Acid Base GH

Terms
• Acid
– Any substance that can yield a hydrogen ion (H+) or
hydronium ion when dissolved in water
– Release of proton or H+
• Base
– Substance that can yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)
– Accept protons or H+
Terms
• pK/ pKa
– Negative log of the ionization constant of an acid
– Strong acids would have a pK <3
– Strong base would have a pK >9
• pH
– Negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration
– pH= pK + log([base]/[acid])
– Represents the hydrogen concentration
Terms
• Buffer
– Combination of a weak acid and /or a weak base
and its salt
– What does it do?
• Resists changes in pH
– Effectiveness depends on
• pK of buffering system
• pH of environment in which it is placed
Buffers
• Substances that Neutralize acids or bases.
• Chemical Reactions which Reduce the effect of
adding acid or base to a solution PH .
How the body defends against
fluctuations in PH
• Three Systems in the body :
1) Buffers in blood .
2) Respiration through the lungs .
3) Excretion by the kidney .
Blood Buffer
• These buffer systems serve as a first line of
defense against changes in the acid-base
balance :
- HCO3(Regulated by Renal and Respiratory) .
- Protein
- Phosphate
- Hemoglobin
Protein
• Acidic and Basic Amino acid in plasma and cell
protein act as buffers .
• HB is an important buffer , but cannot be
regulated physiological .
Phosphate & Intracellular Buffers
• Both Intra and Extra cellular phosphate act as
a buffer . But its role is minor compared to Hb
or HCO3.
• Intracellular buffers are needed because H
cannot cross Plasma Membrane .
• Intracellular PH is more acidic . (7.2)
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Blood Buffer Systems
• Why do we need them?
– If the acids produced in the body from the
catabolism of food and other cellular processes
are not removed or buffered, the body’s pH would
drop
– Significant drops in pH interferes with cell enzyme
systems.
• Four Major Buffer Systems
– Protein Buffer systems
• Amino acids
• Hemoglobin Buffer system
– Phosphate Buffer system
– Bicarbonate-carbonic acid Buffer system
• Protein Buffer System
– Originates from amino acids
• ALBUMIN- primary protein due to high concentration in
plasma
– Buffer both hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide
Blood Buffering Systems
• Hemoglobin Buffer System
– Roles
• Binds CO2
• Binds and transports hydrogen and oxygen
• Participates in the chloride shift
• Maintains blood pH as hemoglobin changes
from oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin
• Phosphate Buffer System
• Has a major role in the elimination of H+ via the
kidney
• Assists in the exchange of sodium for hydrogen
• It participates in the following reaction
• HPO-24 + H+ H2PO – 4
• Essential within the erythrocytes

• Bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system
– Function almost instantaneously
– Cells that are utilizing O2, produce CO2, which builds up.
Thus, more CO2 is found in the tissue cells than in nearby
blood cells. This results in a pressure (pCO2).
– Diffusion occurs, the CO2 leaves the tissue through the
interstitial fluid into the capillary blood
Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid Buffer
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
• Relationship between pH and the

bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system in
plasma
• Allows us to calculate pH
General Equation
pH = pK + log A-
HA
Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid system
pH= pK + log HCO3

H2CO3 ( PCO2 x 0.0301)
1. pH= pK+ log H

HA
2. The pCO2 and the HCO3 are read or derived from the blood gas analyzer
pCO2= 40 mmHg
HCO3-= 24 mEq/L
3. Convert the pCO2 to make the units the same

pCO2= 40 mmHg * 0.03= 1.2 mEq/L
3. Lets determine the pH:

4. Plug in pK of 6.1
5. Put the data in the formula

pH = pK + log 24 mEq/L
1.2 mEq/L
pH = pK + log 20
pH= pK+ 1.30
pH= 6.1+1.30
pH= 7.40
The Ratio….
Normal is : 20 = Kidney = metabolic
1 Lungs respiratory
• The ratio of HCO3- (salt) to H2CO3 ( acid) is normally 20:1
• Allows blood pH of 7.40

 The pH falls (acidosis) as bicarbonate decreases in relation
to carbonic acid
 The pH rises (alkalosis) as bicarbonate increases in relation
to carbonic acid
Physiologic Buffer Systems
• Lungs/respiratory
– Quick way to respond, takes minutes to hours to
correct pH
– Eliminate volatile respiratory acids such as CO2
– No effect on fixed acids like lactic acid
– Body pH can be adjusted by changing rate and
depth of breathing “blowing off”
– Provide O2 to cells and remove CO2
Physiologic Buffer Systems
• Kidney/Metabolic
– Can eliminate large amounts of acid
– Can excrete base as well
– Can take several hours to days to correct pH
– Most effective regulator of pH
– If kidney fails, pH balance fails

23

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Terms

• Essential within the erythrocytes

• Relationship between pH and the

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid system

pH= pK + log HCO3

1. pH= pK+ log H

3. Convert the pCO2 to make the units the same

3. Lets determine the pH:

5. Put the data in the formula

• The ratio of HCO3- (salt) to H2CO3 ( acid) is normally 20:1

• Allows blood pH of 7.40

– If kidney fails, pH balance fails

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