgtM+kas (fdUuj) dh esa LFkku fnykus esa fiQYesa viuh vksj ls dksf'k'k dj
leL;kvksa vkSj nqfLFkrkvksa dks dsna z esa j[kdj cuh gSAa jgh gSaA lekt dk utfj;k cny jgh gSaA bldk
bl n`f"V ls phuh funs'Z kd vugqbZ n~okjk cukbZ xbZ mnkgj.k gS& fdUuj thou ij vkèkkfjr ckWyhoqM
fiQYe êkbZ us* js[kkadu ;ksX; gSA bl leqnk; ds izfr fiQYe ^galk ,d lg;ksx* esa vafcdkiqj ds ^fdUuj
frjLdkj Hkko ds dkj.k gh dnkfpr bl fiQYe dks eqLdku* dks ,d fdjnkj feyk gSA lekt ds fodkl
phu dh eq[;èkkjk dh fiQYeksa esa 'kkfey ugha fd;kA esa fdUuj Hkh viuk ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA ysfdu
(;wV;~ cw ij iznf'kZr dh) bl ij phu esa fgtM+kas dh lekt dh uhp n`f"V ls ;s ijs'kku gSA budh ftanxh
leL;k ij lkFkZd cgl pyhA caxykns'k esa cuh dks turk rd igqp ¡ kus esa lkfgR; ds lkFk fiQYe Hkh
fiQYe ^dkWeu tsMa j* us caxykns'k ds yksxksa dks vanj viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSA fdUuj dk gd vkSj ftanxh
rd fgyk fn;kA bl fiQYe esa fganw yM+ds ls izes gks dk thoar fp=k lekt rd igqp ¡ kus dh dksf'k'k bl
tkrk gSA blh fiQYe esa izse lqf"erk uked fgtM+s dks fiQYe esa gSAa
u ikus dh NViVkgV ds foy{k.k dykRedrk ds lkFk egs'k HkV~V n~okjk funsZf'kr o eqd's k HkV~V n~okjk
funs'Z kd uksesu jkWfcu us fiQYek;k gSA fufeZr fiQYe ^lM+d* 1991 esa vkbZA lat; nRr vkSj
xkfyc us Hkh ;gh dgk gS iwtk HkV~V us blesa dke fd;k gS] ;g fiQYe 2000
cl fd n'okj gS gj dke dk vklka gksuk esa ^vIiq* uke ls rfey esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ fiQYe dh
vkne dks Hkh e;Llj ugha blka gksuk ewy dFkk os';ko`fRr] yM+fd;ksa dks xqejkg dj nsg
^cqysV jktk*] ^dwVku n MsfLVuh vkWiQ Mkal*] O;kikj dh vfXu esa >ksd a us ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl jaMh
^jktk fganqLrkuh*] ûVjax*] ûrZdh*] ^VªSfiQd flXuy*

cktkj ds eq[; ljxuk ds :i esa ftl ik=k dks fufeZr gesa Hkh I;kl yxrh gS] gesa Hkh Hkw[k yxrh gSA gekjs
fd;k x;k og ,d fgtM+k gSA lnkf'ko vejkiqjdj us ikl Hkh fnekx gSA ge Hkh vPNs dke dj ldrs gS¸a A
csgrjhu vfHku; fd;k gSA mUgsa blds fy, iqjLÑr ;g ihM+k gS jryke dh fgtM+k xq#izhfr dhA ;g ihM+k
fd;k x;kA blesa og vR;ar fu"Bqj] Øwj o funZ;h gaAS gh ugha cfYd djkg gS ,sls lekt dh tks u iw.kZ iq#"k
egkjkuh tkurh gS fliQZ lkSnk] ftLe dk lkSnk] bZeku gS vkSj u iw.kZ L=khA
dk lkSnk] iSlk vkSj iSlk] T;knk iSls ds ykyp esa og fganh esa Hkh fgtM+kas dh leL;kvksa vkSj eqnn~ ksa ij
viuk oknk rksM+rh gS rks xzkgd dgrk gS rqe oknk rksM+ dqN fiQYesa cuh gS]a ftuesa dqN csgrjhu fiQYesa gSa
jgh gks] rqe esa balkfu;r uke dh pht+ gS fd ugha! ysfdu fganLq rku esa ,slh fiQYesa vpfpZr gh jg xb±A
rc egkjkuh mls nqRdkjrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd ge yksxksa ;g gekjs rFkkdfFkr lH; lekt dh vlaons u'khyrk
dks dHkh fdlh us balku le>k gh dgk¡ tks gels dk gh ifjpk;d gS fd bl rjg dh fiQYeksa dks ge
balkfu;r dh mEehn dh tk,A ;g lp fiQYe ds uksfVl esa gh ugha ysrAs uksfVl ysus dh vko';drk gh
n'kZd dks lkspus ij ckè; djrk gSA D;k gekjk lekt D;k gS\ ge rks mUgsa xqMa k] cnek'k] fuyZTt vkSj os';k
fgtM+kas dks balku dk ntkZ nsrk gS vxj fgtM+kas dks gh le>rs gSaA
balku dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk rks mUgsa ;w¡ lekt ls ^njfe;k¡ * % (bu fcVfou) fgtM+ k s a dh
vyx&Fkyx ugha dj fn;k tkrkA mUgsa Hkh fodkl ds] laosnu'khyrk ij cuh ,d yktokc fiQYe gSA dYiuk
thou ds os lkjs volj fn, tkrs tks ,d lkèkkj.k ykteh us viuh vU; fiQYeksa dh rjg bls Hkh dkiQh
euq"; dks feyrs gSAa ij ugha mUgsa èkdsydj] ?k`.kk vkSj f'kn~nr ls rjk'kk gSA fiQYe ds eq[; pfj=k gh ugha
vogsyuk ds lkFk ,d ,slh fcjknjh dk lnL; cuk NksVs ls NksVs pfj=kksa dh vge~ vkSj lkFkZd Hkwfedk
fn;k tkrk gS tks eq[; èkkjk ls dVk gqvk gS] fcYdqy n'kZdksa ds fnyks&fnekx ij yacs le; rd NkbZ jgrh
nwj vkSj vogsfyrA gSA ;g fiQYe tgk¡ ,d vksj 1940 ds vklikl dh
^la?k"kZ* fiQYe fd ckr djsa rks fiQYe tks fiQYeh nqfu;k (ckWyhoqM) ds mtys] dkys vkSj èkwlj
lkekU;r% fdUuj lekt ij fiQYekbZ xbZ fiQYeksa ls nqfu;k ds lp dks mtkxj djrh gS] ogha fgtM+s dh
vyx gSA ;g fiQYe eq[;r% yTtk'kadj ikaM;s tks euks n'kk vkS j mldh laos nu'khyrk dks foy{k.k
,d fdUuj gS mldh foÑr euksn'kk dh dgkuh gSA dykRedrk ds lkFk js[kkafdr djrh gSA iwjh fiQYe
fdl rjg yTtk'kadj viuh vejrk ds fy, eklwe dh i`"BHkwfe esa fgtM+k bEeh (vkfjiQ tdkfj;k) ds
cPpksa dh cfy p<+krk gSA og pkfyl yksxksa dh gR;k LoHkko dh rjyrk vkSj mlds vanj dh ?kqVu dfork
dj pqdk gSA ds Vsd dh iafDr dh rjg vko`fRr esa pyrh gSA
ôsyde Vw lTtuiqj*% ';ker csusxy dh ,d vkfjiQ tdkfj;k us fgtM+k dh Hkwfedk c[kwch fuHkkbZ
,slh fiQYe gS tks lekt ds cgqr ls vuNq, igyqvksa gSA fiQYe esa vkfjiQ dk ,d n`'; rks fganh flusek ds
dks mn~?kkfVr djrh gS fiQYe dh 'kq#vkr gh usg: bfrgkl esa dqN csgrjhu n`';ksa esa ls ,d gSA ml n`';
n~okjk nqtuZ iqj xk¡o ls cnys x, uke lTtuiqj ds esa og viuh v{k; uSfrdrk ls Vdjkrk gsA
lkFk gksrh gSA bl fiQYe esa dbZ leL;kvksa dh vksj flus&txr esa fdUujksa dks tgk¡ ,d vksj vR;ar
è;ku fn;k x;k gS] muesa ls ,d gS csjkstxkjhA ;g laons u'khy] midkjh] bZekunkj fn[kk;k x;k gS ogha
fiQYe vkt ds nkSj dk ,d lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd 1991 esa cuh fiQYe ^lM+d* esa fgtM+s dk udkjkRed
vDl izLrqr djrh gSA vf'k{kk ij Hkh fiQYe ds vanj i{k izLrqr fd;k gSA egkjkuh ds fdjnkj esa lnkf'ko
,d tcnjLr fVIi.kh gSA bl fiQYe esa eqUuhckbZ tc vejkiqjdj n'kZdksa ds eu esa [kkSiQ iSnk djus esa
pquko esa [kM+h gksrh gS rks ,d ckr t+gu esa vkrh gS liQy jgk gSA egkjkuh ,sls fdUujksa dk izfrfufèkRo
fd blds lkFk dkSu gksxk] bls oksV dkSu nsxk\ djrh gS tks vius fdUuj gksus dk izfr'kksèk vke turk
¶yksx gels uiQjr djrs gSa] yksxksa dks ;g ls ysuk pkgrs gSa lkFk gh cs'kqekj èku&nkSyr ikuk
le>uk pkfg, fd gesa Hkh vkf'k;kus dh t:jr gS] pkgrs gSAa lM+d dh egkjkuh vius fgtM+s gksus dks

vfHk'kki ekurh gS vkSj bl vfHk'kki ls mHkjus ds ldrk gSA ftlls eq[;èkkjk ls tqMu+ s esa bUgsa vklkuh
fy, ftLe ds cktkj dk jktk curh gSA bu lHkh gksxh vkSj ;s Hkh vke balku dh rjg Ldwyksa esa i<+
fiQYeksa esa tks ,d ckr v[kjrh gS og ;g gS fd ldsxa ]s vkSj budk Hkfo"; mTToy gksxkA
fgtM+kas ij cuus okyh fiQYeksa esa fgtM+s vfHku; ugha o"kZ 2016 eas ewyr% rsyxq q Hkk"kk esa cuh ^vèkZukjh*
djrs vfirq fgtM+ksa dh Hkwfedk dksbZ iq#"k gh fuHkkrk fiQYe fdUuj lekt vkSj mlds tuthou dks gh
gSA ;fn fdUuj viuh ihM+k Lo;a dgs rks 'kk;n fiQYesa fn[kkrh gSA ;g fiQYe jk"Vªizse vkSj fdUuj lekt dk
vkSj vfèkd Li'khZ] laons u'khy gksxa hA gkykafd ^reUuk*] thou iznf'kZr djrh gSA ^vèkZukjh* fiQYe xk¡o dh
ôsyde Vw lTtuiqj*] ^lM+d* fiQYeksa esa Øe'k% i`"BHkwfe okyh dFkk gh] izFke Hkkx fiQYe dh tku gS]
ijs'k jkoy] jfo >kady] lnkf'ko us fgtM+s dh tks mls vkxs ys tkrh gSA njvly ;g fiQYe 'kgj esa
Hkwfedk dks thoar dj fn;k ijarq ;fn fgtM+k bl gksrh yxkrkj vkSjrksa ds fy, ftEesnkj ,d vèoZukjh
Hkwfedk dks djs rks vkfFkZd :i ls lqn<` + Hkh gksxk lkFk cuk fgtM+k gS tks lkbdksfdyj ds uke ls tkuk tkus
gh viuh ihM+k] lq[k&nq[k laLÑfr nwljksa rd igqp ¡ k yxk gSA
µ ,iQ&133] nwljh eafty] tequk vjdkMs] uojax dkWEIysDl] gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk&500001

qqq

vlfe;k flusek dk bfrgkl % ,d voyksdu
MkW- jhrkef.k oS';
v le Hkkjro"kZ ds mRrj&iwoZ esa fLFkr ,d

jkT; gSA bl jkT; dh mRrj] iwoZ vkSj
nf{k.k fn'kk,¡ ioZrekykvksa ls f?kjh gqbZ gSa ,oa czge~ iq=k
dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA T;ksfrçlkn us ^t;erh* esa
dbZ u, pfj=k] vlfe;k Hkkvksuk ('kadjnso ,oa ekèkonso
ds ukVdksa dk ukV~; :i)] vlfe;k laLÑfr ds
ds nksuksa rVksa ij bldk foLrkj gSA vle dk bfrgkl miknku ,oa ?kjsyw vlfe;k ifjos'k dk la;kstu fd;k
vfr çkphu ,oa çfln~èk gSA lkfgR;] laL Ñfr] gS] tks cstc#ok ds ewy ^t;erh dqo¡ jh* esa ugha
lekt&O;oLFkk] [kku&iku] jhfr&fjokt dh n`f"V ls feyrsA blls cstc#ok ds ukVd ^t;erh* dk ,d
,d laiUu jkT; gS vleA blds lkFk gh vkèkqfud Lodh; :i feyrk gSA bl rjg vlfe;k lkfgR;dkj
;qx esa vlfe;k flusek ds la;kstu ls vle dh dh dgkuh ds vkèkkj ij 1935 bZ- ds 10 ekpZ dks
xfjek vkSj c<+h gSA dksydkrk ds jkvksukd flusek (tks orZeku esa T;ksfr
vlfe;k flusek dks vfLrRo esa ykus dk Js; flusek ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS) rFkk 1935 bZ- ds 20
:idqoa j T;ksfrçlkn vkxjokyk dks tkrk gSA os vlfe;k ekpZ dks xqokgkVh ds dqekj HkkLdj ukV~; eafnj esa
flusek ds tud gSAa vkius teZuh esa flusek ds fuekZ.k fp=kys[kk eqfHkVu n~okjk fufeZr ,oa T;ksfrçlkn vkxjokyk
,oa funsZ'ku dk çf'k{k.k fy;k FkkA vkius vle esa n~okjk funsZf'kr Hkkjr dk pkSFkk ,oa vle ds igys
flusek dh LFkk;h uhao Mkyus ds mn~ns'; ls 1934 bZ- flusek ds :i esa ^t;erh* dk çn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA
esa rstiqj ds ikl Hksykxqjh pk; ckxku esa ,d vLFkk;h ^t;erh* dk laiknu <kdk esa fd;k x;k FkkA ^t;erh*
LVwfM;ks dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA ck¡l&dkB ,oa dsys ds esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa rduhdh dfe;k¡ Fkha] ftuesa ls
isMk+ as ls fufeZr bl LVwfM;ks dk uke ^fp=kou* j[kk vkokt ls lacfa èkr =kqfV çeq[k FkhA fiQj Hkh ^t;erh*
x;k FkkA ^fp=kou* esa flusek ds n`'; ,oa 'kCn xzg.k T;ksfrçlkn dk ,d liQy ç;ksx FkkA ^t;erh* esa
rFkk çkFkfed yScksjVs jh ds dke djus dh ;kstuk ukf;dk dh Hkwfedk vnk dh Fkh vkbnsm lafndS usA
cukbZ xbZ FkhA 1935 bZ- esa T;ksfrçlkn us ^t;erh* O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls ^t;erh* iwjh rjg ls vliQy
dk fuekZ.k dj vlfe;k flusek dh uhao MkyhA jgh ]ij vlfe;k dyk dks ,d uohu la;kstu nsus dk
vfHkusrkvks]a fo'ks"kdj vfHkus=kh dk vHkko] flusek ds dke ^t;erh* us fd;kA
rduhdh dke tkuus okys yksxksa dk vHkko vkfn ^t;erh* ds ckn T;ksfrçlkn us 1939 bZ- esa
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, T;ksfrçlkn dks ^t;erh* viuk nwljk ,oa vafre flusek ^baæekyrh* dk fuekZ.k
dk fuekZ.k djuk iM+k FkkA vlfe;k ds çfln~èk fd;k FkkA ;g vle dk Hkh nwljk vkSj igyk vlfe;k
lkfgR;dkj y{ehukFk cstc#ok ds ukVd ^t;erh lkekftd flusek ds :i esa fpfàr gqvkA dsoy nks
dqo¡ jh* dks flusek ds fy, mi;qDr cukdj ^t;erh* fnu esa ^baæekyrh* dk n`'; xzg.k laiUu fd;k x;k

FkkA cgqr gh de le; vkSj O;; ls fufeZr ^baæekyrh* vfHkusrk ds :i esa vej gks x,A fui c#ok us dqy
dks [kkl liQyrk ugha feyhA blds ckn 1941 bZ- esa pkSng vlfe;k flusek dk funs'Z ku fd;kA vkius
jksfg.kh c#ok us êukserh* vkSj ikoZfrçlkn c#ok us vlfe;k flusek dks lkekftd ,oa jksekafVd dFkk ls
^:igh* (¾lqna jh) rFkk dey pkSèkqjh us 1947 bZ- esa le`n~èk fd;kA
^cnu cjiQqdu* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ij ewyèku] vuqHko vlfe;k flusek txr dks MkW- Hkwius gtkfjdk
,oa cktkj ds vHkko esa bUgsa liQyrk ugha fey ikbZA dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA ^fi;fy iQqdu* ds n~okjk
bu rhuksa flusekvksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g jgh fd buesa Hkwius gtkfjdk us vlfe;k flusek esa dne j[kkA
vle ds vrhr xkSjo dk xku fd;k x;kA bu vkius bl flusek esa laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k Fkk] tgk¡
fuekZrkvksa dk ewy y{; Fkk flusek f'kYi dks vle esa vkidks vPNh çfr"Bk feyhA ^,jk ckVj lqj* muds
çfr"Bk fnykukA bl n`f"V ls ;s liQy fln~èk gksrs gSAa funs'Z ku esa çnf'kZr gksus okyh igyh flusek gSA jksekafVd
nwljs fo'o;qnè~ k ds ckn vlfe;k flusek dh laxhreèkqj bl flusek ls vfHkusrk fot; 'kadj dh
nqfu;k le`n~èk gksus yxrh gSA 1948 bZ- esa fo".kqçlkn vn~Hkqr çfrHkk dks igpku feyrh gSA ^,jk ckVj lqj*
jkHkk rFkk iQ.kh 'kekZ ds la;Dq r funs'Z ku esa ^fNjkt* dk ls igyh ckj vfHku; esa dne j[kus okys fot;
fuekZ.k gqvk] ftlus vlfe;k flusek esa u, çk.k iQwd a As 'kadj vlfe;k flusek txr esa yksdfç;rk ds f'k[kj
y{khèkj 'kekZ dh cgqpfpZr dgkuh ^fNjkt* ij vkèkkfjr ij igqp ¡ x, FksA bl flusek esa Hkwius gtkfjdk us
^fNjkt* flusek dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ^fNjkt* dh ewy yksdxhr ,oa yksdu`R; ds la;kstu ls vlfe;k flusek
dFkk fganw&eqlyeku ,drk ij dsafær gSA dgkuh] esa buds ç;ksx dk jkg [kksyk FkkA blds ckn gtkfjdk
vfHku; ,oa funsZ'ku dh n`f"V ls ^fNjkt* ,d liQy us dbZ flusekvksa dk funsZ'ku fd;k vkSj dbZ flusekvksa
flusek gSA bl flusek esa uk;d dh Hkwfedk esa vfHku; ds fy, xhrksa dh jpuk dhaA ;gh ugha] vkius mu xhrksa
djus okys iQ.kh 'kekZ dks Lrjh; vfHkusrk ds :i esa dks xk;k Hkh FkkA blh ls mUgsa vlfe;k flusek txr
LohÑfr feyhA blh flusek dks vlfe;k flusek ds ds vfr yksdfç; f'kYih ds :i esa [;kfr feyrh gSA
bfrgkl esa igyh ckj O;kolkf;d liQyrk feyrh vlfe;k ds vfrfjDr vkius fganh] ckaXyk vkfn Hkk"kkvksa
gSA rRi'pkr çoh.k iQqdu dh îkj?kkV* (1949)] esa Hkh vusd vej xhr xk, gSAa flusek txr dks
vklhr lsu dh ^fcIyoh* (foIyoh]1950)] lqj's k mudh nsu ds fy, mUgsa 1992 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; flusek
xksLokeh dk ^#.kqeh* (1953) vkSj lquhy xkaxqyh dk dk loZJs"B lEeku ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj* ls
^lrh csmyk* (1954) çnf'kZr gksrs gSAa bu flusekvksa foHkwf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA gtkfjdk n~okjk funsfZ 'kr vU;
dks O;kolkf;d :i ls dqN gn rd liQyrk rks vlfe;k flusek gSa& ^'kdqaryk* (1961)] ^çfrèofu*
feyh Fkh]ij nh?kZdky rd Nki NksMu+ s esa ;s vliQy (1965)] ^yfV?kfV* (¾ijs'kkuh) (1966)] ^fpdfed
jghaA y{;èkj pkSèkqjh dh ^fufeyk vad* (¾vuesy fctqyh* (¾fpdfed fctyh) (1969)] êu çtkifr*
xf.kr] 1955)] iQ.kh 'kekZ dh ^fi;fy iQqdu* (1955)] (1979) vkSj ^fNjkt* (1988)A buesa ls ^'kdqaryk*]
fui c#ok dh ^Le`frj ij'k* (Le`fr dk Li'kZ] 1956)] ^çfrèofu* vkSj ^yfV?kfV* dks jk"Vªifr dk jtr ind
êkd vk# eje (¾ek¡ vkSj I;kj] 1957)] ^jÄk feyrk gS_ tcfd ^pkesfy esepkc* (¾pesyh ese
iqfyp* (¾yky iqfyl] 1958)] MkW- Hkwius gtkfjdk lkgc] 1975) ds laxhr funs'Z ku ds fy, mUgsa jk"Vªh;
dh ^,jk ckVj lqj* (¾NksM+s gq, jkg ds lqj] 1956) Lrj ij Js"B laxhr funsZ'ku dk lEeku feyrk gSA
vkfn çeq[k vlfe;k flusek gSAa buesa ls ^fi;fy 1956 bZ- ls 1969 bZ- rd iPphl vlfe;k
iQqdu* rFkk êkd vk# eje* dks mPpLrjh; flusek flusek dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA buesa ls ukS flusekvksa dks
dh LohÑfr ds :i esa Øe'k% 1955 bZ- rFkk 1957 fofoèk Lrj esa iqjLdkj feyrk gSA buesa ls êkd vk#
bZ- dks ^lfVZfiQdsV vkWiQ esfjV* feyrk gSA ^fi;fy eje* vkSj ^rstheyk* (1963) dks mRÑ"Vrk dk
iQqdu* ds uk;d dh Hkwfedk vnk dj iQ.kh 'kekZ ekui=k feyrk gSA ^jÄk iqfyp*] îqc#s .k* (¾iqos#.k]

1959)] ^'kdq a r yk*] êf.kjke ns o ku* (1964)] vkapfyd flusek dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ;s gSa&
^çfrèofu*] ^yfV?kfV* dks jk"Vªifr ds ind vkSj Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^vfuckZu* (¾vfuokZ.k] 1981)]
^MkW- cstc#ok* (1969) dks Js"B vkapfyd flusek tkàq c#ok dk ^vi:ik* (1982)] pk#dey gtkfjdk
dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA bl dky[kaM ds dqN çeq[k dk ^vkyksdj vkg~oku* (¾vkyksd dk vkg~oku] 1983)]
flusek gS&a fui c#ok n~okjk funsZf'kr ^HkDr çg~ykn* f'ko Bkdqj dk ^lks.kebuk* (1984)] HkosaæukFk 'kbdh;k
(1959)] çch.k iQqdu rFkk y{;èkj pkSèkqjh n~okjk dk ^vfXuLuku* (1986)] pk#dey gtkfjdk dk
funsZf'kr ^ykfpr cjiQqdu* (1961)] cztus c#ok ^cku* (¾ck<+]1986)] èkh# Hkw×kk¡ dk ^çFke jkfx.kh*
n~okjk funsZf'kr ^bVks flVks cgqrks* (¾;g] og vkSj (1987)] HkosaæukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^dksykgy* (1988)
vusd]1963) vkfnA bl dky[kaM esa fufeZr çHkkr vkSj tkàq c#ok dk ^cukfu* (¾taxy] 1989)A tkàq
eq[kthZ n~okjk funsfZ 'kr lkekftd flusek îqc#s .k* dks c#ok ds ^gkyèkh;k pjk;s ckvksèkku [kk;* (¾ihyk
cfyZu esa vk;ksftr varjjk"Vªh; flusek lekjksg ds i{kh èkku [kkrk gS] 1987) dks o"kZ ds Js"B Hkkjrh;
fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA fons'k tkus okyk ;gh igyk flusek dh LohÑfr ds :i esa jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj Lo.kZ
flusek FkkA blh le; fufeZr ^jÄk iqfyp* dks i;kZIr dey feyrk gS] tcfd ^vfXuLuku* dks Js"B fp=kukV~;
yksdfç;rk feyh FkhA O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls Hkh ;g dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj feyrk gSA bl n'kd esa O;kolkf;d
flusek liQy jgkA bl dky[kaM dk lokZfèkd n`f"V ls liQy flusek jgha& uhi c#ok dk ^vktyh
egRoiw.kZ flusek Fkk ^MkW- cstc#ok*] tks jgL; dgkuh uckS* (¾Hkksyh HkkHkh]1980)] f'koçlkn Bkdqj dk
ij vkèkkfjr FkkA rduhdh mRd"kZ ,oa O;kolkf;d ^cksokjh* (¾cgw] 1982)] uhi c#ok dk ^ddknsmrk]
liQyrk ds lkFk bl flusek us vle ds flusek txr ukfr vk# gkrh* (¾nknk th]gkFkh vkSj iksrk] 1983)]
ds ^ckWDl vkWfiQl* esa gypy epk nh FkhA cztus f'koçlkn Bkdqj dk ^?kj lalkj* (1983)] ujs'k
c#ok dk ^bVks flVks cgqrks* igyk gkL;&O;aX;kRed dqekj dk ^thou lqjfHk* (1984)] ^lksuebuk* vkfnA
vlfe;k flusek gSA bl le; vlfe;k flusek uCcs ds n'kd ds çkjaHk ls gh vlfe;k flusek
fp=kukV~;] dyk&funs'Z ku] funs'Z ku] dgkuh p;u] vfHku;] ds fuekZ.k ds {ks=k esa dykRed ,oa O;kolkf;d nksuksa
laokn vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa [kM+k gksus esa l{ke gksrk gSA fn'kkvksa dh ,d lekukarj xfr ns[kh tkrh gSA bl
lRrj ds n'kd esa fufeZr vlfe;k flusekvksa ds n'kd esa dbZ vkd"kZd ,oa mPp ekunaM ds flusek
dykRed ,oa O;kolkf;d nksuksa i{k egRoiw.kZ gSaA bl fufeZr gksrs gSa] tks gSa& gsesu nkl dk ^;q¡t* (¾yM+kbZ]
n'kd esa igyk vlfe;k jaxhu flusek dey pkSèkqjh 1990)] tkàq c#ok dk ^fiQfjÄfr* (¾fpaxkjh] 1991)]
dk ^HkkbfV* (¾HkkbZ] 1972) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^lkjfFk* (1992)] latho gtkfjdk
le; okLro ij vkèkkfjr dbZ dykRed flusekvksa dk ^gyèkj* (1992)] iqyd xxS dk ^jsyj vkfyj
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA buesa ls prqjxa dk ^vijkts;* nwcfj cu* (¾jsy iFk dk nwc] 1992)] latho gtkfjdk
(1970)] inqec#ok dk ^xÄk fpyuhj ik[kh* (¾ckt dk êhekalk* (1994)] tkàq c#ok dk ^lkxjyS cgq
ds ia[k] 1976)]Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^laè;kjkx* nwj* (¾lkxj cgqr nwj gS] 1995)] HkosaæukFk 'kkbdh;k
(1977)] vrqy cjnyS dk ^dYyksy*] lejsæa ukjk;.k dk ^bfrgkl* (1996)] fcn~;rq pØorhZ dk ^jkx&fcjkx*
nso dk îqryk ?kj* (¾xqfM+;k ?kj] 1976) vkfn (¾jkx fojkx] 1997)] MkW- 'kkaRouk cjnyS dk ^vnká*
çeq[k gSAa lRrj ds n'kd esa lkr vlfe;k flusekvksa (1997)] tkàq c#ok dk Lora=krk laxkz eh dq'ky dqoa j
dks Js"B vkapfyd flusek dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ;s ds thou ij vkèkkfjr ^dq'ky* (1998)] v'kksd
gSa& lejsaæ nqojk dk êerk* (1973)] vkCnqy eftn dqekj fc"k;k dk ^;kSous vkefu djs* (¾;kSou rax
dk ^pkesfy esepkc*] lejsæa ukjk;.k nso dk îqryk djrk gS] 1998) vkfnA ^fiQfjÄfr* dks o"kZ dk nwljk
?kj*] Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^laè;kjkx* vkSj ^dYyksy*A Js"B flusek dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ^lkxjyS cgq nwj*
vLlh ds n'kd esa vlfe;k esa 54 flusekvksa ds fy, tkàq c#ok dks Js"B funs'Z kd dk iqjLdkj
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA buesa ls ukS flusekvksa dks Js"B feyrk gSA ^bfrgkl* dks Js"B vkapfyd iqjLdkj ds

lkFk&lkFk ;g ^bafM;u isuksjek* esa çnf'kZr gksrk gSA okys flusekvksa esa xkSre pSVthZ dk ^l# cksokjh*
1999 bZ- esa ckuh nkl ds êgkjFkh* vkSj eatq cjk dk (¾NksVh cgw)] efgcqy gd dk ^tqeu&lqeu* vkSj
^cSHko* (¾oSHko) dk çn'kZu gksrk gSA ^cSHko* dks ^mtuhj nqtuh xkHk#* (¾Åijh vle dh nks toku
2000 bZ- esa <kdk pyfp=k egksRlo esa Js"B flusek yM+fd;k¡) çeq[k gSAa buesa ls ^mtuhj nqtuh xkHk#*
dh e;kZnk feyrh gSA lkFk gh blh flusek ds fy, nh?kZdky rd n'kZdksa esa eu esa Nki NksMu+ s esa liQy
eatq cjk dks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds flusekvksa dk Js"B jghA 2004 bZ- esa ckuh nkl ds ^dknacjh* vkSj equhu
funs'Z kd iqjLdkj ^xksYykiqfM+ Jhfuoklu iqjLdkj* fn;k c#ok ds ^nhucaèkq* dks i;kZIr liQyrk feyhA 2005
tkrk gSA esa f'kckuu c#ok dk ^fg;kj nkiksur rksejs Nfo*
2000 bZ- eas dbZ vlfe;k flusek n'kZdksa dks (¾ân; ds niZ.k esa rqEgkjh gh Nfo gS) vkSj paæ eqnS
ns[kus dks feyrs gSAa buesa ls euksjt
a u lqj dk ê`R;qghu dk ^lqjus pqjj iqrd s * (¾lqjus pksj dk csVk) fo'ks"k
thou*] fon~;qr pØorhZ dk ^fufln~èk unh*] equhu :i ls mYys[kuh; gSAa fouksnèkehZ flusek ^lqjus pqjj
c#ok dk ^fg;k fn;k fu;k (¾fny dk nsuk vkSj iqrsd* dks vR;fèkd leknj feyrk gSA 2006 bZ- esa
ysuk)] tqfcu xxZ dk ^rqfe eksj ekFkks eksj* (¾rqe esjh jes'k eksnh dk ^nsmrk fn;k fcnk;* (¾firk th fonk
gks] fliQZ esjh)] çnhi gtkfjdk dk ^vgadkj*] tkàq dhft,)] 2007 bZ- esa f'kc çlkn Bkdqj dk ^vghj
c#ok dk îk[kh* (¾ia[k)] ckgk#y bLyke dk HkSjo* vkSj jtuh ceZu dk ûhydaB*] 2008 bZ- esa
^vkNsus dksuksck fg;kr* (¾D;k fny esa dksbZ gS)] t;ar ,e- ef.kjke dk êu ;k;* (¾fny pkgrk gS)] 2009
nkl dk ^Hkwfeiq=k*] latho gtkfjdk dk êRL;xaèkk*] bZ- esa ^thcu ckVj yxjh* (¾thou ds iFk ds lkFkh)
eqUuk vkgesn dk ^tkWu Toys dikyV* (¾diky esa vkSj 2010 bZ- esa fgjsu cjk dk ^clqèa kjk*] egkiq#"k
pk¡n >ydrk gS) vkSj tksl a egfy;k dk ^tqxkarjj Jhear 'kadjnso ds thou ij vkèkkfjr flusek ^Jhear
rstky iqok* (¾;qxkarj dh rkth lqcg) çeq[k gSAa 'kadjnso* mYys[kuh; gSaA
bDdhloha lnh ds igys n'kd esa fofoèk fo"k;ksa bDdhloha lnh ds nwljs n'kd esa jksekal] ,D'ku]
ds lkFk dbZ vlfe;k flusekvksa dk fuekZ.k gSAa buesa jgL;] gkWjkWj] jktuhfr] iQSVa Slh] lkekftd&jktuSfrd]
ls 2001 bZ- esa equhu c#ok dk ^nkx*] xksiky cjBkdqj jksekafVd dkesMh] jksekafVd E;wftd vkfn fofoèk fo"k;ksa
dk ^'ks"k migkj* (¾vafre migkj)] eatq cjk dk ij vkèkkfjr flusek vkrs gSaA 2011 bZ- ds jkts'k Hkw×kk¡
^vU; ,d ;k=kk*] daniZ 'kbdh;k dk ^fcLiQksj.k* dk ^tkuef.k* liQy jksekafVd flusek gSA blh o"kZ
(¾foLiQksV)] lqeu gfjfç;k dk ^dbuk eksj èkqfu;k* ;nqef.k nRr ds ^tsrd q k ikVj njs* (¾esgna h iRrs dh
(¾esjh nqYgu lqanj gS) vkSj equhu c#ok dk ûk;d* rjg) dks Hkh dqN gn rd liQyrk feyrh gSA 2012
fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA ^dbuk eksj èkqfu;k* vkSj bZ- esa paæ eqnS ds ^ckdj iqrd s * (¾Hkwr dk csVk)
uk;d dks fo'ks"k liQyrk feyrh gSA 2002 bZ- ds vR;fèkd lekn`r gksrk gSA fcn~;rq dkdfr dk ^,[ku
flusekvksa esa vkyksd ukFk dk ^beku eje fd; ykxs* usns[kk unhj flikjs* (¾,d u fn[kus okyh unh ds
(¾bruk I;kj D;ksa vkrk gS)] equhu c#ok dk ^dU;knku*] ml ikj) dks Hkh n'kZdksa us viuk;kA 2013 bZ- esa
vatu dfyrk dk ^fç;k vks fç;k*] b'kk [kku dk ekul gtkfjdk dk jksekafVd flusek ^vkdk'k pqcyS
êjeh gkWckus yxjh* (¾I;kjh lkFk fuHkkvksxh D;k)] eu* (¾vkleku Nwus dh bPNk)] flEiy xxS dk
paæ eqnS dk êk?kr ekef.kj fc;k* (¾ek?k esa ekef.k jksekafVd E;wftdy flusek ^rqfe ;fndksok* (¾vxj
dh 'kknh gS) vkSj lqeu gfjfç;k dk ^ddnsmrkj ?kj rqe dg nks)] lejsaæ ukjk;.k nso dk fpykjk; ds
tks¡okb* (¾nknk th ds ?kj tekbZ) çeq[k gSAa êk?kr thou ij vkèkkfjr flusek ^chj fpyjk;* (¾ohj
ekef.kj fc;k* vkSj ^ddnsmrkj ?kj tksoa kb* n'kZdksa ds fpyjk;)] ½rqjkt nRr dk jksekafVd flusek ^Hkky
fny thrus esa fo'ks"k :i ls l{ke gq,A O;kolkf;d ikc uktkfuyks* (¾I;kj djuk ugha vk;k)] dsuh
n`f"V ls Hkh ;s flusek liQy jgsA 2003 bZ- esa vkus clqerkjh dk eflZ;y vkVZ dkWeMs h ^yksdy s dqxa iQw*

vkSj ekSçk.k 'kekZ dk dkWeMs h flusek ^nqtuZ * mYys[kuh; O;kolkf;d liQyrk feyrh gSA ^vkfe"k* orZeku ;qx
gSAa 2014 bZ- esa tkàq c#ok dk ^vts;*] jkthc cjk ds ;qokvksa ds çse dh foÑr ekufldrk dh ,d
dk jksekafVd ,D'ku flusek ^fg;k fnck dkd* (¾ vlkèkkj.k ?kVuk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
fny fdls nksx]s ;nqef.k nRr dk îkuh*] ckgk#y vlfe;k flusek dks le;≤ ij vusd
bLyke dk ^jkWnj fpfB* (¾èkwi dh fpV~Bh) çeq[k gSAa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA foæksgh laxBu
vkfny gqluS ] tqfcu xxZ]vaxjkx egar tSls flrkjksa ls mYiQk ds vle ds flusek?kjksa esa fganh flusek dks
Hkjs ^jkWnj fpfB* dks dyk ,oa O;kolkf;d :i ls fuf"kn~èk djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i vle ds dbZ flusek?kj
i;kZIr liQyrk feyrh gSA 2015 esa ,D'ku jgL; ls ,d ds ckn ,d can gksus yxs FksA blls vlfe;k
Hkjk ckuh nkl dk ^vgsrd q *] v'kksd dqekj fo"k;k flusek mn~;ksx dk Hkkjh uqdlku gksrk gSA jkT; ljdkj
dk ^[ksy% n xse* vkrs gSAa 2016 bZ- esa fnjkd dk';i us 2005&2006 ds ctV esa vlfe;k flusekvksa ds
dk ^yksdcaèkq*] HkkLdj gtkfjdk dk ^dFkkunh*] jkts'k fuekZrkvksa dks 80 çfr'kr euksjt a u dk dj okil
tliky dk ^xkus fd vkus* (¾xkuk D;k ykrk gS) djus dh ?kks"k.kk ls flusek txr esa vk'kk dh fdj.k
vkfn çeq[k flusek gaSA buesa ls ^dFkkunh* dks i;kZIr txrh gSA blh rjg feuh flusek?kj ds fVdVksa esa 50
yksdfç;rk feyrh gSA 2017 bZ- esa vkus okyh flusekvksa çfr'kr euksjatu VSDl dh NwV dh ckr dgh xbZ FkhA
esa jkts'k Hkw×kk¡ dk ^dksoa jiqjj dksoa j* fgeka'kq çlkn nkl vlfe;k fiQYe mn~;ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
dk ^'kkfdjk vkfgc cdqyryj fcgqyS* (¾'kkfdjk vlfe;k fiQYe cukus okyksa dks vkfFkZd enn nsus ds
cdqy ds uhps ds fcgq esa vk,xh)] gseus nkl dk fy, vle jkT; fiQYe (foRr vkSj fodkl) fuxe
ê`xukfHk*] eatqy c#ok dk ^varjhu*] tqfcu xxZ dk fyfeVsM 2012 bZ- ls fofHkUu rjhdksa dks viuk jgk
^fe'ku pkbuk*] 'kaRouk cjnyS dk êkt jkfr dsVsdh* gSA ;g fyfeVsM vlfe;k flusek ds fodkl ds fy,
(¾chp jkr dks dsrdh) vkfn çeq[k gaAS buesa ls dyk fofHkUu jpukRed ;kstuk,¡ ys jgk gSA fyfeVsM ,d
dh n`f"V ls êkt jkfr dsVd s h* dks fo'ks"k liQyrk etcwr fiQYe uhfr ds fy, Cyw fçaV rS;kj dj pqdk
feyrh gSA 2018 bZ- esa fcn~;r dVdh dk ^'kS'kcrs gSA ;g uhfr fuf'pr :i ls vlfe;k fiQYe fuekZrkvksa
èksekfyrs* (¾cpiu esa galh&etkd es)a ] fgeT;ksfr dks enn dj jgh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh enn djsxhA 2018
rkyqdnkj dk ^dsyMas j* vkSj jhek nkl ds ^foyst bZ- dks vlfe;k flusek ds fodkl ds fy, vle
jkWdLVkj* dks fo'ks"k [;kfr feyrh gSA ^dsyMas j* cq<k+ is jkT; fiQYe (foRr vkSj fodkl) fuxe fyfeVsM us
dh etcwjh dk ekfeZd fp=k.k gS] rks ^foyst jkWdLVkj* nks fnolh; dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;kA bl rjg
esa nfjæ vlfe;k xk¡o ds cpiu dh vkdka{kkvksa ,oa vusd pqukSfr;ksa ds chp vlfe;k dykçseh fuekZrkvks]a
r`fIr dh NksVh&lh lhek dk okLrfod fp=k.k fd;k funs'Z kdks]a vfHkusrkvks]a xk;dksa ,oa n'kZdksa dh çsj.kk
x;k gSA ^foyst ^jkWdLVkj* dks vkWLdj dk ukWfeus'ku ,oa ç;kl ls vusd pqukSfr;ksa ds chp vlfe;k flusek
feyrk gSA 2019 bZ- esa dbZ vlfe;k flusekvksa dks fodkl dh vksj fujarj vxzlj gks jgk gSA
liQyrk feyrh gSA buesa ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k unh fVIi.kh
n~ohi ektqyh ds tuthou dk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k djus vlfe;k Hkk"kk esa ^l* mPpkj.k okys nks o.kZ gSa&
okyk ^cjunh HkfV;k;* (¾czg~eiq=k cgrk tkrk gS)] ^p* vkSj ^N*A vlfe;k Hkk"kk esa ^l* ds fy, dksey
tqfcu xxZ dk ^dkaputa?kk*] jhek nkl dk ^cqycqy ^g* dk mPpkj.k gksrk gSA vlfe;k ds ^l*] ^p* vkSj
dSu lhax* (¾cqycqy xk ldrh gS)] ;rhu cjk dk ^N* bu rhuksa o.kksaZ ds fy, fganh fyI;arj.k esa Øe'k%
^jRukdj*] HkkLdj gtkfjdk dk ^vkfe"k* çeq[k gSaA ^l*] ^p* vkSj ^N* j[ks x, gSaA fganh Hkk"kk ds ^;* o.kZ
vlfe;k xzkE; thou ij vkèkkfjr flusek ^cqycqy ds fy, vlfe;k Hkk"kk esa nks o.kZ pyrs gSa& ,d dk
dSu lhax* dks vlfe;k Hkk"kk ds o"kZ ds Js"B flusek mPpkj.k ^;* gh gS vkSj nwljs dk mPpkj.k ^t* gksrk
dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ,D'ku flusek ^jRukdj* dks gSA vlfe;k ^;* ds fy, fganh esa Hkh ^;* j[kk x;k

gSA vlfe;k ^;* ds ^t* okys mPpkj.k ds fy, 2- c#vk] 'kka r uqd kS f 'kd&la f {kIr vlfe;k
fyI;arj.k esa ^;* j[kk x;k gSA fo'odks'k&çFke [kaM&T;ksfr çdk'ku&xqokgkVh] 2009
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- c#vk] 'kka ruq dkSf'kd&la f {kIr vlfe;k
fo'odks'k&çFke [kaM&T;ksfr çdk'ku&xqokgkVh] 2009
µ lg;ksxh vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle

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vlfe;k flusek dks Hkwisu gtkfjdk dh nsu
iwtk c#ok
fl usek chloha lnh dh ekuo lH;rk dk

,d egRoiw.kZ vkfo"dkj gSA ;g euksjt
dk ,d ,slk ekè;e gS tks lHkh oxZ ds yksxksa dks
a u
muds fy, laxhr ges'kk mudk igyk I;kj jgk gSA os
,d ,sls xk;d Fks] ftUgksua s vlfe;k flusek txr dks
dbZ dkyt;h xhr fn, gSa muds xkus fiQYeksa esa tku
vkdf"kZr djus esa l{ke gSA flusek dsoy euksjt a u dh yk nsrs FksA vlfe;k flusek muds xkuksa ds fcuk vèkwjk
gh oLrq ugha gS] dHkh&dHkh flusek vusd mi;ksxh gSA muds xhrksa esa ekuo&izes ] tkrh;rk&cksèk] leUo;okn]
lan's k dk okgd Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gSA flusek dk izes ] izÑfr] thou&cksèk] vlfe;k laLÑfr vkfn vusd
lcls cM+k egRo bl ckr ls gS fd blus dbZ fo"k; lfEefyr gSAa
dykdkjks]a laxhrdkjks]a vfHkusrkvksa rFkk vU; yksxksa ds lu~ 1935 bZ- esa :idksaoj T;ksfr izlkn vkxjokyk
fy, deZ{ks=k dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA us vle dh igyh fiQYe ^t;erh* cukbZ FkhA Hkwius
Hkkjrh; flusek txr esa fganh flusek iFk&izn'kZd gtkfjdk us fiQYeksa esa vius dfj;j dh 'kq#vkr cky
dh rjg gSA fganh flusek ds vuqdj.k ls gh vU; dykdkj ds :i esa dh FkhA mUgksua s vkxjokyk dh
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa flusek dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA nwljh fiQYe ^banzekyrh* (1939 bZ-) esa vfHku;
vlfe;k flusek txr Hkh blh dk mnkgj.k gSA flusek fd;k FkkA foy{k.k izfrHkk ds vfèkdkjh gtkfjdk us
esa ftl izdkj ls dgkuh vko';d gS] mlh izdkj xhr 10 lky dh mez esa viuk igyk xhr fy[kk vkSj xk;k
Hkh vko';d gSA xhr rks flusek dk izk.kLo:i gSA Fkk] ftlds ckn mUgksua s dHkh ihNs eqMd + j ugha ns[kkA
vlfe;k flusek dh ckr gks vkSj Hkwius gtkfjdk dh mUgksaus 1930 bZ- ds n'kd ls 1990 bZ- ds n'kd rd
ckr u gks] ;g laHko ughaA vlfe;k flusek txr dks dbZ vlfe;k] ckaXyk vkSj fganh fiQYeksa ds fy, xhr
mudh nsu vrqyuh; gSA ,d liQy xk;d rFkk fy[ksa vkSj xk,¡ gSAa Hkwius gtkfjdk vlfe;k fiQYeksa esa
xhrdkj rks os igys ls gh Fks] ijarq lkFk gh os ,d lcls vfèkd xhr xkus okys dykdkj gSAa muds xkuksa
vPNs fiQYe&fuekZrk Hkh FksA mUgksua s vusd fiQYeksa esa dh la[;k dbZ gtkj gSAa mUgksua s lekt] jktuhfr]
xhr xk, rFkk laxhr dk funsZ'ku Hkh fd;kA ,d èkeZ&laLÑfr] thou] izÑfr vkfn lHkh i{kksa dks ysdj
xk;d&laxhrdkj vkSj lkaLÑfrd dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa xhr fy[ks FksA muds xhr brus izHkkoh gS fd os fdlh
Jn~èkk ls mudk uke Lej.k fd;k tkrk gSA vlfe;k Hkh oxZ ds yksxksa dks ea=keqXèk djus esa l{ke gSA mudh
flusek txr esa Hkwius gtkfjdk ds ;ksxnku dk vkadyu igyh fiQYe ^,jk ckVj lqj* (NksMs+ gq, ikB dk lqj)
ge fuEu fcanqvksa ds vkèkkj ij dj ldrs gSa& ds ^lkxj laxer* xkus dh dqN iafDr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr
d- xk;d ds :i esa gS&a
Hkwius gtkfjdk dfo] xhrdkj] fiQYe&fuekZrk rks lkxj laxer
Fks gh_ ij lcls igys os ,d lqifz ln~èk xk;d FksA druk lkrqfjyks

rFkkfirks gksok ukbZ Dykar [k- fiQYe&fuekZrk ds :i esa
rFkkfi euj eksj iz'kakr Hkwius gtkfjdk ns'k ds vxz.kh fiQYe fuekZrkvksa
lkxjj mfeZekyk v'kkar esa ls ,d FksA os ,dek=k ,sls O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus
euj iz'kkar flusek ds ekè;e ls vkfnoklh laLÑfr lfgr lHkh
lkxj c{kr mRrj&iwohZ jkT;ksa dks ,dhÑr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
tksokjj ukb vkft var gtkfjdk us vlfe;k] ckaXyk vkSj fganh esa dbZ fiQYeksa
vtlz ygjs uko&uko xfrjs vkfu fn, vk'kk dk funsZ'ku fd;k FkkA muds n~okjk funsZf'kr flusek dh
viQqjar la[;k dqy 9 gSAa muesa ls lkr vlfe;k] ,d ckaXyk
ls;gs s eju eksj iz'kkar lkxjj mfeZekyk v'kkar vkSj ,d fganh Hkk"kk dh gSAA mudh lcls igyh
(nRr 1997 % 338) fiQYe Fkh ^,jk ckVj lqj*A bl fiQYe us vlfe;k
HkkokFkZ % lkxj laxe esa fdruk rSj fy;k] ij flusek dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nhA mUgksaus bl fiQYe ds
dHkh Dykar ugha gqvkA fiQj Hkh esjs eu dk izlkar funs'Z ku ds lkFk&lkFk bl fiQYe ds xkuksa dk Hkh
lkxj v'kkar gh jgkA eu ds izlkar lkxj ds o{k esa funs'Z ku fd;kA bl fiQYe esa mudh iRuh fiz;ca nk us
vkt ygjksa dk dksbZ var ughaA vufxur ygjsa fiQj ls Hkh u`R;&funsZ'kd ds rkSj ij mudh lgk;rk dh FkhA
eu esa vk'kk ys vkrh gaAS blhfy, esjs eu dk izlka r mUgksua s vlfe;k Hkk"kk dh fiQYeksa ds fy, xhr fy[ks]a
lkxj v'kkar gSA funs'Z ku fd;k vkSj xhr Hkh xk,A muds n~okjk funsZf'kr
os xk;d ds :i esa vR;ar yksdfiz; FksA mUgsa vlfe;k flusek bl izdkj gSa& ^,jk ckVj lqj*]
1991 bZ- esa vius xk;u dSfj;j dh xksYMu tqcyh ds ^'kdqaryk* (1960 bZ-) îzfrèofu* (1964 bZ-)] ^ysfV
fy, lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjrh; xzkeksiQksu daiuh ?kfV* & ijs'kkuh (1967 bZ-)] ^fpdfed fctqyh* &
us 1978 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfr muds mRÑ"V fpdfed fctyh (1971 bZ-)] êu iztkifr* (1978
;ksxnku ds fy, mUgsa ^xksYM fMLd* ls lEekfur bZ-)] vkSj ^fNjkst* (1988 bZ-)A bu fiQYeksa ds funs'Z ku
fd;k FkkA muesa ges'kk ls gh lkekftd psruk cuh ds lkFk gh mUgksua s buesa laxhr&la;kstu vkSj daBnku
jgh] ;gh lkekftd psruk os vius xkuksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh fd;k FkkA ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa mudh ,dek=k fganh
tu&tu rd igqp ¡ kuk pkgrs FksA ;s xhr muds izfln~èk fiQYe gSA êkgqr caèkq js* (1958 bZ-)A êsjk èkje esjh
izes xhrksa ds foijhr gSAa mu xhrksa esa 'kks"k.k] vU;k;] ek¡* (1977 bZ-) muds n~okjk funsZf'kr ,dek=k fganh
vuhfr ds izfr fonzkgs rFkk lkekU; turk ds izfr fiQYe gSA ;g v#.kkpy izns'k dh igyh jaxhu
lân;rk dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA êf.kjke nsoku* iQhpj fiQYe gSA mUgksua s v#.kkpy izn's k ljdkj ds
fiQYe esa muds n~okjk funsfZ 'kr ,d xkus esa mudk fy, tutkrh; yksd&xhr vkSj u`R; ij vkèkkfjr ,d
lkekftd Loj eq[kfjr gks mBk gS& jaxhu MkWD;weaVs ªh dk Hkh funsZ'ku fd;k Fkk] ftldk uke
jkbt usdkafnck Fkk îQkWj gkse n lu~ 'kkbue* (1974 bZ-)A mUgsa
raxkfy ckafèkpk ^'kadqryk*] îzfrèofu* vkSj ^yfV?kfV* ds fy, Øe'k%
;k=kkj var g; gs g; 1960 bZ-] 1964 bZ- vkSj 1967 bZ- esa rhu ckj
------ns'kjsb iztk loZJ"s B fiQYe fuekZrk ds :i esa jk"Vªifr ls jk"Vªh;
vU;k; tqtk iqjLdkj feyk FkkA lu~ 1992 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa
lR; vkft gc t; gs t;A Hkkjrh; flusek esa ;ksxnku ds fy, flusek dk loksPZ p
(nRr 1997 % 357) lEeku ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds* iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
HkkokFkZ % gs esjs ns'k dh turk jksuk erA ;k=kk fd;k FkkA
dk var gksus gh okyk gSA esjs ns'k dh iztk vU;k; ds Hkwius gtkfjdk us vle ljdkj ds fy, xhr ds
f[kykiQ ;qnè~ k djks] lR; dh fot; vo'; gksxhA izk:i esa ^,eqfB pkmyj dkfguh* (eqV~Bh Hkj pkoy

dh dgkuh) uked ,d MkWD;weaVs ªh dk fuekZ.k vkSj lu~ 1977 esa Js"B laxhrdkj ds :i esa jk"Vªh;
funs'Z ku fd;k FkkA mUgksua s 1977 bZ- esa dksydkrk iqjLdkj feyk FkkA
nwjn'kZu dsna z ds fy, vkèks ?kaVs dh MkWD;weVas hª dk vlfe;k ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksua s dbZ ckaXyk fiQYeksa
fuekZ.k vkSj funsZ'ku fd;k] tks mRrj iwoZ Hkkjr ds esa Hkh laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k FkkA muesa ls ^thou r`".kk*]
yksd xhrksa vkSj u`R;ksa ij vkèkkfjr FkhA mUgksua s vle ^vlekIr*] ^nqb cspkjk*] ^naifr*] ekgqr caèkq js*] ^dkyk
ds i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus gsrq vle ljdkj ds fy, flanjw *] ûkfxuh du;j dkfguh* vkfn ize[q k gSAa ^vkjksi*]
ik¡p jhy dh jaxhu MkWD;weVas hª ds fy, laxhr cuk;kA ^,d iy*] ^#nkyh*] îihgk*] îzfrewfrZ*] ^nfeZ;ku*]
mUgksua s 1977 bZ- esa vlfe;k fiQYe ds fy, Hkkjr esa ^xtxkfeuh*] ^neu*] ^D;ksa* vkfn fganh fiQYeksa esa Hkh
loZJ"s B laxhrdkj ds :i esa jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj thrkA mUgksua s laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k FkkA laxhr ukVd vdkneh&
2000 bZ- esa mUgksaus fganh iQhpj fiQYe ^neu* ds fy, ubZ fnYyh us mUgsa Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfr mRÑ"V
laxhr rS;kj fd;kA 2003 esa mUgksaus lqJh dYiuk ;ksxnku ds fy, lu~ 1987 esa lEekfur fd;k FkkA
ykteh n~okjk funsZf'kr fganh iQhpj fiQYe ^D;ksa* ds 1993 bZ- esa tkiku esa vk;ksftr ,f'k;k iSflfiQd
fy, laxhr rS;kj fd;kA baVjus'kuy fiQYe iQsfLVoy esa mUgsa varjjk"Vªh; Lrj
x- laxhr funs'Z kd ds :i esa ij ^#nkyh* fiQYe ds laxhr ds fy, loZJ"s B laxhr
Hkwius gtkfjdk xhr fy[krs Fks] xkrs Fks vkSj funs'Z kd ds :i esa lEekfur fd;k x;kA os Hkkjr ds
mudk funs'Z ku Hkh djrs FksA os ,d vR;ar gh izfrHkklaiUu igys laxhr funs'Z kd Fks] ftUgsa ;g lEeku izkIr gqvk
laxhr funs'Z kd FksA mUgksua s dYiuk ykteh n~okjk funsfZ 'kr FkkA
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij iqjLÑr fganh iQhpj fiQYe ^,d mi;qZDr foospu ds vkèkkj ij fu"d"kZr% ;g
iy* ds fy, laxhr lajpuk dh FkhA flusek vkSj dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkwius gtkfjdk dbZ Hkk"kkvksa ds
laxhr ds ekè;e ls tutkrh; dY;k.k rFkk tutkrh; Kkrk FksA blhfy, mUgksua s vyx&vyx Hkk"kkvksa esa xhr
laLÑfr ds mRFkku esa muds mRd"Vª ;ksxnku ds fy, xk, gSaA ysfdu os vfèkdrj xhr viuh ekr`Hkk"kk
1977 bZ- esa v#.kkpy izns'k ljdkj us mUgsa Lo.kZ vlfe;k esa gh fy[krs ,oa xkrs FksA mUgksua s iwjs iwoksRZ rj
ind ls uoktk FkkA ds yksd&laxhr dks nqfu;k ls ifjfpr djk;kA vlfe;k
Hkwius gtkfjdk 31 vlfe;k] 15 ckaXyk vkSj flusek ds xkuksa dks fons'kksa rd iQSyk;kA mUgksua s vlfe;k
14 fganh flusekvksa ds laxhrdkj jg pqds gSAa mUgksua s flusek txr dks ,d ubZ Å¡pkbZ nhA lgh vFkZ esa os
ftu vlfe;k flusekvksa dk laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k Fkk] Hkkjr ds lkaLÑfrd jktnwr ds leku gSA vlfe;k
muesa ^fcIych* (foIyoh)] ^fljkt*] îj?kkV*] flusek dks mudh nsu vrqyuh; ,oa vn~forh; gSA
^dspklks.k* (dPpk lks.kk)] ^,jk ckVj lqj*] ^fi;fy mudh dyk&laLÑfr ds izfr vrqyuh; lsok ds dkj.k
iqQdu*] ^'kadrq yk*] ^èkqegq k* (rwiQku)] ef.kjke nsoku] gh Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa 2019 bZ- esa ns'k dk loksZPp
îzfrèofu*] ^yfV ?kfV*] ^HkkX;*] ^fpdfed fctqyh*] ukxfjd lEeku ^Hkkjr jRu* ls uoktk FkkA
^[kkst* (dne)] ^fczf"V*] pkesyh eselkc*] ^dk¡p lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
?kj*] ^èkeZdkb*] îyk'kj jax*] ^cutqb*] ^fu;fr*] êu nRr] fnyhi] Hkwisu gtkfjdk xhr vk# thou
iztkifr*] ^vi:ik*] ê;wjh*] îkuh*] ^dq¡oyh* vkfn jFk] iape] dksydkrk% JhHkwfe ifCyf'kax daiuh] 1997
mYys[kuh; gSAa ^pkesfy eselkc* fiQYe ds fy, mUgsa
µ vfrfFk vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle

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ikjlh jaxeap vkSj fganh flusek dk vkxk”k
MkW- dapu oekZ
, d dyk ds :i esa fganh flusek us lkS o"kks±

ls Åij dk tks thou ft;k gS] og 'kkunkj
jgk gSA bldh ,d lqugjh fojklr jgh gS vkSj bl
fy;kA izkjaHk esa xqtjkrh] mnwZ vkSj ejkBh ukVdksa ds
eapu ls dksbZ [kkl liQyrk ugha feyhA eqca bZ ds
cgqHkk"kh n'kZdksa dks vkÑ"V djus ds mn~n's ; ls
fojklr dks cjdjkj j[kus dh ftn~n gh bls ftank j[ks foDVksfj;k ukVd eaMyh us ^lksus ds ewy dh [kqj'khn*
gSA Hkkjr ,d ,slk eqYd gS tgk¡ gj ftanxh dh viuh (1871 bZ-)uked fganh&mnwZ ukVd [ksyk vkSj vk'kkrhr
,d dgkuh gS] mlds cs'kqekj jax gSa vkSj ;fn bu ij liQyrk izkIr dhA vPNh vkenuh gksus ds dkj.k blh
fiQYe cukbZ tk, rks vkxkeh lkS lky Hkh de iM+asxsA ekè;e ls ukVd djuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA yxHkx vkèkh
rhu v{kjksa dk ;g tknqbZ uke ^flusek* gj Hkkjrh; dks 'krkCnh rd bl O;kolkf;d jaxeap us viuk [kwc jax
cjlksa ls yqHkkrk vk;k gSA fiNys lkS lkyksa ls gekjs tek;k vkSj djksM+kas dh rknkr esa n'kZdksa dks rS;kj
;gk¡ euksjatu ds dbZ lkèku ;Fkk& ukSVadh] dOokyh] fd;kA ikjfl;ksa n~okjk izkjaHk fd, tkus ds dkj.k
ldZl vkfn jgs gSa] ysfdu flusek dk tknw vkt Hkh bldk uke îkjlh jaxeap* iM+k ysfdu lkFk gh
cjdjkj gSA cnyrs le; ds lkFk bldk vank”k cnyk ejkBh] xqtjkrh] fganh] mnw]Z rfey] rsyxq ]q dUuM Hkk"kh
gS] ysfdu bldh df'k'k vkt Hkh cjdjkj gSA jaxdfeZ;ksa dk Hkh iwjk lg;ksx bl jaxeap dks FkkA
fganh flusek dh ;k=kk cM+h fnypLi jgh gSA ikjlh fFk;sVj dk ekWMy baXySaM dk foDVksfj;k fFk;sVj
vkt flusek us ,d ubZ djoV yh gS dFkk] xhr] Fkk vkSj bls gh vkèkkj cukdj bldh ifjdYiuk cgqr
laxhr] vfHku;] funs'Z ku lHkh {ks=kksa esa dqN u dqN dqN izkfs lfu;e fFk;sVj ds :i esa dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjrh;
u;k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g vuk;kl ugha gqvk gSA yksd ukVdksa vkSj ;wjksih; ukVdh; rduhd dk
njvly] flusek dk foLrkj ysrk ;g lalkj dbZ eksMk+ sa feyk&tqyk :i Fkk ikjlh jaxeapA fon~;korh uez ds
ls xq”kjk gSA fganh flusek dh ijaijk dks ikjlh jaxeap vuqlkj] ¶ikjfl;ksa us viuk jaxeap 'ksDlihfj;u jaxeap
ds mn; ds lkFk tksMd + j ns[kk tkrk jgk gSA ds vkèkkj ij Hkkjrh; jaxeap ds mi;qDr fufeZr fd;k
mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds lkrosa&vkBosa n'kd ls FkkA ukVdksa esa jl ds LFkku ij dFkk&oSfp=; gh
ikjlh ukVd dk izkjaHk gksrk gSA igys igy eqacbZ ls euksjt
a u dk ekè;e FkkA¸1
ikjfl;ksa us fons'kh ukVdksa dks ns[kdj 'kkSfd;k rkSj ij euksjatu dj iSlk dekuk gh eq[; mn~ns'; gksus
ukVd [ksyuk 'kq: fd;kA 'kh?kz gh mudh O;kolkf;d ds dkj.k euksjt a u dk gj laHko rRo bu ukVdksa esa
cqn~fèk us ;g Hkk¡i fy;k fd blls dkiQh iSlk cuk;k 'kkfey FkkA izkjaHk esa tks ukVd miyCèk Fks mUgsa gh
tk ldrk gS vkSj bls ,d O;olk; ds :i esa viuk eafpr fd;k x;k ysfdu ckn esa daiuh ds futh

ukVddkjksa us ukVd fy[kuk izkjaHk fd;kA y[kuÅ ds gljr vkfn ys[kd bUgha daifu;ksa dh nsu gSAa
vkf[kjh uokc okftn vyh'kkg ds ukVd ^jkèkk dUgS;k ikjlh jaxeap ij [ksys tkus okys ukVdksa ds
dk fdLlk* (1843) vkSj vekurÑr ^banjlHkk* pquko esa eq[; :i ls mldh yksdfiz;rk] vfèkd ls
(1953) esa euksjatu ds bu lHkh rRoksa dk iz;ksx gksus vfèkd èkuksiktZu rFkk peRdkj vkèkkj gksrs FksA ;g
ds dkj.k ;s ikjlh fFk;sVj ds vkjafHkd izjs .kk lzksr peRdkj dgkuh ds IykWV] rqdcanh] laokn] os'kHkw"kk]
cusA dgkuh] laokn] xhr&laxhr] u`R; ls Hkjiwj euksjt a u lsV rFkk n`';&n`';karj dh uohurk ls FkkA >k¡fd;k¡
dh ;gh oks ijaijk Fkh tks ikjlh fFk;sVj dks fojklr (VscykW) blh peRdkj dk ifj.kke FkhaA u, lhu&lhujh
esa feyh FkhA igys igy ikjlh jaxeap ij vaxt sz h ls ;qDr ukVd tks n'kZdksa dks vfHkHkwr dj ns ;gh
ukVdksa ds :ikarj.k eafpr gq,A rRi'pkr~ xqtjkrh] fn[kkuk mn~n's ; FkkA izR;sd vad ds var esa MªkiW lhu
mnwZ&fganh ukVd [ksy s x,A ikjlh jaxeap ls gh gksrk FkkA bl izdkj ls HkhM+ bDV~Bh djus ds rjhdksa
ikjlh&xqtjkrh] ikjlh&mnw]Z ikjlh&ejkBh dk ,d lkFk dks fujarj [kkstk tkrk FkkA peRÑr djus okys dFkkud]
vFkZ cksèk gksrk gSA îkjlh jaxeap* dsoy blfy, dgk vfrukVdh;rk] dkO;kRed 'kSyh] rM+drs&HkM+drs laokn]
x;k D;ksafd bu daifu;ksa ds ekfyd ewyr% ikjlh gh HkO; lsV] pedhys ijnksa ij n'kZdksa dks HkkofoHkksj
gqvk djrs FksA fFk;sVj daifu;ksa ds uke T;knkrj djus dk xq.k buds ukVdksa esa fon~;eku FksA
vaxtsz h esa gqvk djrs FksA loZiFz ke] lsB fiLVu th dFkkoLrq eq[;r% èkkfeZd] ikSjkf.kd] eè;;qxhu
Úke th us vksfjtuy fFk;sVªhdy daiuh (1870) dh fdLls] 'ksDlfi;j ds Mªkeksa ds IykWV ls fy, tkrs FksA
LFkkiuk dhA ckyhokyk dh foDVksfj;k ukVd daiuh vfèkdka'k ukVdksa ds fo"k; lR;] èkeZ] R;kx] ohjrk]
vkSj dkolth dh vYÚsM fFk;sVªhdy daiuh vius izse vkfn gksrk FkkA euksjt a u izèkku izsedFkk,¡ T;knk
”kekus dh izfln~èk daifu;k¡ FkhaA ns[krs gh ns[krs dbZ ilan dh tkrh FkhaA iwjk okrkoj.k jksekfu;r Hkjk gksrk
daifu;k¡ vfLrRo esa vk xb±A Fkk tgk¡ uk;d&ukf;dk ds feyu ls ukVd dk izkjaHk
vius izkjafHkd nkSj esa ikjlh fFk;sVj ij b'd gksrk FkkA izse vkSj fookg esa èkeZ] oxZ] o.kZ dh
vkSj gqLu dk cksyckyk jgkA ikjlh daifu;k¡ turk dk #dkoVs]a ikfjokfjd&dyg ds ckn izse dh izkfIr]
dsoy lLrk euksjt a u dj iSlk dekus ds mn~n's ; ls chp esa ;qnè~ k] nSoh; ?kVukvks]a peRdkfjd n`';ksa ds
gh ukVd [ksyrh FkhaA O;kolkf;d mn~ns'; ds dkj.k ekè;e ls mn~ns'; iwfrZ& bl izdkj ds n`'; dFkkudksa
gh bUgsa esy&s Bsyksa esa cqyk;k tkrk FkkA pwf¡ d ;s O;kikjh esa Hkjiwj ek=kk esa ik, tkrs Fks ftlls dFkkud esa
Fks blfy, turk dks ogh fn[kkrs rks mls ilan gksrk vkdfLedrk mRiUu dh tkrh FkhA MkW- y{ehukjk;.k
FkkA tc turk dk eu HkfDr esa jek rks bUgksaus yky ds 'kCnksa es]a ¶gj n`'; ds var esa ôal eksj*
jkek;.k] egkHkkjr ij vkèkkfjr ukVd [ksyus 'kq: dj dh iqdkj tc rd n'kZd lekt esa u gks tk,] rc
fn,A eryc ;g tks fcd ldrk gS] mls cspk vkSj rd u ukVd Js"B ekuk tkrk] u vfHkusrk] u jaxf'kYih]
èku dek;kA bUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkSj iqu#RFkkuoknh ukVd u xk;d] u urZdA¸2 le; rFkk n'kZdksa dh ek¡x ds
Hkh eafpr fd, ftls turk n~okjk [kwc ljkgk x;kA vuqlkj ukVd eafpr fd, tkrs Fks vFkok cus&cuk,
O;kolkf;d nckoksa ds Hkhrj ^ckWDl vkWfiQl* dh ukVdksa esa izlxa tksM+ fn, tkrs FksA igys ukVd ds
liQyrk ds iQkewy Z ksa ds vkèkkj ij ukVdksa dh jpuk lkFk ,d izglu gksrk Fkk ftldk ewy dFkk ls dksbZ
dh xbZA n'kZdksa dh ek¡x ds vuq:i vius lksp&fopkj lacaèk ugha gksrk FkkA izglu ds ik=k izk;% pkiywl
vkSj Hkko dks <kydj èku rFkk 'kksgjr izkIr fd;kA ukSdj] cnfnekx choh] vÕ;k'k fcxMSy + csVk] datl w
ysfdu vkxs pydj vkxk gJ d'ehjh] ukjk;.k izlkn cw<k+ vkfn gksrs FksA izk;% oftZr n`';] bu izgluksa esa
csrkc rFkk jkèks';ke dFkkokpd tSls ukVddkjksa us LokHkkfod :i ls fn[kk, tkrs FksA g¡lh&fBBksyh]
èkkfeZd] ikSjkf.kd rFkk lkekftd ukVdksa ds ys[ku@eapu NsM+NkM+] gkL;kLin ?kVuk,¡ eq[; gksrh FkhaA gkL; izk;%
ls ikjlh jaxeap dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nhA buds vykok v'yhy] Hkn~nk vkSj vf'k"V gksrk FkkA bldk mn~ns';
Ñ".kpan ”ksck] rqylhnRr 'kSnk] gfjÑ".k tkSgj] JhÑ".k xaHkhj izlxa ksa ds chp jkgr nsus ds vykok nwljs n`';

ds izkjaHk iwoZ eap lTtk Hkh djuk gksrk FkkA dHkh&dHkh dFkk] n`'; laokn fy[kus iM+rs FksA bruk gh ugha mls
nwljs ukVddkjksa ds fy[ks izglu Hkh xaHkhj dFkkud ds funs'Z kd rFkk O;oLFkkid dh ethZ&ls Hkh iQsj&cny
lkFk tksM+ fn, tkrs FksA ukVddkj nks Lora=k dFkkudksa djuk iM+rk FkkA
dh ;kstuk Hkh djrs FksA igyk] eq[; vkSj xaHkhj funs'Z kd ikjlh jaxeap ij losl Z okZ Fkk ysfdu
dFkkud rFkk nwljk] xkS.k vkSj gkL;iw.kZA ,sls dFkkud dbZ txg ij mls izcèa kd ds vuq:i dke djuk
vkxk gJ us fy[kus 'kq: fd,A lkFk gh gkL; vkSj iM+rk FkkA funs'Z kd dh ilan ls gh ukVd dk pquko
O;aX; ewy dFkkud ds ik=kksa ds laokn esa gh fn, tkus vkSj mlesa la'kksèku gksrk FkkA ukVddkj ds lkFk gh
yxsA vkxk gJ Ñr ^flYoj fdax* ukVd bldk laxhr&funs'Z kd] lhu&lhujh fuekZrk rFkk vfHkusrk Hkh
mnkgj.k gSA ikjlh ukVddkjksa us bl ckr dk è;ku funs'Z kd dh fuxjkuh esa dke djrs FksA O;kolkf;d
j[kk fd vke&n'kZd fdl rjg dh Hkk"kk le>rs gSa :i ls og funs'Z kd liQy ekuk tkrk Fkk ftldh
lkFk gh ukVd dh dFkkoLrq ds fglkc ls Hkk"kk dk ”;knkrj izLrqfr;k¡ gksrh Fkha vkSj turk dh okg&okgh
dkSu lk :i vfèkd mi;qDr gksxkA ukV~; Hkk"kk ds ckjs feyrh FkhA ukVd ls ykSVrs gq, n'kZd ea=keqXèk gks
esa ikjlh jaxeap ds ukVddkjksa dh D;k jk; Fkh] tkrk Fkk vkSj ckj&ckj ukVd ns[kus vkrk FkkA
cdkSy ukjk;.k izlkn ^csrkc* vfHkusrk dk eq[; dk;Z n'kZdksa dh Hkkoukvksa
u BsB fganh] u [kkfyl mnw@Z ”+kcku xks;k feyh& vkSj dYiukvksa dks eap ij thfor j[kus dh FkhA bl
tqyh gks c[kwch ls vfHkusrk pfj=k dks izLrqr djrk Fkk fd
vyx jgs nwèk ls u feJh@Myh&Myh esa ?kqyh n'kZd ea=keqXèk gks tk,¡A dFkk ds vuq:i gh mldh
feyh gksA vfHku; {kerk fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA mls pfj=k ds fy,
cs'kd dgk tk ldrk gS fd fganh Hkk"kk ds fof'k"V :i ls izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk FkkA lqanj psgjk
dq'ky iz;ksx us bl jaxeap dks vkSj O;kid tukèkkj vkSj vPNh dndkBh ds vykok xkuk&ukpuk rFkk
fn;kA ikjlh jaxeaph; Hkk"kk rku&vuqrku vkSj y; ls ryokjck”kh dk Kku vko';d FkkA 'ksjksa&'kk;jh esa
;qDr gSA NksV&s pqVhys ltho vkSj izHkkoksRiknd laokn fuiq.krk ds dkj.k og volj vuq:i bldk iz;ksx
bu ukVdksa dh tku gSaA cksèkxE;rk bu ukVdksa dh djrk Fkk vkSj bl dnj n'kZdksa dks vkg~ykfnr dj
igyh 'krZ gSA bldh ;gh yksdfiz; Hkk"kk vkxs pydj nsrk Fkk fd ôal eksj* dh vkokt+ ls iwjh jax'kkyk xwt a
fganh flusek dh Hkk"kk cuhA blus fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk tkrh FkhA dqN vfHkusrk vius vfHku; ds dkj.k brus
vFkok cksyh ds 'kCnksa dks viukus ls fdlh Hkh izdkj izfln~èk Fks fd ukVd dh izfln~fèk esa pkj pk¡n yx
dk ijgst ugha fd;kA laokn ds chp&chp esa 'kk;jh] tkrs Fks tSl&s lksgjkc th] vkxk egewn] ekLVj fiQnk
x+t+ysa] rqdcanh [kwc pyrh FkhaA laokn in~;kRed rFkk gqluS ] ekLVj uSujw ke] fel xkSgj] esjh iQsVa u] is'kal
rqdkar gksrs FksA vfr vkosxiw.kZ laokn HkhM+ bdV~Bk dwij] tgk¡vkjk csxe vkfnA ukeh dykdkjksa dks daiuh
djus esa lgk;d gksrs FksA dFkkud] laokn] Hkk"kk rFkk dks osru Hkh vfèkd nsuk iM+rk FkkA tSlk fd gksrk Fkk
vfHkus;rk ukVd dks yksdfiz; cukrs FksA L=kh ik=kksa dk vfHku; izkjaHk esa NksVs yM+ds djrs FksA
ukVddkj ikjlh jaxeap dk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd FkkA HkkbZ jkty ds uke ls fo[;kr vfHkus=kh ,dek=k
bldk funs'Z kd rFkk O;oLFkkid ds lkFk iw.kZ rkyesy vfHkus=kh Fkh tks iq#"k ik=k ds vfHku; ds fy, izfln~èk
gksrk FkkA pw¡fd ikjlh jaxeap iw.kZr% O;kolkf;d Fkk gqbAZ ysfdu fL=k;ksa dks igyh ckj eap ij izo's k nsus
blfy, ukVddkj bl ckr dk iwjk è;ku j[krk Fkk fd dk Js; ikjlh jaxeap dks gh tkrk gSA dkol th
n'kZdksa dks dSls ckaèk dj j[kk tk,A blfy, ukVdksa esa [kVkÅ us vfHku; esa LokHkkfodrk ykus dh n`f"V ls
pViVs xhr] iQM+drs laxhr] csgrjhu u`R;] jksekapiw.kZ loZiFz ke esjh iQsVa u dks jaxeap ij izLrqr fd;kA ,d
n`'; rFkk 'ksjks&'kk;jh dk [kwc iz;ksx gksrk FkkA pwf¡ d vPNh daiuh ds ikl lkS ls Ms<+ lkS rd dykdkj
n'kZd dks peRÑr djuk ,dek=k mn~ns'; gksrk Fkk gksrs FksA cM+h daifu;ksa ds ikl NRrhl lf[k;ksa dh
vr% mldh ilan&ukilan dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Vksyh gksrh Fkh tks ckjg&ckjg ds xziq essa ukprh vkSj

ikVZ djrh FkhA dksjafs Fk;u fFk;sVªhdy daiuh ds ikl gksrk FkkA yanu ds jaxeapksa ij bl izdj ds midj.kksa
lcls vfèkd ukpus&xkus okyh fL=k;k¡ FkhaA vysDtsMa kª dk iz;ksx rc dkiQh gksrk FkkA
fFk;sVhª dy daiuh vius le; dh lcls ped&ned 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa ukVd daiuh ds vkus ls
okyh daiuh FkhA dbZ lIrkg igys ls gh izpkj dk;Z 'kq: gks tkrk FkkA
ik=k viuh Hkwfedk ds vuqlkj gh oL=k rFkk cM+&s cM+s jaxhu bf'rgkj yx tkrs Fks ftu ij ukVd
lkt&lTTkk dk pquko djrs FksA os'kHkw"kk n'kZdksa dks dk eq[; rRo ,d&vkèk iafDr esa n'kZdksa esa ftKklk
vkdf"kZr djus okyh] muesa pkgr iSnk djus okyh mRiUu djus ds fy, fy[k fn;k tkrk Fkk ftls vkt
gksrh FkhA os pedhys&HkM+dhys oL=kkHkw"k.k èkkj.k djrs dh Hkk"kk esa ^VSxykbZu* dgk tkrk gSA turk esa ykylk
FksA psgjs dks fnyd'k cukus ds fy, esdvi dk iSnk dh tkrh Fkh rkfd os ”;knk ls ”;knk rknkr esa
Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA xhr&laxhr&u`R; ikjlh vkdj ukVd ns[k ldsaA tSl&s ^Mkdw tks lar cu
jaxeap dk vge~ fgLlk jgs gSAa xkuksa dh ek=kk bu x;k*] ^jktdqekjh ftlus yaxM+s fHk[kkjh ls C;kg fd;k*]
ukVdksa esa vfèkd gSA ;s ”;knkrj rqdcafn;k¡ gaS tks îgyh ckj vaxz”s k eseksa ds Mk¡l*] ^dydRrs dh
fdlh u fdlh rtZ ij cSBk nh xbZ gSaA mnwZ ys[kdksa us tknwxjfu;k¡*] îQkjl dh gwj*as ] ^rwjku dh delhus*
vfèkdrj x+”kyksa dk lgkjk fy;kA rM+drs&iQM+drs bR;kfnA ;g Vªy s j ;k izkseksa dk izkjafHkd :i Fkk tks
xhr&laxhr ij fd, x, u`R; turk esa csgn yksdfiz; daiuh vius ukVdksa ds fy, fd;k djrh FkhA iksLVj
gq,A xhrksa dk iz;ksx jaxeap ij mifLFkr ik=kksa dks dksbZ ij vfHkusrk@vfHkus=kh ds vykok izfln~èk ukVddkj
fo'ks"k lwpuk nsus ds fy, gksrk Fkk ;k n'kZdksa ij fo'ks"k dk ftØ Hkh gksrk FkkA xkus&ctkus ds lkFk fudkyk
izHkko Mkyus ds fy,A dqN xhr cSd xzkmaM esa xk, x;k tqyl w vkSj tksdjksa ds djrcksa dh >yfd;k¡ Hkh
tkrs Fks ftlds lgkjs dgkuh vkxs c<+rh FkhA izsexhr] fn[kkbZ tkrh FkhaA
'kksdxhr] mins'kkRed xhr] ½rqxhr] yksdxhr bR;kfn bu ukVdksa ds n'kZd izk;% fuEu oxZ ;k vui<+
xhrksa n~okjk ukVdksa dks #fpiw.kZ cuk;k tkrk FkkA vfHkusrk fdLe ds yksx gksrs Fks ftudh la[;k g”kkjksa esa FkhA
dh euksn'kk dk fp=k.k xhrksa ls c[kwch gksrk gSA blh ,d vyx <ax ls euksjatu dh ek¡x djus okys n'kZd
ls gkL;&fouksn dk lek c¡èkrk Fkk vkSj izse mn~xkj oxZ dks ikjlh jaxeap us tks fn[kk;k] turk us mls oSls
rFkk izes izlxa ksa dh ppkZ vkxs c<+rh FkhA ?kksj i'pkrki gh Lohdkj dj fy;kA gkykafd dqN ckSnf~ èkd oxZ ds
rFkk vJq ls Hkjs xhr eu dh vry xgjkbZ;ksa dks Nw n'kZd (Hkkjrsna ]q izeFknk] MkW- Fkhcks) Hkh Fks tks buds
tkrs FksA n~okjk eafpr iQwgM+ izlxa ksa dk fojksèk Hkh djrs FksA
HkO; lkt&lTtk ls ;qDr ikjlh jaxeap esa vius ;g vfr';ksfDr ugha fd fganh flusek dh fojklr
n'kZdksa dks vfHkHkwr djus dh {kerk FkhA pV[k] 'kks[k ikjlh jaxeap gSA flusek esa viuh ckr@dgkuh dgus
jaxhu ijnksa dk iz;ksx eap dks vkd"kZd cukus ds lkFk ds fy, fiQYe fuekZ.k ds rduhdh igyqvksa ij
gh peRdkjh n`';ksa dks izLrqr djus ds fy, fd;k fuHkZjrk ”;knk gksrh gSA vyadj.k ij è;ku ”;knk fn;k
tkrk FkkA tkrk gSA ftldh ped&ned ls n'kZd flusek?kjksa
eap ij vkf[kjh esa ,d pVd jax dk inkZ Vaxk rd f[kapk pyk tkrk gSA yksdfiz; lsV fganh flusek
gksrk Fkk tks ukVd dh i`"BHkwfe dk dk;Z djrk FkkA ds bu vyadj.kksa esa xhr] laxhr] u`R;] n`';kadu] HkO;
eq[; ukVd esa tgk¡ inks± dk iz;ksx foLr`r Fkk ogha ,DtkWfVd yksdYl dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS vkSj cgqr
izglu@ dkWfed dks ,d gh fpf=kr insZ ds vkxs lh fiQYesa blh yksdfiz;rk ds cy ij dke;kc gksrh
iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA peRdkfjd n`';ksa tSl&s nsoksa gSAa xhr&laxhr&u`R; esa fijksbZ dFkk turk dks yqHkkrh
dk vkdk'k ls vorfjr gksuk] vlqjksa dk xk;c gksuk] gSA
ifj;ksa dk ”kehu ij mrjuk] iq"id foekuksa dk mM+uk] fganh flusek ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa rdjhcu mu
flagklu fgyuk] nsoh&nsork dk varèkkZu ;k izdV gksuk lHkh fo"k;ks@a dFkkvksa ij fiQYe vius [kkl&vank”k esa
vkfn n`';ksa ds eapu ds fy, tfVy ;a=kksa dk iz;ksx fuekZrkvksa n~okjk cukbZ xbZ tks ikjlh jaxeap ij dkiQh

èkwe epk, FkhA iafMr Hkw"k.k n~okjk fyf[kr ”kkfye 1931 esa lRrkbl fiQYesa cuha ftuesa ls ckbZl fganh
lkSnkxj (1941) jkèkk fiQYe daiuh] dydRrk n~okjk Hkk"kh FkhaA ewd fiQYeksa ds nkSj esa ns'k esa ,d&frgkbZ
cukbZ xbZA bl fiQYe esa vfHku; fd;k] [kyhy flusek?kj enu fFk;sVj daiuh ds ekfyd txnh'k th
dTtu] jkuh izes yrk vkSj gSnj ckanh usA ^gBhyh Úketh enu ds FksA ikjlh ukVdksa dh rjg gh fiQYe
nqYgu* (1932) dk fuekZ.k dTtu] jkuh izes yrk vkSj Hkh ,d iQk;ns dk lkSnk lkfcr gqvk ftlus [kwc
gSnj ckanh usA ^gBhyh nqYgu* (1932) dk fuekZ.k dekbZ dhA mlh le; lRrj g”kkj #i, dh ykxr ls
'ksDlih;j ds ukVd ^n Vsfeax vkWiQ n Jw* ij cuh fiQYe ^fdLer* (1944) us ,d djksM+ #i, dh
vkèkkfjr FkkA #Lre eksn h us îkd nkeu ;k vkenuh dhA bu fiQYeksa dh yksdfiz;rk dk vanktk
'kghn&,&ukt* (1940) dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks vkxk bl ckr ls Hkh gksrk gS fd dksbZ fiQYe fdruh pyhA
gJ d'ehjh n~okjk 'ksDlfi;j ds ukVd êstj iQkWj izHkkr VkWdht dh ^ve`reaFku* igyh fganh fiQYe Fkh
estj* dk :ikarj.k FkkA ^[kwu dk [kwu* (1935) ftlus flYoj tqcyh eukbZA ckcwjko isVa j us viuh
fiQYe lksgjkc eksnh us 'ksDlfi;j ds ukVd gSeysV fiQYe ôRlykgj.k* (1920) dh ifCyflVh ds fy,
ij cuk;k tks :ikarj.k FkkA rkt fiDplZ us ^tueqjhn* igyh ckj flusek iksLVj tkjh fd;kA
vFkok ^dkfiQj&,&b'd* fiQYe cukbZ tks ikjlh jaxeap fganh flusek us dFkkoLrq ds :i esa dPpk eky
ij ^dkyh ukfxu* ;k ^tu&eqjhn* ds uke ds eafpr ikjlh jaxeap ds ukVdksa ls fy;kA mlds vkèkkjHkwr
gqvk yksdfiz; ukVd FkkA vkxk gJ d'ehjh ds <k¡pas rFkk dFkkRed lajpuk esa flusek us dHkh dqN
gSeysV ds :ikarj.k ij lkSgjkc eksnh us ^lSn&,&gol* tksM+k rks dHkh dqN NksM+kA bl izdkj ,d ,slk
(1936) uked fiQYe vkSj Lo;a dTty csx dh dFkkRed feJ.k rS;kj fd;k tks yksxksa dh ilan ds
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA blds lkFk gh 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa fiQYedkjksa vuq:i FkkA fiQYedkjkas us ges'kk uohu i`"BHkwfe rFkk
us èkkfeZd&ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;ksa dks gh fiQYe cukus ds vkd"kZd LFkku ;Fkk& laiUu 'kgj] euksje LFky] ou]
fy, pqukA Vkiw] rVh; LFkyksa dk p;u i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa fd;k
ns'k dh igyh ewd fiQYe ^jktk gfj'panz* ftlls dFkkud esa fpf=kr lkekftd rFkk O;fDrxr
(1913) vkSj igyh cksyrh fiQYe vknsZ'khj bjkuh dh thou ds ,s'o;Z rFkk oSHko dk fp=k.k gks ldsA turk
^vkye vkjk* (1931) bUgha fo"k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr ds euksjt a u rFkk ilan dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, dYiuk
fiQYesa FkhaA èkkfeZd fiQYeksa ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa lSÕ;n dk lek;kstu] ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dk l?ku fp=k.k]
iQRrsyky us izHkkr daiuh ds fy, ^txrxq# 'kadjkpk;Z* ukjh izse vkfn dks c[kwch LFkku feyk gSA dFkkud dks
o ^lar rqdkjke* fiQYesa cukb±A ikjlh gkseh okfM;k vkxs c<+kus esa Nn~e os'k] iwonZ hfIr 'kSyh] fojksèk rFkk
us ^lai.w kZ jkek;.k*] ^jkeHkDr guqeku*] îkrky fot;*] vk'p;Z] var esa jgL;ksn?~ kkVu] ik=kksa dks fNikdj j[kuk
^x.ks'k efgek* fiQYesa cukb± rks vCnqy xÝiQkj o tSlh ;qfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx 'ksDlfi;j ls ikjlh jaxeap
vCnqy djhe us ^v;ksè;kifr* o ^jkek;.k* vkfn vkSj ogk¡ ls fganh flusek esa vk;kA
fiQYesAa ^lrh vuql;w k* ds ys[kd vglku fjtoh FksA ikjlh jaxeap ds leku gh fiQYeksa ds dFkkud
jTtu fe;ka fiQYe îwju Hkxr* ds ghjks FksA fiQYe esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSa tSl&s lkainz kf;drk] jktuhfr]
^nzkSinh* esa nzkSinh dk vfHku; fd;k tScqfUulk usA bl vf'k{kk] izes fookgsrj lacèa k] ysfdu budk mn~n's ;
le; dh mYys[kuh; fiQYesa Fkha& ^vkye vkjk*] n'kZdksa dh uC”k VVksyuk ugha cfYd eqnn~ ksa dks Hkqukdj
^mn;dky*] ^;gwnh dh yM+dh*] ^,d fnu dk ckn'kkg*] iSlk dekuk jgkA ,d yM+dk&,d yM+dh ds chp
^HkkbZ ;k dlkb*] ^fHk[kkjh*] ^[kwu dk [kwu*] ^vy èkeZ] tkfr] oxZ] o.kZ] bZeku vkSj xq:j dh nhokjsAa vkB
fgyky*] ^gaVjokyh* vkfnA xkus] pkj iQkbfVax lhu] FkksMk+ vrhr] FkksMs+ vk¡l&w FkksMh+
fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* esa ckjg xhr] ^ySyk etuw* g¡lh vkSj lkeus Bxk lk n'kZd bu lcdks feykdj
esa pkSchl rFkk ^fo'oeksfguh* esa lksyg xkus FksA lu~ curh gSa fganh fiQYesaA flusek dh rduhdh dq'kyrk]

lsVksa dh HkO;rk] vfHkusf=k;ksa ds :i vkSj rsoj dk dbZ rjg ds fiQYedkj gSaA flusek dks dyk:i esa
>Vdk] LVaV vkSj dSejs dh vokd~ dj nsus okyh ekuus okys Hkh gSa rks os Hkh gSa ftuds fy, ;g eg”k
dykckf”k;k¡ ;s lc feydj flusek dks vizfre cukrs iSlk dekus vkSj jkrksa&jkr vehj cuus dk ,dek=k
gSaA vkt n'kZd euilan dykdkj dk cxkor] ukp&xkus ”kfj;k gSA flusek esa dgkuh dks izHkko'kkyh <+xa ls
vkSj Bqeds] gj ,d iQkbV lhu vkSj Mkal ewo ij izLrqr dj cM+h dekbZ djuk gh fuekZrkvksa dk edln
rkfy;ksa dh ckSNkj gS] yo lhu ij lhfV;k¡ gSa& jksekap gksrk gS vkSj blds fy, ekStwn lHkh midj.kksa vkSj
vkSj jksekap dk ;g elkyk tks vkt dh fganh flusek rduhdksa dk og tedj mi;ksx djrk gSA
esa gS og ikjlh jaxeap ls fHkUu ughaA yk[kksa dh ykxr ikjlh jaxeap ls tqMs+ ukVddkj izkjafHkd flusek
esa cuus okyh fiQYesa vc djksMk+ as esa curh gSa vkSj blh ls tqMs+ vkSj iVdFkk ys[ku (vkxk gJ] csrkc] jkèks';ke
ds vuq:i flrkjksa dk ikfjJfed Hkh r; gksrk gSA dFkkokpd) vkSj funs'Z ku (vkxk gJ) dk dke Hkh
ikjlh jaxeap dh gh rjg fiQYe Hkh ,slk fd;kA bu ukVd dafiu;ksa dks pykus okys dbZ ekfydksa
ekè;e gS tks fdlh ,d O;fDr dh ltZukRedrk vkSj us fiQYe fuekZ.k Hkh fd;kA bl izdkj ^#Lre lksgjkc*
dkS'ky ds cycwrs ij ugha py ldrhA ,d lkewfgd vkSj ^;gwnh dh yM+dh* ls vkxs pydj ikjlh jaxeap
dyk gksus ds ukrs vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa izoh.k O;fDr;ksa us fganh flusek esa Hkh viuk LFkku cuk;kA ukVdksa dks
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ijlh jaxeap dh rjg fiQYe euksjatd vkSj jkspd cukus ds fy, gj u, dne
fuekZ.k esa Hkh cgqr vfèkd iwt a h dh ”k:jr jgh gS mBk, tkrs] u, iz;ksx fd, tkrs rkfd n'kZd bUgsa
vkSj budh igpku vkjaHk ls gh mu daifu;ksa ls gksrh ilan djsa vkSj O;oLFkkidksa dh dekbZ gksrh jgsA
jgh gS tks bls cukrh gSAa tSl&s ckWEcs Vkdh”k] egcwc tkus&vatkus ,d ,slh jax'kSyh fodflr gqbZ ftldk
LVwfM;ks] izHkkr fiQYe] feuokZ ewohVksu vkfnA buesa ls izHkko vkus okys le; esa ukVdksa ij rks iM+k gh lkFk
dbZ daifu;k¡ vfHkusrkvks]a fluseVs ksxkz iQj] funs'Z kdksa dks gh izkjafHkd flusek Hkh vNwrk ugha jgkA ikjlh jaxeap
ekfld osru ij j[krh gSa vkSj os vius ekfyd dk flusek ds vkus ds ,d n'kd ckn rd cuk jgk
gqDe ctkrs gaAS vkt dk fganh flusek turk esa dkiQh ysfdu flusek dh vHkwriwoZ yksdfiz;rk us bls xqeukeh
yksdfiz; gS ftldk ,dek=k edln iSlk dekuk gSA ds vaèksjs esa <dsy fn;kA fiQYeksa ds vfLrRo esa vkus
fganh flusek lgh ek;uksa esa ikjlh jaxeap dk ls igys ftu n'kZdksa ds fy, ikjlh ukVd [ksys tkrs
izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA vkt fganh fiQYeksa dh Hkk"kk vke jgsa ogh turk vkxs tkdj fiQYeksa ds n'kZd cusA
vkneh ds fny ls lhèks tqMr+ h gS ftlesa u rks fganh dguk u gksxk fd ikjlh jaxeap dh ;g O;kolkf;d
dh laLÑrfu"Brk gS vkSj u gh mnwZ dk iQkjlhiuA ijaijk fganh flusek dk vkèkkj cuh vkSj blh uewus ij]
fganLq rkuh ”kcku dh bl rkdr us ,d u;k c`gr FkksMs+&cgqr iQsjcny ds lkFk vkt Hkh cukbZ tk jgh
n'kZd oxZ gh ugha rS;kj fd;k cfYd mu dbZ funs'Z kdksa gSAa
dks Hkh ekSdk fn;k ftlls os vke turk dk euksjt a u lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
dj ldsA fganh flusek ds lkFk xSj fganh dykdkjksa dk 1- fon~;korh uez] fganh jaxeap vkSj iafMr ukjk;.k
,d cM+k lewg fiQYe fuekZ.k ds ,d cM+s {ks=k es]a izlkn csrkc] i`"B 43
iVdFkk ys[ku] Nk;kadu] laiknu] laxhr] xhr] funs'Z ku] 2- y{ehukjk;.k yky] ikjlh fganh jaxeap] jktiky
vfHku; esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl yksdfiz; ekè;e esa ,aM lal] i`"B 78&80
µ lh&1@1103] olar dqat] ubZ fnYyh&110070

qqq

ey;kye flusek dh fodkl ;k=kk
MkW- èkU;k- ,y
fl usek bl le; tulapkj dk lokZfèkd

yksdfiz; o 'kfDr'kkyh ekè;e gSA ubZ
izknS ;~ ksfxdh us bl tu lapkj&ekè;e esa xq.kkRed
ml le; Vªkoudwj fj;klr dk Hkkx Fkk) ftys ds
vxLrh'oj fuoklh tslh- MSfu;y uked ,d nar
fpfdRld us fd;k FkkA ey;kye flusek ds firkeg
ifjorZu fd, gSAa fiNys n'kd esa fo'o èkjkry ij ^MkW- tslh- MSfu;y* gSaA lkr uoacj 1928 essa
^bysDVªkfud&ehfM;k* us vius O;kid ia[k ilkjs gSAa ^foxrdqekju~* dk igyk izn'kZu dSfiVkWy fFk;sVj esa
,d ubZ ^dYpjy baMLVªh* rsth ls mHkjdj gekjs gqvk FkkA dsjy dk nwljk ewd pyfp=k lu~ 1931 esa
lkeus okeu ls fojkV vkdkj esa mifLFkr gks xbZ gSA ukxjdksfoy fuoklh lqanjjkt n~okjk fufeZr êkrkZ.MoekZ*
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk dh fiQYeksa esa ey;kye flusek dh gS A ds j y dk igyk lkfgR; lac aè kh flus ek gS
Js"Brk fufoZokn ekuh tkrh gSA jke dkfj;kr] th- êkrkZ.MoekZ* (lh- oh- jkeu fiYys dk ,sfrgkfld
vjfoanu] vVwj xksikyÑ".ku] 'kkth ,u- d#.k] tkWu miU;kl) ftlds funsZ'kd gS ih- oh- jkoqA bl flusek
vczkge] ,e- Vh oklqnos u uk;j tSlh fiQYeh gfLr;ksa dk igyk izn'kZu Hkh fr#ouariqje ds dSfiVkWy fFk;sVj
dks tUe nsus okys ey;kye flusek us yxkrkj csgrj esa gqvk FkkA
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k dj viuk loZJ"s B LFkku cuk, lu~ 1937 esa ey;kye dh igyh cksyrh
j[kk gSA lu~ 1906 esa fr#fPpjkiYyh ds ,d jsyos fiQYe ^ckyu* ds fuekZ.k ls dsjy ds fiQYe mn~;ksx
deZpkjh ikWy foUl~UV us dksf"+kdksV esa ck;ksLdkWi~ dh mRrjksRrj o`nf~ èk gqbAZ bl flusek ds fuekZrk Vh-
n~okjk ,d fp=k izn'kZu fd;kA fiQj os r`'kwj vk x,] vkj- lqanje~ vkSj funs'Z kd ,l- uksV~Vk.kh gSAa ey;kye
ogk¡ dkV~Vwj fuoklh ok:..h tksli+Q bl ck;ksLdkWi flusek ds igys IyscSd xhrdkj& Jh ljksftuh ,oa
izn'kZu esa vkÑ"V gksdj ikWy foUl~UV ls ck;ksLdkWi] xksfoan jkoq gSAa ^fueZyk* fiQYe esa ^d#.kkdjk ihrkacjh-
izkt
s DVj ,oa fiQYeksa dks [kjhndj ^tksl~ ck;ksLdkWi* ---* iafDr;ksa dk vkykiu djrs gq, bUgksaus fiQYe xhr
uke ls fp=kksa dk izn'kZu fd;k FkkA ^,Mhiksyks fdÄ~ xk;u esa inkiZ.k fd;kA dsjy dk igyk fiQYe LVwfM;ks
vkWiQ n ljDl~* vkfn vaxzt s h fiQYeksa rFkk ^dkfy;k ^n Vªkoudwj us'kuy fiDpsl*Z gS bldh LFkkiuk ey;kye
enZu*] ^gfj'panz* vkfn Hkkjrh; flusekvksa dk izn'kZu flusek ds firkeg Jh tslh- MSfu;y us lu~ 1926
Hkh blh dky esa ok#..kh us fd;kA nks O;fDr;ksa ds eas ukxjdksfoy esa dh FkhA blds ckn mn;k (1947]
lkFk feydj ok#..kh tksliQ us ^jkW;y ,fDlfcV~ls*Z vkyiq"kk)] esjhySaV (1951] usee~] fr#ouariqje)]
uked ,d ubZ flusizn'kZu daiuh 'kq: dhA JhÑ".kk (1952] dq ykRrqj )] fp=kkys[kk (1965]
lu~ 1928 esa ey;kye dh igyh ewd fiQYe fr#ouariqje) mek (1975 fr#ouariqje)] uoksn;k
^foxrdqekju* dk fuekZ.k dU;kdqekjh (dU;kdqekjh (1978] f=kDdkdjk)] fp=kkatyh (1980] fr#ouariqje)]

fdaÚk fiQYe ,aM ohfM;ks ikdZ (2005] fr#ouariqje)] 1973 esa vVwj xksikyÑ".ku dh ^Lo;aoje~* fiQYe us
,fj;kl fole;k ekDl~ (2007] fr#ouariqje) vkfn jk"Vªifr dk Lo.kZind thrkA mudh vkSj ,d fiQYe
vusd LVwfM;ksa dk vkxeu gqvkA ipkl n'kd esa jkew ^,yhiRrk;e* (1982) baXySaM ds fiQYe laLFkku n~okjk
dkfj;kr dh fiQYe ûhykDdqby* (1954) us ey;kye iqjLÑr dh xbZ FkhA blds vykok ;g xkSjo Hkkjr ls
flusek dh ,d ubZ igpku cukbZA ;g ize[q k lkekftd dsoy lR;thr js dh ^vijkftrks* dks gh feyk gSA
leL;k vLi`';rk fo"k;d flusek FkkA lu~ 1954 esa lu~ 1973 esa Jh- ,e- Vh- oklqnsou uk;j dh fiQYe
bl fiQYe dks jk"Vªifr ls jtr ind feyk FkkA jkew ^fuekZY;e* dks jk"Vªifr dk Lo.kZind izkIr gqvkA bl
dkfj;kr mu igys fiQYedkjksa esa Fks] ftUgksua s flusek fiQYe ds vfHku; ds fy, ey;kye esa loZizFke
ds ikjaifjd dF; Lo:i dks cnydj mls lkekftd Hkjr vokMZ ^Jh ih- ts- vkWUV.kh* dks feykA
ljksdkjksa ls tksM+kA lu~ 1952 esa ey;kye flusek dks Jh vVwj xksikyÑ".ku tgk¡ muds Økafrdkjh
nks ize[q k vfHkusrk feys &ut+hj ,oa lR;u~A ut+hj dh iz;ksxksa ds fy, ljkgs x,] ogha Jh th- vjfoanu
igyh] fiQYe lu~ 1952 twu esa vkbZ ê#edy~* gSA viuh lkSna ;Z psruk vkSj dykcksèk ds fy, pfpZr gq,A
lR;u dh igyh flusek lu~ 1952 vxLr esa vkbZ lu~ 1974 esa vjfoanu~] ds ^mRrjk;ue~* us jk"Vªh;
^vkRel[kh* gSA lu~ 1951 esa vkbZ ^thforukSdk* iz'kalk izkIr dhA ôkLrqgkjk* vkSj ^vkfjVRrq* tSlh
ey;kye dk loZiFz ke lwijfgV flusek gS lu~ 1936 fiQYeksa esa mudk jgL;oknh nk'kZfud Lo:i ijns ij
esa fr#ouariqje esa U;w fFk;sVj uked ,d flusgkWy dh dkO; cudj n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ rk gSA lu~ 1985 esa
LFkkiuk ih- lqcgz e~ f.k;e (eSjhyksVa LVwfM;ks ds laLFkkid) budh ^fpnacje~* fiQYe dks jk"Vªifr dk ^Lo.kZ dey*
us dh FkhA izkIr gqvkA ;g fufoZokn dgk tk ldrk gS fd
lu~ 1955 esa dsjy dh igyh fu;ksfj;fyfLVd lR;thr js dh ijaijk esa gh Jh- th- vjfoanu us Hkh
fiQYe Û;wLis;j ckW;* vkbZA lu~ 1961 esa ey;kye Hkkjrh; flusek dks cnyk vkSj le`nè~ k fd;kA Jh- th-
dh igyh jaxhu fiQYe ^d.VecpkdksV*w vkbZA lu~ vjfoanu dh flusek Ñfr;k¡ 'kkafr] lknxh] ljyrk
1965 esa jkew dkfj;kr dh ^psEehu* fiQYe us jk"Vªifr vkSj dkO;e; izÑfr ls lajfpr FkhaA vVwj xksikyÑ".ku
dk Lo.kZ ind thrkA Jh lfyy pkSèkjh ds laxhr] vkSj th- vjfoanu us Hkkjrh; flusek dks ,d u;k
eUuk Ms ds ik'oZ xk;u vkSj lR;u& 'khyk dh foLrkj fn;kA dsjy esa ckSnf~ èkd lkaLÑfrd psruk dk
dykdkj tksM+h ds ân; Li'khZ vfHku; us bl fiQYe Lrj csgrj jgk gS vkSj ;gk¡ fiQYe lkslkbVh vkanksyu
dks ,d êkLVjihl* dh Å¡pkbZ iznku dhA ^psEehu* esa dh et+crw tM+kas ds dkj.k lkFkZd flusek dks n'kZdksa
eNqvkjksa ds ;a=k.kkiw.kZ thou dk bruk ekfeZd fp=k.k dk leFkZu feyrk jgk gSA bu fiQYedkjksa us vDlj
Fkk fd n'kZd vius vk¡lw jksd ugha ldsA de ctV esa fiQYesa cukb± vkSj viuk 'krks± ij fiQYesa
jkew dkfj;kr dh ijaijk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, cukb±A Lo- vjfonu th dks ey;kye flusek dk
ey;kye flusek ds f{kfrt ij ftu fiQYedkjksa dk dfo & îsVa j* dgk tkrk gSA mudh egRoiw.kZ fiQYesa
mn; gqvk] mu lHkh dh izfrcn~èkrk lkFkZd flusek ds gSa& ^Fkaiw* (1978)] îksDdwosby* (1981)] ^bLFkkiUu*
lkFk FkhA loZJh vVwj xksikyÑ".ku] th- vjfoanu] (1979)] ^fpnacje* (1985)] ^vksjfMFk~* (1986)]
vczkge vkfn ds jpukdeZ eas mPprj ekuoh; ewY;ksa ôkLrqgkjk* (1991) vkfnA ôkLrqgkjk* mudh vkf[kjh
ds izfr"Bkiu vkSj lkFk gh lkekftd folaxfr;ksa ds fiQYe gS vkSj blesa ,d ekLVjihl gksus ds lkjs xq.k
izfr{kksHk dh Hkkouk lkiQ n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA iz;ksxoknh ekStwn gSAa Jh vjfoanu ds vykok ftl vU; ey;kye
fiQYedkjksa eas vVwj xksikyÑ".ku dk LFkku dkiQh Å¡pk fiQYedkj us xaHkhj fo"k;ksa ij fiQYesa cukb±] os Fks Jh
gSa mudh fiQYesa & ^vuarje*] êq[kkeq[ke*] ^Lo;aoje~*] tkWu vczkgeA gkykafd vczkge dh jpuk & lalkj
êsfFkyqdy* vkfn dks flus ekè;e ds dbZ lkgfld mudh vlkef;d e`R;q ds dkj.k vfèkd foLr`r ugha
vkSj vfHkuo iz;ksxksa ds fy, ;kn dh tk,¡xhA lu~ gks ik;kA ysfdu ^vxzgkjfRrys dtwFkkbZ* vkSj ^vEek

vfj;ku* ds :i esa tks fopkjksRrstd fiQYe Ñfr;k¡ & 'k'kh 'kdj) vkfnA lu~ 2010 ls ey;kye fiQYe
mUgksaus rS;kj dha] os mUgsa vR;ar leFkZ fiQYedkjksa dh baMLVªh esa vusd ,DLisfjesaVy fiQYesa vk xb±A bls Û;w
Js.kh esa [kM+k djrh gSaA vVwj] vjfoanu vkSj vczkge tujs'ku fiQYe* dgrs gSAa lu~ 2000 ds ckn dh ,slh
ds ckn lokZfèkd [;kfr vftZr djus okys ey;kye izeq[k fiQYesa gSa& ^vn~Hkqr nhi* (2005] funs'Z kd &
funs'Z kd 'kkth- ,u- d#.k gSa ftudh fiQYe ^fijoh* oh- ds- izdk'k)] î"kf'kjktk* (2009] funs'Z kd &
(1988) us jk"Vªh;] varjjk"Vªh; iqjLdkj thrus dk gfjgju~)] ^vknkfeaVs edu vcq* (2011] vdkneh
dhfrZeku jp Mkyk FkkA 'kkth dh ;g fiQYe Hkkjrh; iqjLdkj ds fy, pqus x, Fks] funs'Z kd & lfye
flusek ds bfrgkl esa cgqr le; rd thfor jgsxhA vgen~)] ^n`';e~* (2013] funs'Z kd & ftRrw tksliQ)
ey;kye flus ek ds igys xku jpf;rk vkfnA îqfye#du* (2016] funs'Z kd fiQYe dk dy{ku
Jh eqrd q y
q e jk?kou fiYyS gSa (ckyu~ fiQYe ds fjdkMZ gS)a A ey;kye fiQYe baMLVªh esa u, vfHkusrkvksa
fy,) lu~ 1969 esa dsjy ljdkj us ey;kye flusek esa (lu~ 2000 ds ckn)] fnyhi] i`Fohjkt] fufou
ds fy, iqjLdkj iznku djuk vkjaHk fd;kA lu~ 1975 ikWyh] t;lw;kZ (lu~ 2015 esa lq & lq & lqnh
esa ^dsjy flfufodkl fuxe* :ikf;r gqvkA igys ;g okÄ~ehxe ds fy, ns'kh; iqjLdkj thrk)] dkO;k
fuxe fr#ouariqje o"kqrDdkVq dksVV~ ufgy Ldwy ds ekèkou] eatq okfj;j] jhek dfyaxy] ehjk tkfLeu
fudV ,d fdjk, ds Hkou esa dk;Zjr Fkk] fiQj lu~ vkfn dk uke izeq[k gSaA lu~ 1990 ds ckn ds vU;
1984 tuojh 27 esa fuxe dk viuk dk;kZy; ize[q k fiQYedkjksa ,oa muds ize[q k fiQYeksa ds uke gSa
o"kqrDdkVq dykHkou uked LFky esa dk;Zjr gqvkA & vVwj xksikyÑ".ku ds êfFkyqdy~* (1990)] ûkyq
lu~ 1978 esa ey;kye dh igyh flusekLdkWi fiQYe is..kqM+y* (2007)] ^fiUu;qe~* (2016)] ^Hkjru &
^rPpksyh vcw* vkbZA lu~ 1980 esa ey;kye fiQYe veje* (1991)] ^dey & mYyVde~* (1992)]
baMLVªh esa nks LVkjksa dks iqjLdkj feyk & Jh eewVV~ h fiz;n'kZu & fdyqDde (1991)] ^Hknzu ,s- oh- 'kf'k-
(igyh fiQYe & foYDdkuq.Vq LoIuM+y) ,oa Jh nsoklqje* (1993) îQkWfty&ef.kfp=krk"kq* (1993)
eksguyky (igyh fiQYe & eaf×ky fofj×kk iqDdy)A ^Vh- oh- panuz &iksnanUu ekt* (1993) & ^LifVde~*
lu~ 1982 esa ey;kye dh igyh 70 ,e- ,e- (1995)] t;jkt & ns'kkVue~ (1997)] ^jktho vapy*
flusek îV;ksV~Vl* (funsZ'kd & fttks) vkbZA ey;kye & xq# (1997 & vdkneh vokMZ ds fy, pquh xbZ
flusek esa fMftVy Vsdfudokyh igyh fiQYe lu~ 3 Fkh) vkfnA
uoacj 2005 esa vkbZ ^vuarHknze* (funs'Z kd& larks"k ey;kye fiQYe baMLVªh ds ize[q k xhrdkjksa esa
fiQYe mRlo gj o"kZ fr#ouariqje esa vk;ksftr gksrk ds- ts- ;s'kqnkl (dsjy ds xkuxèkZoua )] ,e- th-
gSA bldk vkjaHk lu~ 1996 ls gqvk Fkk vkSj gj o"kZ Jhdqekj] ih- t;panuz ] th- os.kqxksiky vkfn ds uke
uoacj & fnlacj eghus esa ;g fiQYe mRlo laiUu mYys[kuh; gSAa efgyk xfrdkjksa esa & ds- ,l- fp=kk-
gksrs gSAa lqtkrk eksgu] jkty{eh] 'osrk eksgu vkfn ds uke
lu~ 1999 esa eqjyh uk;j dh êj.k flagklue~* ize[q k gSAa Jh dqekjuraih ey;kye fiQYe xhrdkj]
dks ^dkWu* fiQYe lekjksg esa ^xksyMsu dSejk* iqjLdkj fiQYe funs'Z kd rFkk fiQYe fuekZrk gSAa ^dkVqefYydk*
izkIr gqvkA ey;kye flfu baMLVªh ds fiQYedkjksa dk flusek eas lu~ 1996 esa fiQYe xhrdkj esa :i esa os
laxBu gS ^vEek*A bl laxBu ds lHkh yksxksa ds izfrf"Br gq,A fiQj muds dbZ Hkko xhr fofoèk ey;kye
lg;ksx ls ,d flusek ^20&20* dk fuekZ.k fd;k fiQYeksa esa lquus dk lkSHkkX; ey;kye fiQYe izsfe;ksa
x;k] tks lwijfgV Hkh gqvkA lu~ 2000 ls ey;kye dks izkIr gqvkA lu~ 2016 esa djsy esa ^Jh dqekju
flusek esa gkL;&O;aX; izèkku fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk raih* ds fiQYe xhrksa dk 50oha okf"kZdh euk;k tk jgh
gqvkA ,slh ize[q k fiQYesa gS&a ^fl-,s-Mh- ew”kk* (2003 gSA orZeku esa varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ey;kye fiQYeksa
funs'Z kd & tksfu vkUV.kh)] êh'k ekèkou* (2002] dk fodkl gks jgk gS vkSj fonsf'k;ksa dh ”kqcku ij
funs'Z kd & yky tksl)] dqaftdwuu~ (2002] funs'Z kd ey;kye xhrks]a fiQYeksa rFkk vfHkusrkvksa ds uke fiz;

gSaA chloha lnh dh loZJsB dyk ds :i es LFkkfir lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
,oa izpkfjr flusek cM+s ijns ls mrjdj NksVs ijns ij 1- Hkkjrh; fiQYe okf"kZdh 1993 & Jhjke
Hkh viuk izHkqRo dk;e djus esa dke;kc gqbZ gSA rkezdj (eè; izn's k fiQYe fodkl fuxe)A
flusek dh bl vge~ rFkk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks 2- flusek ,d le> & fouksn Hkkjn~okt (eè;
Lohdkjrs gq, mlds ckjs esa 'kksèk@vè;;u xaHkhj izn's k fiQYe fuxe dk izdk'ku)A
euu&fparu dh vko';drk ls badkj ugha fd;k tk 3- flusek ds lkS cjl & e`R;qt
a ;A
ldrkA gekjk jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] cksy pky] 4- iVdFkk & Jhjke frokjh (eè; izns'k fiQYe
jhfr&fjokt+ vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd fo'oklksa dks Hkh cny fuxe dk izdk'ku)A
Mkyus esa fiQYeksa dk cM+k gkFk jgk gSA ey;kye ds 5- ey;kye fluse k iBuMy & lh- ,l-
fiQYe& fuekZrkvks&a funs'Z kdksa vkSj muds dSia ls tqMs+ osaxhMs'ojuA
yksxksa ds fy, ;s mRrstuk Hkjs {k.k gSAa la{ksi esa dgsa rks 6- ey;kye flusek pfj=ke fofp=ke~ (psÄyÄkVq
êkWyhoqM* (ey;kye flusek baMLVªh dk uke) flusek xksikyÑ".ku)A
ds bnZ&fxnZ vkt fo'oHkj dh igqp ¡ gS vkSj fo'o eap 7- pyfp=k tkyde~ & ,- ,y- vftdqekjA
ij ;g ,d 'kfDr ds :i esa mHkj jgk gSA
µ izkè;kfidk] ds- ,l- ,e- Mh- dkWyt

s ] 'kkLrkadksV~Vk] dksYyeA
qqq

Hkkstiqjh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k
izks- vkyksd ikaMs;
Hkks tiqjh fcgkj vkSj iwohZ mRrj izns'k dh

,d egRoiw.kZ cksyh gSA ns'k&fons'k ds
yxHkx 20 djksM+ Hkkstiqfj;k yksxksa dh Hkk"kkA Hkkstiqjh
fd'ku vkSj eukst frokjh dk lqij LVkjMe Hkh 'kq:
gqvkA budh yksdfiz;rk dk vanktk bl ckr ls yxk
ldrs gSa fd vkt jfo fd'ku xksj[kiqj ls lkaln gSa rks
flusek blh cksyh vkSj Hkk"kk dk flusek gSA dqN yksx fujgqvk us vf[kys'k ;kno dks vkte x<+ ls dM+h
1948 dh fnyhi dqekj] dkfeuh dkS'ky vfHkuhr] VDdj nh vkSj eukst frokjh fnYyh esa vkt ch ts ih
eksrh ch- ,- ds yksdfiz; xhrksa ls lth] eNqokjksa ds ds eq[; drkZèkrkZ gSAa ;s gS Hkkstiqjh flusek dh ubZ
thou ij cuh csgn liQy fiQYe ûfn;k ds ikj* dks vkleku Nwrh yksdfiz;rk xksj[kiqj ls ysdj fnYyh
igyh Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ekurs gSAa blesa xaxk] ;equk vkSj rd iQSyh gqbAZ xksj[kiqj tks Hkkstiqjh dk dsna z gS]
rhljh dle dh rjg Hkkstiqjh dk izHkko rks gS] ij fnYyh] fcgkj vkSj iwok±py ds Jfed lekt ls Hkjk
;g 'kqnè~ k Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ugha gSA gqvk gSA ;gh yksx gSa tks Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa fcgkj vkSj ;w
igyh 'kqn~èk Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ^xaxk eSÕ;k rksgs ih esa ns[krs gSAa blh fnYyh esa 20 lky igys fcgkjh
fi;jh p<+bcs* gSA ftls 1963 esa ewyr% Hkkstiqjh etnwj dks fgdkjr ls chekjh dgk tkrk Fkk ml
ekr`Hkk"kh xkthiqj ds izfln~èk fiQYedkj vkSj vfHkusrk fcgkjh us igys vius flusek esa viuk uk;d ik;k]
ukflj gqluS us izFke jk"Vªifr vkSj Hkkstiqjh ekr`Hkk"kh fiQj mls lqij LVkj cuk;k vkSj bl dnj cuk;k dh
jktsanz izlkn th ds 1950 esa izsfey vuqjksèk ij cukbZ fganh ds fcx ckWl esa Øe'k% jfo fd'ku] eukst
FkhA bldh liQyrk vkSj iz'kalk ls izfs jr gksdj ml frokjh vkSj fujgqvk lHkh x,A vkt ogh misf{kr
oDr dbZ Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa cuha& ^ykxh ugha NwVs jkek*] viekfur fcgkjh fnYyh esa eukst frokjh ds :i esa
^fonsf'k;k*] ^gekjk lalkj*] ^cye ijnsf'k;k* vkfnA vius lEeku dh LFkkiuk ns[krk gSA 2003&2004 ls
1977 esa lqftr dqekj & in~ek [kUuk vfHkuhr igyh Hkkstiqjh flusek esa vk, bl cM+s mNky dks fdl rjg
jaxhu Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ^naxy* Fkh] tks cgqr liQy jghA le>k tk,\ dqN yksx ekurs gSa fd cgqtu lekt
1982 esa lfpu vkSj lkèkuk flag dh ûfn;k ds ikj* ikVhZ] lektoknh ikVhZ vkSj jk"Vªh; turk ny] turk
fganh&Hkkstiqjh fefJr csgn liQy fiQYe Fkh] ftl ij ny ;wukbVsM vkfn ds usrR` o esa nfyr vkSj fiNM+h
dkykarj esa ^ge vki ds gSa dkSu* dk fuekZ.k gqvkA tkfr;ksa esa vkbZ jktuSfrd 'kfDr vkSj lRrk Hkh bldk
blds ckn ,d yack varjky jgkA ,d dkj.k gSA ftls yksx Hknsl vkSj NksVk le>rs jgs
fiQj 2003 esa jfo fd'ku dh ^lS;ka gekj* vkSj Fks] mlus bl jktuSfrd 'kfDr ls ,d u;k vkRefo'okl
2004 esa eukst frokjh dh ^llqjk cM+k iSlk okyk* izkIr fd;k vkSj viuh igpku dks Hkkstiqjh flusek esa
fjyht gqbZA nksuksa csgn liQy jgha vkSj buls jfo lsyscszV djus yxkA Hknsl f'k"V dks fdukjs dj viuh

txg cuk jgk FkkA lsyscsVz djus dh ;g vkfFkZd ihNs ;s yksx Hkh gSaA viuk ewyèku fudkyus vkSj
'kfDr mls HkweMa yhdj.k ds dkj.k vFkZ O;oLFkk esa vfèkdre ykHk dekus ds ,dek=k mn~n's ; ls Hkkstiqjh
vkbZ xfr'khyrk vkSj laiUurk ls feyhA ,d rjiQ fiQYesa cukus okys ckgjh vkSj Hkhrjh nksuksa gh yksxksa us
eujsxk Fkk rks nwljh rjiQ 'kgjksa esa jkstxkj ds NksVs gh fiQYe ds izse n`';ksa] ekalyrk vkSj la?k"kks± esa tcjnLr
lgh ij vusd voljA viuk xk¡o NksM+dj gSnjkckn fgalk dks c<+k;k] dkeqd vkbVe xkuksa vkSj n~fovFkhZ
ls eqca bZ rd esa dke dj jgs bu vLFkkbZ foLFkkfir v'yhy laoknksa dh Hkjekj dhA bu lcdh u”kj
Jfedksa us Hkkstiqjh flusek dks vkDlhtu dh rjg Hkkstiqjh lekt ds fuEu@Jfed oxZ ij Fkh] ftUgsa fganh
bLrseky fd;kA og tSlk Hkh Fkk mudk viuk FkkA oks flusek mis{kk ls ÚaV csp a lZ dgrk jgk gSA bUgksua s mUgh
nqfu;k ftls os ihNs NksM+ vk, Fks vkSj tks mUgsa jkst ÚaV csp a lZ dks eq[; n'kZd cuk fn;k] urhtru eè;
;kn vkrh Fkh] vc Hkkstiqjh flusek ds ekè;e ls] oxZ] fL=k;k¡ vkSj cPps Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa dks [kjkc ekurs
mlls ,d gYdh gh lgh eqykdkr gks tkrh Fkh vkSj gq, nwj gh jgsA bldk uqdlku Hkkstiqjh flusek dks nks
budh tsc esa vc brus iSls rks gks gh x, Fks fd :iksa esa gqvk& ,d vkWfFkZd :i esa D;ksfa d n'kZd de
jfookj dks flaxy LØhu fFk,Vj es]a tgk¡ fVdV vc gq,] nwljk lkaLÑfrd :i es]a D;ksfa d vxj Hkkstiqjh
Hkh lLrk Fkk] Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ns[k ysrAs Hkk"kh f'kf{kr eè; oxZ vkSj ifjokj budks ns[krs rks bu
jfo fd'ku] eukst frokjh] fujgqvk vkfn ds ij ,d uSfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ncko iM+rk vkSj ;s
usrR` o esa Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa dk 2003 ds ckn tks csgn ml iru ds f'kdkj ugha gksr]s ftlds gksrs x,A
liQy nkSj 'kq: gqvk] og tkjh gSA vkt gj lky buds iru dk ,d vkSj Hkh igyw gSA ;s lp gS
yxHkx 100 fiQYesa Hkkstiqjh esa curh gSa] ftuij 100 fd ;s fiQYesa liQy rks gks jgh gSa ij budk dksbZ
djksM+ #i, [kpZ gksrs gSa vkSj 125 djksM+ #i, dh dykRed fodkl ugha gks jgk gS u rks buds ikl <ax
dekbZ gksrh gSA ftl ij fliQZ fcgkj ljdkj dks 10 dh dgkfu;k¡ gSa vkSj u gh flusekbZ ØkÝV dh dq'kyrkA
djksM+ #i, VSDl ds :i esa feyrs gSa ij liQyrk ds lPph xzkeh.k lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr Hkh yqIr gh gSA
bl pedrs liQj esa ukflj gqluS dh cukbZ Hkkstiqjh ,slk ugha gS fd bl ifjn`'; dks cnyus ds
fiQYeksa dh èkjrh ls budk ukrk VwVrk pyk x;k vkSj iz;kl ugha gq, gSaA blh nkSj esa fufru panz us 2011 esa
70 dh lLrh elkyk fganh fiQYeksa dk Hkn~nk vuqdj.k csjkstxkjh ij dsfa nzr ^ns'kok* tSlh fiQYe Hkh cukbZ]
'kq: gqvkA urhtu îsIlh ih ds ykxsyw lsDlh*] ^ySyk ftls 16osa varjjk"Vªh; fiQYe lekjksg esa vkSj 50 o"kks±
eky ck NSyk èkeky ck*] ^ygaxk esa ck<+ vkby ck*] esa igyh ckj fdlh Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ds :i esa xksok ds
êsgjk: pkgha feYdh okbV* tSlh L=kh dh xfjek dks varjjk"Vªh; fiQYe egksRlo ds bafM;u iSuksjek [kaM esa
èkwfey djus okyh] mls ek=k nsg ds :i esa izLrqr Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k x;k] ij bls fcgkj esa fn[kkus dks
djus okyh cktk: fiQYeksa dk nkSj lk py iM+kA dksbZ rS;kj ugha gqv q k] D;ksfa d ;s forjdksa dks gkbZ
liQyrk ds bl vklekuh nkSj esa ckyhoqM ds Dykl yxh tks Ýyki gks tkrh rks vkSj Hkh fpark,¡ vkSj
cM+s flrkjs Hkh f>yfeykrs jgsA vferkHk cPpu ls iz;kl ns[kus esa vkrsA Hkkstiqjh flusek ds ,ylkbDyksihfM;k
ysdj feFkqu pØorhZ rd vkSj os [kwc liQy Hkh gq,A ekus tkus okys eukst Hkkoqd us viuh Hkkstiqjh flusek
blh nkSj esa ,sls vusd fiQYe fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd Hkh dk bfrgkl iqLrd es]a ^paikj.k Vkdht* ds cSuj rys
vkrs x,] ftudks u rks Hkkstiqjh laLÑfr dh dksbZ fufru pank us viuh MkD;weVas hª t ^fczxa cSd fcgkj*
le> Fkh u Hkkstiqjh lekt dhA bUgksaus eqacbZ dks dsanz vkSj ^cks;k isM+ ccwy dk*] esa bl gkyr ij viuh
cukdj] ogha ds rDuhf'k;l dh enn ls FkksMh+ lh fpark,¡ tkfgj dh gSAa
'kwfVax fcgkj esa vkSj T;knk eqca bZ vkSj xqtjkr esa djrs vkt Hkkstiqjh flusek ds ikl viuk vokMZ 'kks
gq, vusd liQy fiQYesa cukb± bUgksua s fons'kksa esa Hkh gSA viuh VªMs eSxthu ^Hkkstiqjh flVh* gSA ns'k ds
'kwfVax dhA Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa ds lkaLÑfrd iru ds vfèkdka'k fgLlksa vkSj nqfu;k ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa jgrk

^bafM;u Mk;Liksjk* dk Hkkstiqjh le>us okyk fo'kky ugha djrkA vkykspuk ds bu vusd Lojksa ds chp
n'kZd lewg gSA dqy feykdj yxHkx 200 djksM+ dh iz'kalk vkSj izksRlkgu ds Hkh dqN Loj feyrs gSaA tSls
Hkkstiqjh fiQYe baMLVªh ds ikl fiQYe fuekZ.k dk ,d jfo fd'ku ;g ugha ekurs fd Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa v'yhy
,slk xf.kr Hkh gS tks mls vkfFkZd vliQyrk ls cpk gSa muds vuqlkj nf{k.k dh vusd fiQYeas vfèkd
Hkh ysrk gS ij ;fn ugha gS rks og izfr"Bk tks vusd v'yhy gSAa os ;g Hkh dgrs gSa ¶fd Hkkstiqjh laLÑfr
{ks=kh; fiQYeksa ds ikl gSA ,slk ekuus okyksa esa Hkkstiqjh bruh le`n~èk gS fd mls bl v'yhyrk ls dksbZ [krjk
flusek dh VªMs eSxthu ds laiknd fd'ku [kknfj;k ugha gS¸A
Hkh gSAa Hkkstiqjh flusek ds bl gky ds ihNs dqN vU; ofj"B flusek i=kdkj vt; czge~ kRet bl
dkj.k Hkh gSaA tSls egaxk LVkj flLVe n'kZdksa dks ifjn`'; dks ,d vkSj ut+j ls ns[krs gSAa os dgrs gSa
viuh vkSj [khapus dh izfrn~oan~foanrk esa Hkkstiqjh fd ge mu n'kZdksa dh ckr D;ksa ugha djrs tks ;s
fiQYeksa dk ctV dbZ ckj cgqr vfèkd gks tkrk gSA fiQYesa ns[k jgs gSAa ftUgksua s Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa dks ;g
,sls esa dbZ fuekZrk&funs'Z kd forjdksa ls vkfFkZd enn jokuxh nh gSA mldks ftank j[kk gSA Hkkstiqjh flusek
ysrs gSaA blfy, forjdksa dk izHkko fiQYe fuekZ.k esa dh bl gfj;kyh ls tkfgj gS fd ;g Hkwfe dkiQh
c<+ tkrk gS vkSj fiQYe vfèkd elkysnkj gksus ds ÅoZj gSA rks tks tehu ÅoZj gksxh] ogk¡ ekSle vkSj
pDdj esa ,d ik;nku vkSj uhps mrj tkrh gSA dqN izÑfr ds vuqlkj nwljs isM&+ ikSèks Hkh mx ldrs gSAa
yksx ;s Hkh dgrs gSa fd ;fn Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa fcgkj esa fganh flusek dh fodkl ;k=kk dks ns[ksa rks mudh ;g
curha rks ykxr dkiQh de gksrh vkSj 'kk;n os csgrj ckr lgh yxrh gSA
Hkh gksrh] feFkqu pØorhZ dh ^Hkksys 'kadj* dh vikj Hkkstiqjh flusek dk ,d vkSj Hkh i{k gSA og gS
liQyrk vkSj dqN fooknksa ds ckn] Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa ls ehfM;k] ehfM;k ds fy, Hkh Hkkstiqjh flusek ,d cM+k
tqMs+ vusd yksxksa us fcgkj ljdkj dks lkFk ysrs gq, ck”kkj gSA nksuksa us ,d&nwljs dk iQk;nk mBk;k gS ij
fcgkj esa Hkkstiqjh fiQYe mn~;ksx dh LFkkiuk ds ckjs esa ;g iQk;nk èku dk gS] fopkj vkSj laLdkj dk ughaA
cM+h&cM+h ckrsa dha] ij os ckras ckrksa rd gh jg xb±A Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa ds v'yhy iksLVjksa ls Hkjs fganh
fefMy Dykl n'kZd dks vkdf"kZr djds vkSj ljdkj v[kckj bl ckr dh xokgh nsrs gSAa
lg;ksx djs rks vHkh vkSj 5 xquk fodkl dh laHkkouk vc oDr vk x;k gS fd Hkkstiqjh flusek liQyrk
ns[kus okys eukst frokjh dh ckr dk foLrkj djrs ls lkFkZdrk dh rjiQ c<s+ vkSj mlesa Hkh dksbZ dksVZ]
gq,] ^fcgkj >kj[kaM eks'ku fiDpj ,lksfl,lu* ds 'okl] vTth vkSj uV lezkV cusA vc tc Hkkstiqjh
jatu flUgk ekurs gSa fd ij ;g rc rd laHko ugha ds lqijLVkj jktuhfr ds Hkh lqij LVkj gks x, gSa rks
gS tc rd Hkkstiqjh flusek vius lLrsiu ls ckgj ;g mEehn dbZ ek;uksa esa c<+ tkrh gSA
fudydj xzkE; thou dh ekSfyd dgkfu;ksa dks izLrqr
µ fganh foHkkx] gSnjkckn fo'ofon~;ky;] gSnjkckn&46
qqq

dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
MkW- chuk nsccekZ
f=k iqjk esa frijk lekt ds chp flusek dk

mn~Hko gksus ls igys tkrjk] ukSVd
ukVd vkfn dk izpyu FkkA tkrjk dk frijk lekt
a h uqDdM+
vtquZ nkl cksbZjkfx vkSj jru dqMa fy 'kekZA bu nksuksa
ds f=kiqjk esa vk tkus ls bl ckr dh tkudkjh feyrh
gS fd fd f=kiqjk egkjktk ^dkfy;k nkeku* ukVd ns[k
esa vU; lekt ;k eqlyeku lekt ls vkxeu gqvk jgs gSAa ;g ukVd ,d lk¡i dks ekjus dh dFkk FkhA
,slk ekuk x;k gSA èkhjs&èkhjs tkrjk ls gh dkWdcjd ;g ukVd ;k tkrjk cakXyk Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k FkkA
flusek dk mn~Hko gqvk gS ,slk yksxksa dh ekU;rk gSA egkjktk jru ekf.kD; ds 'kklu dky ds i'pkr~ Hkh
dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko gksus ls igys ds bfrgkl f=kiqjk esa ukVd] tkrjk vkfn [ksyk vkSj ns[kk x;kA
dk FkksMk+ lk mYys[k eSa ;gk¡ Li"V dj nsuk pkgrh gw¡ ckaXykns'k igys f=kiqjk ds egkjktkvksa ds vèkhu Fkk]
fd dkWdcjd tkrjk ;k ukVd ds bfrgkl dks ;fn blfy, ml le; ogk¡ ds eqlyeku vkSj caxkyh yksx
ge ns[ksxa s rks ik,¡xs fd f=kiqjk esa frijk lekt ds chp f=kiqjk esa vkdj xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj tkrjk ;k ukVd
,d ,slk le; Fkk tc yksx tkrjk ;k ukVd dks fn[kkrs FksA mu yksxksa dh dykvksa dks ns[kdj dkWdcjd
ns[kuk vkSj [ksyuk nksuksa dks gh vR;ar ilan djrs FksA Hkk"kk cksyus okys frijk nksiQk ds yksxksa us Hkh bls igys
f=kiqjk ds egkjktk jru ekf.kD; th ds le; ls gh cakXyk Hkk"kk ls fy;k rFkk :iiku] lqukbZ euksgj]
gesa jaxeap ij tkrjk ;k ukVd [ksyus o ns[kus dh dktydksbuZ k] vukjdyh vkfb dks dkWdcjd Hkk"kk esa
tkudkjh feyrh gSA ml le; ukVd dks gh yksx cksydj ukVd vkfn ds :i esa fn[kkus yxsA rc ;g
tkrjk dgrs FksA jru ekf.kD; dk le; 1682 AD ns[kk x;k fd xk¡o ds yksxksa esa tkrjk ;k ukVd
ekuk x;k gSA mlh nkSjku ^vle cq:uph* uke ls ,d yksdfiz; gksus yxkA mlds i'pkr~ frijk nksiQk esa
fdrkc fudyh FkhA ^vle cq:uph* uked fdrkc tekfr;k nksiQk ds n~okjk loZiFz ke lsysjlk] rqbfZ u iQksrk
ds Hkhrj gh ^f=kiqjk cq:puh* uke ls ,d fo"k; Hkh vkfn tkrjk jaxeap ij izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA og
FkkA bl fdrkc eas gh bl ckr dh tkudkjh feyrh tkrjk vR;ar yksdfiz; jgk fdarq fyficn~èk u gksus ds
gS fd f=kiqjk eas Hkh ukVd [ksyk vkSj ns[kk tkrk FkkA dkj.k vc bldk dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA
f=kiqjk ds egkjktk jru ekf.kD; vkSj vle ds dbZ o"kks± rd tkrjk dks xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj jxaep a
egkjktk jlth nso :nzk flag nksuksa fe=k jg pqds gaAS ij ,sls gh [kqys vkleku ds uhps fn[kk;k x;kA ;g
vle ds egkjktk vkSj f=kiqjk ds egkjktk ml tkrjk vfèkdka'kr% euksjt a u ds fy, gksrk FkkA loZiFz ke
le; vius&vius jkT; ds vPNs&cqj]s lq[kn vkSj lu~ 1948 esa lqèkU;k nsccekZ ds n~okjk ^,fx, pyks*
nq%[kn vkfn fo"k;ksa dks ysdj vkil esa ppkZ fd;k fy[kk x;kA ;g dkWdcjd Hkk"kk ,oa cakXyk Hkk"kk
djrs FksA ml le; nksuksa gh vius&vius nwr dks nksuksa eas gh fy[kk x;k FkkA ukVd dks tc jaxeap ij
,d&nwljs ds ikl Hkstrs FksA mu nksuksa nwrksa ds uke gS&a izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk rc Hkh ukVd ds ik=kksa us nksuksa gh

Hkk"kkvksa esa laokn cksyAs ijarq ukVd [ksyus okyksa ds ds {ks=k esa u,&u, fo"k;ksa dks ysdj ukVd fy[ks tk
jgu&lgu dks ilan u djus ds dkj.k ,d vkSj jgs gSAa
fonzkgs ls Hkjk gqvk fdrkc fy[kk x;k] ftldk uke bl rjg ls dkWdcjd ukVdksa ds n~okjk gh
îfjf[kr fonzksg* FkkA ;g ukVd egkjktk ds n~okjk dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko gqvk gSA ^yksÄrjkbZ* dks
fd, x, dk;ks± dks ilan u gksus ds dkj.k tekfr;k dkWdcjd Hkk"kk dk izFke VsfyfiQYe ds :i esa
nksiQk ds n~okjk fd;k x;k fonzkgs FkkA fdarq bu lHkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bl fiQYe ds ckn jksgh nsccekZ
?kVukvksa dk dksbZ Hkh fyf[kr :i u gksus ds dkj.k (funs'kd) ds n~okjk ^ykÄekfu gknqd* (12-10-1993)
vkt bldh lR;rk dks mtkxj ugha fd;k ldrk gSA dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh vkSj
;g 'kqnè~ k dkWdcjd Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k ukVd FkkA MkW;ykx nksuksa gh jksgh nsccekZ ds n~okjk fy[ks x, gSaA
blds lkFk gh 1947 esa Hkkjr Lora=k gqvkA 1960 esa bl fiQYe dks f=kiqjk dkWdcjd lkfgR; lHkk ds
Hkkjr vkSj phu esa ;qnè~ k fNM+k vkSj 1964&65 esa n~okjk izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA ^ykÄekfu gknqd* dks nks
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa ;qnè~ k gqvk ftl dkj.k pkjksa Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj fn[kk;k x;k gSA tutkfr;ksa ds
vkSj vfLFkjrk dk ekgkSy FkkA nsgkrh thou ifjos'k dks ysdj fy[kh xbZ] ;g fiQYe
Hkkjr Lora=k gqvk rks bldk izHkko f=kiqjk esa Hkh yksxksa ds chp vR;ar yksdfiz; jgh gSA D;ksfa d bl
iM+k D;ksfa d 1950 ls igys f=kiqjk esa jktra=k dk fiQYe esa ^pkfefj vkseik* (?kj tekbZ) tSls fo'ks"k
cksyckyk FkkA 1950 ds ckn f=kiqjk dks Hkh Hkkjr ds jhfr&fjoktksa dks mBk;k x;k gSA xk¡o esa fctyh dh
lkFk feyk fy;k x;k FkkA vc f=kiqjk esa Hkh jktra=k dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] yksx jkr dks gksepkx vFkkZr~
lekIr dj yksdra=k viuk;k x;k FkkA dqN ys[kd e'kky ysdj vkokxeu djrs gaSA xk¡o esa pkSèkjh ds
[kkeks'k gks x, mUgsa fy[kus esa ,d izdkj dk Hk; dgs vuqlkj gj dk;Z laiUu fd;k tkrk gS blfy,
eglwl gks jgk Fkk rks dqN yksx vius ?kjksa esa pqipki xk¡o esa [kq'kgkyh gSA xk¡o dh le`nf~ èk ds fy, pkSèkjh
cSBdj fy[k jgs FksA 1970&71 esa ;g ns[kk x;k fd ds n~okjk izkphu le; ls gh rqbcZ d q (unh) dh iwtk
;qok ih<+h us ys[ku dk;Z esa #fp fn[kkbZA mnkgj.k ds dh tkrh gSA xk¡o esa gqDdk dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku
rkSj ij lu~ 1973 esa vfyany z ky f=kiqjk ds n~okjk gS mls Hkh crk;k x;k gSA fiQYe ds uk;d iQkYxquk ds
fy[kk x;k ukVd ^ykekfu gksepkÄ* gSA bl ukVd dks n~okjk vius lekt vkSj xk¡o dks lqèkkjus dk iz;kl
jfoanz lrksckflfd Hkou esa jaxeap ij izLrqr fd;k fd;k x;k gS] tgk¡ ukf;dk ;kyqdfr us mldk lkFk
x;k FkkA mlds i'pkr~ lu~ 1974 esa txrcklh fn;kA vc xk¡o ds yksxksa us vius cPpksa dks >we [ksr
tekfr;k ds n~okjk ^dkfytqd* rFkk lu~ 1975 esa esa dke djokus ds ctk; i<+kuk&fy[kkuk 'kq: dj
lqcqèkyky tekfr;k ds n~okjk fy[kk x;k ^rqbiZ Qksrk* gSA fn;k FkkA rhljh fiQYe êkfFk;k* (daxu) gS] ftls
mlds i'pkr~ lu~ 1974 esa ';keyky nsccekZ ds 2004 dks fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA bl fiQYe ds fuekZrk
n~okjk ^csÄlquky* uked ukVd fy[kk x;k FkkA lu~ iQknj tkslis Q fdtsdfdpsukMq gSA dgkuh] LØhfuax
1980 f=kiqjk ds bfrgkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk vkSj funZ's ku iQknj ds- ts tkslsiQ iqfyuèkkukFk ,l Mh
gS D;ksfa d ;g og le; Fkk] tc f=kiqjk esa tkfrxr naxs oh ds n~okjk dh xbZ FkhA bl fiQYe esa tutkfr;ks ds
gq, FksA lkèkkj.k turk ds eu esa Hk; FkkA lai.w kZ dk;Z chp iQSy jgs vaèkfo'okl dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA >we
ekuks Fke x;k gksA bl ?kVuk ds rhu lky ckn vFkkZr~ dh [ksrh] ;qod&;qofr;ksa ds lewg esa jgdj dk;Z
1983 esa f=kiqjk dh jktèkkuh vxjryk esa fiQj ls ujsna z djuk] tknw dksfytk] yksdxhr] izes vkfn fo"k;ksa dks
nsccekZ ds n~okjk fy[kk x;k ukVd ûksdckj nkselkfu ;FkkFkZ :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gS dqpqxfr vkSj ckuFkq bl
dksFkksek* FkkA blds i'pkr~ 1984 esa uank dqekj fiQYe ds uk;d&ukf;dk gaSA xk¡o esa fdlh dh Hkh
nsccekZ ds n~okjk êkfj*] ^dksdfdlk dksdrkÄgkbZ* fdlh fcekjh ls e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks dqpxq fr dks
uked ukVd fy[ks x,A vkt ds le; esa dkWdcjd Mk;u dgdj yksx mls lrkrs gS]a ?kj ls fudyuk

eqf'dy dj nsrs gaAS ckn esa dqpxq fr dks Mk;u dgdj okys yksx ;g ugha le>rs gaS fd mUgksus vkt D;k
tehu eas ftank xkM+ fn;k tkrk gS ckuFkq mls cpkus ds [kks;k gSA tks vc dHkh ugha feysxkA jkbZek vkSj lkbZek
fy, ugha tkrk] rHkh xk¡o dh ,d efgyk vkdj unh ds vklikl jgus okys yksxksa dh leL;kvks]a nq[k]
mldh enkZuxh ij rkus ekjrh gS] dgrh gS fd rqe nnZ] ihM+k dks lekt ds lkeus ykuk gh bl fiQYe dk
lc iq#"k ,d tSls gksA ckuFkq ds Hkhrj dh varjkRek eq[; mn~n's ; gSA
mls ckj&ckj dqpxq fr dks cpkus ds fy, mykguk nsrh NBh fiQYe êkfj* (fu'kku) gSA ftldks 2008
gS vkSj og dqpxq fr dks cpkus ds fy, nkSM+ iM+rk gSA esa fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA dgkuhdkj inekykspu tekfr;k
var esa mls cpk ysrk gS dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g fd gSaA fuekZrk ljr fj;kx gaSA VhVh,,Mhlh ds lg;ksx ls
21oha lnh esa vkdj Hkh ;fn tutkrh; lekt ;g fiQYe cukbZ xbZ gSA bl fiQYe esa lai.w kZ frijklk
vaèkfo'okl esa tdM+k jgsxk rks lekt esa dSls mUufr lekt ds jhfr&fjoktks]a ijaijkvks]a nsoh&nsorkvksa dh
djsxkA lekt esa ubZ psruk ykuk gh bl fiQYe dk iwtk vpZuk djus dh fofèk&foèkku] >we [ksrh dks
mn~n's ; gSA djus dh fofèk&foèkku vkfn dks crk;k x;k gSA bu
pkSFkh fiQYe ^;k:Ä* (tM+) gS] ftls 2008 dks lHkh ds lkFk vaèkfo'oklksa dks Hkh fn[kk;k x;k gSA
fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA fuekZrk iQknj ds- ts- tkslis Q gaS 'kknh fookg] tUe] e`R;q tSlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh
vkSj funs'Z kd iQknj tkslsiQ iqfyuèkkukFk ,l Mh oh gSAa fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA dksbZ NksVk&cM+k fdlh Hkh dkj.k
;g dgkuh jkbZek vkSj lkbZek rqbZek (unh) dks ysdj ls chekj iM+ tkrk gS rks MkWDVj ds ikl ys tkus dh
fy[kh xbZ gSA ;g unh (nqEcksj) nykbZ ftys esa iM+rh ctk; ?kj esa gh tknw&Vksuk vkfn ij fo'okl dj iwtk
gSA nqEcksj unh ls lVh gqbZ jkbZek vkSj lkbZek unh gS djrs gaAS bl fiQYe esa vkbpqdfr] [kqeckj] dqpkÄ]
tgk¡ fon~;qr mRiknu fd fy, ck¡èk ck¡èkk x;k vkSj c;kj] fpeykÄ vkfn ik=k gSaA xk¡o dk pkSèkjh gkdksj
ck¡èk ds ck¡èkus ls gtkjksa tutkfr;k¡ ?kj ls cs?kj gks xb±A dsiy s os ks uked eqrkbZ dks iwtk eas nsus ds fy, HkSl
a
mudk thou ekuks Fke lk x;kA jkstxkj dk dksbZ jkLrk [kjhnrk gS vkSj okpsÄ tSls yksx HkSla pksjh dj ysrs gSAa
ugha FkkA vkt Hkh yksx ogk¡ eqf'dyksa ls tw> jgs gSAa ;g iwtk xk¡o ds LokLF;] lq[k&le`nf~ èk] iQly vkfn
;gha ,d frijklk cqtqxZ iqfyl ds vR;kpkjksa ls yM+rs ds fy, gksrh gSA vkt dh ;qok ih<+h iwtk ls T;knk
gq, viuh ekr`Hkwfr ds fy, izk.k R;kx nsrk gSA fuekZrk MkWDVj dks fn[kkuk t:jh ekurh gSA
vkSj funZs'kd us bl fiQYe esa nqEcksj unh ds vklikl ^tksjk* (le;) fiQYe 2017 esa fjyht dh xbZ
jgus okys yksxksa dh leL;kvks]a ihM+kvks]a jkstxkj dh gSA fiQYe ds funZ's kd foey nsccekZ vkSj fuekZrk
leL;kvksa dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa fn[kk;k gSA tqxy nsccekZ] laxhr fo'oukFk nsccekZ gSA ;g fiQYe
ik¡poh fiQYe gS ^:Ä* (uko) gS] ftls 2002 vkèkqfud le; vkSj lekt dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ gSA
esa fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA uankdqekj nsccekZ th bl ;g izes ] 'kd] [kwu&[kjkck] èkks[kk] vdsysiu dh
fiQYe ds fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd nksuksa gaSA laxhr Hkh dgkuh gSA ^lqjkÄ* (frijk lekt eas ckyksa esa yxk;k
Lo;a mUgksua s gh fn;k gSA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh Hkh tkus okyk ikjaifjd vkHkw"k.k) fiQYe dk izdk'ku
^;k:Ä* ds lkFk FkksMh+ cgqr feyrh&tqyrh gSA bl 2007 esa gqvkA funsZ'kd foey nsccekZ gSa ;g fiQYe
fiQYe esa jkbZek vkSj lkbZek unh esa ck¡èk ck¡èkus ds ckn izsedFkk ij vkèkkfjr gS lqjkÄ tks ukf;dk gS] og
,d frijk lk ftldk uke cqcu jktk gS] og jksrk vukFk gSA vius ekek&ekeh ds lkFk jgrh gSA ekeh ds
fc[kykrk gS vkSj ck¡èk dks nkao ls dkVuk 'kq: dj nsrk n~okjk lrkbZ tkrh gSA lqjkÄ dk HkkbZ dks [kkuk f[kykuk
gS D;ksafd vkt mldk lc dqN [kks x;k Fkk] tgk¡ og vkSj HkkbZ dks jksrs gq, dgrk gS fd rqEgkjs gkFk dk ,d
>we dh [ksrh djrk Fkk] tgk¡ mldk clsjk Fkk og lc fuokyk [kkdj gh esjk isV Hkj tkrk gSA lkjh laifRr
ikuh esa Mwc x;k gSA mldh bu gjdrksa dks ns[kdj ekek&ekeh ds ikl gSA c;kj cpiu dk fe=k gS tks
yksx mls ikxy le>rs gaAS ysfdu mls ikxy le>us lqjkÄ ds lq[k&nq[k dks le>rk gSA mlls izse djrk

gS fdarq c;kj chekj gksus ds dkj.k dbZ eghus rd fiQYe dk Mk;jsDVj lquhy dybZ gSA dkWdcjd ds
mlls feyus ugha vkrkA lqjkÄ le>rh gS fd c;k us bfrgkl esa bu yksddFkkvksa dks ge ;qxks&a ;qxksa ls
mls Hkqyk fn;k gS vkSj xqMa k ds lkFk mldh 'kknh gks nknk&nknh ds eq¡g ls lqurs vk, gSa vkSj ,slk yxrk gS
tkrh gS ysfdu var esa c;k ykSVdj vkrk gS fdarq tSls ;g vkt Hkh gekjs chp lkal ysrs gSAa gj ,d ds
vikfgt cudjA lqjkÄ dk HkkbZ ej tkrk gS rks c;k eqg¡ ls bu yksddFkkvksa dks vyx&vyx rjhds ls
gh mls tykus ds fy, ys tkrk gSA dgkuh dk fo"k; lqurs vk, gSaA lkFk gh ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks
cgqr gh ;FkkFkZ gSA bls nks Hkkxksa esa fiQYek;k x;k FkkA iznku djus ds fy, ;g l'kDr ekè;e gSA
fiQYe dh i`"BHkwfe f=kiqjk gh gSA ykekuks ykÄek] bu fiQYeksa ds vykok Hkh vkSj dbZ vkèkqfud
ykÄekuksa ykek (lM+d gh lk¡l] lk¡l gh lM+d) gS] fiQYesa gSa tks 2018] 2019 esa cukbZ xbZ ga]S tSls&
bl fiQYe dks vxjryk nwjn'kZu dsanz ds n~okjk izdkf'kr ^cq[kk*] ^gketkdek*] ^vkÄlkcfu*] ^dqpd q gkfldke*]
fd;k x;k gS ;g fiQYe f=kiqjk ds tutkfr;ksa ds ^rk dscsÄfn*] ^bZekÄ* vkfnA bu fiQYeksa dh fo"k;
thou O;oLFkk dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ gSA lekbZ] lkefify] oLrq dkWdcjd Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa ds thou 'kSfy;ksa ij gh
Fkkseijk] dqykufp] dsjke] gserk] MkWDVj vkfn ik=kksa ds vkèkkfjr gSA dkWdcjd flusek us vHkh cgqr yach
ekè;e ls ;g fn[kk;k x;k gS fd xk¡o ds yksx fdl ;k=kk r; ugha dh gS ijarq og vius iz;kl ls u,
izdkj ls lM+d vkSj vLirky ds vklikl u gksus ls fo"k;ksa dks ysdj ;FkkFkZ dks vkSj viuh ckr dks nqfu;k
dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSaA muds ikl vLirky ds lkeus j[kus dk liQy iz;kl dj jgh gSA ,sls cgqr
tkus ds fy, dksbZ lkèku ugha gS vkSj fdlh rjg ls ls fo"k; gaS ftlds ckjs esa yksx ugha tkurs gSa vkSj bu
;fn ?kj ls fudy Hkh tkrs gaS rks chp jkLrs esa gh ne fiQYeksa ds n~okjk yksxksa esa ubZ psruk o tkx`fr ykuk gh
rksM+ nsrs gaAS ;g dgkuh lkèkkj.k euq"; ds thou dks fiQYe vkSj funsZ'kd&fuekZrk dk mn~ns'; gSA vkt bl
n'kkZrh gSA lekt esa tks fodkl vkSj mUufr gks jgh gS bldk
^dqFkkÄ dksFkek* fiQYe yksddFkk ij vkèkkfjr cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku fiQYe vkSj fefM;k dk gSA ;g
gS] bleas rhu yksddFkkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA lekt vius fodkl vkSj mUufr dh jkg esa èkhjs&èkhjs
2018 esa ^f=kiqjk fjlpZ ,aM dYpjy baLVhV~;Vw xouZeVas vkxs c<+ jgk gSA
vkWiQ f=kiqjk* ds n~okjk bls izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA bl
µ eykapk fuokl] xouZeVas DokVZj dkWEIysDl] ,- th- vkWfiQl ds ikl] Vkbi&IV] CykWd 14@34] vHk;
uxj] vxjryk] if'peh f=kiqjk&799005
qqq

oSf'od iVy ij igpku cukrk vlfe;k flusek
MkW- vuq'kCn
fl usek ,d lkeqnkf;d lapkj ekè;e gSA ;g

yksdlapkj dh lcls yksdfiz; ,oa l'kDr
foèkkvksa esa ls ,d gS yksdeaxy ,oa yksdjatu ds
esa vk x;kA blds igys rd rfey] rsyxq ]q dUuM
vkfn fiQYeksa dh fganh esa Mfcax gksrh jgh gS vkSj ns'k
ds lHkh fgLlksa esa mudh [kklh yksdfiz;rk Hkh jgh gS
mn~n's ; ls fufeZr bl foèkk esa lkfgR;] laxhr ,oa ysfdu jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; iQyd ij vlfe;k
dyk dh f=kos.kh lekbZ gqbZ gSA Hkkjr esa flusek dk flusek n~okjk ,slh miyfCèk gkfly djuk dbZ yksxksa
bfrgkl o"kks± iqjkuk gSA fganh flusek ds rks vHkh gky ds fy, vk'p;Z dh ckr FkhA bldh ,d izeq[k otg
gh esa lkS o"kZ iwjs gq, gSaA xkSjryc gS fd Hkkjr esa ;g gS fd ns'k dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk iwoksZRrj esa cuus
{ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa fufeZr fiQYeksa dh Hkh viuh ,d okyh fiQYeksa ls vutku jgk gSA
le`n~èk ,oa lqnh?kZ ijaijk jgh gSA ;g nhxj ckr gS fd vlfe;k flusek ftls ^tkWyhoqM* ds uke ls Hkh
bu fiQYeksa dk n'kZd&oxZ dkiQh lhfer gS] cktkj tkuk tkrk gS] ,d le`nè~ k fojklr dks Lo;a esa lesVs
NksVk gS ysfdu fo"k;&oLrq] izLrqfr ,oa izHkko dh gq, gSA bldk bfrgkl rks xkSjoiw.kZ jgk gh gS] orZeku
n`f"V ls ;s fiQYesa fdlh Hkh ek;us esa eq[; èkkjk dh mTToy vkSj Hkfo"; laHkkoukvksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA
fiQYeksa ls derj ugha gSaA ;g ckr iwoksZrj Hkkjr dh vle esa flusek dh 'kq#vkr dk ,d csgn fnypLi
,dek=k vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk vlfe;k esa cuus fdLlk izfln~èk fiQYe funs'Z kd vkSj vkykspd ^vCnqy
okyh fiQYeksa ds lanHkZ esa Hkh lksyg vkus lgh gSA et+hn* lqukrs gSa&
1935 esa vkjaHk gqvk vlfe;k flusek rc ls vc rd ¶vle esa flusek dk bfrgkl chloha 'krkCnh
dbZ lkjs vge~ eqdkeksa dks izkIr dj pqdk gSA dbZ ds nwljs n'kd ls vkjaHk gqvk tc xqokgkVh ds
lkjh vlfe;k fiQYesa liQyrk ds f'k[kj dks Nw pqdh fuokfl;ksa dks ,d nf{k.k Hkkjrh; O;fDr esuu n~okjk
gSa rFkk Hkkjrh; flusek gh ugha cfYd fo'o flusek ds ykbZ xbZ ewd fiQYe dks ns[kus dk lqvolj feykA
le{k u, dhfrZeku vkSj izfreku LFkkfir dj pqdh gSa xk¡o ls 'kgj esa O;kikj ds flyflys esa ;k fiQj
gkykafd fganh fiQYeksa ds eqdkcys {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dh dpgjh ds dke ls vkus okys yksx] esuu dh fiQYeksa
fiQYeksa dks yksx de gh uksfVl djrs gSAa ds n'kZd Fks flusek ds bfrgkl eas bl iUus dks tksM+us
è;krO; gS fd o"kZ 2018 esa tc ,d vlfe;k okys flusek gkWy dk uke ^dke:i flusek* FkkA bl
fiQYe ^foyst jkWdLVkj* us loZJ"s B fiQYe dk jk"Vªh; gkWy esa eq[;r% ^,e lh lsusV* vkSj ^pSiyhu* dh
iqjLdkj vftZr fd;k vkSj fiQj vkWLdj ds fy, fiQYesa fn[kkbZ tkrh FkhaA le; ds lkFk cksyrh fiQYeksa
ukekafdr gqbZ rc vpkud ls vlfe;k flusek lqf[kZ;ksa dk pyu c<+k vkSj dke:i flusek dh ped iQhdh

iM+us yxh vkSj esuu us Hkh ges'kk ds fy, vle NksM+ iQwiQu* ds thou ij vkèkkfjr Fkh ftUgsa fczfV'k lRrk
fn;kA¸ dk fojksèk djus ds dkj.k vaxsztksa n~okjk e`R;naM fn;k
igyh vlfe;k fiQYe cukus dk Js; izfln~èk x;k FkkA vlfe;k flusek dks lefiZr Hkkjr ljdkj ds
vlfe;k dfo] laxhrdkj vkSj dykdkj :idqaoj CykWx ij bl ckr dk ftØ feyrk gSA
T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk (1901&1951) dks gSA muds chloha 'krkCnh ds ik¡posa n'kd esa gh vlfe;k
uke ij gh vlfe;k flusek dks ^tkWyhoqM* uke fn;k flusek ds uHk esa ,d u, u{k=k dk mn; gqvk ftldk
x;k gSA T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk us fiQYe cukus dhs uke Fkk fui c#vkA fiQYe fuekZ.k ds {ks=k esa vkus ls
f'k{kk teZuh ls izkIr dh vkSj 1935 esa igyh vlfe;k iwoZ fui c#vk ,d izfln~èk laxhrdkj] ckalqjh oknd]
fiQYe ^tks;efr* cukbZA bl fiQYe dh nks cM+h iQqVckWyj vkSj vle fVªC;wu esa ,d dkVwfZ uLV Hkh FksA
[kkfl;r ;g gS fd ;g vlfe;k dh igyh fiQYe bUgksaus tks igyh fiQYe cukbZ og Fkh& ^Le`fr ij'k*
gksrs gq, Hkh fganh dh igyh fiQYe dh rjg ewd ugha (1957)A budh vU; fiQYesa Fkha& êkd vk# eksjkse*
gSA ^tks;efr* dh nwljh cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g (1958) ^jaxk iqfyl*] ^HkDr izg~ykn* (1959) ^vekj
fiQYe vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa fufeZr gksus ds ckotwn ?kj* (1961)] ujdklqj* (1970)] ^c#j lalkj*
fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kdrk ds f[kykiQ jk"Vªh; psruk] jk"Vª&izes (1973) ^lksusrkjk* (1977)] ^lksUekbZ* (1978)]
vkSj cfynku dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izkrs FkhA bl fiQYe êfuek* (1980)] ^vatyh ukcksÅ* (1983)] ^dksdk
esa vgkse jktdqekjh tks;efr dh dgkuh gS tks vius nsmrk ukrh v# gkrh* (1984)] ^'kadrq yuk vk#
ns'k vkSj ifr dh j{kk ds fy, vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr 'kadj tkslis Q vyh* (1985)] ^nknw ukrh&vks&gkrh*
ns nsrh gSA ml nkSj esa tc fiQYeksa esa vnkdkjh ds (1986)] ^vaVksuh eksj uke* (1988)] baMh fodh
fy, efgyk dykdkj ugha feyrh Fkh rc ,d efgyk flus ij bu fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k&o"kZ ds ckjs esa laf{kIr
dsafnzr fiQYe cukuk cgqr cM+k dne Fkk] vius vki ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA
esa ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh FkhA [kSj] T;ksfr izlkn 1950 ds gh n'kd esa egku laxhrdkj vkSj
vxjokyk us ;g tksf[ke mBk;kA nqHkkZX;o'k ^tks;efr* xk;u Hkwius gtkfjdk fiQYe funs'Z ku ds {ks=k esa vk,A
fiQYe mrus n'kZd ugha tqVk ikbZ vkSj cqjh rjg muds n~okjk funsfZ 'kr fiQYe ^,jk ckVksj lqj* us vlfe;k
vliQy jgh] ysfdu blus vlfe;k flusek dh uhao flusek dks ,d ubZ rktxh vkSj fn'kk nhA viuh igyh
rks rS;kj dj gh nhA fiQYe ^,jk ckVksj lqj* funsfZ 'kr djus ls igys Hkwius
1935 ds ckn ds o"kks± esa vlfe;k flusek esa gtkfjdk ^bIVk* ds lfØ; lnL; FksA ^bIVk* ges'kk ls
dbZ mrkj p<+ko vk,A bl chp tks mYys[kuh; vke vkneh vkSj mldh laons ukvksa dks dsna z esa j[k
fiQYesa fufeZr&iznf'kZr gqb± os Fkha& T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk dj dke djus okyh laLFkk gSA 'kk;n ;gh otg Fkh
dh ^banez kyrh*] jksfg.kh dqekj c#vk dh êksueq rh*] fd ^,jk ckVksj lqj* ds dsna z esa pk; cxku esa dke
ikoZrh izlkn c#vk dh ^#ikgh*] dey ukjk;.k pkSèkjh djus okys yksxksa dh O;Fkk&dFkk dk fp=k.k gqvk FkkA
dh ^cnu cksjiQwiQu*] lqjs'k panz xksLokeh dh ^#uqeh* laxhr ls fo'ks"k yxko gksus ds dkj.k mudh lHkh
vkSj iQf.k 'kekZ dh ^fljkt*A bu fiQYeksa esa ^fljkt* fiQYesa E;wftdy fgV gksrh FkhaA Hkwius nk dh fiQYeksa
dks dkiQh [;kfr feyh D;ksfa d ;g fiQYe èkkfeZd dk ftØ fd, fcuk vlfe;k flusek ij ckr djuk
lkSgknZ ij cuh FkhA csekuh gksxkA
o"kZ 1950 vlfe;k flusek ds fy, dkiQh viuh ,d iqLrd esa izfln~èk vlfe;k fiQYe
mYys[kuh; jgk D;ksafd blh o"kZ iQf.k 'kekZ n~okjk leh{kd eukst cjiqtkjh fy[krs gSa fd& ¶nknk lkgsc
funsfZ 'kr fiQYe ^fi;ksyh iQwiQu* us {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa cuh iQkYds iqjLdkj ls lEekfur xk;d] laxhrdkj] xhrdkj
loZJs"B fiQYe dk jk"Vªh; f[krkc vius uke fd;kA Hkwisu gtkfjdk ftUgsa cpiu ls gh T;ksfr izlkn
;g fiQYe vle ds izfln~èk Lora=krk lsukuh ^fi;ksyh vxjokyk dk lkfuè; feyk_ mudk vlfe;k flusek

esa cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA mudh izeq[k ij vkèkkfjr ;g fiQYe ,d ;qok efgyk y{eh dh
fiQYesa gSa& ^,jk cVksjk lqj* (n V~;wu vkWiQ n MstVZsM dgkuh dgrh gS tks vius ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn vius
ikFk)] îzfrèofu* (n bdks)] ^yksfr?kksfrvkan fpdfed iwoZ izseh èkuat; ds lkFk u, fljs ls thou 'kq: djus
fctqyh* vkfnA ds ckjs esa lksprh gS ysfdu ,slk gks ugha ikrkA
{ks=kh; flusek ds :i esa vlfe;k flusek yxkrkj ^xaxk flyksfuj ik[kh* ds fjyht+ gksus ds vxys
ubZ miyfCèk;ksa dh vksj vxzlj jgk ysfdu mls igyh o"kZ gh Hkcsanz ukFk lSfd;k ds vius miU;kl ij
ckj varjjk"Vªh; [;kfr feyh 1959 es]a tc izHkkr vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^la è;k jkx* fjyht gqb ZA yan u
eq[kthZ n~okjk funsfZ 'kr fiQYe îqc:
s u* dks varjjk"Vªh; fo'ofon~;ky; ls fiQftDl esa ih-,p-Mh- djus okys
Lrj ij izfln~èkh feyhA cfyZu fiQYe iQsfLVoy esa Hkcsanz ukFk lSfd;k lkfgR; vdkneh ls iqjLÑr ys[kd]
bldh LØhfuax us varjjk"Vªh; iQyd ij vlfe;k dgkuhdkj vkSj funs'Z kd FksA tc vlfe;k flusek
flusek dks igpku fnykbZA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh O;kolk;hdj.k dh rjiQ eqM+ jgk Fkk ml le; Hkcsanz
ek¡&csVs ds fj'rs ij vkèkkfjr Fkh vkSj ek¡ dh Hkwfedk ukFk lSfd;k us xaHkhj dyk fiQYesa cukb±A viuh igyh
fuHkkus okyh] Kkuksnk dkdksfr dh tcjnLr vnkdkjh fiQYe ^laè;k jkx* ds ckn mUgksua s lkr vU; fiQYesa
us fiQYe esa ubZ tku iQw¡d nh FkhA Hkh funsZf'kr dhA ;Fkk& ^vfuckZu*] ^vfXuLuku*]
60 vkSj 70 ds n'kd esa vlfe;k flusek eas ^dksy kgy*] ^lkjFkh*] ^vcrkZu *] ^bfrgkl* vkS j
a,d u;k cnyko utj vk;kA bl nkSj esa fcYdqy ^dyklaè;k*A mudh lHkh fiQYesa u fliQZ vlfe;k
vyx&vyx tkWujs dh fiQYesa fjyht gqb± ftlesa flusek cfYd Hkkjrh; flusek esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ
ck;ksfid] gkL; vkSj fFkzyj fiQYesa 'kkfey FkhaA los'Z oj LFkku j[krh gSaA
pØorhZ dh êuhjke nhoku* fui c#vk dh ûjdklqj*] 1982 esa vlfe;k flusek ds {ks=k esa ,d ,slh
MkW- Hkwisu gtkfjdk dh ^'kadqryk*] ^yksfr?kksfrvkan 'kf[l;r dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus vlfe;k fiQYeksa
fpdfed fctqyh* tSlh ck;ksfid fiQYesa blh nkSj esa dh iwoLZ Fkkfir igpku dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nhA og
cM+s ijns ij vkb±A cztus c#vk dh igyh vlfe;k 'kf[l;r Fkh& tkg~uq c#vkA vkB jk"Vªh; iqjLdjksa ls
gkL; fiQYe ^,Vw lhVw vk# cksgVq *w Hkh blh nkSj esa lEekfur tkg~uq c#vk dks fganh iV~Vh okys mudh
fjyht gqbZA cztsu c#vk dh gh ^MkW- cstc#vk* fiQYe& êSaus xkaèkh dks ugha ekjk* ds funs'Z ku ds fy,
igyh vlfe;k fFkzyj fiQYe FkhA bl fiQYe dks tkurs gSAa tkg~uq c#vk dh ize[q k fiQYesa gS&a ^vi:ik*]
vikj liQyrk feyhA fiQYe dh ,d [kkl fo'ks"krk ^gkyksfèk;k lksjk, ckvksèkku [kk,* (bV~l yk¡x os Vw
;g Hkh Fkh fd bl fiQYe dh iwjh 'kwfVax vle esa gh lh)] ^fiQjhaxfr* (LikdZ), ^dksfudj jkeèksu*q (jkbM
gqbZ FkhA vkWu n jsucks), ^ckaèkksu* (osol~ vkWiQ lkbysal) vkfnA
70 vkSj 80 ds n'kd esa cuh vlfe;k fiQYeksa ^gkyksfèk;k lksjk, ckvksèkku [kk,* igyh vlfe;k fiQYe
dks dbZ jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj feysA lejsna z ukjk;.k nso dh gS ftls loZJ"s B fiQYe ds jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj ls uoktk
^vj.;*] cztsu c#vk dh ^vksikstk lksukj ekVh*] x;kA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh ,d fdlku dh gS
vCnqy et+hn dh ^pesyh eselkc*] vrqy cksjnksybZ ftldh tehu ij ykyph tehankj dCtk dj ysrk gSA
dh ^dYyksy* vkSj MkW- Hkcsna z ukFk lSfd;k dh ^laè;k vaxt sz h lc VkbVy ds lkFk ;g fiQYe ^n dSVLVªkis Qs*
jkx* mu dqN ize[q k fiQYeksa esa 'kkfey Fkha ftUgsa uke ls iznf'kZr gqbAZ
loZJs"B {ks=kh; flusek dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA bl nkSj dh vU; mYys[kuh; fiQYesa gS&a MkW-
1976 esa inqe c#vk dh fiQYe fjyht+ gqbZ ^xaxk Hkcsna z ukFk lSfd;k dh ^vfXuLuku*] ^dksykgky*] ^lkjFkh*]
flysfuj ikj[kh*A bl fiQYe us vlfe;k flusek es ^vcrkZu* vkfnA bu fiQYeksa dks Hkh fiQYe&leh{kdksa
dyk fiQYeksa dks ,d vyx gh eqdke ij igqp ¡ k vkSj n'kZdksa nksuksa dk I;kj feykA blds lkFk gh f'ko
fn;kA MkW- y{eh uanu cksjk ds blh uke ds miU;kl izlkn Bkqd j] xkSre cksj k] latho gtkfjdk] equhr

c#vk] 'kkaruk cksjnksybZ] eatw cksjk vkfn fiQYe funs'Z kdksa lqf[kZ;ksa esa jgh bl fiQYe us ns'k&fons'k ds fiQYe
us Hkh vlfe;k flusek dks vius ;ksxnku ls le`nè~ k leh{kdksa vkSj vkykspdksa ls iz'kalk rks ikbZ gh] vke
fd;kA n'kZdksa dks Hkh ;g fiQYe csgn ilan vkbZA bafM;u
2017 esa vlfe;k flusek us ,d ubZ djoV ,Dlizl s esa izdkf'kr ,d vkys[k esa ^vkfe"k* ds ckjs
yhA tc jhek nkl funsfZ 'kr fiQYe ^foyst jkWdLVkj* esa fy[kk x;k fd& ¶vkfe"k] vius le; ds jksekal
dks loZJs"B fiQYe dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj feykA tkg~uq ij cuh vc rd dh lcls cksYM fiQYeksa esa ls ,d
c#vk dh ^gyksfèk;k lksjk, ckvksèkku [kk,* ds ckn gSA ftls ns[kdj vuqjkx d';i tSls fiQYe funs'Z kd
;g nwljh vlfe;k fiQYe gS ftls loZJs"B Hkkjrh; Hkh ;g dgus dks etcwj gks x, fd mUgksua s Hkkjr esa
fiQYe dk Lo.kZ dey izkIr gqvkA yanu bafM;u vc rd ,slk dqN ugha ns[kk gS 108 feuV yach ;g
fiQYe iQsfLVoy dh vkWfiQfl;y osclkbV ij fy[kk fiQYe ,d fookfgr izkS<+ efgyk fuekZyh vkSj ,d
gS fd jhek nkl Lo izf'kf{kr fiQYe ysf[kdk] funsfZ 'kdk ;qok ih,pMh LVwMVas lqeu ds fj'rksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
vkSj fuekZ=kh gSaA vle ds ,d NksVs ls xk¡o ls lqeu dk ,slk ekuuk gS fd ,slk dksbZ Hkh [kkuk ugha
iyh&c<+h jhek nkl vHkh eqca bZ vkSj vle esa jgrh gS ftls vlkekU; ekuk tk, vkSj fuekZyh bl fopkj
gSaA mudh igyh fiQYe ^varn`Zf"V* rkfyu CySd ukbZV ls lger gSA ckj&ckj dh eqykdkrksa ls nksuksa dks 'kh?kz
fiQYe iQsfLVoy 2016 esa vkSj fevkeh fiQYe iQsfLVoy irk pyrk gS fd mu nksuksa dk Hkkstu ls ,d [kkl
eqacbZ esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ mudh nwljh fiQYe ^foyst yxko gS [kkl dj ehV lsA ;g yxko èkhjs&èkhjs ,d
jkWdLVkj* dk oYMZ izhfe;j VksjaVks fiQYe iQsfLVoy esa u;k :i ys ysrk gS vkSj fiQj 'kq: gksrh gS uSfrdrk
gqvk vkSj ;g fiQYe lsu lscfs LV;u esa gq, U;w vkSj lkekftd fu;eksa dks ijs èkdsyrh gqbZ ,d izes
Mk;jsDVj daiVh'ku esa Hkh 'kkfey gqbAZ dgkuhA¸
^foyst jkWdLVkj* ,d nl o"khZ; yM+dh èkquq ^vkfe"k* fiQYe dk oYMZ izhfe;j ^fVªcds k fiQYe
dh dgkuh gS tks viuh ek¡ ds lkFk ,d fiNM+s xk¡o iQsfLVoy esa gqvk vkSj bls ogk¡ vkB Jsf.k;ksa esa
esa jgrh gSA èkquq viuk ,d cSMa cukuk pkgrh gS ukekafdr fd;k x;kA bl fiQYe us ns'k ds Hkhrj vkSj
ftlesa og ,d fxVkfjLV cuuk pkgrh gSA D;k vHkkoksa ckgj ds n'kZdksa dks vius vyx dF; vkSj VªhVesVa ls
esa iy jgh èkquq dk ;s [okc iwjk gks ikrk gS\ fiQYe pfdr dj fn;kA {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa fufeZr bl fiQYe us
blh loky dk tokc ryk'krh gSA jhek nkl dh bl Js.kh ds varxZr cuus okyh fiQYeksa ds fy, ,d
rhljh fiQYe ^cqycqy dSu flax* Hkh varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ubZ vk'kk vkSj vikj laHkkoukvksa ds ekxZ dks iz'kLr
ij cgq&iz'kaflr jghA ;g fiQYe rhu fd'kksjksa dh fd;kA
nksLrh] [okc vkSj mudh leL;kvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA cgjgky] 1935 esa 'kq: gqvk vlfe;k flusek
ekuo euksfoKku dks csgn ckjhdh ls O;Dr dj ikus yxkrkj izxfr ds iFk ij vxzlj gS rFkk uwru iz;ksxksa
esa jhek nkl dk dksbZ lkuh ugha gSA dks viukdj viuh laLÑfr dh j{kk djrs gq, u,
vlfe;k flusek ij dksbZ Hkh ppkZ ^vkfe"k* fo"k;] u, dF; vkSj ubZ fn'kkvksa dks fiQYeh fp=kiVy
fiQYe dh ppkZ ds fcuk eqdEey ugha gSA 2019 esa ij mrkjus vkSj mdsjus ds fy, izfrcn~èk gSA :idqoa j
vkbZ Hkk"dj gtkfjdk dh fiQYe ^vkfe"k* ls igys T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk us bl turkaf=kd foèkk ds
Hkk"dj gtkfjdk dh ,d vkSj fiQYe vk pqdh gS& ekè;e ls tupsruk dk tks chM+k mBk;k Fkk og ,d
^dksFkkunh*A vle dh yksd&dFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr bl ijaijk dh rjg vlfe;k flusek esa yxkrkj dk;e gSA
fiQYe dks Hkh leh{kdksa dk csgn I;kj feyk ysfdu fdlh {ks=kh; flusek dk jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; iVy
^vkfe"k* us rks tSls vlfe;k flusek dks ,d ubZ ij yxkrkj viuh igpku cuk, j[kuk fdlh pqukSrh
Å¡pkbZ ij igqp ¡ k fn;kA fjyht gksus ds igys ls gh ls de ugha gSA izfrLièkkZ ds bl ;qx esa Js"Brk dh

lk[k dks cpk, vkSj cuk, j[kuk okdbZ dksbZ vklku vlfe;k flusek ds mTToy Hkfo"; ,oa vk;q"; ds
dke ughaA vlfe;k flusek fu%langs blesa liQy jgk izfr] oSf'od Lrj ij Js"B flusek ds :i esa mldh
gSA vlfe;k flusek dk ;gh mRlkg vkSj fuekZrk&funs'Z kdksa igpku ds izfr gesa vk'oLr djrh gSA
dh yxkrkj dqN csgrj rFkk u;k djus dh ftn
µ fganh foHkkx] rstiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] rstiqj] vle
qqq

xqtjkrh flusek & ,d ewY;kadu
MkW- o"kkZ lksyadh
cq fu;knh :i esa lkjh nqfu;k esa vkt flusek

lekt ds euksjatu dk ,d O;kid ekè;e
gSA ,d Hkh ,slk lkekftd {ks=k ugha gS tgk¡ flusek dk
gSaA ftuesa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dk p;u Hkjiwj ek=kk esa gks
jgk gSA gkykafd ;s ç;ksx ckWyhoqM esa igys ls gh gksrs
vk jgs gSAa ysfdu vkt dy ;s ç;ksx c<+ x, gaAS
çHkko ugha gSA lkekftd gh ugha cfYd jktuSfrd] 1934 esa tc fganh fiQYeksa dk liQj 'kq: gqvk rks
vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd] uSfrd] lkfgfR;d vkSj dykRed fganh Hkk"kk vius vlyh :i esa Fkh] ij vkt îkuflag
{ks=k rd mlls NwVk gqvk ugha gSA rksej*] ^mMrk iatkc*] ^ruq osM~l euq*] ^xSaXl vkWiQ
fo'o flusek ds bfrgkl ij ut+j Mkysa rks 28 oklsijq * tSlh fiQYeksa us fganh flusek esa Hkk"kk ds VªMas
fnlacj 1895 ds fnu nqfu;k dh igyh çksiQs'kuy dks cnyk vkSj fiQYeksa esa fganh ds lkFk gh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
fiQYe isfjl ds xzMaS dSiQs esa fn[kkbZ xbZ FkhA ;g dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA
fiQYe Úkal ds nks HkkbZ ywbl Z vkSj vxLVs cznlZ us le; dh ekax dks ns[krs gq, {ks=kh; fiQYeksa dk
cukbZ FkhA fuekZ.k gksuk t:jh le>dj {ks=kh; Hkk"kk dh fiQYeksa
isfjl esa fo'o dk çFke fiQYe 'kks gqvk mlds dk mn~Hko gqvkA
Bhd Ng eghuksa esa gh Hkkjr esa mldk vkxeu gqvkA xqtjkr esa xqtjkrh fiQYe mn~;ksx dh 'kq#vkr
7 tqykbZ 1896 dks eqacbZ ds okWVlu gksVy esa çFke 1932 esa gqbAZ xqtjkrh flusek Hkkjr ds flusek ds
fiQYe 'kks dk vk;kstu gqvkA yqE;sj cznlZ dh fiQYe çeq[k {ks=kh; vkSj LFkkuh; fiQYe mn~;ksxksa esa ls ,d
ds çn'kZu ls cgqr vfèkd çHkkfor gksdj nknk lkgsc gSA ml le; igyh xqtjkrh VkWdh ûjflag esgrk*
iQkYds us Hkkjr dh igyh ewd yach fiQYe ^jktk cuh FkhA 1947 esa Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ls igys rd
gfj'paæ* cukbZ tks lu~ 1913 esa çnf'kZr gqbAZ 1920 ckjg fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA 1940 ds n'kd esa
ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa dbZ ubZ fiQYe fuekZ.k djus lar lrh ;k MdSrksa ij vkèkkfjr dgkfu;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk
okyh daifu;k¡ mHkjdj lkeus vkb±A blds ckn 1931 ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa vkSj yksd dFkkvksa ij dsafær fiQYe
esa ^vkye vkjk* ls VkWdh ewoh dk vkjaHk gqvkA mlds fuekZ.k esa rsth vkbZA 1950&60 ds n'kd esa xqtjkr
ckn {ks=kh; fiQYeksa dk fodkl gksus yxkA ftlesa igyh ljdkj us dj NwV vkSj lfClMh dh ?kks"k.kk dh
cakXyk fiQYe 1917 esa ûy ne;arh* cuhA ckn esa ftlds iQyLo:i fiQYeksa dh la[;k esa o`nf~ èk gqbAZ
nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ds vykok vlfe;k] vksfM+;k] orZeku le; esa xqtjkrh flusek dh dgkfu;k¡ iqjk.kks]a
iatkch] ejkBh] xqtjkrh vkSj vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa {ks=kh; bfrgkl] lekt vkSj jktuhfr ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gaSA
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA vius mn~Hko ls gh xqtjkrh fiQYedkjksa us Hkkjrh;
le; ds lkFk fganh flusek dh rLohj Hkh cny lekt ds eqnn~ ksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa ds lkFk u,&u, ç;ksx
jgh gSA vkt fiQYekssa dks ysdj u,&u, ç;ksx gks jgs fd, gSAa xqtjkrh fiQYeksa dh fLØIV vkSj dgkfu;k¡

vkarfjd :i ls ekuoh; gksrh gSaA ;s fj'rksa vkSj unh ds rV ij cus vkJe esa gh #d tkrk gS rFkk
ikfjokfjd fo"k;ksa ds lkFk ekuoh; vkdka{kkvksa dks ueZnk unh dh ifjØek djus fudy iM+rk gSA ftl
Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[krh gaAS cPps us dHkh ek¡ dk I;kj ugha ns[kk ,slk dju fiQYe
igyh xqtjkrh fiQYe ukuqHkkbZ odhy n~okjk dk uk;d Hkh ueZnk dh xksn esa vius thou dks
funsZf'kr ûjflaj esgrk* (1932) esa cuh FkhA 1948] lefiZr djrk gSA
1950] 1968 vkSj 1971 esa xqtjkrh flusek ds dqN unh ds egRo dks n'kkZrs gq, bl fiQYe us
u, vk;ke LFkkfir gq,A orZeku esa xqtjkrh fiQYesa ckWDl vkWfiQl ij vfèkdre equkiQk dekdj xqtjkrh
vkèkqfudrk dh leL;kvksa ds çlax ij ppkZ djrh gSAa flus jfldksa dks ,d u, ifjn`'; ls euksjt a u djk;kA
twu 2018 esa vkbZ ^jsok* fiQYe xqtjkrh dFkkdkj ;g fiQYe 66osa us'kuy fiQYe ,okMZ esa 'kkfey
èkzqo HkV~V dh uoydFkk ^rRoefl* ij vkèkkfjr FkhA xqtjkr dh csLV fiQYe dh dSVxs jh esa 'kkfey gqbAZ
^jsok* ,d unh dk uke gS tks eè;çns'k esa vejdaVd bl fiQYe ds xkus fiQYe ds uk;d psru
ls fudydj [kaMok ls xqtjrs gq, egkjk"Vª ls gksrh èkkukuh us fy[ks gaAS ;g fudV Hkfo"; esa fganh esa rS;kj
gqbZ xqtjkr ds Hk:p 'kgj dh if'peh fn'kk esa [kHkkr gksdj n'kZdksa ds lkeus vk,¡xAs bl fiQYe ds xkuksa us
dh [kkM+h esa fxjdj vjc lkxj esa foyhu gks tkrh gSA xqtjkr esa èkwe epkbZ FkhA u, vkèkqfud xkuksa ds lkFk
^jsok* dk nwljk uke ûeZnk* gSA ;g ^jsok* fiQYe ek¡ ,d xqtjkrh yksdxhr Hkh gS tks xqtjkfr;ksa ds yksdeq[k
ueZnk unh ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kweus okys lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa ls fofHkUu voljksa ij xk;k tkrk gSA fganh esa bl
dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA Hkkjr esa pkj ufn;ksa dks pkj yksdxhr dks xqtjkrh esa gh j[kk x;k gSA dsoy fganh
osnksa ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA xaxk dks ½Xosn] ;equk flusek ns[kus okys n'kZdksa us Hkh bl fiQYe dks cM+s gh
dks ;tqonZs ] ljLorh dks vFkoZons vkSj ueZnk dks pko ls ns[kk rFkk ilan Hkh fd;kA dsoy unh dh
lkeosnA lkeosn dykvksa dk çrhd gSA egRrk dks n'kkZus okyh bl fiQYe dh [kkfl;r ;gh
jkgqy Hkksys vkSj fouhr dukSft;k n~okjk cukbZ gS fd fiQYe igys lhu ls ysdj vkf[kjh lhu rd
xbZ ;g xqtjkrh ,Mosp a j Mªkek fiQYe esa psru èkkukuh n'kZdksa dk è;ku gVus ugha nsrhA fganh flusek jfldksa
vkSj eksuy xTtj us fdjnkj fuHkk;k gSA fiQYe dh us Hkh bl fiQYe dks ljkgk ,oa vkuan fy;kA blh ds
dgkuh ikfjokfjd vkSj lkiQ lqFkjh gSA ftlesa dgkuh pyrs vkt ds u, fiQYedkjksa dks Hkh fcYdqy vyx
dk eq[; fdjnkj dju 25 o"khZ; ;qod tks fd fons'k fo"k; ij fiQYe cukus dk u;k fopkj bl ^jsok*
esa gh tUek vkSj ogha iyk c<+k gSA mlds nknk th dk fiQYe ls feykA fiQYe esa xk¡o dk ifjn`'; fcYdqy
vkJe ueZnk unh ds rV ij cuk gqvk gSA ftldk iwjk nsgkrh Hkk"kk ds laokn rFkk vkèkqfudrk ls dkslksa nwj
dkjksckj dju ds nknk th laHkkyrs FksA vc tc nknk jgh bl fiQYe dks vkt ds ;qokvksa us Hkh ilan fd;kA
th ugha jgs rks dju vkJe dks cspdj mldh laifRr bl fiQYe ls yx jgk gS fd vkus okys le;
ysuk pkgrk gS D;ksfa d nknk th us ejus ls igys cM+h esa {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa xqtjkrh fiQYesa Å¡ps iQyd ij
jde vkJe dks nku esa ns nh FkhA ij tc dju viuk uke ntZ djk,¡xh ,oa ubZ ih<+h ds fy, fiQYekadu
vkJe esa vkrk gS rks vkJe ds jhfrfjokt rFkk ek¡ ds fy, u, fo"k; oLrq dks viukdj xqtjkrh fiQYe
ueZnk ds çfr yksxksa dh Jn~èkk HkfDr ns[kdj ueZnk baMLVªh esa viuk ,d [kkl eqdke gkfly djsxhA
µ Mh&7] bude VSDl dkWyksuh] U;w flfoy gkWfLiVy ds lkeus] etwjk xsV] lwjr
qqq

fganh flusek vkSj 'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR;
MkW- vuqjkèkk ikaMs;
'ks Dlih;j (26 vizSy 1564&23 vizSy 1616)

ik'pkR; lkfgR; esa vaxstz h Hkk"kk lkfgR; ds
fo'o izfln~èk ukVddkj FksA 'ksDlih;j 16oha 'krkCnh
eapu fd;k x;kA ysfdu ;g vuqokn lgh Fkk ;k
:ikarj.k ek=k Hkkf"kd varj.k Fkk bls fuèkkZfjr djuk
cgqr vko';d gSA 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk tc fganh
ds ,sls ukVddkj vkSj dfo Fks ftUgksua s vaxt sz h Hkk"kk flusek esa :ikarj.k gksus yxrk gS rks bl izfØ;k dks
lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa vius ekud LFkkfir fd,A ;g ;fn vuqokn fln~èkkar dh n`f"V ls lacksfèkr fd;k tk,
le; jsul s kal dk FkkA bl nkSjku cM+k cnyko nks rks ;g varjizrhdkRed vuqokn dh Js.kh esa vk,xkA
le;kofèk;ksa ds chp gks jgk FkkA lekt] lkfgR;] fganh flusek ds fodkl esa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa
laLÑfr vkSj jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko gks jgs dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;g 'kq#vkr ikjlh
FksA bl le; lkearh oxZ dk gzkl gqvk rks ,d u;k fFk;sVj ds :ikarj.k ls gqvkA izkjaHk esa ikjlh fFk;sVj
oxZ Hkh mfnr gqvkA blh nkSjku lkearokn dk Hkh n~okjk tks Hkh vuqokn gq, muesa cgqr ls nks"k jgs gSAa
mUewyu gqvk vkSj ppZ dk izHkqRo VwVkA bu lHkh blfy, bUgsa vuqokn dh Js.kh esa j[kuk eqf'dy gSA
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp 'ksDlih;j dk tUe gqvk FkkA ysfdu ikjlh fFk;sVj ds bu :ikarj.kksa ds ekè;e ls
'ksDlih;j dks jsuslkal dh mit ekuk tkrk gSA buds fganh flusek txr esa cgqr fiQYesa cuhaA fganh flusek
lkfgR; esa Hkh rRdkyhu lekt dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k esa 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; dks vkèkkj cukdj tks fiQYesa
gSA buds ukVdksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls jktuSfrd vkSj fufeZr gqbZ gSa mudh kÜ [à kyk cgqr yach gSA ysfdu ;s
lkekftd ifjfLFkr;ksa dk fp=k.k feyrk gS 'ksDlih;j lHkh fiQYesa 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; dk iw.kZ vkSj liQy
ds lkfgR; ls rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vuqokn ugha gSaA fganh flusek ds fodkl ds le; ls
tkuk&le>k tk ldrk gSA fganh lkfgR; esa 'ksDlih;j ysdj orZeku le; esa Hkh 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa ij
dk vuqokn fganh lkfgR; ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr ls gh fiQYesa cukbZ tk jgha gS]a ysfdu bu fiQYeksa dks vuqokn
izkjaHk gks tkrk gSA fganh lkfgR; esa fo'ks"kdj ukVd dh Js.kh esa j[kus ls iwoZ budh dksfV dk fuèkkZj.k
foèkk ds izkjaHk esa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk vuqokn fd;k tkuk cgqr gh vko';d gSA 'ksDlih;j ds ukV~;
cM+s iSekus ij fd;k x;kA ;g vuqokn varjHkk"kkbZ lkfgR; dks vkèkkj ekudj ftu fiQYeksa dks vuqokn
vuqokn FkkA fganh Hkk"kk ds iz.ksrk Hkkjrsanq us 'ksDlih;j dgk tkrk gS mudh lwph Øe'k% gS& ^[kwu dk [kwu*
ds ukVdksa dk vuqokn fd;kA fganh flusek esa 'ksDlih;j ;g] fiQYe lu~ 1935 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks gSeysV
dk varjizrhdkRed vuqokn yxHkx fganh flusek ds ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe lksgjkc
fodkl ds lkFk gh 'kq: gks tkrk gSA ikjlh fFk;sVj esa eksnh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk
'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk cM+s iSekus ij vuqokn vkSj :ikarj.k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA ^dkfiQj&,&b'd* fiQYe

lu~ 1936 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks ,aVksuh ,aM fDy;ksiVs kª fiQYe l~u 1989 esa cukbZA blh rtZ ij lu~ 1983
ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA bl fiQYe dk esa jkgqy jkoyh ds funs'Z ku esa ^csrkc* fiQYe cuhA
funZs'ku vuo#n~nhu e[kfyl us ^dkyh ukxu* ;k eueksgu nslkbZ ds funs'Z ku esa lu~ 1983 esa ênZ*
^tku eqjhn* ds uke ls fd;k Fkk bldk fganh vuqokn fiQYe cuhA ;s lHkh fiQYesa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVd ds
ûkfLrd izes * ds uke ls Hkh mn~èk`r fd;k x;k gSA Fkhe ij vkèkkfjr ekuh tkrh gSAa bu fiQYeksa esa ewy
îkd nkeu ;k 'kghn&,& ukt+* fiQYe lu~ 1940 esa ukVd ds leku L=kh ik=k dks fn[kk;k x;k gS tks cgqr
cuhA bl fiQYe dks estj iQkWj estj ukVd dk gh yM+kdw] okpky] euekSth vkSj ftn~nh LoHkko dh
:ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA bldk :ikarj.k ikjlh fFk;sVj gksrh gS ysfdu ukVd ds var esa uk;d mls vius cy
ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fiQYe #Lre eksnh ds ls fu;a=k.k esa dj ysrk gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa cy ds
funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;s nksuksa gh fiQYesa vuqiyCèk gSAa LFkku ij izse dks lkèku cuk;k x;k gSA mijksDr
ysfdu fiQYeksa ij feys dFkkud ;k lkjka'k dh n`f"V fiQYeksa dh ukf;dk,¡ Hkh viuh bPNkuqlkj thou thuk
ls bUgsa lerqY; :ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA ilan djrh gSaA os vius thou esa fdlh Hkh iq#"k dk
^tkfye lkSnkxj* fiQYe lu~ 1941 esa cuhA bl gLris{k Lohdkj ugha djuk pkgrh ysfdu izes n~okjk
fiQYe dks êpsV± vkWiQ osful* ukVd dk :ikarj.k mUgsa varr% vius vki dks cnyuk iM+rk gSA bu
ekuk tkrk gSA bldh izLrqfr dksydkrk dh jkèkk fiQYe fiQYeksa esa ukVd ds blh ewy lkj dks varfjr djus
daiuh n~okjk dh xbZ FkhA ;g fiQYe ts- ts- enu ds dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu buesa ls dksbZ Hkh
funsZ'ku esa cuh Fkh blds laokn vkSj dgkuh iafMr fiQYe ukVd dk lerqY; :ikarj.k ugha gSA
Hkw"k.k us fy[kh FkhA ;g fiQYe ukVd ds dFkkud dk ^nks nwuh pkj* fiQYe lu~ 1968 esa cuhA bls ^n
lerwY; :ikarj.k gSA ^vku* fiQYe lu~ 1952 esa dkWeMs h vkWiQ ,jlZ* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA
cuhA bl fiQYe dks jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V ukVd dk ;g fiQYe nscw lsu ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;g fiQYe
:ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe egcwc [kku ds nks tqMo+ k gksus ls izdV gksus okyh folaxfr;ksa vkSj
funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk :ikarj.k leL;kvksa dks fn[kkus dk iz;Ru djrh gSA fiQj Hkh ;g
ugha ekuk tk ldrkA ^gSeysV* fiQYe lu~ 1954 esa fiQYe ukVd dk lerwY; :ikarj.k ugha gSA ^vaxjw *
cuhA bl fiQYe dks gSeysV ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk fiQYe lu~ 1981 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks Hkh ^n
tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe fd'kksj lkgw ds funs'Z ku esa cuh dkWeMs h vkWiQ ,jlZ* dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g
FkhA ukVd vkSj fiQYe dks rqyukRed :i esa ns[kk fiQYe xqytkj ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;g fiQYe
tk, rks ;g ukVd ds lerqY; gSA blesa ik=kksa ds uke ukVd ds dFkkud ls iw.kZr% lkE; cuk, gq, gSA blesa
Hkh leku gh j[ks x, gSAa ^vk'kk* fiQYe lu~ 1957 esa LFkku ,oa ik=kksa ds ukeksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj fn;k
cuh FkhA ;g jaxhu fiQYe FkhA bl fiQYe dks gSeysV x;k gS ysfdu :ikarj.k dh n`f"V ls ;g fiQYe liQy
ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe ,e- oh- jgh gSA
jeu ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk ^,d nwts ds fy,* fiQYe lu~ 1981 esa cuhA
:ikarj.k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA bl fiQYe dks ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk
^n Vsfeax vkWiQ n Jw* ukVd ds vkèkkj ij fganh :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe ds- ckypanj ds
flusek esa cgqr lh fiQYesa cuha tSls ^pksjh&pksjh* lu~ funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ^d;ker ls d;ker rd* fiQYe
1956 esa vuar Bkdqj ds funs'Z ku esa cuhA ^taxyh* lu~ 1988 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks Hkh ^jksfe;ks ,aM
fiQYe 1961 esa lqcksèk eq[kthZ ds funs'Z ku esa cuhA twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe
jktk uokFks ds funsZ'ku esa lu~ 1973 esa êupyh* ealjw [kku ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;s nksuksa gh fiQYesa
fiQYe cuhA iz;kx jkt us îksxa k iafMr* uke ls lu~ izes ds nq[kkar var ds :i esa ekuh tk ldrh gaAS
1975 esa fiQYe cukbZA jktdqekj us ûkSdj choh dk* gkykafd ewy ukVd ds dbZ izlxa ksa dks bu fiQYeksa esa

:ikarfjr ugha fd;k x;k gSA blfy, bUgsa jksfe;ksa ,aM ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk
twfy;V ukVd dk fiQYeh :ikarj.k lerqY; :i esa gS vkSj ;g fiQYe euh"k frokjh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh
ugha ekuk tk ldrkA êdcwy* fiQYe lu~ 2003 esa FkhA bl fiQYe dks ewy ukVd ds dFkkud dk liQy
cuhA bl fiQYe dks êSdcsFk* ukVd dk :ikarj.k :ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA gkykafd vfHku; ds Lrj
ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe fo'kky Hkkjn~okt ds ij fiQYe cgqr liQy ugha jgh gS ysfdu ^jksfe;ks ,aM
funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe esa dbZ fcanv q ksa dk twfy;V* ij fganh flusek esa vHkh rd ftruh Hkh
Hkkjrh;dj.k djrs gq, :ikarj.k fd;k x;k gSA gkykafd fiQYesa cuh gSa mudh rqyuk esa ;g fiQYe gh dFkkud
ewy ukVd ds fo"k; dks izdkjkarj ls vFkok y{k.kk ds lokZfèkd lerqY; jgh gSA ^xksfy;ksa dh jklyhyk
:i esa :ikarfjr fd;k x;k gSA jktuhfr] iki&iq.;] jkeyhyk* fiQYe lu~ 2013 esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe
izse vkfn tSls izlaxksa dks liQy :i nsus dk iz;kl dks Hkh ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk
ekuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu ukVd ds dFkkud ls tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe lat; yhyk Hkalkyh ds funs'Z ku esa
lerqY; ughaA ^vksd a kjk* fiQYe lu~ 2006 esa cuhA cuh FkhA bl fiQYe esa dbZ fcanqvksa dks vkèkqfudrk ls
bl fiQYe dks ^vksFksyks* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tksMr+ s gq, fn[kk;k x;k gS tcfd ewy ukVd dk izlxa
tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe Hkh fo'kky Hkkjn~okt ds gh yxHkx dbZ lkS o"kks± iqjkuk gSA blds ckotwn Hkh izes
funsZ'ku esa cuh FkhA ewy ukVd L=kh ik=k dh osnukvksa ds izlax dks] ifjokj ds fookn dks vkèkqfud n`f"V ls
vkSj fir`lRrkRed lekt dh fonziw rkvksa dk dPpk lgh ekuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu :ikarj.k dh n`f"V ls
fpV~Bk gSA fiQYe esa dFkkud dk Hkkjrh;dj.k djrs ;g fiQYe vliQy jgh gSA
gq, ewy lan's k dks gj n`f"V ls :ikarfjr djus dk ^gSnj* fiQYe lu~ 2014 esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe
liQy iz;kl n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA ewy ukVd dk dks ^gSeysV* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g
varjizrhdkRed :ikarj.k dh n`f"V ls flusek esa blls fiQYe fo'kky Hkkjn~okt ds funsZ'ku esa cuh FkhA ml
csgrj :ikarj.k cgqr de ns[kus dks fey ldrk gSA fiQYe dks liQy :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA gkykafd
bl :i esa bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk liQy vkSj LFkku] ifjos'k vkfn dk Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fglkc
lerqY; :ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA ls Hkkjrh;dj.k djrs gq, vPNk beizksokbts'ku fd;k
^10 ,e,y yo* fiQYe lu~ 2010 esa cuhA x;k gSA fiQYe ds dqN izlxa ukVd ls fcYdqy gh
bl fiQYe dks ^v feMlej ukbV~l Mªhe* ukVd dk fHkUu gSaA
:ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe 'kjr dVkfj;k ^ftxfj;k* fiQYe lu~ 2014 esa cuh FkhA bl
ds funsZ'ku esa cuh FkhA ;g ukVd Lo;a esa gh Hkzfer fiQYe dks ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k
:i esa fn[krk gSA blesa dbZ izlxa vkil esa my>s gq, ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe jkt iqjksfgr ds funsZ'ku esa
gSAa LoIu] ifj;k¡] ckSus tknqbZ isM]+ tknqbZ iQwy] tknqbZ cuh FkhA bl fiQYe esa izes ds lkFk orZeku nkSj esa
pfj=kksa dh Hkjekj gS bl ukVd esaA bl ukVd ij fd, tkus okys tkfr] oxZ ds foHksn ls tksMr+ s gq,
vkèkkfjr bl fiQYe esa Hkh dqN izlxa ksa dks :ikarfjr fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl fiQYe dk var nq[kkar gSA ysfdu
djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gS ysfdu ukVd dh rqyuk ukVd ds dFkkud dh n`f"V ls fiQYe dk izlax cgqr
esa fiQYe esa okLrfodrk ”;knk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA gh fHkUu gSA
bl fiQYe dks ukVd ds dqN fgLlksa dk lerqY; fganh flusek ds fodkl esa varjizrhdkRed vuqokn
:ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA 'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR;
^b'dtkns* fiQYe lu~ 2012 esa cuhA bl fiQYe fganh fFk;sVj ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk fganh flusek ds
dks ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gS fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA lkfgR; ds
vkSj ;g fiQYe gchc iQSly ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; dk vè;;u
^b'd* fiQYe lu~ 2013 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks fganh flusek ds lkFk tksMd + j fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu

varjizrhdkRed vuqokn dh n`f"V ls ;g fo"k; vNwrk iqLrdsa fy[kh xbZ gSa vkSj 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dh
gSA fganh flusek esa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk :ikarj.k jktuhfr] L=kh fp=k.k vkSj fFk;sVj ,oa 'ksDlih;j dk
;k fiQj mu ij vkèkkfjr tks Hkh fiQYesa cuh gSa ml jax&eap vkfn dh n`f"V ls dbZ 'kksèk Hkh gq, gSa ysfdu
n`f"V ls ukVd ,d vyx foèkk gS vkSj flusek vyxA vuqokn dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"kdj varjizrhdkRed vuqokn
bu nksuksa ds chp esa viuh&viuh laHkkouk,¡ vkSj ds vkyksd esa dksbZ izekf.kr iqLrd ugha feyrh vkSj
leL;k,¡ gSAa ukVd ds ekè;e ls dqN phtsa vPNs u gh 'kksèk dk;ZA jaxeaph; vkSj flusek dh n`f"V ls
rjhds ls izLrqr dh tk ldrh gSa ysfdu dqN ughaA 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa vkSj fganh fiQYeksa ds chp varj
rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k flusek ds ekè;e ls ij dqN vkys[k t:j feyrs gSAa tSls êdcwy* vkSj
fdlh ukVd dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks mlesa dqN ^vksedkjk* ijA ysfdu bu vkys[kksa ds varxZr dsoy
laHkkouk,¡ c<+ tkrh gSa rks dqN leL;k,¡ Hkh gks ldrh ukVdh; vkSj fiQYeh n`f"Vdks.k ls ckr dh xbZ gS u
gSAa flusek ds ekè;e ls ukVdksa dh vis{kk cgqr fd jktuSfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vuqokn dh
vfèkd n'kZdksa dks ,d gh ckj esa tksM+k tk ldrk gSA n`f"V ls vkSj u var%Hkk"kh] varjHkk"kh vkSj varjizrhdkRed
ukVd esa n'kZd lhèks rkSj ij vius lkeus pfj=kksa dks ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA tcfd
vfHku; djrs gq, ns[krk gSA mldk ik=kksa ls vkeus&lkeus 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa vkSj fiQYeksa ds dbZ ,sls igyw gSa
laidZ LFkkfir gksrk gS tcfd flusek esa ,d nwjh cuh tks vuNq, gSAa varjizrhdkRed vuqokn lkfgR; vkSj
jgrh gSA ukVd de [kpZ esa rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gS flusek nksuksa gh foèkkvksa ds eè; ,d lsrq :i esa
tcfd fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k esa cgqr iSlk yxrk gSA djrk gSA blfy, bl fo"k; ds egRo dks le>rs gq,
'ksDlih;j us vius ukVdksa ds fy, ,d [kkl izdkj lkfgR; ,oa flusek ij ckr djus dh t:jr gSA
ds LVst dk fuekZ.k fd;k Fkk ftls ^Xyksc fFk;sVj* ds lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g fFk;sVj cgqr izfln~èk jgkA 1- vxzoky] izgykn] flusek] lkfgR; vkSj lekt]
bl izdkj tc fiQYesa fganh flusek txr esa cukbZ tk vukfedk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k&2011
jgha gSa] rks mudh iwjh rduhdh O;oLFkk dks funs'Z kdksa 2- vxzoky] mTToy] dFkkdkj deys'oj vkSj
us vius ns'k o Hkk"kk ds fglkc ls cny fn;k gS fganh flusek] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke
'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR; ik'pkR; lkfgR; gS tks lekt] laLdj.k&2012
laLÑfr] ekU;rk] jhfr&fjokt] iks'kkd] [kku&iku bl 3- vkteh] izHkqukFk flag] ÝyS'kcSd] f'kYik;u]
rjg ds dbZ lkjs eq[; fcanv q ksa ij fHkUu gS ysfdu laLdj.k&2006
fganh Hkk"kk esa tks Hkh fiQYesa cuha gSa muesa ls vfèkdrj 4- vkuan egs'k] vadjq ] nsonas z jkt (la-) jaxeap
dk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj fn;k gSA ds fln~èkkar] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke
varjizrhdkRed vuqokn fln~èkkar dh n`f"V ls laLdj.k&2008
fganh flusek ds {ks=k esa 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; ij 5- psuh] 'ksYMku] jaxeap] mRrj izn's k fganh laLFkku]
vkèkkfjr ftruh Hkh fiQYesa cuha gSa os lHkh bl y[kuÅ] n~forh; laLdj.k&2009
fln~èkkar ds varxZr vkrh rks gSa ysfdu os liQy vkSj 6- eksuk] csdj (,fMVsM)] Vªkl a ys'ku LVMht%
lerqY; :ikarj.k ugha gSAa lkFk gh fganh flusek ds fØfVdy dksUlsIV~l bu fyaxfofLVDl] #ryt izsl]
fodkl esa varjizrhdkRed vuqokn dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ izFke laLdj.k&2009
jgk gSA varjizrhdkRed vuqokn vFkok :ikarj.k gsrq 7- eksuk] csdj ,aM lkynkg] xzkfcz,y (,fMVsM)]
fln~èkkar vkSj fu;e gSa vkSj bUgha fln~èkkarksa o fu;eksa #ryt balk;DyksihfM;k vkWiQ Vªkalys'ku LVMht %
ds vkèkkj ij 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk :ikarj.k #ryt izdk'ku] n~forh; laLdj.k&2009
ewy&rRo dks :ikarfjr fd, tkus dh n`f"V ls fd;k 8- ckFlZ] jksyka] ek;Fkksykstht % n daIyhV
tkuk pkfg,A 'ksDlih;j ij vaxt sz h lkfgR; esa vufxur ,fM'ku bu , U;w Vªkl a ys'ku] izFke laLdj.k&2012

9- cSlusV] lqlSu] Vªkalys'ku LVMht] #ryt 12- dSViQksMZ] tkWu lh-] , fyfXofLVd fFk;jh
izsl] r`rh; laLdj.k&2002 vkWiQ Vªkalys'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl&1965
10- Hkkjn~okt] fo'kky] , 'ksDlfilj fVª;ksyksth] 13- lSaMylZ] MSfu;y] lsfe;ksfVDl % n csflDl]
edcwy] vksaedkjk] gSnj] gkiZj dkWfyUl izdk'ku] Hkkjr] #ryt izsl] izFke laLdj.k&2002
izFku laLdj.k&2014
11- cwf Md] lSu iQksM Z] ,aM bZlj oqYi+Qxksax
(,fMVsM)] n VªkLa ysVfs cfyVh vkWiQ n Lisl fcV~ohu]
LVªkaiQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] izFke laLdj.k&1996
µ vuqokn ,ao fuoZpu fon~;kihB] egkRek xkaèkh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofon~;ky; oèkkZ] egkjk"Vª&442001
qqq

,d egku dykdkj gh ugha]
,d egku balku Hkh Fks& bjiQku----
vt; efyd
eqa cbZ NwVus dk bruk nq%[k twu 1997 esa Hkh

ugha gqvk Fkk] ftruk dy vpkud bjiQku
[kku ds vkdfLed fuèku dh [kcj ls gqvkA oks esjk
bjiQku ls esjh vafre eqykdkr 'kk;n uoacj]
2013 esa xksok esa fiQYe lekjksg ds nkSjku gqbAZ og
varjjk"Vªh; iQudkj cu pqdk Fkk] uke] 'kku&vksj&'kkSdr
eqgCcr dk ,slk nkSj Fkk] tc yiyikrh ngdrh 'kek ik pqdk FkkA ^ykbiQ vkWiQ ikbZ* fiQYe lekjksg dh
ij ijokuk ;s lkspdj dqckZu gksus ls #d x;k fd 'kk;n mn~?kkVu fiQYe FkhA eqca bZ NksMs+ eq>s 20 lky gks
dgha 'kek cq>dj èkqv ¡ k&èkq¡vk u gks tk,!! fiQj Hkh tc pqds Fks] eqca bZ esa yksx eq>s [kknh ds dqr&Zs iktkesa esa
vpkud 'kek cq> xbZ] rks ijokuk èkq,¡ dh ngd esa lek, nk<+h okys xats ds :i esa tkurs FksA vc eSa
,slk >qylk fd dgha dk u jgkA oks 'kek fiQj dHkh lnkcgkj xatk cu pqdk FkkA bjiQku eq>s ,dckjxh
mlds fy, u tyh ---vkSj cl èkq¡vk cudj jg xbZA igpku ugha ik;k Fkk---
dy ^nq%[k* 'kCn cgqr gh [kks[kyk lk yxkA eSa mldh fiQYesa ns[krk jgrk FkkA 2004 esa
bjiQku ds fuèku dk lekpkj vklekuh fctyh ds edcwy ls mls vkSj mlds okLrfod iQu dks vlyh
fxjus ls Hkh dgha T;knk d"Vdkjh FkkA eSaus rRdky igpku feyhA bjiQku vfHkuhr îku flag rkSej*]
MkW-paæçdk'k dks y?kq lans'k@,l,e,l Hkstk--- fljkt ^fcYyw ckjcj*] ^yap ckWDl*] ^CySdesy*] ^fganh
dks iQksu feyk;k--- og lqudj lUu jg x;kA nksuksa dks ehfM;e*] ^fidw* vkSj lcls T;knk ^djhc&djhc
gh ,dckjxh fo'okl ugha gqvkA fiQj vlhe pØorhZ flaxy* fiQYesa eq>s cgqr ilan vkbZAa ^vxzt sa h ehfM;e*
dks iQksu yxk;k---vlhe dks [kcj fey pqdh Fkh vkSj Hkh ns[kh] tks ykWd Mkmu ds dkj.k lgh ls çnf'kZr gh
os lnes ds dkj.k [kqn dks ckr djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gks ikbZ---
ugha ik jgs Fks--- 'kk;n 2007&08 rd mldk eksckby uacj tks
psUubZ esa lc dqN feyk--- dksydkrk---x+kft+;kckn- esjs ikl Fkk] mlij ,l,e,l dh vnk;xh gksrh jgh
--fnYyh -- iwjk ns'k ns[kus dk volj Hkh fiNys 23 exj mlds ckn mlls esjk laidZ VwV lk x;kA 2018
lkyksa esa feyk] exj bjiQku [kku tSlk ;kj dgha ugha esa tc og yanu bykt ds fy, x;k] rc eSua s cgqr
feyk vkSj vc feysxk Hkh ugha--- fliQZ 53 lky dh dksf'k'k dh mldk eksckby uacj irk djus dh exj
mez Hkh dksbZ mez gksrh gS ;kj--- gs jke --- laHko ugha gks ldkA yanu esa esjk NksVk HkkbZ jgrk gSA
esjk ,d vtht fe=k pqids ls dHkh u feyus eSa bjiQku dh dqN enn djuk pkgrk FkkA vt;
dh dle [kkdj nqfu;k ls tk pqdk Fkk--- eSa iwjs fnu czg~ekRet ds ikl mldk uacj Fkk] ftls nsus ls mlus
fliQZ lksprk jgk--- dqN fy[kuk pkgrk Fkk--- dguk badkj dj fn;kA ,d tekus esa tc eSa ukS'kkn ds
pkgrk Fkk--- jksuk pkgrk Fkk --- baVjO;w ds fy, x;k Fkk] vt; czgekRet iQksVksxkz iQj
ds fdjnkj esa esjs lkFk Fks---

nl fnu igys gh MkW- paæçdk'k ls cl ;w¡ gh nks cts rd ys[ku pyrkA tulRrk dh rwrh cksyrh
eqca bZ vkus&tkus dks ysdj dqN ppkZ gks jgh FkhA Fkh --- pkj laLdj.k fnYyh] eqca bZ] dksydkrk] paMhx<+-
ykWdMkmu u gqvk gksrk rks 'kk;n eSa ,d ckj fiQj -- fiQj lkaè; tulRrk Hkh 'kq: gqvk---
eqca bZ dk pDdj yxk pqdk gksrk vkSj bjiQku ls ;s eSa lcjax ds fy, pk.kD; èkkjkokfgd ij vkeq[k
f'kdk;r Hkh dj pqdk gksrk fd ns[k HkkbZ] eSa rks ugha dFkk@doj LVksjh dj jgk Fkk vkSj vDlj jkr gksr&s gksrs
cnyk] exj cgqr lkjs yksx dc ds cny x,--- rqeus fiQYe flVh esa pk.kD; ;kuh MkW- paæçdk'k n~foosnh
Hkh uke esa jÝrkj okyk ,d j vkSj tksM+ fy;k--- exj ds ikl muds lSV ij igqp ¡ tk;k djrk FkkA ,d fnu
oks eqgCcr dk ,slk nkSj Fkk tc gj dksbZ eqgCcr ogha fljkt Hkh ,d n`'; esa fiQYekadu ds fy, vk,
djrk FkkA lq ls ysdj l rdA la ls ysdj lat rdA gq, FksA muds lkFk ,d u;k psgjk] yack Njgjs cnu
v ls ysdj cM+dh rdA iM+ok ls ysdj iapeh rdA dk yM+dk lsukifr Hkælky dk esdvi fd, 'kkWV ds
vekoL;k ls ysdj iwf.kZek rdA e ls ysdj v rdA fy, rS;kj cSBk FkkA
iqjok ls iNqok rd---vkSj ge lc Hkh] vkokt ls cgqr cM+h&cM+h vk¡[ksa --- viuh mez ls dbZ xquk
ysdj vk¡[kksa rd] eqgCcr ds eD[ku ls yckyc gqvk T;knk cM+h vk¡[kksa okyk og yM+dk jk"Vªh; ukV~;
djrs Fks A fdlh us dgk Fkk& bruh eqgCcr er ck¡Vks fon~;ky; ls gky gh esa eqca bZ vk;k FkkA ckrphr 'kq:
fd dHkh tc Hkfo"; esa t:jr iM+]s rks fiVkjk [kkyh gqb-Z -- rks rfud ladksp ls ifjp; nsrs gq, cksyk&
feys!! lcdks lc dqN fn[krk Fkk] ij lc pkgrs Fks bjiQku [kkuA
fd fdlh rjg fliQZ ,d ckj dgs rks lgh---ijokuk eSa ml le; ,u,lMh] fnYyh vkSj ,iQVhvkbZvkbZ]
tys rks lgh---exj 'kek,¡ tyrh jgha] ijokuk tyk rks] iq.ks ls vkus okyksa ls cgqr T;knk çHkkfor Fkk ---
ij tyrh ykS rd u tk ldkA oLrqr% muls eq>s lh[kus dks feyrk Fkk--- dgk¡ eSa ,d
ml oDr fiQYe i=kdkfjrk dyerksM+ vankt esa xk¡o nsgkr dk BsB ?kfl;kjk vkSj dgk¡ ;s txexkrh
iwjh jokuxh ij FkhA uke ls yksxksa dks ijs'kkuh gksus #igys ijns dh nqfu;k dh vksj nkSMr+ s csgn mRlkgh
yxh rks fe=kksa dh lykg ij dbZ vkSj uke tksM+ fn,& vkSj eats gq, çf'kf{kr dykdkj ---vkt Hkh [kqn dks
bdcky] lathr] iadt] vuqt;s ---vkSj u tkus D;k&D;k- ?kfl;kjs ls vfèkd ugha le> ikrk gw¡--- xk¡o esa
--;gk¡ rd fd igys fiQYe lekjksg dh dojst ij tks fcVkSM&s+ cksxa ]s vkslkjs dh Nku ckaèkus rd dk dke
uke x;k og fooknksa dk dkj.k cu x;kA xqeuke uke fd;k Fkk--- lpeqp esa dbZ ckj [kqjis ;k [kqihZ ls ?kkl
okys us cgqr ,rjkt fd;k fd dSls mlds uke dk Hkh Nhyh Fkh---
bLrseky fd;k x;k --- gkykafd rc rd O;fDr;ksa ds bjiQku ls ckr gksrh jgh] pk.kD; esa mldh
uke dk bl rjg dk lokZfèkdkj lqjf{kr ugha gqvk Hkwfedk ij laf{kIr ppkZ ds ckn fdLlk ,u,lMh ij
djrk Fkk--- gh T;knk dsfa ær jgkA irk ugha D;k ckr Fkh ml 'k[l
jkgqy nso] fljkt lbZn] èkhjsæa vkLFkkuk] lat; dh ok.kh esa fd og eu esa lnk ds fy, cl xbZA
fu:ie] js[kk ns'kikaM]s vlhe pØorhZ] lat; eklwe] tulRrk esa 'kk;n bjiQku dk cgqr NksVk lk lk{kkRdkj
ykyef.k ikaMs; --- ;s lc v[kckjksa ds çfrf"Br uke çdkf'kr gks ik;kA
FksA ;s fy[kus ds fy, dgrs] çsfjr djrs vkSj eSa fy[k eSa larq"V ugha Fkk] exj bjiQku dks dksbZ f'kdk;r
ekjrkA ml nkSj esa tulRrk vkSj uoHkkjr VkbEl ugha FkhA blls iwoZ eSa 'kf'k diwj vkSj ulh#n~nhu 'kkg
cacbZ@ eqca bZ ds çfln~èk fganh nSfud gqvk djrs FksA eSua s ds cgqr yacs lk{kkRdkj dj pqdk FkkA Hkwfy,xk ugha ;s
uoHkkjr VkbEl esa dHkh ugha fy[kkA 1991&92 dh ckr gSA ml le; lekpkj i=k ;kuh
fnu esa nÝrj dk dke vkSj nÝrj can gksus ds v[kckj gh gqvk djrs Fks--- lekpkjksa ds pSchl ?kaVksa
ckn fiQYeksa ds çsl 'kks] ikfVZ;k¡ vkfn--- lkekU;r% jkr ds pSuy ugha FksA fliQZ fçaVehfM;k vkSj vfèkdka'k
ds 12 cts ls igys vaèksjh iwoZ fLFkr vius ljdkjh dkyh L;kgh ls Nius okyh [kcjs-a -- [kcjksa dks yxkrkj
vkokl igq¡puk ugha gks ikrk Fkk--- vkSj fiQj lqcg ds f?klrs jgus dk pyu ugha FkkA mlds ckn jk"Vªh;

lgkjk esa bjiQku dk lk{kkRdkj vkSj ,u,lMh ls tqM+h iQksu feyk;k& HkkbZ bjiQku] eu cM+k mnkl gS ;kj---
,d ifjppkZ çdkf'kr gqbAZ og fny dh ckr le> ysrk FkkA vkèks ikSus ?kaVs esa og
bjiQku ls tc Hkh eqykdkr ;k ppkZ gksrh ,d viuh eksVj lkbfdy ds lkFk gkftj FkkA cgqr yach
u;k mRlkg] ubZ ÅtkZ mlesa ns[kus dks feyrh--- 'kk;n ppkZ pyh] mez esa og NksVk t:j Fkk] exj vuqHko esa
dkafnoyh esa ,d NksVs ls ÝySV esa mldk lifjokj cgqr cM+k Fkk --- csgn xaHkhjrk ls cksyk& efyd] tks
clsjk FkkA og vdlj dgrk Fkk& efyd] rqe dHkh Hkh gks] rqe dHkh cnyuk er---
cny rks ugha tkvksxs ---irk ugha mu fnuksa eq> esjs vkokl esa ,d Ms<+ iQqV pkSMk+ iqjkuk [kqjnjk
iQVhpj ?kfl;kjs dks og bruk egRoiw.kZ D;ksa le>rk nhoku] ,d iqjkuh dckM+ ls [kjhnh dqlhZ] vaVksi fgy
Fkk ! ls [kjhnh xbZ ,d iQksfYMax est vkSj iQ'kZ ij fcNk
eq>s 1993 esa la;ksx ls Hkkjr ds varjjk"Vªh; rhu&pkj iQqV pkSMk+ xn~nk Hkj gqvk djrk FkkA jlksbZ esa
fiQYe egksRlo esa crkSj fiQYe leh{kd tkus dk [kkuk idkus dk iwjk bartke FkkA eSa f[kpM+h cukus esa
volj feykA eSa 19 fnlacj] 1992 dks gh ,ulhbZvkjVh [kqn dks ikjaxr le>rk FkkA dqdj Hkjdj f[kpM+h
ds ,d ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k ds fy, eqca bZ ls fnYyh cukbZ vkSj nksuksa us mlh iQ'kZ ij cSBdj [kkbZA mldh
igq¡p pqdk FkkA bl chp 01 tuojh] 1993 rd dqN lknxh dk eSa nhokuk FkkA
,slk gks pqdk Fkk] ftls ugha gksuk pkfg, Fkk !! fiQj eqca bZ NwVk--- exj mlls igys ohjsæa lDlsuk
20 tuojh] 1993 dks fljh iQksVZ ls fonk yh ds ,d lk{kkRdkj ds tulRrk ds pkjksa laLdj.kksa esa
vkSj 'kk;n 22 tuojh dks eqca bZ igqp ¡ kA ohvkbZih dk Nius ds ckn dqN ,slh ckr gqbZ fd fiQYeh yksxksa ds
32 baph lwVdsl viuh lcls cM+h frtksjh gqvk djrk çfr esjk eksg Hkax gks x;k--- fo'ks"kdj ,u,lMh okyksa
FkkA mlesa lc fy[kk&i<+k Hkjk gksrk FkkA eqca bZ ls dks ysdj tks ,d ldkjkRed ikxyiu lokj Fkk] og
fnYyh vkrs le; lc vPNs ls lwVdsl esa can fd;k [kRe gks x;k--- eSaus fiQYe i=kdkfjrk ;k ys[ku ls gh
Fkk] exj okilh esa ew"kd egkjkt dh ,slh Ñik izkIr Lo;a dks vyx dj fn;k--- dk;kZUo;u vkSj fganh dk
gqbZ fd foKkiuksa esa gkFkh p<+us ls Hkh u VwVus okys ikxyiu yxkrkj c<+rk x;k--- eq>s çokg esa èkdsyk tk
ohvkbZih lwVdsl dks pwgs th us ,d dksus ls dkVdj pqdk Fkk vkSj eSa vfèkxe ;kuh lh[krs pys tkus dh
vanj ços'k dh lqfoèkk l`ftr dh vkSj vanj tks Hkh vuojr çfØ;k dk vVwV fgLlk cu x;k A
gLrfyf[kr vkfn Fkk lc dqrj Mkyk--- bruk gh ugha dy bjiQku ds vlkef;d fuèku ds ckn vpkud
mlh lwVdsl esa çk.k Hkh R;kx fn,A xk¡o esa lquh dgkuh dh èkqjh gh VwV xbZ --- eSa mls ;g dgkuh
uy≠arh dh dFkk ;kn vkbZ] ftlesa ,d [kwaVh ukS lqukuk pkgrk Fkk vkSj crkuk pkgrk Fkk fd bl vèkwjh
y[kk gkj fuxy tkrh gSA dgkuh ds ckotwn eSa t:j mulfB;k rks x;k gw]¡
cqjk oDr Fkk ;kfd çHkq ^çse ex Nkds ix* dk ysfdu cnyk drbZ ugha gw-¡ --
vuqHko :ih çlkn nsuk pkgrs FksA 'kk;n ekpZ&vçSy rqe ,d egku dykdkj vkSj mlls Hkh egku
1993 dh ?kVuk Fkh] eu csgn mnkl FkkA fljkt balku Fks bjiQku--- yksx tc Hkh rqEgkjh fiQYesa ns[ksxa ]s
'kk;n flaxkiqj tk pqds Fks ;k tkus dh rS;kjh esa FksA rqEgsa ges'kk eksrhyky vkSj cyjkt lkguh ds lkFk ;kn
NqVV~ h dk fnu Fkk--- iQksu djus ds fy, eq>s eq[; djsxa -s --
n~okj@esu xsV rd vkuk iM+rk FkkA eSua s bjiQku dks
µ vkbZ&5] vkbZ CykWd] xksfoaniqje~] x+kft+;kckn] mRrj izn's k

qqq

fganh flusek esa çsexzaFk dk jpf;rk&½f"k diwj
fouksn vuqie
fga nh flusek ds lcls cMs+ 'kks eSu ekus tkus

okys ^jktdiwj* 1970 esa 5 ?kaVs ls vfèkd
dh nks baVjoy okyh vius thou dh lcls egRokdka{kh
ikus okys ½f"k diwj us 20 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ^ckWch*
ds lkFk fganh flusek esa uk;dksa dh igpku cny nhA
;g og nkSj Fkk] tc nso vkuan] eukst dqekj] èkesæ± ]
fiQYe ysdj vkrs gSa] êsjk uke tksdj*A dgk tkrk gS jkts'k [kUuk] vferkHk cPpu] thrsæa ] latho dqekj]
fd jktdiwj us vius bl foy{k.k LoIu dks iwjk djus fouksn [kUuk vkSj 'kf'k diwj tSls çkS<+ vfHkusrk ls
esa viuh iwjh iwt a h gh ugha] viuh futh laifRr rd uk;d dks igpku feyrh Fkh] n'kZd jktasæ dqekj ds
nkao ij yxk nh FkhA ysfdu jktdiwj dh liQy Vhe vknh gks pqds Fks] jkts'k [kUuk dkyst i<+us tkrs pkgs
ds loksRZ re çn'kZu ds ckotwn thou n'kZu dks lw{erk tSls fn[krs gks]a fganh n'kZdksa dks Lohdk;Z FksA ,sls esa
ls O;k[;kf;r djrh bl xw<+ fiQYe dks n'kZdksa us fljs ,d ,sls uk;d dks ns[kuk okdbZ ftldh ewNsa mxus
ls udkj fn;kA bl fiQYe dh vliQyrk ds lkFk gh dks fn[k jgh Fkh] ftlds psgjs ij cpiu dh dkseyrk
^vkx*] ^vkokjk*] ^tkxrs jgks*] ^cjlkr* ls jktdiwj vHkh Hkh dk;e Fkh] ftlds cksy vkSj pky esa fd'kksj
ftu thou ewY;ksa ds lkFk pys Fks] og dgha u dgha vux<+iu mNkysa ekj jgk Fkk] fganh n'kZdksa ds fy,
njd lk x;kA ysfdu jktdiwj ds fiQYedkj us ,d vn~Hkqr vglkl FkkA inZs ij fn[krk ½f"k diwj
n'kZdksa dh bl ukilan dks pqukSrh dh rjg Lohdkj dk dS'kks;Z ml le; ds çkS<+ n'kZdksa dks ukLVsyft;k
fd;k vkSj rhu o"kZ ckn ^ckWch* ysdj n'kZdksa ds chp esa ys x;k rks ;qokvksa dks igyh ckj vius ;qore ls
vk,A bl fiQYe esa jktdiwj dh iqjkuh Vhe ls fliQZ inZs ij :c: gksus dk ekSdk feyk] tks mudh rjg
,d O;fDr Fks ^[oktk vgen vCckl*] tkfgj gS FkksMk+ mPNà[ky Hkh Fkk] FkksMk+ beks'kuy Hkh] FkksMk
mUgksua s ^ckWch* ds fy, oxZ psruk ls ySl iVdFkk gh tq>k: Hkh] ftlds fy, I;kj dk eryc] iQwy rqEgsa
lkSaih gksxhA ftldh >yd fiQYe esa fn[krh Hkh gSA Hkstk gS [kr es-a --Hkj ugha Fkk] ge rqe ,d dejs esa can
ysfdu jktdiwj ds gkFkksa og iVdFkk ftl :i esa gks--- Hkh FkkA 70 ds n'kd esa tc fganh flusek ds
lkdkj gqb]Z mlus fganh flusek dk bfrgkl cnydj lcls çfrcn~èk n'kZd efgyk,¡ Fkh muds fy, rks ½f"k
j[k fn;kA ,slk yx jgk Fkk ckWch ds lkFk muhank lk diwj fdlh migkj dh rjg Fkk] tks fliQZ vkSj fliQZ
fganh flusek vaxM+kbZ ysdj mB [kM+k gqvkA cgqr dqN I;kj djuk tkurk FkkA vk'p;Z ugha fd 1973 esa
ds lkFk ^ckWch* us fganh flusek dks tks fn;k] mlesa vferkHk cPpu dh ^tathj*] èkesæ± dh ;knksa dh
,d ½f"k diwj Hkh FksA ckjkr] nso vkuan dh 'kjhiQ cnek'k] jkts'k [kUuk dh
rhu lky igys 17 lky dh mez esa êsjk uke nkx] 'kf'k diwj dh ^vk xys yx tk* tSlh fiQYeksa ds
tksdj* esa loZJ"s B cky vfHkusrk dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj lkeus ^ckWch* lcls vfèkd dekbZ djus okyh fiQYe
jghA

okLro esa ½f"k diwj dh [kkfl;r mldh mez dh ukf;dk jk[kh vius fnoaxr ifr 'kf'k diwj
ekSfydrk Fkh] tc fganh flusek esa vfHku; ,d nwljs dh Nfo muesa ns[kdj I;kj dj cSBrh gS] tcfd os
dh udy ls igpkus tk jgs Fks] ½f"k diwj us vius [kqn 'kknh'kqnk gaSA bl dkEiysDl Hkwfedk dks os ftl
dks vius LokHkkfod :i esa LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k lgtrk ls fuHkk ys tkrs gS]a lkfcr djrk Fkk fd ½f"k
dhA êsjk uke tksdj* esa viuh ;qok f'kf{kdk ij diwj dks [ksy&[ksy esa ugha fy;k tk ldrkA
vk'kDr fd'kksj dks vfHkuhr djrs ^½f"k* 'kk;n gh ½f"k diwj dk cpiu flusek dh nqfu;k esa
dHkh fn[ks] ½f"k dh vk¡[kksa esa jktw dh ped fn[krh chrk] tkfgj gS flusek ds chp dgha u dgha os
FkhA vfHku; ds çfr ;g lgtrk muds lkFk ges'kk daiQVscZ y FksA mUgsa irk Fkk fd fganh flusek esa uk;d
cuh jghA vius vfHku; dh nwljh ikjh ds var esa ds fy, Mkal vkSj xhr dh vfuok;Zrk gS] mudh
tc n'kZdksa ds lkeus êqYd* tSlh fopkjksRrstd fiQYeksa dks ns[kdj nkos ds lkFk dgk tk ldrk gS fd
fiQYe ds lkFk vk, rc Hkh muds gjsd ewo esa og vius xhrksa ds lkFk mruk lgt 'kk;n gh fdlh
LokHkkfodrk fn[krh FkhA ½f"k diwj ds lkFk tks lcls uk;d dks ns[kk tkrk gksA ^ljxe* ds MiQyh ctk esa
cM+h ckr Fkh]os vius vfHku; dh lhek vkSj vius MiQyh ctkrh mudh maxfy;ksa dh fFkjdu ns[k Hkyk
ik=k dks c[kwch igpkurs FksA mUgsa irk gksrk Fkk fd fdlds è;ku esa vk ldrk fd bl MiQyh ds ihNs
dkSu ls ik=k dks os th ldrs gSa] vkSj fdls NksM+ nsuk fdldh maxfy;k¡ gSA fxVkj dks mUgksua s çseh ;qok dh
csgrj] ;g lh[k 'kk;n muds 'kq#vkrh nkSj dh igpku ds lkFk tksM+ fn;kA ^ge fdlh ls de ugha*
^tgjhyk balku* tSlh fiQYe us nh gksxh] ftls ^ckWch* ls ysdj ^lkxj* rd fxVkj muds yoj Cok; best
ds rqjra ckn n'kZd xys ds uhps ugha mrkj ldsA dk lkFkh cuk jgkA okLro esa okn~;;a=kksa ds lkFk os
ysfdu ckn esa ^[ksy [ksy esa*] ^jiQw pDdj*] ^dHkh lgt fn[krs FksA xkuksa ds çfr ½f"k diwj dh ;g
dHkh*] ^ge fdlh ls de ugha* tSlh fiQYe esa viuh lgtrk êsjk uke tksdj* ds rhrj ds nks vkxs rhrj
ftl ÅtkZ ds lkFk os fn[ks&n'kZdksa dks cgk ys x,A ---ls gh 'kq: gksrh gS] tks ^cksy jkèkk cksy* rd ns[kh
bu fiQYeksa ds lkFk ;qokvksa ds fy, LVkby vkbdu tk ldrh gSA ½f"k diwj Mkaflax LVkj ugha Fks] ysfdu
cusA jax uk;dksa ds lkFk igys Hkh fn[krs Fks] ½f"k ^dtZ* tc vkbZ rks fganh flusek ds Js"B Mkaflax LVkj
diwj us vius LosVj] iqyksoj] LdkiQZ] Vksih ls mls esa os fxus tkus yxsA okLro esa yxrk gS ½f"k tc rd
vkSj Hkh pV[k cuk;kA vius ik=k dks iwjh rjg vkRelkr~ ugha dj ysr]s os
vius vfHku; ds çfr ½f"k diwj dk ;gh dSejs ds lkeus ugha vkrs FksA ^çsejksx* ds fuEu
fo'okl Fkk fd mUgksua s dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh flrkjs ds eè;oxhZ; ;qok çseh dh Hkwfedk eas ncs&ncs fn[krs
lkFk vkus esa dksbZ ladksp ugha fd;kA ftruh mUgksua s ½f"k diwj vkSj ^ySyk etuwa* ds ukVdh; ½f"k diwj
,dy uk;d okyh fiQYe dh] mlls dgha vfèkd dks ns[k lgt gh muds vfHku; ds jst a dk vglkl
eYVhLVkjjA ^vej vdcj ,aFkuh*] ûlhc*] ^dqyh*] fd;k tk ldrk gSA fu'p; gh tks le; ds lkFk vkSj
^dHkh dHkh* tSlh fiQYe dh ppkZ muds vfHku; ds Hkh ifjiDo gksrk fn[kkA
cxSj iwjh ugha gks ldrhA ^lkxj* tSlh fiQYe esa vferkHk cPpu ds ckn ½f"k diwj 'kk;n ,sls
dey gklu tSls vfHkusrk ds lkeus fn[ks rks ^fnokuk* ,dek=k vfHkusrk gksxa s ftudh çkS<+ Hkwfedk ds] fy,
esa viuh <yrh mez ds lkFk 'kkg#[k [kku ds lkeus fiQYe fy[ks tkus dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA deky fd ½f"k
vkus esa ladksp ugha fd;kA ^nkfeuh* vkSj ^pkanuh* diwj us ftruh fiQYesa vius dSfj;j ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj
tSlh ukf;dk çèkku fiQYe esa Hkh ½f"k diwj vius esa lksyks uk;d ds :i esa dh] mlls dgha vfèkd
ik=k dks bZekunkjh ls [kM+k dj ;knxkj cukus esa liQy chrs 15 o"kks± esa çkS<+ uk;d ds :i esa dj yhA
gksrs gSAa ^nwljk vkneh* esa os vius pkpk 'kf'k diwj ^nks nwuh pkj*] ^vfXuiFk*] ^102 ukV vkmV*] ^jktek
dh çfr Nfo ds :i esa fn[krs gS]a ftlesa muls cM+h pkoy* vkSj êqYd* tSlh fiQYe esa ½f"k diwj ds
vfHku; dh ifjiDork fofLer djrh gSA

^vfXuiFk* esa tgk¡ os ekfiQ;k jmiQ ykyk dh tksdj* ds lkFk gkfly jk"Vªh; fiQYe iqjLdkj dh
[krjukd udkjkRed Hkwfedk esa fn[kkbZ fn,] ogha ijaijk bUgksua s ^ckWch* ds lkFk Hkh tkjh j[kh] tc
^102 ukWV vkmV* esa mUgksaus ,d vLlh ikj dh mez loZJs"B uoksfnr vfHkusrk dk vokMZ feykA ysfdu
okys csVs dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] ftls vius gh 102 lky ;g Hkh la;ksx ugha fd ;qore vfHkusrk ds :i esa
ds firk ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA vferkHk cPpu ds lkFk ntZuksa liQy fiQYesa nsus ds ckotwn vfHkusrk ds :i
vius ;qok nkSj dh LokHkkfodrk ds lkFk os ;gk¡ Hkh esa vokMZ ds fy, budh igpku nwljs nkSj esa gh gks
fn[ksA êqYd* esa os ,d ,sls eqlyeku dk psgjk cus ldsA lq[kn fd ;qok ½f"k diwj dks lEekuksa us Hkys
ftls vius gh ns'k esa nks;e ntsZ dk ukxfjd le>k gh Hkqyk, j[kk] ysfdu çkS<+ ½f"k diwj dh 'kk;n gh
tkrk gS] vkSj mls viuh ns'kHkfDr çekf.kr djuh dksbZ Hkwfedk gksxh] ftls fdlh u fdlh lEeku ls
iM+rh gSA ^LVwMVas vkWiQ n bZ;j* esa bu lcls vyx uoktk u x;k gksA
,d leySfa xd fçafliy ds :i esa os fn[ksA ^diwj ½f"k diwj fganh flusek ds lcls çfrf"Br ekus
,aM lal*] ^jktek pkoy* tSlh fiQYeksa ds tfj, tkus okys diwj [kkunku ls FksA ysfdu viuh Lora=k
mUgksaus vius vfHku; dh fofoèkrk dks ,d cM+h psruk ds lkFk diwj ds ncko esa os dHkh ugha fn[ks]
igpku nhA bu fiQYeksa esa mudh ifjiDork ckj&ckj pkgs og 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gh lguk;d ds :i esa ioZs
;g ;kn fnykrh Fkh fd ,d yoj Cok; dh pkgr esa ij vkuk gks ;k çkS<+ pfj=kksa dks fuHkkuk ;k fiQj V~foVj
geus fdruh cM+h çfrHkk dks xqe gks tkus fn;k FkkA ij viuh csykSl vkokt ds lkFk mifLFkr gksuk---
;g lgh gS fd ½f"k diwj ds vfHku; ;k=kk dh ^½f"k diwj* cl ½f"k diwj ds :i esa Hkh ;kn fd,
'kq#vkr gh liQyrk vkSj vokMZ ls gqbAZ êsjk uke tkrs jgsxa As
µ ch&53 lfpoky; dkWyksuh] dadM+ckx] iVuk&800020

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lq'kkar flag jktiwr & ,d pedrk flrkjk
uhfr lqèkk
v fHkusrk lq'kkar flag jktiwr vius ifjokj]

lkFkh dykdkjksa vkSj ç'kaldksa dks 'kksdkdqy
NksM+ x,A vkt Hkh muds pkgus okyksa ds fy, bl
i<+kbZ esa gksugkj FksA ckjgoha ds ckn mUgksua s bathfu;fjax
dh ijh{kk nh vkSj ns'kHkj esa lkrosa LFkku ij vk,A
lq'kkar fnYyh dkWyt s vkWiQ bathfu;fjax ls esdfS udy
nq%[kn lPpkbZ dks Lohdkj djuk eqf'dy gSA lq'kkar bathfu;fjax dj jgs Fks] tc muds eu esa Mkal vkSj
dh ftanxh ds iUuksa dks iyVdj ns[ksa rks ;g dkiQh vfHku; dk 'kkSd tkxkA 'kkSd rks 'kk;n igys ls jgk
çsj.kkRed jgk gSA fdls irk Fkk] lky 2006 jk"VªeaMy gksxk] ysfdu vc ,d dqycqykgV FkhA ,slh gypy
[ksy esa ,s'o;kZ jk; ds ihNs crkSj cSdxzkmaM Mkalj eph fd lq'kkar us bathfu;fjax NksMh+ vkSj lius lkdkj
ijiQkWeZ djus okyk fcgkj dk ;g ;qok ,d fnu LVkj djus lhèks eqca bZ vk x,A
cusxk! egt lkr lkyksa ds fiQYeh liQj esa lq'kkar us lq'kkar ds liQj dks ns[kdj ,d ckr rks lkiQ gS
fiQYe mn~;ksx ij viuh xgjh Nki NksMh+ A fd oks ^fjLdVsdj* FksA bathfu;fjax NksMd + j Mkal ls
yksdfç; Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgd îfo=k fj'rk* tqM]s+ Mkal NksMd + j NksVs insZ ls vkSj tc ogk¡ 'kh"kZ ij
esa ekuo ns'keq[k ds fdjnkj ls lq'kkar us n'kZdksa ds Fks rks esu yhM jksy NksMd + j fiQYeksa dh vksj Nykax
chp viuh iDdh txg cuk yh FkhA lky 2009 ls yxk nhA ^';ked Mkoj* Mkal xziq esa 'kkfey lq'kkar us
2011 ds chp lq'kkar ?kj&?kj ds pgsrs cu pqds FksA dHkh 'kkfgn diwj vkSj ,s'o;kZ jk; ljh[ks dykdkjksa
vius 'kehZys fdjnkj vkSj lgt vnkdkjh ls mUgksaus ds ihNs Mkal fd;k FkkA ml oDr Hkh mUgsa fiQYeh
[kwc rkjhiQsa cVksjh vkSj vokWMZ gkfly fd,A fygktk] nqfu;k pk¡n& rkjksa dh nqfu;k yxrh Fkh] ftls nwj ls gh
2011 esa tc mUgksua s NksVs insZ dks NksMu+ s dk iQSlyk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu foKku ds Nk=k jgs lq'kkar
fd;k rks lHkh grçHk jg x,A ç'kaldksa ds fny VwV Hkyk pkan&rkjksa dks Nwus ls dgk¡ Mjus okys FksA mUgksua s
x,A lq'kkar ds fy, Hkh ,d VkWi Vhvkjih okys 'kks dks cSjh tkWu ,fDVax Ldwy ls vfHku; lh[kk] ukfnjk
NksMu+ k vklku ugha Fkk] ysfdu mUgksaus ;g fu.kZ; fy;k cCcj ds ^,dtqV fFk;sVj* ls Hkh tqM+sA ek;kuxjh us
D;ksfa d mUgsa dqN vyx dj fn[kkuk FkkA mUgksua s vius Hkh mudh dM+h esgur dh dæ j[khA lky 2008 esa
liuksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dj j[kh FkhA èkkjkokfgd ^fdl ns'k esa gS esjk fny* ds lkFk mudk
fcgkj ds iwf.kZ;k ftys ds eyMhgk esa 1986 esa dfj;j 'kq: gqvkA vkSj fiQj 2009 esa vk;k ^ckykth
tUes lq'kkar flag jktiwr laHkzkra ifjokj ls FksA ik¡p VsyhfiQYEl* dk lhfj;y îfo=k fj'rk*] ftlls lq'kkar
HkkbZ& cguksa esa lcls NksVs vkSj ek¡ ds csgn djhcA ;qok fnyksa dh èkM+du cu x,A bl 'kks ds fy, lq'kkar
lq'kkar tc 16 lky ds Fks] rc mudh ek¡ dh e`R;q gks us ges'kk ,drk diwj dk vkHkkj ekukA
xbZ Fkh] ftldk mu ij xgjk vlj jgkA ysfdu lq'kkar

îfo=k fj'rk* NksMu+ s ds ckn yxHkx nks lkyksa ysdj dj.kh lsuk n~okjk fgald fojksèk fd;k tk jgk
rd mudh xSj&ekStnwxh us ç'kaldksa dks fujk'k dj Fkk rks lq'kkar us xqLls esa vkdj vius uke ls ^jktiwr*
fn;k FkkA ysfdu 2013 esa vkbZ vfHk"ksd diwj ds gVk fy;k FkkA tc yksxksa us mUgsa Vªkys fd;k] rks lq'kkar
funs'Z ku esa cuh fiQYe ^dkbZ iks ps*] ftlesa lq'kkar dk us fy[kk& ¶eSaus viuk ljuse ugha cnyk gSA rqe ;fn
vYgM+iu yksxksa dks cgqr jkl vk;kA muesa ,d cgknqjh fn[kkvksxs rks eSa rqels 10 xq.kk T;knk jktiwr
u;kiu Fkk_ Hkjiwj ,uthZ] Hkksyh lwjr vkSj çHkko'kkyh gwA¡ ysfdu dk;jrkiw.kZ gjdr ds f[kykiQ gwA¡ ¸
O;fDrRoA ,d&nks fiQYeksa ds ckn gh fiQYe leh{kdksa flYoj LØhu ls tqnk lq'kkar dh viuh ,d
n~okjk mUgsa vkus okys le; dk pedrk flrkjk crk;k vyx nqfu;k Hkh FkhA oks czge~ kaM vkSj xzgksa dh ckrsa
tkus yxkA lq'kkar vius fdjnkjksa ds pquko esa ç;ksx fd;k djrs FksA foKku dks ysdj muesa ,d dkSrgw y
djrs jgrs Fks] ftlesa oks dHkh liQy jgs] dHkh ughaA FkkA dfork,¡ fy[krs FksA mUgksua s ^fiQyhi jkWFk* dks i<+k
vius 7 lky ds fiQYeh liQj esa mUgksua s n'kZdksa dks FkkA vius baLVkxzke iksLV esa oks ^bZ bZ dfeaXl* dks
^fMVsfDVo C;kseds'k c['kh*] ^,e,l èkksuh*] ^'kqn~èk mn~èk`r djrs FksA og DokaVe fln~èkkar ls ysdj [kxksy
nslh jksekal*] îhds*] ^dsnkjukFk*] ^lksufpfM+;k*] ^fNNksj*s HkkSfrdh rd dh tkudkjh j[krs FksA muds ikl 200
tSlh fiQYesa nha] ftlesa muds vfHku; dh dkfcfy;r fdyks dk Hkkjh Hkjde VsyhLdksi Fkk] ftls oks
ij lHkh us eqgj yxkbZA fiQYe îhds* esa egt 10 ^lksufpfM+;k* dh 'kwfVax ds nkSjku pacy rd ysdj
feuV ds fdjnkj esa Hkh lq'kkar us lcdk è;ku viuh x, Fks rkfd oks usC;qyk dks vPNs ls eglwl dj ik,a¡
vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k FkkA (usC;qyk varfj{k esa ik, tkus okys èkwy vkSj xSl ds
[kkldj ^,e,l èkksuh% ,u vuVksYM LVksjh* ds feJ.k ls cus cknyksa dk lewg gksrk gS)A muds ?kj esa
fy, lq'kkar dks cgqr ljkguk feyhA fiQYe esa [kqn dks HkkSfrd foKku ls tqMh+ fdrkcksa dk vPNk ladyu FkkA
èkksuh fn[kkus ds fy, lq'kkar us eghuksa dM+h esgur dh dksjksuk ok;jl ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku ?kj cSBdj lq'kkar
Fkh] pky&<ky ls ysdj èkksuh dk cSfVax vanktA dksfMax lh[k jgs FksA mUgsa daI;wVj xsfeax ls yxko Fkk
gsyhdkWIVj 'kkWV dk og gj fnu ?kaVksa vH;kl djrs vkSj blds ihNs dh Hkk"kk lh[kus ds fy, mRlqd FksA
FksA ,d niQk Vªfs uax ds nkSjku lfpu rsna y q dj Hkh lq'kkar vkRefo'okl ls ycjst+ FksA bruk fd
mudh cYysckth ns[kdj gSjku jg x, FksA lq'kkar dks mUgksua s vius 50 liuksa dh lwph cuk j[kh Fkh] ftls
iwoZ Hkkjrh; fodsVdhij fdj.k eksjs us iwjs 9 eghus oks viuh ftanxh esa ikus dh [okfg'k j[krs FksA buesa
rd Vªfs uax nh FkhA fiQYe ^dsnkjukFk* dk ealwj [kku gks ls dqN X;kjg lius lq'kkar us iwjs Hkh fd,] tcfd
;k ^lksufpfM+;k* dk y[ku flag_ lq'kkar vius fdjnkjksa ckdh vc fliQZ iUuksa ij vafdr jg x, gSAa muds
ds fy, ckjhdh ls rS;kjh djrs Fks vkSj ;g ckr LØhu [okcksa dh fyLV esa gokbZ tgkt mM+kuk] Cyw gksy esa
ij Hkh ut+j vkrh FkhA xksrk yxkuk] ,d gtkj isM+ yxkuk] fdrkc fy[kuk]
gkykafd] gj dykdkj dh rjg muds Hkh liQj fMt+uhySMa tkuk] [ksrh djuk] eqÝr f'k{kk ds fy,
esa dqN eksM+] dqN mrkj& p<+ko vk,] dqN O;fDrxr dke djuk] cPpksa dks Mkal lh[kkuk] vaVkdZfVdk ?kweus
thou esa rks dqN çksiQs'kuy Lrj ijA ysfdu muds tkuk] ,d lfØ; Tokykeq[kh dh iQksVksxzkiQh djuk
dke esa ges'kk ,d vkRefo'okl fn[kkA ,d lk{kkRdkj ln`'k lius 'kkfey FksA lq'kkar ds liuksa dh fyLV
ds nkSjku lq'kkar us dgk Fkk& ¶eSa ,d fefMy Dykl mudh lksp] n'kZu vkSj foKku ds çfr muds >qdko
dk yM+dk gw]¡ ftlds fy, fiQYeksa esa vkuk NksVh ckr dks fn[kkrh gSA
ugha FkhA ftl fnu eSua s bathfu;fjax NksMd + j eqca bZ vkus lq'kkar flag jktiwr ,d ,sls dykdkj Fks] ftuesa
vkSj fiQYeksa esa dke djus dk iQSlyk fy;k] mlh fnu vlhe laHkkouk,¡ fn[krh FkhaA NksVs 'kgjksa ls vk, cM+s
ls eSa vius fnekx esa lqijLVkj cu x;kA¸ [okc cqurs gtkjksa yksxksa ds fy, oks çsj.kk FksA ,sls esa
lq'kkar csckdh ls viuh ckr j[kuk tkurs FksA mudk tkuk fdlh nq%LoIu dh rjg gSA 14 twu 2020
tc lat; yhyk Hkalkyh dh fiQYe în~ekor* dks dks lq'kkar us vius eqacbZ vkokl ij vkRegR;k dj

nqfu;k dks ges'kk ds fy, vyfonk dg fn;kA vkdka{kkvksa lq'kkar dh fiQYe ^fNNksj*s dk ,d laokn gS] tks
vkSj tquuw ds chp lq'kkar fMçs'ku ls tw> jgs Fks] tks 'kk;n gj la?k"kZjr balku ds fy, lVhd gS] ¶ge
mudh ftanxh dk lcls vatkuk igyw cudj jg x;kA gkj&thr] lDlsl&iQsY;j esa bruk my> x, gSa-- fd
vkt ihNs NwV x, gSa rks lq'kkar ds çHkkoh fdjnkj] ftanxh thuk Hkwy x, gS-a - ftanxh esa vxj dqN lcls
muds fopkj] mudk la?k"kZ vkSj ,d ;knxkj liQjA T;knk t+:jh gS-- rks oks gS [kqn ftanxh-----¸
µ lh&204] tklehu iwue dkWEIysDl] vk'kk uxj] Bkdqj dkWEIysDl] dkafnoyh iwo]Z eqca bZ&400101
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5- Jh eukst ikaMs;] fganh foHkkx] jk-rq-e- ukxiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] 'kS{kf.kd ifjlj] vejkorh ekxZ]
Ukkxiqj] egkjk"Vª&440033
6- MkW- vfer flag] lgk;d vkpk;Z] fganh foHkkx] ';keyky dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh
7- Jherh oqQra yk nRr] ½f"kds'k vikVZeVas ] U;w xqokgkVh] ih- vks- uwuekVh] ftyk&dke:i(esVkª )s ] vle&781020
8- MkW- vpZuk >k] izoDrk] lsVa ,Ul dkWyt
s iQkWj oweus ] esga nhiVue
9- MkW- vydk vkuan] ,l-ih-,e- dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
10- MkW- dju flag ÅVoky] ,lksfl,V çksiQslj ,oa vè;{k fganh foHkkx] ekSykuk vktkn us'kuy mnwZ ;wfuoflZVh]
gSnjkckn&32
11- MkW- fiz;adk] ch&55] Lo.kZ ikdZ] eqaMdk] fnYyh& 110041
12- Jh nhid nhf{kr] ÝySV uacj&410] Cykd&2] th ds izkbM] ckykth uxj jksM ;izky] fldanjkckn] esMpy]
rsyaxkuk&500087
13- MkW- foiqy dqekj] lgk;d izoDrk (fganh foHkkx)] eksrhyky usg: dkWyt
s (lkaè;)] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;]
fnYyh
14- MkW- Jo.k dqekj] lgk;d izkè;kid (fganh)] fnYyh Ldwy vkWiQ tuZfy”e] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
15- MkW- fouhrk dqekjh] ,lksfl,V izksiQslj] Lokeh Jn~èkkuan dkWyt
s ] vyhiqj] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
16- Jh gsrjke] 'kksèkkFkhZ] jktdh; ekWMy mPp ekè;fed fon~;ky;] djlku] paMhx<+&160002
17- Jh mes'k dqekj] lgk;d vkpk;Z (fganh)] jktdh; okf.kT; egkfon~;ky;] vyoj ('kksèkkFkhZ jkt ½f"k
Hkr`gZ fj eRL; fo'ofon~;ky;] vyoj)
18- MkW- feyu jkuh tekfr;k] lgk;d izkè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] f=kiqjk fo'ofon~;ky;] vxjryk

19- MkW- lquhy dqekj frokjh] vflLVsVa çksiQslj] fganh foHkkx] 'kghn Hkxr flag dkWyt
s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;]
ubZ fnYyh&110017
20- MkW- vkyksd jatu ikaM;s ] vflLVsVa çksiQslj] jkekuqtu dkWyt
s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] dkydk th] ubZ
fnYyh&19
21- MkW- xksj[kukFk frokjh] lgk;d vkpk;Z] ih- th- foHkkx] mPp f'k{kk vkSj 'kksèk laLFkku] nf{k.k Hkkjr fganh
izpkj lHkk ,oa laiknd ladY; (=kSekfld) [kSjrkckn] gSnjkckn&500004
22- MkW- vuqiek] ,iQ&133] nwljh eafty] tequk vjdkMs] uojax dkWEIysDl] gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk&500001
23- MkW- jhrkef.k oS';] lg;ksxh vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle
24- lqJh iwtk c#ok] vfrfFk vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle
25- MkW- dapu oekZ] lh&1@1103] olar dqat] ubZ fnYyh&110070
26- MkW- èkU;k- ,y] izkè;kfidk] ds- ,l- ,e- Mh- dkWyt
s ] 'kkLrkadksV~Vk] dksYyeA
27- izks- vkyksd ikaMs;] fganh foHkkx] gSnjkckn fo'ofon~;ky;] gSnjkckn&46
28- MkW- chuk nsccekZ] eykapk fuokl] xouZesVa DokVZj dkWEIysDl] ,- th- vkWfiQl ds ikl] Vkbi&IV] CykWd
14@34] vHk; uxj] vxjryk] if'peh f=kiqjk&799005
29- MkW- vuq'kCn] fganh foHkkx] rstiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] rstiqj] vle
30- MkW- o"kkZ lksyd
a h] Mh&7] bude VSDl dkWyksuh] U;w flfoy gkWfLiVy ds lkeus] etwjk xsV] lwjr
31- MkW- vuqjkèkk ikaMs;] vuqokn ,ao fuoZpu fon~;kihB] egkRek xkaèkh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofon~;ky; oèkkZ]
egkjk"Vª&442001
32- Jh vt; efyd] vkbZ&5] vkbZ CykWd] xksfoaniqje~] x+kft+;kckn] mRrj izn's k
33- Jh fouksn vuqie] ch&53] lfpoky; dkWyksuh] dadM+ckx] iVuk&800020
34- Jherh uhfr lqèkk] lh&204] tklehu iwue dkWEIysDl] vk'kk uxj] Bkdqj dkWEIysDl] dkafnoyh iwo]Z
eqac bZ& 400101

dsanzh; fganh funs'kky;
Hkk"kk if=dk dh lnL;rk gsrq vkosnu i=
lsok es]a
funs'kd
dsna zh; fganh funs'kky;] mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]
f'k{kk ea=ky;] if'peh [kaM&7] vkj- ds- iqje~ ubZ fnYyh & 110066
bZ-esy chdsalesunit@gmail.com
Qksu ua- & 011&26105211 ,DlVs'a ku ua- 201] 244
egksn;@egksn;k]
Ñi;k eq>s Hkk"kk ¼n~oSekfld if=dk½ dk ,d o"kZ ds fy, @ ik¡p o"kZ ds fy,@ nl o"kZ ds fy,@ chl o"kZ
ds fy, fnukad -------------------- ls lnL; cukus dh Ñik djsaA eSa if=dk dk okf"kZd@ iapo"khZ;@ nlo"khZ;@
chl o"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ------------------- #i,] funs'kd] dsna zh; fganh funs'kky;] ubZ fnYyh ds i{k esa ubZ fnYyh
fLFkr vuqlfw pr cSda esa ns; fMekaM Mªk¶V ls- ------------------- fnukad ------------------- n~okjk Hkst jgk@jgh gw¡A
Ñi;k ikorh fHktok,¡A
uke % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iwjk irk % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
eksckby@nwjHkk"k % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bZ&esy % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lacn~èkrk@O;olk; % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vk;q % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iwjk irk ftl ij % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if=dk izsf"kr dh tk, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lnL;rk 'kqY d Mkd [kpZ lfgr
okf"kZd lnL;rk #- 125-00
iap o"khZ; lnL;rk #- 625-00
nlo"khZ; lnL;rk #- 1250-00
chlo"khZ; lnL;rk #- 2500-00
fMekaM Mªk¶V funs'kd] dsanzh; fganh funs'kky; ds i{k esa ubZ fnYyh fLFkr vuqlfw pr cSd
a esa ns; gksuk pkfg,A
Ñi;k Mªk¶V ds ihNs viuk uke ,oa iwjk irk Hkh fy[kaAs
uke ,oa gLrk{kj

uksV % Ñi;k irs esa ifjorZu gksus dh n'kk esa de ls de nks ekg iwoZ lwfpr djus dk d"V djsAa

सिनेमा संदर्भ Bhasha - July-August - 2020

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