MACMILLAN

MASTER
SERIES
The titles
in this
.
serIes

For examinations at 16+

Biology Physics
Chemistry Principles of Accounts
Computer Studies Spanish
English Language Statistics
French
German
Mathematics

For examinations at 'A' level

Applied Mathematics
Biology
Chemistry
English Literature
Physics
Pure Mathematics
Statistics
 MACMILLAN
MASTER
SERIES

H. J. P. Keighley

MACMILLAN
© H. J. P. Keighley 1986

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission

of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied

or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended).

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to

this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.

First published 1986

Reprinted with corrections 1986

Published by
MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world

Typeset by TecSet Ltd,

Sutton, Surrey

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Keighley, H. J. P.
Work out physics.-(Macmillan work out series)-(Macmillan master series)
1. Physics-Examinations, questions, etc.
I. Title
530'.076 QC32
ISBN 978-0-333-36788-9 ISBN 978-1-349-07213-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07213-2

To Biz, for her patience, kindness and help

Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
Groups Responsible for Examinations at 16+ x
Introduction 1
How to Use this Book 1
Re~~on 1
How to Tackle Different Types of Examination Questions 2
A Few Important Points 6
1 Some Help with Mathematics 8
1.1 Using Mathematical Equations 8
1.2 Graphs 9
1.3 Significant Figures 9
1.4 Powers of Ten 9
1.5 Conversion of Units 10
1.6 Solidus and Negative Index Notation 10
2 SI Units, Density, Pressure and Hooke's Law 11
2.1 SI Units 11
2.2 Weight and Mass 12
2.3 Density 12
2.4 Pressure 12
2.5 Hooke's Law 13
2.6 Worked Examples 13
2.7 Have You Mastered the Basics? 17
2.8 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have you Mastered the Basics?' 18
2.9 Questions 18
2.10 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 21
3 Motion, Scalars and Vectors 22
3.1 Velocity and Acceleration 22
3.2 Newton's Laws of Motion 22
3.3 Momentum 22
3.4 Scalars and Vectors 23
3.5 Uniformly Accelerated Motion 23
3.6 Independence of Horizontal and Vertical Motion 24
3.7 Worked Examples 24
3.8 Have you Mastered the Basics? 33
3.9 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 33
3.10 Questions 34
3.11 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 37

v
·4 Moments, Equilibrium, Work, Energy, Power and Machines 39
4.1 Moments and Equilibrium 39
4.2 Work, Energy and Power 40
4.3 Friction 40
4.4 Machines 41
4.5 Worked Examples 42
4.6 Have You Mastered the Basics? 51
4.7 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 51
4.8 Questions 52
4.9 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 55
5 Archimedes' Principle and Flotation 58
5.1 Archimedes' Principle 58
5.2 Principle of Flotation 58
5.3 Worked Examples 58
5.4 Have You Mastered the Basics? 61
5.5 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 62
5.6 Questions 62
5.7 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 64
6 Expansion, Gas Laws, Thermometers, Kinetic Theory and Molecular Size 65
6.1 Expansion 65
6.2 The Gas Laws 65
6.3 Thermometers 66
6.4 Kinetic Theory 66
6.5 Evidence for Kinetic Theory 67
6.6 Molecular Size: The Oil Drop Experiment 67
6.7 Linear Expansivity 67
6.8 Worked Examples 67
6.9 Have You Mastered the Basics? 79
6.10 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 79
6.11 Questions 79
6.12 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 82

7 Specific Heat Capacity, Specific Latent Heat, Vapour Pressure, Refrigeration,

Boiling and Melting 84
7.1 Specific Heat Capacity 84
7.2 Specific Latent Heat 84
7.3 Effect of Impurities and Pressure on the Boiling and Melting Points 85
7.4 Vapour Pressure 85
7.5 Refrigerators 85
7.6 Worked Examples 85
7.7 Have You Mastered the Basics? 93
7.8 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 94
7.9 Questions 94
7.10 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 98

8 Transfer of Heat, Convection, Conduction, Radiation, Thermos Flask

and the Greenhouse Effect 100
8.1 Heat Transfer 100
8.2 Conduction 100
8.3 Convection 101
8.4 Radiation 101
8.5 The Greenhouse Effect 101
8.6 Worked Examples 101

vi
 8.7 Have You Mastered the Basics? 107
8.8 Answers to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 107
8.9 Questions 107
8.10 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 109
9 Reflection, Refraction, Colour and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 110
9.1 Shadows and Eclipses 110
9.2 Laws of Reflection 110
9.3 PlaneMirrors 110
9.4 Refraction 111
9.5 Critical Angle, Prisms 111
9.6 Colour 112
9.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 113
9.8 Worked Examples 113
9.9 Have You Mastered the Basics? 120
9.10 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 120
9.11 Questions 120
9.12 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 122
10 Lenses, the Eye, the Camera and the Slide Projector 124
10.1 Lenses 124
10.2 The Eye and the Camera 125
10.3 The Slide Projector 125
10.4 Worked Examples 126
10.5 Have You Mastered the Basics? 134
10.6 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 134
10.7 Questions 134
10.8 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 137
11 Wave Motion, Sound, Resonance and Stationary Waves 138
11.1 Wave Motion and Sound 138
11.2 Resonance 139
11.3 Young's Slits 139
11.4 Stationary Waves 139
11.5 Worked Examples 140
11.6 Have You Mastered the Basics? 146
11.7 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 146
11.8 Questions 147
11.9 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 149
12 Circuits, Series and Parallel, Electrical Units, Household Electricity and Electronics 151
12.1 Circuits 151
12.2 Electrical Power and Energy 153
12.3 Earthing 153
12.4 Electronics 153
12.5 Worked Examples 157
12.6 Have You Mastered the Basics? 173
12.7 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 174
12.8 Questions 175
12.9 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 180

13 Magnetism, Electromagnetism, Motors, Dynamos, Transformers and Cells 183

13.1 Magnetism 183
13.2 Electromagnetism 183
13~3 Electric Motor and Dynamo 184
13.4 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 184

vii
 13.5 Transformers 184
13.6 Left-hand Rule 184
13.7 Right-hand Rule 185
13.8 Cells 185
13.9 Worked Examples 185
13.10 Have You Mastered the Basics? 197
13.11 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 198
13.12 Questions 198
13.13 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions 203
14 Electrostatics, Electron Beams and Radioactivity 205
14.1 Electrostatics 205
14.2 Beams of Electrons 205
14.3 Radioactivity 207
14.4 Worked Examples 218
14.5 Have You Mastered the Basics? 218
14.6 Answers and Hints on Solutions to 'Have You Mastered the Basics?' 218
14.7 Questions 219
14.8 Answers and Hints on Solutions to Questions
223
Index 225

viii
The book is designed to help students revise for the '0' level examination in
physics. It has been written with an eye on the proposed GCSE syllabuses so that
it can be used by those preparing for this examination when it replaces '0' level.
Each chapter contains complete answers to examination questions. These answers,
together with the summaries at the beginning of each chapter, cover the work
needed for the examinations of the different boards. Most students find it helpful
to see and study worked examples, but it is, of course, essential that they under-
stand them! To aid understanding, additional explanations have sometimes been
added. Square brackets have been used for these explanations so that they are
easily distinguished from the answer to the question. Cross-references are also
given where it is felt that this will lead to a better understanding of the work.
In each chapter there is a section entitled 'Have you mastered the basics?'. This
is designed to enable students to ensure that they have mastered the essentials.
The answers to these questions are given, in most cases, by reference to the
appropriate section in the chapter.
Wherever possible, actual examination questions have been included, but as
some boards will not give permission for their questions to be used as worked
examples, the rest of the questions are recast questions based on those set by the
various boards. Since many of the questions are actual examination questions,
they sometimes include more than one topic. No attempt has been made to limit
questions to ones on a single theme, as this would be unrealistic, but cross-
references are given when it is felt that this would be helpful.
At the end of each chapter there is a selection of examination questions for the
student to answer. Answers and considerable help with the solutions are provided.
It is hoped that these will be an aid to studerits who do not have access to a tutor.
The number of straight descriptive questions in examinations has decreased
over the years, but many boards still set them. and no doubt will continue to do
so. For this reason, and for completeness, many of the main descriptive parts of
the various syllabuses have been included.
There is an index at the end of the book which may be used to revise a particu-
lar topic or a part of a topic.
Finally I must express my thanks to friends who have kindly read parts of the
manuscript and given valuable advice.

Marlborough College, 1985 H. J. P. K.

ix
 Acknowledgements
The author and publishers wish to thank the Associated Examining Board, the
University of London School Examinations Department, the University of Oxford
Delegacy of Local Examinations, the Scottish Examination Board, the Southern
Universities' Joint Board and the WelshJoint Education Committee for permission
to use questions from past examination papers.
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders but if any have
been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary
arrangements at the first opportunity.
The University of London Entrance and School Examinations Council accepts no responsibility
whatsoever for the accuracy or method in the answers given in this book to actual questions set
by the London Board.
Acknowledgement is made to the Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examina-
tions for permission to use questions taken from their past papers but the Board is in no way
responsible for answers that may be provided and they are solely the responsibility of the
author.
The Associated Examining Board, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations,
the Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council and the Scottish Examination Board wish to
point out that worked examples included in the text are entirely the responsibility of the
author and have neither been provided nor approved by the Board.

Groups Responsible for Examinations at 16+

In the United Kingdom, examinations are administered by four examining groups

and three examination boards. Syllabuses and examination papers can be ordered
from the addresses given here.

Northern Examining Association

Joint Matriculation Board

Publications available from:
John Sherratt and Son Ltd Northern Regional Exam Board
78 Park Road, Altrincham Wheatfield Road, Westerhope
Cheshire WA14 SQQ (JMB) Newcastle upon Tyne NES SJZ
Yorkshire and Humberside
Regional Exam Board
Scarsdale House
136 Derbyside Lane
Sheffield S8 8SE
North West Regional Exam Board Associated Lancashire Schools Exam
Orbit House, Albert Street Board
Eccles, Manchester M30 OWL 12 Harter Street
Manchester Ml 6HL

x
Midland Examining Group

University of Cambridge Local Oxford and Cambridge Schools

Examinations Syndicate Examination Board
Syndicate Buildings, Hills Road 10 Trumpington Street
Cambridge CBI 2EU (UCLES) Cambridge CB2 IQB
Southern Universities' Joint Board East Midlands Regional Exam Board
Cotham Road Robins Wood House, Robins Wood Road
Bristol BS6 6DD (SUJB) Aspley, Nottingham NG8 3NR
West Midlands Regional Exam Board
Norfolk House, Smallbrook
Queensway, Birmingham B5 4NJ

London and East Anglian Group

University of London School London Regional Exam Board

Examinations Board Lyon House
University of London Publications Office 104 Wandsworth High Street
52 Gordon Square, London SWI8 4LF
London WCIE 6EE (L)
East Anglian Regional Exam Board
The Lindens, Lexden Road
Colchester, Essex C03 3RL

Southern Examining Group

The Associated Examining Board University of Oxford Delegacy of

Stag Hill House Local Examinations
Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XJ (AEB) Ewert Place, Summertown,
Southern Regional Examining Board Oxford OX2 7BZ (OLE)
Avondale House, 33 Carlton Crescent South-Western Regional Examining
Southampton, Hants S09 4YL Board
23-29 Marsh Street
Bristol BSI 4BP

Scottish Examination Board

Publications available from:
Robert Gibson & Sons (Glasgow) Ltd
I 7 Fitzroy Place, Glasgow G3 7SF (SEB)

Welsh Joint Education Committee

245 Western Avenue
Cardiff CF5 2YX (WJEC)

Northern Ireland Schools Examination

Council
Examinations Office
Beechill House
Beechill Road
Belfast BT8 4RS (NISEC)

xi