Tasarım Kuram 2020;16(29):1-15 doi: 10.14744/tasarimkuram.2019.

30085
Abstract
Marine vessels are a combination of exterior
styling and interior design. Styling
arrangements create spaces by way of
external form and also influence external
Parametric Sailing Yacht
Exterior and Interior Design
form by compartmentalizing interior spaces
and layout. The design works its way from
the inside out as well as from the outside in.
Interior design layouts are based on the
positions of masses and spaces on the Seval Özgel Felek
outside. Exterior styling is dictated by the Ordu Üniversitesi, Ünye Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Mimarlık ve Şehir Planlama Bölümü,
characteristics of specific typologies to be
implemented. This paper proposes a model
Mimari Restorasyon Programı
for sailing yachts that includes exterior
Bavuru tarihi/Received: 20.05.2019, Kabul tarihi/Final Acceptance: 18.12.2019
styling and interior design layouts based on
parameters. Most of the yacht geometry
software has a three-dimensional view of
the boat and shows it from in different
angles on the screen. This software allows
the form to be perceived in a better way
compared to a hand-drawn design plane.
The computer-aided software used in yacht
design is especially useful for engineering
calculations. There is no piece of software
that automatically renders a digital deck and
superstructure model. At this stage, the
designer uses various add-ons to design the
hull. There is a need for easily making
changes on a rough model that will afford
flexibility for the designer. When this model
is created, it must include elements of the
yacht typology of the design. Parameters to Introduction yachts should be evaluated in terms of their
be used in parametric sailing yacht design
are identified. A model can be developed by As vessels, yachts are primarily intended spatial characteristics. This study examines
establishing the relationship between these
for having a good time. Even though their yachts of this size manufactured by leading
parameters. The design process begins when
the yacht hull model is imported into the purpose is to have fun and engage in a brands of the sector and identifies variables
program and modifications made on the hobby, yachts are stratified into categories. in order to parameterize superstructure and
model are simultaneously previewed as the
variables are changed. Sailing yachts could only run on sail power interior design. The size range of yachts
Öz once; however, machine power became has been expanded and examples between
Deniz araçları stayling ve iç mekan
available after the Industrial Revolution. 8 and 18 meters have been examined.
tasarımlarının bir bütünüdür. Stayling
oluşumu hem dış form aracılığıyla mekanı From then on, yachts have been classified Parametricization of Superstructures and
oluşturmakta, hem de bölmelendirme ve into two main groups: sailing yachts and
beraberinde gelen iç mekan yerleşimleriyle Interiors of Sailing Yacht
dış formu etkilemektedir. İkisi arasında bir sailing motor yachts. While this classifi-
ayrım yapılmadan hem içeriden dışarıya cation is based on propulsion, it is pos- Hull Form
hem de dışarıdan içeriye doğru
çalışılmalıdır. İç mekandaki düzenlemeler, sible to classify yachts according to the The literature on computer-aided yacht
dıştaki doluluk ve boşluk purpose of use, e.g. daily use, weekend, design is concentrated around the disci-
konumlandırılmasına bağlı olarak
yapılmalıdır. Dış mekanda stayling ise or long-distance yachts. They can also be pline of engineering. Available resources
özellikle bir tipoloji isteniyorsa, o classified as recreational yachts or racing on computer-aided yacht design in engi-
tipolojinin özelliklerini de dikte etmektedir.
Çalışma kapsamında yelkenli tipolojisinin yachts. This study deals with recreational neering are aimed at designing technical
stayling ve iç mekan çözümlemeleri birlikte yachts. The purpose of recreational yachts specifications of hull forms of yachts.
yapılarak, bu bütünlüğü sağlayacak bir
model önerisi yapılacaktır. İç mekan
is to travel and see new places, benefit “The Design Spiral for Computer Aided
yerleşimlerinde en önemli husus olan from the beauties of the sea and nature and Boat Design” refers to the stages of the
bölmelendirme kavramı hem aracın su design spiral in the computer aided boat
geçirmez bütünlüğünü koruyabilmesi için
enjoy yachting economically with mini-
yapılan enine, yatay ve boyuna perdeler mal damage to nature. These yachts are design. In the notes section of the study, it
tasarlanması işlemi, hem de yaşam not intended for competition with others is stated that there is no general software
alanlarının düzenlenmesini içine alan bir
kapsayıcılıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu or travelling quickly. Therefore, living for designing the hull and the interior at the
mekansal öğelerin tanımlanması ve comforts stand at the forefront. Average same time and argued that this issue should
birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerinin ortaya
konulması ve tipolojinin gerekliliklerinin length of such vessels varies between 8 be studied (Hollister, 1994). ‘Computer Aided
sayısal olarak belirlenmesiyle, ortaya bir and 14 meters (Tokol, 2013, 23). According to Yacht Design’ is one of the pioneering
model konulmuştur. Böylece tasarımcılar
için yön gösterici bir model elde edilmiş ve Duman and Zengel (2016, 93-100), since the works in this area (Foster, 1979). Some other
estetik değerlerin de eklenmesiyle tasarım floating structures have a moving physical studies titled as ‘Numerical Investigation
environment, the concepts of space and the of a Systematic Model Series for Fast
This work is licensed under a Creative psychological process in the space vary Monohulls’ (Harries et al, 1997) and ‘Paramet-
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
4.0 International License. according to terrestrial structures and the ric Design and Hydrodynamic Optimiza-
Sayı 29, Mart 2020 1
 Seval Özgel Felek

süreci doğru bir şekilde tamamlanmış

tion of Ship Hull Forms’ (Harries 1998), and Superstructure olacaktır.
‘Parametric Generation of Yacht Hulls’ Based on an examination of sailing yacht Keywords: Sailing Yacht, Parametric
(Bole, 1997). ‘Parametric Design of Sailing typology, it has been determined that Design, Yacht Design, Computer Aided
Design
Hull Shapes’ (Mancuso 2006) and ‘Automatic the examples that reflect this typology Anahtar Kelimeler: Yelkenli Yatlar,
Surface Modeling of a Ship Hull’ (Arribas the best are between 8 and 18 meters in Parametrik Tasarım, Yat Tasarımı,
et al. 2006, 584-594) studies develop ideas on length. The most important sailing yacht Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarım
how to create yacht forms using comput- manufacturers in the industry are Bavaria,
er-aided methods. “Ship Design Computer Beneteau, Dufour, Jeanneau and Hanse. In
Programs – An Interpolative Technique” order to analyze the sailing yacht typolo-
refers to use of these computer programs gy and interior layout, the sailing yachts
has allowed the designer to develop the of these shipbuilders were examined to
most accurate design solutions in stage make a broad deduction. An analysis of the
preliminary, initial and contract design sailing yachts of top manufacturers within
(Kenneth et al, 1986). Many geometric mod-
the range of 8 to 18 meters in length has
eling programs are used in the discipline revealed that superstructures are similar
of naval engineering. Rhinoceros software in typology. A terminology that includes
is also widely used in this area. However, terms such as cockpit, stern, fore, bulwark,
most people only model the superstructure mast, porthole and hatch has been em-
or visualize blocks modeled in a different ployed to describe sailing yacht super-
program, failing to use the software to structure. These terms are presented and
its full potential. Besides, this software briefly described in Figure 1. Well deck is
was not developed for the particular use the sitting area on the stern or amidships.
of naval engineers. Software such as
Hatch is the cover that opens from the
FastShip, AutoShip, MaxSurf, MultiSurf,
cabin ceiling. Portholes are the windows
BEAN - The Virtual Shipyard, DELFT-
on the board or sides of the cabin. Stern
ship, Pilot3D, ShipConstructor, Master-
and fore are the rear and front parts of the
Ship and MAAT 2000 were specifically
yacht, respectively. The mast is a rigging
developed for naval engineers. The goal
element of a certain height, generally made
is to use not only the software created for
from aluminum alloy, positioned vertically
naval engineers but also Rhinoceros, which
on the keel and is used to raise the sails.
facilitates parametric design. To this end,
the proposed model was integrated into The variables needed to create the super-
Rhinoceros. structure are defined in Table 1.
As a start, importing the yacht’s hull into The variables defined in Table 1 are shown
the model. The hull is imported into the on a sample sailing yacht model in Figure 2.
model created by a naval engineer based on Analysis of the seating units has shown Figure: 1
the desired dimensions and specifications. that straight seating units as well as U- and Sailing Yacht Upper Structure Terms (URL-1).

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Parametric Sailing Yacht Exterior and Interior Design

Table: 1
Parameters to create superstructure (Data Abbreviation Explanation Abbreviation Explanation
Suggested by Author).
Ss Superstructure start from yacht beak
Dw Deck walking width
Sf Superstructure finish from yacht stern
Cl Cocpit length
Cw Cocpit width
Sp-a Sitting area port side width Ss- a Sitting area starboard side width
Sp-b Sitting area port side Ss- b Sitting area starboard side
Sp-c Sitting area port side Ss- c Sitting area starboard side
Sp-d Sitting area port side Ss- d Sitting area starboard side
Sh Sitting area height Shs Superstructure start point height
Sb Sitting area back height Shm Superstructure midpoint height
St Sitting area back thickness She Superstructure end point height
Cd Cocpit area and deck depth difference
Ldd Lower deck and cocpit area deck depth
difference
Mc Mast center point from yacht beak
Mh Mast height
Mr Mast Radius
Ss Superstructure start from yacht beak
Dw Deck walking width

L-shaped sitting units are used in some The shape to be used is chosen first and
examples. Therefore, parameters shown dimensions are decided later.
in Figure 3 are used in the arrangement of Decks
the port- and starboard-side sitting units. There is an external floor on the upper
Figure: 2
Displaying the Terms on the Model (Data
Suggested by Author).

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Figure: 3
Sitting Area Parameters (Data Suggested by
Author).

deck, called the open deck walking area, with depressed ceilings. In some cases, it is
and an interior floor that forms the base observed that superstructures go higher as
of the well deck. Knowing the variable of yachts grow; however, this is objectionable
the deck floor depth difference between and goes against the typology. Although
the well deck and the floor is enough to sailing yachts claim to provide the luxuries
form the interior floor. Knowing the depth of a motor yacht in some cases through the
difference with the well deck and lower harmony of interior and exterior design,
deck is enough to form the lower deck the important point is to shape the typol-
floor. The floors are designed by creating ogy according to the purpose of yachting.
a flat surface and sectioning it with the Priority in the creation of visual balance
superstructure, and with the hull on the in the image of a sailing yacht is given to
lower deck. The variables defined in Fig- the harmony between the sail and the hull
ure 4 are shown on a sailing yacht model (Göksel, 2006, 95–98).
example. The living space on sailing yachts is a
It is observed that interiors of sailing yachts shared space with functions such as eating,
are generally not comfortable to live in. sitting and resting, and is connected to
As sailing yachts usually have flush decks, kitchen and navigation spaces. This section
their cabins are cramped, small wet areas is positioned amidships, which is the
Figure: 4
Deck Terms on the Sailing Yacht Model (Data
Suggested by Author).

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Parametric Sailing Yacht Exterior and Interior Design

arrangement makes it easier to enter and

exit. However, the available area is not
fully utilized. The seating elements are
preferred to be about 2 meters in length, as
they are also used for sleeping. If the user
chooses a length under two meters, the
system should give a warning. Parametric
variables depend on the selected seating
type. The system recommends alternative
A when U-shaped seating is selected,
alternative B when straight seating is se-
lected, and alternatives C and D L-shaped
seating is selected. Required variables
according to the selected alternative are
shown in Figure 5.
Staircase
The staircase that connects interiors and
exteriors is built flat in some designs, and
concave shaped in others. The difference in
depth between the upper deck floor and the
lower deck floor is known. The width and
number of stairs and the footstep between
the stairs is enough to create the staircase.
The user should be asked if they want a flat
Figure: 5
Parameters According to Seating Area
widest part of a yacht. Therefore, it suffers design or a concave one.
Alternatives (Data Suggested by Author). minimum pitching (Tokol, 2013, 24–26). The Kitchen
The Dining- Sitting Area While the kitchen used to be placed any
Dining table and fixed seating elements given space on the lower deck in the past,
it is now mostly located near the entrance
in the plan are U- or L-shaped or are
Figure: 6 staircase because this section is minimally
aligned on a single row. U-shaped seating
Parameters According to Seating Area affected by the pitching (Larsson and Rolf,
Alternatives (Data Suggested by Author). is more common. The L-shaped seating 2006). U-shaped, L-shaped and straight
counter builds are found in kitchen plans.
Parametric variables depend on the select-
ed kitchen type.
Alternatives A and B are recommend-
ed when a U-type kitchen is selected,
alternatives C and D are recommended
when an L-type kitchen is selected, and
alternative E is recommended when a flat
counter is selected. The desired variables
according to the selected alternate are
shown in Figure 6. The system rec-
ommends alternative A and B when a
U-shaped kitchen is selected, alternatives
C and D when an L-shaped kitchen is
selected, and alternative E when a straight
kitchen is selected. Required variables
according to the selected alternative are
shown in Figure 6.
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 Seval Özgel Felek

Figure: 7
also used in sailing yachts. The user is first Navigation Space Automatic Model (Data
asked which areas are to be used for cabins Suggested by Author).
and their dimensions. Secondly, the user
is asked which bed type they want to add.
Bed sizes are automatically added (Figure 8).
Their position can be inverted in the X-Y
axis and/or their angle can be changed.
WC- Bathroom Space
Analysis of the examples according to the
yacht length has shown that there are one
or two WCs available for use. The user is
first asked how many WCs are to be added
and, then, which WC type they want to add
(Figure 9). WCs used in yachts come in five
The Navigation Space types (Özgel Felek, 2017, 71-76). In the pro-
The main function of this space is to posed model, WC examples are limited to
work on a map and the space includes a five types. These alternatives, which have
map desk and a seating element for this distinctive features, are wall-mounted elec-
purpose. Although there are electronic tric toilets, large and small electric toilets,
map systems, this area is still needed. and large and small marine type toilets.
According to Hammick and McLaren, an Vetus brand WCL2 model was created for
area of 84x59.5 cm will suffice to fold and the wall mounted electric toilet. The Vetus
use standard British maps or European WCS2 model has been created for large and
maps (Tokol, 2013, 119–120). The user will small sized electric toilets. RASKE RM69
be prompted to choose the location of model was created for marine type large
the navigation space and a standard table and small size toilets. The user should be
and seating element will be automatically asked about these alternative types, and the
inserted, as shown in Figure 7. type should be automatically added with the
option to invert the X-Y axis and rotate the
Master and Guest Cabins
angle. The countertop and shower area can
The number and dimensions of cabins vary be manually added to the project later.
according to the size of the vessel, the pur-
pose of use and the number of crewmem- The Definition and Scope of Model
bers. The basic function is sleeping and The study dwells upon superstructure and
resting. The types of beds used in yachts interior space layouts. In this study, the
are presented in Figure 8. These beds are superstructure is modeled in 3D and the in-
Figure: 8
Bed Types Used in Yachts (Özgel Felek, 2017,
64-71).

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Parametric Sailing Yacht Exterior and Interior Design

• Superstructure end from the stern

(cyan)
• Walking deck width (blue) are iden-
tified, and borders of the superstruc-
ture are revealed.
The superstructure is modeled according
to the variables of the start, middle and
Figure: 9 backrest height. The start, middle and end
WC Types (Özgel Felek, 2017, 71-76).
terior model is initially examined through height lines (magenta colored) are drawn, and
the plans of the generated models. In the the curve of these lines (gold colored) is the
study, alternative layouts of seating, kitch- middle section of the upper structure. The
en, resting and WC areas, which are among superstructure is modeled by extending this
the spatial elements of the yacht, were curve to both sides and sectioning it with
produced on the lower deck. The method
border curves of the superstructure and
used to develop these proposals was Grass-
extruding surfaces in between (Figure 11).
hopper, a free plugin of Rhinoceros that
allows parametric modeling on the upper In order to form the well deck, firstly the
deck, and an algorithm was generated for variable of depth difference with the deck
the lower deck and imported to the digital should be asked to create the floor. This is
platform with C#. This program offers defined as the remaining surface after the
designers alternatives to the plan schemes flat surface is sectioned with the hull and
in the initial design phase. the superstructure. The well deck is formed
according to the variables of well deck
Rules and Boundaries for Superstructure length, width, sitting width, and sitting
The first step to creating a model is to backrest height. The superstructure is re-
determine the criteria and present the in- vealed in 3D after these phases (Figure 12).
formation that may serve as a foundation.
Rules and boundaries for Lower Deck
Hull design is a field of interest and knowl-
edge of naval engineers. In the first stage, The floor must first be created in order to
a three-dimensional model of the hull form form the lower deck boundary. The lower
is imported into the model. This hull in- deck plan is revealed when the surface
troduced to the program and the following is created by asking for the difference in
Figure: 10 stages are built upon it (Figure 10). depth between the well deck and the lower
Superstructure and Walking Area Borders deck floor is sectioned with the hull. Due
• Border line of the hull/the boundaries
Express in Colors (Data Suggested by to the inclined walls of the yacht geome-
Author). (red)
Figure: 11
try, working in 2D (two dimension) does not
Superstructure Modelling (Data Suggested
• Superstructure start from the fore yield accurate results. This attempt can be
by Author). (green) misleading. Although general layout alter-
natives are presented to the user in the first
stage, a sketch of the alternative selected
by the user is immediately previewed in
3D (three dimension). Thus, the result of the
selections is also seen in 3D.
For the lower deck layout, the fore and
stern border walls are placed first and
boundaries are determined. Vertical walls
start from the stern. Vertical walls are

Sayı 29, Mart 2020 7

 Seval Özgel Felek

called wall vertical (Wv), and horizontal all plan examples, it is enough to divide Figure: 12
Well Deck Formation (Data Suggested by
walls are wall horizontal (Wh). The first three horizontal parts. Horizontal walls are Author).
wall from the stern is called the distance constructed as horizontal 1 and horizontal
from the stern, the second wall is the 2 according to the distance from the center-
distance from the first wall, and the third line (Figure 13). Each new vertical wall part
wall is the distance from the second wall, is separated from the intersection with the
and so on. A maximum of six vertical horizontal walls so that they can be angled. Figure: 13
Horizontal and Vertical Walls Formation
walls can be added. Based on a review of While W 1v is the entire vertical wall, the (Data Suggested by Author).

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Parametric Sailing Yacht Exterior and Interior Design

Figure: 14
Give Angle to Vertical Walls (Data Suggested
parts can be separated as W 1v-1, W 1v-2, Height is automatically modeled
by Author). W 1v-3, W 1v-4 and W 1v-5 and can be from the ground to the ceiling.
angled or hidden like they were in W 2v3, • Figure 19 shows which toilet type
as shown in Figure 14. Any desired plan selection interface is selected when
can be created this way. WC is selected.
• Fields formed by wall formation are • If the user first sees the alternatives on
named and it is requested that these 2D grid system and approves it, then
areas be matched as kitchen/sitting/ this information is processed with
cabin/WC/navigation area (Figure 15). Grasshopper and rendered into 3D.
• Variables for each field are also
Yacht Formation Example with the
asked after matching the rooms.
Proposed Model
• Figure 16 shows the interface of the
The Beneteau Sense 51 model was chosen
desired variables when the kitchen is
to be built with the proposed model.
selected.
• Figure 17 shows the interface of the Superstructure and Deck Formation
desired variables when the seating The superstructure variable information
area is selected. of the Sense 51 yacht and the interface
• Figure 18 shows the interface of the in which these variables are entered are
desired variables when cabinet is shown in Figure 20.
selected. In addition, for the cabinet The resulting superstructure and 3D model
Figure: 15
Matching Room and Types (Data Suggested
that the cabin needs, the width and of the well deck are given comparatively in
by Author). depth of the cabinet are needed. Figure 21.

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 Seval Özgel Felek

Creating the General Interior Layout • Selection of navigation area layout Figure: 16
Kitchen Parameters İnterface (Data
The boundaries of the living area can be • Selection of number and placement Suggested by Author).
formed to place the lower deck floor, head of sleeping areas
and stern border walls. It is necessary to • Selection of WC number and location
construct walls to form the lower deck lay-
Figure 24 shows a comparison of the
out. Using the quantitative information ob-
resulting alternative plan with the original
tained from the layout plan of the selected
yacht. According to the comparison, the
yachts, an attempt was made to create the
hull and inclined walls were ignored in
model based on the parameters (Figure 22).
the 2D layout. The resulting layout will be
The number and presentation of the walls
more correct because when the 3D model
were based on the yacht example, and the
is automatically generated, all these surfac-
spaces were named on the volumes, as
es will be sectioned with the hull.
shown in Figure 23. The wall thickness
was 10 centimeters. The general 2D layout plan is transferred
to the 3D model in stages. In the first
After matching the volumes:
stage, the walls are extruded and created
• Alternative placement for kitchen in 3D. When the sitting/eating area is
• Alternative placement for the living area placed, the model automatically gener-
10 Sayı 29, Mart 2020
Parametric Sailing Yacht Exterior and Interior Design

Figure: 17
Sitting Area Parameters İnterface (Data
Suggested by Author).
Figure: 18
Cabin Beds Alternatives İnterface and Closet
Parameters (Data Suggested by Author).
Figure: 19
WC Alternatives İnterface (Data Suggested
by Author).

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 Seval Özgel Felek

Figure: 20
Superstructure Parameters İnterface (Data
Suggested by Author).

ates the backrest height and sitting height matically set. WCs are placed by adding
of the area defined as the sitting area. auto 3D models. A rough model appears
Similarly, table height is automatically when all the layouts are generated. Using
generated. When the kitchen is placed, the properties of the program, the X, Y, Z
the height of the counter is automatically parameters can be changed or angled, or Figure: 21
Main Yacht and The Yacht by Model
generated by the model. When the cabin undesired blocks can be deleted, and new Superstructure Comparison (Data Suggested
is placed, the height of the bed is auto- ones can be added manually. Figure 25 by Author).

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Parametric Sailing Yacht Exterior and Interior Design

Figure: 22
Lower Deck Parameters General Arrangement
Process (Data Suggested by Author).

shows the general 3D layout of the yacht for designers who want to work or are
based on these parameters. already working on yacht design.
Conclusion In fact, the process of yachts design leads
to standardization. Unique names are cre-
Yacht design is a special field that re- ated for each of the spaces that constitute
quires expertise. Academic education on these vessels. There is almost nothing left
this subject is recent, and naval engineers, after a vessel is dismantled according to
architects, interior designers and industrial the spatial characteristics of these names.
designers who are interested in this area This study attempts to parameterize sailing
Figure: 23
2d Lower Deck General Arrangement Process
have performed yacht design so far. This yachts based on author’s dissertation
(Data Suggested by Author). study proposes a quick and rough model which examines the trawler typology (Özgel

Sayı 29, Mart 2020 13

 Seval Özgel Felek

Figure: 24
2d Lower Deck General Arrangement (Data
Suggested by Author).

Figure: 25
Yacht Created by Model Proposal (Data
Suggested by Author).

Felek, 2017). A model has been presented by proposed model will be carried out with a
identifying these spatial elements, reveal- group of people working in this area and it
ing their relationship with each other, will be eliminated if there are any deficien-
and quantitating the requirements of the •
cies or errors
typology. Thus, a rough model is revealed
to guide those who are working or want to
work in this area and the design process
will be completed correctly by adding
aesthetic values. The development of the
14 Sayı 29, Mart 2020
Parametric Sailing Yacht Exterior and Interior Design

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