www.dynamicpapers.

com

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 8 0 4 0 0 6 5 3 0 *

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11

Paper 1 Theory October/November 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (CE/CT) 307613/2
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
 www.dynamicpapers.com
2

Section A

1 Lithium is an important resource. It is used in the production of rechargeable batteries and electricity
storage.

The table shows the annual production of lithium and lithium reserves for some major producing
countries.

annual production reserves

country
/ thousand tonnes / thousand tonnes
Argentina 3.2 850.0
Australia 9.3 970.0
Canada 0.4 180.0
Chile 12.6 7500.0
China 5.2 3500.0
Portugal 0.8 16.0
Zimbabwe 0.5 23.0

(a) (i) State the country in the table with the lowest annual production of lithium.

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate how many years the reserves in Portugal will last if they are used at the current
rate of annual production.

................................................ years [1]

(iii) Suggest reasons why demand for lithium from Chile may increase in the future.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
3

(b) Suggest strategies to make the use of lithium more sustainable.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22 [Turn over

 www.dynamicpapers.com
4

2 The population pyramids show information about the world population in 1950 and 2000 and give
predictions for 2050 and 2100.

1950 2000
100+ male female 100+ male female
95–99 95–99
90–94 90–94
85–89 85–89
80–84 80–84
75–79 75–79
70–74 70–74
65–69 65–69
age 60–64 age 60–64
55–59 55–59
range 50–54 range 50–54
45–49 45–49
40–44 40–44
35–39 35–39
30–34 30–34
25–29 25–29
20–24 20–24
15–19 15–19
10–14 10–14
5–9 5–9
0–4 0–4
8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%

population: 2,536,431,017 population: 6,143,493,805

2050 2100
100+ male female 100+ male female
95–99 95–99
90–94 90–94
85–89 85–89
80–84 80–84
75–79 75–79
70–74 70–74
65–69 65–69
age 60–64 age 60–64
55–59 55–59
range 50–54 range 50–54
45–49 45–49
40–44 40–44
35–39 35–39
30–34 30–34
25–29 25–29
20–24 20–24
15–19 15–19
10–14 10–14
5–9 5–9
0–4 0–4
8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%

population: 9,735,033,899 population: 10,875,393,719

(a) Calculate the predicted increase in world population from 2000 to 2100.

.......................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
5

(b) Describe the trends in age distribution between 1950 and 2100.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Suggest reasons why the actual population pyramid in 2100 might be different from the
predicted population pyramid in 2100.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22 [Turn over

 www.dynamicpapers.com
6

3 Scientists are concerned about the rate of species extinction.

The bar chart shows the percentage of species that are under threat for different types of organism.

Key
critical
endangered
vulnerable

mammals

birds

reptiles

amphibians
type of
organism
fish

insects

molluscs

plants

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

(a) (i) Plot the data for birds using the information in the table.

Use the key.

critical endangered vulnerable

2.0% 3.5% 7.0%

[4]

(ii) State the percentage of amphibian species that are classified as endangered.

...................................................... % [1]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
7

(b) Scientists in the United Kingdom (UK) are developing a seed bank as part of the conservation
of plant species.

(i) Define the term seed bank.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The UK seed bank will hold 75 000 different species. This is 24% of the world’s number
of plant species.

Calculate the number of plant species in the world.

.......................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22 [Turn over

 www.dynamicpapers.com
8

Section B

4 A newspaper published an article about ocean fishing.

90% of fish stocks are under threat

Ocean fishing at current levels is not sustainable. Scientists have been studying
current fishing levels and found that:
• 10% of fish stocks are underfished
• 61% of fish stocks are fully fished
• 29% of fish stocks are overfished.
The scientists are concerned that current levels of fishing will cause the extinction of
fish species and affect biodiversity.

The scientists want governments to introduce greater controls on the amount of fish
caught annually.

(a) Use the information in the article to complete the pie chart about fish stocks.

Complete the key.

Key
........................

........................

........................

[3]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
9

(b) Explain why the extinction of fish species will affect biodiversity of oceans.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) (i) Describe strategies that governments can use to make fishing sustainable.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why international cooperation is needed to maintain fish stocks.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22 [Turn over

 www.dynamicpapers.com
10

5 (a) Use the list of words to complete the table of renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

biofuel coal hydroelectric

petroleum solar uranium wind

renewable non-renewable

[3]

(b) (i) Describe strategies for reducing the use of energy within the home.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest reasons why reducing the use of energy within the home is an important
environmental issue.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
11

(c) The diagram shows a geothermal power station.

cooling
tower

(i) Use the diagram to describe how geothermal power is used to generate electricity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Suggest why geothermal power is not used to generate electricity in some countries.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22 [Turn over

 www.dynamicpapers.com
12

6 The diagram shows the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.

............................... 690 km

............................... 85 km

stratosphere 50 km

............................... 20 km

(a) (i) Complete the diagram by labelling the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. [3]

(ii) State the height of the stratosphere above the Earth.

from …………………………………. km to …………………………………. km [1]

(iii) Draw an X on the diagram to show which layer has the highest concentration of ozone.
[1]

(b) Describe the natural greenhouse effect.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
13

7 (a) Describe the cause of an earthquake.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The diagram shows the design of an earthquake-resistant building.

strong roof
hollow concrete
building blocks

low height

ground level
small windows

steel corner pillars

into solid rock

Describe three ways that the design of the building reduces the impacts of an earthquake.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22 [Turn over

 www.dynamicpapers.com
14

(c) The table shows the details of earthquakes occurring in a 14-day period in 2018.

number of
magnitude of
date country people
earthquake deaths injuries
displaced
10 Jan Honduras 7.5 0 0 0
10 Jan Iran 4.7 0 0 0
11 Jan Iran 5.6 0 5 208
11 Jan Iran 5.4 0 0 0
11 Jan Myanmar 6.0 0 0 0
14 Jan Peru 7.1 2 136 2003
15 Jan Portugal 4.9 0 0 0
17 Jan Austria 3.9 0 0 0
19 Jan Mexico 6.3 0 0 0
20 Jan China 4.8 0 0 0
22 Jan India 3.0 0 0 0
23 Jan Iran 4.5 0 0 0
23 Jan Indonesia 6.0 2 23 2934
23 Jan USA 7.9 0 0 0

(i) State the scale used to measure the magnitude of the earthquakes.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State which country experienced the most earthquakes during this 14-day period.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the total number of people displaced during this 14-day period.

.......................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
15

(iv) Some earthquakes with a large magnitude do not cause any deaths or injuries.

One reason for this could be earthquake-resistant buildings.

Suggest other reasons.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(v) Suggest why people continue to live in places which are at high risk of earthquakes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22 [Turn over

 www.dynamicpapers.com
16

8 Many farmers choose to grow biofuel crops rather than food.

Some fuel crops are converted into bioethanol.

The bar chart shows the global production of bioethanol by crop.

Key
other
sugar beet
sugar cane
grains

180

160

140

120

ethanol 100
production
/ billion litres 80

60

40

20

0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
year

(a) (i) Calculate the percentage change in the global production of bioethanol between 2009
and 2019.

...................................................... % [2]

(ii) Describe the trends in the use of grains for the production of bioethanol between 2009
and 2019.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
17

(b) A student says:

Farmers should grow food crops rather than biofuel.

There are food shortages in the world.

To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
18

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
19

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22

 www.dynamicpapers.com
20

BLANK PAGE

The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply
official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its
authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 0680/11/O/N/22