1 s2.0 S0141813021024107 Main

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijbiomac
Review
Marine organisms: Pioneer natural sources of polysaccharides/proteins for

green synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications
Nermeen Yosri a, b, *, Shaden A.M. Khalifa c, Zhiming Guo a, Baojun Xu d, Xiaobo Zou a,
Hesham R. El-Seedi b, e, f, **
a
School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
b
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32512 Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
c
Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
d
Programme of Food Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, China
e
International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
f
Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Current innovations in the marine bionanotechnology arena are supporting and stimulating developments in
Marine organisms other fields, including nanomedicine, pharmaceuticals, sensors, environmental trends, food, and agriculture
Green synthesis aspects. Many oceanic creatures, particularly algae, plants, bacteria, yeast, fungi, cyanobacteria, actinomyces,
Bionanotechnology
invertebrates, animals and sponges can survive under extreme circumstances. They can biogenerate a broad
Applications
spectrum of phytochemicals/metabolites, including proteins, peptides, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, car
bohydrate polymers, polysaccharides, sulfated polysaccharides, polysaccharide-protein complexes such as
carrageenan, fucoidanase, fucoidan, carboxymethyl cellulose, poly-γ-glutamic acid, sugar residues with proteins,
melanin, haemocyanin, etc). These products exhibit exclusive advantages that offer pioneering roles in the eco-
friendly fabrication of several nanoparticles (NPs) i.e., Ag, Au, Ru, Fe2O3, Cobalt (III) Oxide (Co2O3), ZnO and
Ag@AgCl within a single phase. Importantly, marine organisms can biosynthesize NPs in two modes, namely
extracellular and intracellular. Biosynthesized NPs can be characterized using various methodologies among
them, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron micro
scopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Taken
together, this review focuses on the green synthesis of metallic, metallic oxides and nonmetallic NPs utilizing
extracts/derivatives from marine organisms based on eco-friendly green biogenic procedures. Moreover, sig
nificant attention is given to the medicinal and industrial importance of such marine organisms mediated NPs.
1. Introduction physicochemical, electrochemical, and biological properties. Nano

structures have ultrasmall sizes, combined with high surface-to-volume
Nanotechnology is a scientific field that involves the engineering of ratios, and often display other desirable properties such as the presence
the materials/molecules or atoms at the nanoscale level (1–100 nm) via of biochemical moieties on their surface, surface charges, a hydrophilic
top-down or bottom-up strategies [1]. The recent development of or hydrophobic nature and the ability to be manufactured in various
nanotechnology field has resulted in the fabrication or synthesis of shapes and morphologies [3].
various nanostructures among them nanoparticles (NPs), nanomaterials, Since the physical and electrochemical properties of nanostructures
nanocapsules, nanotubes, nanocarriers, nanosheets, nanocolloids, are unique, they can play pioneer roles in several fields, among them are
nanoflakes, quantum dots (QDs) and nanocomposites [2]. biomedical applications including cancer therapy and drug delivery [4],
Nanotechnology can provide nanostructures with unique diagnosis of diseases [5], pharmaceutical formulations [6], biosensors
* Correspondence to: N. Yosri, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
** Correspondence to: H.R. El-Seedi, Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751
24 Uppsala, Sweden.
E-mail addresses: nermeen.yosri@science.menofia.edu.eg (N. Yosri), hesham.el-seedi@farmbio.uu.se (H.R. El-Seedi).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.229
Received 10 May 2021; Received in revised form 19 October 2021; Accepted 31 October 2021
Available online 6 November 2021
0141-8130/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
N. Yosri et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798
[7], DNA technology [8], cosmetics [9] and very recently, usage against mechanism of synthesis, as well as their characteristics and significant
COVID-19 [10,11], industrial applications, for example, in the food in biomedical/industrial applications.
dustry [12], agriculture [13], solar energy [14] and several environ
mental applications [15]. 2. Green synthesis of NPs utilizing marine organisms and their
Metallic and nonmetallic NPs with specific sizes, morphologies and applications
unique characteristics are synthesized or engineered via several physical
and/or chemical procedures. These approaches employ toxic, non- 2.1. Marine plants (seagrasses/mangroves)
biodegradable and expensive chemicals as reducing and capping
agents that have undesirable effects on the environment and in biolog Marine plants, known as seagrasses, are flowering plants that form
ical systems [16]. Therefore, there is an urgent call to develop reliable, underwater meadows. They play a crucial role in global food security,
efficient and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis NPs and nano mitigation of climate change and conservation of biodiversity around
composites [17]. the world [31]. As marine plants are crucial sources of important
Since the oceans cover almost 70% of the Earth's surface, they bioactive constituents, they can be employed as beneficial candidates for
represent the most diverse ecosystem on our planet. Scientists are the green fabrication of metallic NPs [32,33]. For instance, Palaniappan
exploring this diversity by identifying and isolating marine organisms, et al. studied and discussed the role of the seagrass, Cymodocea serrulate
thereby revealing a novel branch of research and application known as in the biosynthesis of silver (Ag) NPs. In their study, 5 mL of an aqueous
blue biotechnology [18]. The marine ecosystem represents an environ extract of seagrass was added to 95 mL of an aqueous solution of silver
ment with one of the most widely varying conditions in terms of light, nitrate (1 mM). The bioproduction of Ag+ into Ag0, as well as the
temperature, pressure, and nutrient status. In addition, the association biosynthesis, capping and stabilization of AgNPs are accounted to the
of marine organisms with their aquatic habitat often culminates in the metabolic profile of the seagrass that consists of protein, tannin, sterol,
generation of variable complex and unique chemical structures that are and alkaloids. The cytotoxic potential of these particles was assessed
secreted by them to improve their competitiveness and chances of sur against lung cancer cells, whereby the synthesized NPs at 250 and 100
vival [19]. Notably, these metabolites exhibit a wide range of applica μg/mL were shown to cause cellular components and cell death in >80%
tions i.e., in industry, medicine, drug delivery, and nanotechnology, etc. and ~50% of the cancer cells, respectively [34].
[19,20]. Halophila stipulacea, another seagrass has been utilized to fabricate
Marine bio-nanotechnology is one of the most promising bio Ag and iron oxide NPs. For the biofabrication of AgNPs, 10 mL of an
technologies and scientific research fields today owing to the unique aqueous extract of H. stipulacea was added to 90 mL of a 1 mM AgNO3
fusion of marine biotechnology and the nanotechnology fields [21]. solution in a 250 mL conical flask and mixed for 48 h at 120 rpm. While
Various marine organisms (macro/microalgae, seaweeds, bacteria, ac for generation of Fe2O3NPs, a solution of FeCl3 (0.1 M) was added to the
tinomycetes, cyanobacteria, fungi, soft corals, invertebrates, verte H. stipulacea aqueous extract in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and mixed for 90 min.
brates, sponges and plants) play exciting roles in the green/eco-friendly Although FTIR spectra confirmed that the polyphenols, flavonoids, and
fabrication of NPs, possessing unique characteristics and having carbohydrates (polysaccharides) were responsible for the biogeneration
numerous potential applications [22]. Notably, these organisms are of AgNPs, protein and amides were found to be the key components
often rich in various biological constituents, among them are proteins, involved in the biofabrication of Fe2O3NPs. Moreover, the anti-algal
polypeptides, carbohydrates, polyphenols, polysaccharides, polymers, efficiencies of AgNPs and Fe2O3NPs against Oscillatoria simplicissima
alkaloids, and pigments [23], and could be employed as potential bio- had been studied (Table 1) [35].
reducing, capping and stabilizing agents in one-step bioengineering of Ahila et al. synthesized silver NPs using the marine seagrass, Syrin
nanostructures including NPs [24] (Fig. 1). godium isoetifolium by blending 5 mL of an aqueous S. isoetifolium extract
Many of the NPs capable of being sourced from marine organisms, with 95 mL of 1 mM silver nitrate at 45 ◦ C. The reaction mixture color
such as Ag, Au, Pd, Cd, Ru, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, zinc oxide and changed from transparent pale green to reddish-brown and Surface
carbon quantum dots (QDs), maybe exploited in medicinal applications Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectra at 422 nm confirmed the presence of
including bioimaging and biolabeling [25], cancer therapy and drug AgNPs. Subsequently, the TEM spectra revealed the size of the NPs to be
delivery [26], sensors [27], as well as antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti 2–50 nm and their morphology to be polydispersed spherical in shape
oxidant for AuNPs [28], antiviral [29], antifouling activities for AgNPs and crystalline in nature. On the basis of FTIR analysis, it was proposed
[30]. This review critically assesses the potential of NPs biosynthesized that proteins and amino acids play a dual role as reducing as well as
from extracts or polymers originating from marine organisms, the capping agents [36].
Another marine plant, Rhizophora mucronate, (a mangrove), has been
shown to exhibit biosynthesis and capping of AgNPs. An aqueous solu
tion of silver nitrate (0.001 M) was stirred with an aqueous extract of the
plant in a 4:1 ratio to afford up to 100 mL volume for 24 h. Subsequently,
the color of the mixture was adjusted from light yellow to dark brown
because of the reduction of Ag+ in the formation of AgNPs, (their syn
thesis being confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra at
460 nm). Certain antifungal drugs e.g., fluconazole and itraconazole
have been shown to demonstrate superior antifungal activity toward
Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus and Cryptococcus neo
formans when used in combination with the biosynthesized AgNPs [33].
2.2. Marine algae (micro/macro algae)
Marine algae are photosynthetic aquatic species comprising different

genera, mainly classified into two groups, namely, macroalgae and
microalgae. Macroalgae (seaweeds) are plant-like organisms that are a
few centimeters to several meters long. Conversely, microalgae repre
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed mechanism of the green synthesis of sent the survival phytoplankton, which are generally ranging between 1
metallic NPs via marine organisms. μm to 2 mm length suspended in the water column [37,38]. Many
1768
Table 1
Metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using marine plants/derivatives and their applications.
Plant / extract type Mode of synthesis/ Reducing and capping NPs Size (nm) Morphology/nature Application References
agents
Cymodocea serrulate/ Extracellular/ protein, phenols, flavonoids, tri- Ag 5–25 Spherical/ crystalline Cytotoxic [34]
Aqueous terpenoids A549 cells line
LD50 = 100 μg/mL
Halophila stipulacea/ Extracellular/ Polyphenols, flavonoids, protein, Fe3O4 17.7–25 Spinal Antialgal [35]
Aqueous carbohydrate, polysaccharides O. simplicissima
Ag 17.7–25.0 Spherical Antialgal
O. simplicissima
At 2 μL inhibits 60 ± 0.05%
At 4 μL inhibits 76.4 ± 0.04%
Rhizophora mucronate/ Extracellular/ polysaccharide, amines, alcohols, Ag 12 Cubic/ crystalline Antifungal [33]
Aqueous phenols AgNPs + fluconazole
C. albicans
At 20 μL/disk gives inhibition
zone 26 mm
A. fumigatus
zone 20 mm
A. flavus
zone 14 mm
C. neoformans
zone 14 mm
AgNPs+ itraconazole
C. albicans
zone 24 mm
A. fumigatus
zone 20 mm
A. flavus
zone 16 mm
C. neoformans
zone 14 mm
Syringodium Extracellular/ Protein Ag 2–50 Spherical/ polydispersed, Antibacterial [36]
isoetifolium/ Aqueous crystalline
S. mutans
At 0.24 nM gives inhibition zone
14.3 ± 0.12 mm
V. cholerae
At 0.24 nM gives inhibition zone
13.5 ± 0.12 mm
Cytotoxic
Artemia salina
LC50 = 4 nM
bioactive constituents and polymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of these particles against
alginates, carrageenan, laminaran, fucoidan, lipids, fatty acids and C. albicans and E. coli microorganisms were evaluated by Broth micro
phenolic compounds represent the major constituents of algae [39]. dilution [40].
Several recent studies have confirmed that these bioactive constituents Trichodesmium erythraeum, another microalga has been employed to
and polymers play significant roles in the green biosynthesis of a wide biosynthesize AgNPs whereby, ~ 5 g of the algal biomass was extracted
variety of metallic and nonmetallic NPs. For example, Gelidium corneum, with 50 mL of Milli-Q water. 5% (v/v) of the algal extract was gradually
a red marine alga has been recently utilized in the eco-friendly biosyn added to 1 mM of AgNO3 to biosynthesize AgNPs with an average size of
thesis of AgNPs employing silver nitrate as a precursor salt, generating 26.5 nm ascribed to the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 (Fig. 1). Various tech
spherical and angularly crystalline AgNPs with a centric cubic geometry niques were applied to characterize these NPs, among them were
(particle size, 20–50 nm) as detected by XRD and TEM. Additionally, the UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, AFM, EDX, and XRD. Importantly, the
FTIR analysis indicated that azo compounds and oxidation of the alde AgNPs obtained exhibited potential antioxidant, antibacterial and
hyde group might be a key to the bio-reduction of AgNO3 to AgNPs. The antiproliferative activities [41].
1769
Another study reported the biofabrication of stable colloidal crys moieties of the polysaccharide might be the biomolecules responsible for
talline AgNPs utilizing the marine green alga Caulerpa serrulate. TEM the reduction, capping and stabilization of the biosynthesized ZnONPs
showed the fabricated NPs to be 10 ± 2 nm in size with a spherical [51].
shape. Moreover, they displayed photocatalytic activity, achieving a Zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2) are important nanomaterials charac
99% degradation of Congo red dye after 6 min of incubation time. terized by their good biocompatibility, mechanical strength, strong
Additionally, they exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus resistance to corrosion, as well possessing a wide range of applications in
aureus, Shigella sp., Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli (Gram-nega synthesizing refractories, foundry sands, ceramics and biomedical fields,
tive), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-positive) bacteria [42]. including biosensors, cancer therapy, implants, joint endoprosthesis,
Methylene blue (MB) is another complex dye, very toxic to living or and dentistry [52]. For example, Kumaresan et al. synthesized (ZrO2)
ganisms; thus, its degradation is an environmentally and biologically nanoparticles using a green eco-friendly method by employing the ma
urgent issue. In this context, Edison et al. employed the marine green rine seaweed Sargassum wightii as a reducing, capping and stabilizing
alga, Caulerpa racemosa to biogenerate AgNPs that were capable of agent. The XRD pattern indicates the biosynthesized NPs to be crystal
completely degrade MB after 30 min in the presence of NaBH4 at a line with a diameter of 4.8 nm. FTIR spectra revealed that carboxylate
constant rate of 1.114 × 10− 3 s− 1 under light conditions. High- ions might have stabilized the fabricated zirconia NPs. Furthermore, the
resolution TEM (HR-TEM) analysis affirmed the spherical shape and a antibacterial activity of the formed NPs against various types of Gram-
particle size of 25 nm and XRD revealed its crystalline nature [43]. In a negative and Gram-positive bacteria, among them Bacillus subtilis,
similar study, the antibacterial activity of the resultant silver nano E. coli and S. typhi was evaluated [53].
particles that were fabricated using the same alga was tested against Chaetomorpha is a marine green alga possesses excess content of
Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis using the well-diffusion chlorophyll, polyphenols, and meroterpenoid which are the key of the
method [44]. reduction and stabilization of Ag+ to AgNPs and Ag@AgClNPs, using
A sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the marine red algae Por several intermolecular interactions. These nanoparticles have the po
phyra vietnamensis was investigated as a bioactive molecule for the tential to be used as an interesting sensor for detecting hazardous Hg2+
biosynthesis of AgNPs by adding it to silver nitrate. The average size of in water [27].
the NPs produced was 13 ± 3 nm and they were reported as a potent Fucoidan is a naturally sulfated polysaccharide polymer that can be
antibacterial agent against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria isolated from some aquatic species (Fucus vesiculosus; seaweed). Fucoi
[45]. Furthermore, the polysaccharides isolated from different marine dan is a useful bioreducing agent used for example, in the biosynthesis of
macroalgae (Pterocladia capillacae, Jania rubins, Ulva faciata, and Colp AuNPs. The Fu-AuNPs biofabricated using fucoidan have been shown to
menia sinusa) that collected from the coast of Abo-Qire, Alexandria, exhibit unique biocompatible properties, and have been employed in
Cairo, Egypt were utilized to biosynthesize, cap and stabilize sphere- doxorubicin (DOX) drug delivery and as a cytotoxic agent (Table 2)
shaped AgNPs with an average size of 7–20 nm. The NPs generated [26].
shared good activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus
aureus and the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli at 108 ppm [46]. 2.3. Marine cyanobacteria
Shakibaie et al. reported the extracellular biosynthesis and charac
terization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by employing a chloroauric Marine cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) constitute a valuable group
acid (HAuCl4) solution and an aqueous extract of the marine microalga of ancient photosynthetic filamentous prokaryotic microorganisms,
(Tetraselmis suecica). The UV–Vis spectra revealed a clear band at 530 occupying several habitats ranging from oceans to freshwaters. They are
nm corresponding to the fabrication of AuNPs. Their diameter was responsible for producing a large fraction of the atmospheric oxygen,
51–120 nm but the most frequent one was 79 nm with a spherical shape, and they produce a surprising variety of secondary metabolites [88].
polydispersed and crystalline structure [47]. Padina gymnospora, a ma According to Tan and Phyo, thus far, 550 bioactive compounds have
rine brown alga, was utilized to biosynthesize AuNPs and it was reported been reported from marine cyanobacteria genera. Generally, most of
that the hydroxyl groups of the algal polysaccharides were involved in these compounds are nitrogen-containing metabolites that are synthe
the gold bioreduction. Notably, X-ray diffraction (XRD) results sized through either non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) or poly
confirmed the crystalline nature of the fabricated NPs, and AFM analysis ketide synthetase (PKS) and hybrid NRPS-PKS biosynthetic pathways
displayed that the particles sized within 53 to 67 nm [48]. [89]. Therefore, marine cyanobacteria serve as a rich source of prom
Ramakrishna et al. separately employed the aqueous extracts of two ising secondary metabolites with potential technological applications in
marine algae (Sargassum tenerrimum and Turbinaria conoides) as reducing the field of nanotechnology, which are attracting increasing the interest
agents of gold ions. Interestingly, the gold nanoparticles produced from in these research disciplines.
the two extracts exhibited photocatalytic activity by degradation of 4- Oscillatoria princeps, a marine cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) is a
nitrophenol and p-nitroaniline into their corresponding aminoarenes very rich source of alcohol, carboxylic acid, amine, oxime, and nitrogen
(4-aminophenol and p-phenylenediamine) and by rendering naturally compounds. It is employed to bioengineer AgNPs. When 1 mL of AgNO3
colored solutions (Rhodamine B and Sulforhodamine) into colorless (1 mM) solution was added to an aqueous solution of the alga, the color
solution in the presence of NaBH4 as a catalyst [49]. of the solution changed from pale green to deep brown. The color
Babu et al. have reported the bioengineering of gold nanoparticles change was confirmed by UV–Visible spectra at 200–750 nm, which
using the marine seaweed Acanthophora spicifera. FE-SEM, HR-TEM, confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs demon
EDAX and DLS revealed that the AuNPs have average particles size < 20 strated potential antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes and E. coli with
nm, crystallinity, spherical-to-oval shapes, as well have an average hy inhibition zone sizes of (14–16) mm using the agar well-diffusion
drodynamic diameter and zeta value of 874.3 and − 35.8 mV respec method [90]. In a similar study by Hamouda et al. another marine
tively, indicating that the gold NPs have a good stability. Additionally, cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria limnetica, was utilized for the biomimicry,
the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant of these gold nanoparticles capping and stabilization of AgNPs. After an aqueous extract (5 mL) of
displayed good activities against Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus, cyanobacterium aqueous extract was added to 1 mL of AgNO3 aqueous
HT-29, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and NO2 radicals respec solution at 35 ◦ C, the color changed from green to dark brown,
tively [50]. demonstrating the biotransformation of Ag+ to Ag0 with generation of
Azizi et al. studied the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles using NPs confirmed by SPR spectra at 426 nm as illustrated by UV spectra. As
the marine brown algae, Sargassum muticum. A change in the color of confirmed by FTIR spectra, the amide, amine and hydroxyl constituents
their reaction from dark brown to pale white indicated the generation of contributed to the bioreduction, capping and stabilization of the AgNPs.
ZnONPs, and FTIR spectra revealed that the sulfate and hydroxyl Concurrently, the TEM and SEM micrographs revealed the morphology,
1770
Table 2
N. Yosri et al.
Metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using algae/derivatives and their applications.
Algae / extract type Mode of synthesis/ Reducing and capping agents NPs Size (nm) Morphology/ nature Activity/assay References
Acanthophora Extracellular/ phenols, alcohols, amines, amides and Au < 20 Spherical/ crystal and cubic Antibacterial [50]
spicifera/ Aqueous carboxylic acid
Vibrio harveyi
At 100 μg/mL gives inhibition zone 22 ± 0.3 mm
Staphylococcus aureus
At 100 μg/mL gives inhibition zone 18.7 ± 0.5 mm
Cytotoxic
HT-29
IC50 = 21.86 μg/mL
Antioxidant
At 500 μg/mL inhibits activity of DPPH radicals (62.8%)
At 500 μg/mL inhibits activity of NO2 radicals (59.2%)

Caulerpa racemosa/ Extracellular/ alcohol, amide, carbonyls Ag 25 Spherical/ crystal Catalytic reduction against methylene blue [43]
Aqueous Rate constant for the
degradation = 1.114 × 10− 3 s− 1
100% degradation after 30 min
Extracellular/ peptides, polyphenols, proteins, Ag 5–25 Spherical/ crystal Antibacterial [44]
polysaccharide
At 5 μL gives inhibition zone 7 mm
1771
Proteus mirabilis
Caulerpa serrulata/ Extracellular/ sugars, alkaloids, amino acids Ag 10 ± 2 Spherical/ crystal Antibacterial [42]
Aqueous
E. coli

Shigella sp.
Catalytic reduction against Congo red dye
99% degradation at conc. 20% (v/v)

Chaetomorpha sp./ Extracellular/ chlorophyll, polyphenols, and Ag@AgCl 15 Spherical/ crystal Colorimetric sensor for mercury detection [27]
Aqueous meroterpenoid
Chaetomorpha Extracellular/ chlorophyll, carotenoid, sugars, proline Fe 10–18 NR Nano-fertilizer, ameliorate drought stress in the plants [54]
antennina
C. linum/ Aqueous Extracellular/ amines, peptides, flavonoids Ag 3–44 Clusters ND [55]
and terpenoids
Codium tomentosuml Extracellular/ polyphenols, proteins, polysaccharides, Ag 20–40 Irregular/ crystalline Mosquitocidal [56]
Aqueous flavones and terpenoids Anopheles stephensi
LC50 = 18.1 ppm
(continued on next page)
Table 2 (continued )
N. Yosri et al.
Anti-plasmodial Plasmodium falciparum

IC50 = 72.45 μg/mL
Colpmenia sinusa/ Extracellular/ polysaccharides Ag 20 Spherical Antibacterial [46]
polysaccharides
Corallina elongate/ Extracellular/ tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and Ag/ capped with 12–20 Spherical Antibacterial [57]
Aqueous phytosteroids sodium dodecyl Micrococcus leutus
glycosides and protein sulfate (SDS) At 6 mM inhibits 14 mm
Kocuria varians
At 6 mM inhibits 16 mm
Escherichia coli
At 6 mM inhibits 13.8 mm
Dictyota dichotoma/ Extracellular/ alcohols, Ru 25–90 Crystalline Anti-cancer [58]
Aqueous carboxylic acids, esters and ethers HeLa cell line
IC50 = 1.56 μg/mL
Ecklonia cava/ Extracellular/ alcohols, phenolic and amines Au 20–50 Spherical and triangular Antimicrobial [59]
Aqueous
E. coli
At 20 μL gives inhibition zone 31.8 ± 0.32 mm
B. subtilis
P. aeruginosa
1772
S. aureus
A. niger
A. brasiliensis

A. fumigates
C. albicans
Cytotoxic
HaCaT cells
Egregia sp./ Aqueous Extracellular/ protein and carbohydrates Au 8–20 Spherical ND [60]
Enteromorpha Extracellular/ hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino functional Ag 10–20 Spherical Antimicrobial [61]
intestinalis/ groups
Aqueous S. aureus
MIC = 25.0 μg/mL
S. typhi
MIC = 12.5 μg/mL
V. cholera
MIC = 12.5 μg/mL
E. coli
N. Yosri et al.
MIC = 25 μg/mL
C. albicans
MIC = 25 μg/mL
C. tropicalis
MIC = 25 μg/mL
C. krusei
MIC = 25 μg/mL
Fucus vesiculosus/ Extracellular/ polysaccharides Au 10–100 Spherical, triangular/ crystalline Antimicrobial [62]
fucoidan Aeromonas hydrophila
At 100 μg/mL gives inhibition zone 23.2 mm
MIC = 1.875 μg/mL
Extracellular Au 73–96 Spherical/ crystalline Doxorubicin drug delivery [26]
(Cytotoxic)
MDA-MB-231 cell line
IC50 = 5 μg/mL
photoacoustic imaging
Gracilaria edulis Extracellular/ polypeptides, proteins and terpenoids Ag 12.5–100 Spherical ND [63]
Gracilaria verrucose/ Extracellular/ proteins, phenolic and aromatic compounds Au 20–80 Spherical, triangular/ crystalline Biocompatibility activity [64]
Aqueous HEK-293 cells
Nontoxic till 100 μg/mL
Gelidium amansii/ Extracellular/ tannins, saponins, flavonoids, quinines, Ag/ capped with 8–25 Square Antibacterial [57]
Aqueous terpenoids, coumarins, steroids and phytosteroids sodium dodecyl Micrococcus leutus
glycosides and proteins sulfate (SDS) At 9 mM gives inhibition zone (14 mm)
1773
Kocuria varians
At 9 mM gives inhibition zone (20 mm)
Escherichia coli
At 9 mM gives inhibition zone (18 mm)
Gelidiella acerosa/ Extracellular/ alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, Au 5.81–117.59 Spherical, hexagonal/ crystalline Anti-diabetic [28]
Aqueous steroids and tannins α amylase enzyme inhibition
IC50 = 2.1 ± 0.01 μg/mL

α- glucosidase enzyme inhibition
IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.02 μg/mL
Antioxidant
DPPH radical scavenging

IC50 = 2.9 ± 0.01 μg/mL
FRAP assay
IC50 = 3.1 ± 0.01 μg/mL
Antibacterial
E. coli
S. marcescens
K. pneumonia
B. subtilis
Gelidium amansii Extracellular/ protein, carboxylic acid, aldehydes, amide Ag 27–54 Spherical/ crystalline Antimicrobial/ antibiofilm [65]
Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus pumilus
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Aeromonas hydrophila
N. Yosri et al.
Gelidium corneum/ Extracellular/ proteins, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehyde Ag 20–50 Spherical, angular / crystalline Antimicrobial [40]
Aqueous groups and carboxylic acids
C. albicans
MIC = 0.51 μg/mL
E. coli
MIC = 0.26 μg/mL
Anti-biofilm
C. albicans
At 2.04 μg/mL inhibits 73.5%
Gelidium pusillum/ Extracellular/ phenolic, protein and aromatic compounds Au 7–17 Spherical to pseudospherical Cytotoxic [66]
Aqueous MDA-MB-231cell line
IC50 = 43.09 ± 1.6 μg/mL
HEK-293 cell line

IC50 = 150 μg/mL
Hypnea musciformis/ Extracellular/ amino acid, flavones, terpenoids and Ag 40–65 Spherical/ crystalline, cubic Larvicidal [67]
Aqueous polyphenols Aedes aegypti
LC50 = 18.14–38.23 ppm
Plutella xylostella
LC50 = 24.51–38.23 ppm
Jania rubins/ Extracellular/ polysaccharides Ag 12 Spherical Antibacterial [46]
polysaccharides
Laurencia papillosa/ Extracellular/ polyphenols, proteins and polysaccharides Ag NR Cubic Antibacterial [68]
Aqueous Bacillus subtilis
MIC = 10 ± 0.2 μg/mL
1774
MIC = 12 ± 0.3 μg/mL
Streptococcus pneumoniae
MIC = 11 ± 0.4 μg/mL
Escherichia coli

MIC = 14 ± 0.3 μg/mL
Klebsiella pneumoniae
MIC = 16 ± 0.5 μg/mL
MIC = 15 ± 0.6 μg/mL
Antifungal
Aspergillus flavus
MIC = 17 ± 0.3 μg/mL
Aspergillus fumigatus
MIC = 18 ± 0.2 μg/mL
Aspergillus niger
MIC = 20 ± 0.5 μg/mL
Nannochloropsis Extracellular/ proteins, polyphenols, flavonoids and Ag 11.6–26.1 Spherical Antialgal [35]
oculate polysaccharides O. simplicissima
Padina gymnospora/ Extracellular/ protein, phenols, polysaccharides, alkaloids Au 53–67 Spherical/ crystalline ND [48]
Aqueous and pigments
N. Yosri et al.
Padina Extracellular/ alcohols, phenols, proteins and carboxylic Au 11.43 + 1.16 Spherical/ crystalline Catalytic reduction against 4-nitrophenol [69,70]
tetrastromatica/ acid
degradation (K) = 22.65
sec− 1
Catalytic reduction against Eosin yellow dye

96% degradation at 100 μL AuNPs (1 mg/mL)
Catalytic reduction against Congo red dye
92% degradation at 100 μL AuNPs (1 mg/mL)

Pterocladia Extracellular/ polysaccharides Ag 7 Spherical Antibacterial [46]
Capillacae/
polysaccharides
Porphyra Extracellular/ sulfated polysaccharide Ag 13 ± 3 Spherical Antibacterial [45]
vietnamensis/
sulfated E. coli
polysaccharide At 5 μg/mL inhibits 100%
S. aureus
At 15 μg/mL inhibits 60%
Red algae/ Extracellular/ carrageenan oligosaccharide Au 35 ± 8 Ellipsoidal/ crystalline Cytotoxic [71]
Carrageenan
oligosaccharide HCT-116 cell line
IC50 = 34.4 ± 1.7 μg/mL
1775
MDA-MB-231 cell line

IC50 = 129.2 ± 1.7 μg/mL
Red algae/ Aqueous Extracellular/ hydroxyl group, aromatic rings and carbonyl Co3O4 > 30 Spherical/ crystalline Antibacterial [72]
group
S. aureus
MIC = 25.0 ± 7.3 μg/mL

B. subtilis
MIC = 21.1 ± 7.1 μg/mL
E. coli
MIC = 23.6 ± 6.9 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa
MIC = 20.8 ± 5.8 μg/mL
Anticancer
HepG2 cell line
IC50 = 41.4 μg/mL
Anticoagulant, thrombolytic and hemolytic
Antioxidant
At 500 μg/mL inhibits 78.1%
Saccharina japonica/ Extracellular/ proteins, phenols and carbohydrates Au 72.6 ± 43.8 Polydispersed, quasispherical, Anti- Daphnia magna [73]
Aqueous spherical, hexagonal, pentagonal, LC50 = 1.57 ± 0.07 mg/L
diamond, and triangular
N. Yosri et al.
10.8 ± 2.8 Polydispersed, quasispherical, Anti- Daphnia magna

spherical, hexagonal, pentagonal, LC50 = 2.69 ± 0.12 mg/L
diamond, and triangular
Sargassum boveanum/ Extracellular/ polyphenol, carbohydrates, pectin and Fe3O4 116 ± 21.2 NR ND [74]
Aqueous protein
Extracellular/ proteinand polysaccharides AgCl 65 Spherical/ crystalline Colorimetric detection of bisphenol-A [75]
S. bovinum/ Aqueous Extracellular/ alcohol, phenols and polysaccharide Pd 5–10 Octahedral/ monodispersed Sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide within range [76]
of
5.0 μM–15.0 mM with a sensitivity of 284.35 mAmM− 1
cm− 2
S. muticum/ Extracellular/ sulfated polysaccharides and protein ZnO 30–57 Hexagonal wurtzite ND [51]
Aqueous
S. muticum/ Extracellular/ proteins Au 5.42 ± 1.18 Spherical ND [77]
Aqueous
S. tenerrimum/ Extracellular/ polyphenols, protein and alginate Au 35 Spherical, anisotropic Catalytic reduction against nitro compounds (4-nitrophenol [49]
Aqueous 5–45 and p-nitroaniline) and organic dye molecules (Rhodamine
B and Sulforhodamine)
S. myriocystum/ Extracellular/ fucoidan, carboxylic acids and hydroxyl ZnO 76–186 Spherical, triangle, radial, hexagonal, Antibacterial [78]
Aqueous group rod, and rectangle/ crystalline S. mutans
At 10 μg/disk gives inhibition zone >5 mm
M. luteus
At 10 μg/disk gives inhibition zone < 5 mm
Antifungal
C. albicans
At 10 μg/disk gives inhibition zone > 10 mm
A. niger
At 10 μg/disk gives inhibition zone > 5 mm
1776
S. wightii/ Aqueous Extracellular/ hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups ZrO2 4.8–5 Spherical/ monodisperse Antibacterial [53]
Bacillus subtili
At 5 μg gives inhibition zone 13 mm
E. coli

Salmonella typhi
Extracellular/ alcohols, phenols and aromatic compounds ZnO 40–50 Spherical Antibiofilm [79]
B. subtilis
S. aureus
S. sonnei
P. aeruginosa
Aedes aegypti larvicidal
LC50 = 49.22 mg/mL
LC90 = 86.96 mg/mL
Extracellular/ carboxylic acid, hydroxyl group and alcohol Ag 8–27 Spherical Antibacterial [80]

N. Yosri et al.
Bacillus rhizoids
Escherisia coli
Extracellular Au 8–12 Spherical / crystalline ND [81]
Tetraselmis suecica/ Extracellular Au 79 Spherical / crystalline ND [47]
Aqueous 51–120
Tetraselmis tetrathele Extracellular/ protein and alkyl halides Ag 13.0–25.2 Spherical Antialgal [35]
O. simplicissima
Trichodesmium Extracellular/ alcohol, amide and protein Ag 26.5 Cubic/ crystalline Antioxidant [41]
erythraeum/ DPPH radical scavenging
Aqueous At 500 μg/mL inhibits 77.01 ± 0.17%
Deoxy-ribose scavenging
At 500 μg/mL inhibits 67.5 ± 0.22%
ABTS scavenging
Nitric oxide scavenging

Antibacterial
1777
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli

S. pneumoniae
Anti-proliferative
HeLa cell line

IC50 = 25.0 ± 0.50 μg/mL
MCF-7 cell line

IC50 = 30.0 ± 0.50 μg/mL
Turbinaria conoides/ Extracellular/ alcohol, phenol, amine and carboxylic groups Au 27.5 Spherical, anisotropic Catalytic reduction against nitro compounds [49]
Aqueous 12–57 (4-nitrophenol and p-nitroaniline) and
organic dye molecules (Rhodamine B and Sulforhodamine)
Extracellular Au 60 Triangle, rectangle and square/ poly Antibacterial [82]
dispersed
Streptococcus sp.
K. pneumoniae
N. Yosri et al.
B. subtilis
T. ornate/ Aqueous Extracellular/ Ag 14–22 Spherical/ crystalline Cytotoxic [83]
phenols and proteins Retinoblastoma Y79 cell line
IC50 = 10.5 μg/mL
Ulva armoricana/ Extracellular/ polysaccharides Au 10 Spherical/ crystalline Catalytic reduction against 4-nitrophenol [84]
degradation = 1.49 × 10− 4 s− 1
U. faciata/ Extracellular/ polysaccharides Ag 7 Spherical Antibacterial [46]
polysaccharides
U. fasciata/ Extracellular/ carboxymethyl cellulose Ag 50–75 Spherical/ crystalline Antimicrobial [85]
carboxymethyl
cellulose
U. lactuca/ KOH Extracellular/ carbohydrate C Qdots 20–40 Spherical/ amorphous, crystalline Antibacterial [86]
Mycobacterium smegmatis
E. coli
Proteus mirabilis
Micrococcus luteus
Bacillus subtilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
U. lactuca/ ethyl Extracellular/ alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids and Ag 3–50 Spherical/ crystalline Antifungal [87]
acetate terpenoids
1778
Fusarium oxysporum
MIC = 80.0 μg/mL
Xanthomonas campestris
MIC = 43.33 μg/mL
U. prolifera/ Aqueous Extracellular/ proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols and Fe3O4 9.59 Cubo-spherical/ crystalline Cytotoxic [74]
flavonoids 10.05 ± 1.2
Anti- Amphibalanus amphitrite (nauplii)

EC50 = 842.3 mg/L
Anti- Artemia salina (nauplii)

EC50 > 1000 mg/L
Antibacterial
U. flexuosa/ Aqueous Extracellular Fe3O4 13.80 ± 2.3 NR ND [74]
U. linza/ Aqueous Extracellular Fe3O4 193 ± 23.2 NR ND [74]
U. intestinalis/ Extracellular Fe3O4 167 ± 24. 3 NR ND [74]
Aqueous
U. clathrate/ Aqueous Extracellular Fe3O4 144 ± 19.2 NR ND [74]
N. Yosri et al.
Table 3
Metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using marine cyanobacteria/derivatives and their applications.
Cyanobacteria / extract Mode of synthesis NPs Size (nm) shape/nature Application References
type
Chroococcus minutus/ Extracellular/ phenolic, Ag Crystalline Antibacterial [92]

Aqueous methyl and alcoholic groups E. coli
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
At 100 mg gives inhibition zone 12–16
mm
Oscillatoria limnetica/ Extracellular/ free amino and sulfur containing amino acid Ag 3.30–17.97 quasi-spherical / Antibacterial (multidrug-resistant [91]
Aqueous anisotropic bacteria)
E. coli
Bacillus cereus
Cytotoxic
MCF-7 cell line
IC50 = 6.147 μg/mL
1779
HCT-116 cell line

IC50 = 5.369 μg/mL
O. princeps Extracellular/ alcohol, carboxylic acid, amine, oxime, nitro, sulfate, alkyl aryl ether, anhydride Ag 3.30–17.97 Spherical/ crystalline Antibacterial [90]
and alkene groups
MIC = 100 μg/mL

Streptococcus pyogenes
MIC = 80 μg/mL
E. coli
MIC = 60 μg/mL
Table 4
Metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using marine bacteria/derivatives and their applications.
Bacteria / extract type Mode of synthesis NPs Size (nm) shape/nature Application References
Bacillus horneckiae strain APA/ poly- Extracellular/ polymers Ag 35 Spherical Antimicrobial [17]
γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA-APA) + NaBH4 ND
Au NR NR Antimicrobial
E. coli
MIC = 45 μg/mL
Bacillus licheniformis strain B3–15/ Extracellular/ Ag Irregular Antimicrobial [17]
exopolysaccharides polysaccharides
S. aureus
MIC = 22.5 μg/mL
E. coli
MIC = 11.25 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa
MIC = 11.25 μg/mL
C. albicans
MIC = 11.25 μg/mL
E. coli
MIC = 22.5 μg/mL
AgCl NR NR NR
Bacillus licheniformis strain T14/ Extracellular/ Ag 40 Spherical Antimicrobial [17]
exopolysaccharides polysaccharides S. aureus
MIC = 45 μg/mL
E. coli
MIC = 11.25 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa
MIC = 22.5 μg/mL
C. albicans
MIC = 11.25 μg/mL
E. coli
MIC = 22.5 μg/mL
AgCl NR NR NR
Bacillus sp. MSh-1 Extracellular SeNPs 80–220 Spherical Antioxidant [102]

At 200 μg/mL inhibits 23.1 ±
3.4%
Cytotoxic
MCF-7 cell line

IC50 = 41.5 ± 0.9 μg/mL
Bacillus pumilus Extracellular CdTe 10 Cubic Bioimaging and biolabeling [25]
QDs
Bacillus subtilis MSBN17/ polysaccharide Extracellular/ Ag 60 Spherical/ Antimicrobial [103]
(bioflocculant MSBF17) polysaccharide polydispersed K. pneumoniae
P. aeruginosa
V. cholera
S. pneumoniae
Bacillus sp KFU36/ supernatant Extracellular/ flavonoids Ag 5–15 Spherical/ crystalline Anticancer [104]
MCF-7 cell line
IC50 = 27 μg/mL
Escherichia coli VM1/ supernatant Extracellular/ proteins, Ag 10–15 Cubic, spherical Anticancer [105]
alcohol and A549 cell line
monosaccharides IC50 = 40 μg/mL
HeLa cell line

IC50 = 40 μg/mL
Vero cell line

IC50 = 115 μg/mL
Marinobacter lipolyticus/ aqueous Extracellular/ hydroxyl Ag 13.56–18.33 Spherical/ crystalline Antifungal [106]
groups and protein
Candida albicans
At 10 μg dose/wells gives
inhibition zone 16 ± 2 mm
Marinobacter pelagiu Extracellular/ amide, amine Au 2–10 Spherical and ND [95]
and protein triangular
Marinomonas sp. ef1/ Ag 10–80 Spherical [107]
1780
Extracellular/ protein, Antimicrobial

polypeptides and
carbohydrates S. aureus
E. coli
A.baumanii
MIC = 12.5 ± 0.3 μg/mL
Pseudomonas sp
Citrobacter koseri
Serratia marcescens
MIC = 6.25 ± 0.3 μg/mL
Proteus mirabilis
MIC = 3.12 ± 0.1 μg/mL
Nocardiopsis sp. MBRC-1/ supernatant Extracellular/ protein, Ag 30–90 Spherical Antimicrobial [108]
alcohols and phenols
Bacillus subtilis
At 10 μg/mL gives inhibition
zone 11.2 ± 0.35 mm
MIC = 7 μg/mL
Candida albicans
zone 9.5 ± 0.20 mm
MIC = 10 μg/mL
Cytotoxic
HeLa cancer cells
IC50 = 200 μg/mL
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei-DS013/ culture Extracellular/ protein Ag 30–80 Circular Antibacterial [109]
clinical isolates of bacteria
E. coli
Enterococcus sp. Pseudomonas
sp. Klebsiella sp.
Proteus sp.
Shigella sp.
Bacillus subtilis,
Streptococcus sp
Pseudomonas sp. ef1 Extracellular/ protein, Ag 20–100 Spherical/ cubic Antimicrobial [110]
peptide and carboxylate
groups E. coli
At 25 μL gives inhibition zone
19 mm
15 mm
Candida albicans
15 mm
Pseudomonas sp. H64 / supernatant Extracellular/ protein, Ag 3–22 Spherical Antibacterial [111]
amines and halides S. aureus (25 ± 1.92 mm)
S. faecalis (21 ± 1.5 mm)
B. subtilis (17 ± 1.21 mm)
A. hydrophila (37 ± 3.08 mm)
V. parahaemolyticus (10 ±
0.77 mm)
E. coli (32 ± 2.67 mm)
Antifungal
R. oryzae
R. solani
Helminthosporium sp.
F. solani
Anticancer
HepG-2, MCF-7, CaCo-2 cell
lines
Pseudomonas aeruginosa JQ989348/ Extracellular/ proteins Ag 13–76 Spherical/ crystalline Antibacterial [112]
supernatant
E. coli
1781
At 100 μL gives inhibition

zone 8 mm
V. cholerae
zone 12 mm
Aeromonas sp.
zone 10 mm
Corynebacterium sp.
At 100 μLl gives inhibition
zone 12 mm
Pseudomonas aeruginosa JP-11/ polymeric Extracellular/ aldehyde, CdS 20–40 Spherical/ crystalline Cytotoxic Cadmium
substances (sugar residues with proteins sulphydryl groups and cervical cancer cell line removal
and nucleic acid) protein The comprehensive cell death from
was aqueous
observed in 40 μg/mL solution.
[113]
Pseudomonas fluorescens/ supernatant Extracellular/ protein and Ag 1–10 Spherical Antibacterial [114]
aromatic amines
Serratia marcescens Extracellular CdTe 10 Cubic Bioimaging and biolabeling [25]
QDs
Streptomyces sp. 192ANMG Extracellular/ Ag 8.66 ± 2 Spherical/ Antibacterial [98]
protein, enzymes, amino and monodispersed P. aeruginosa
carboxylic At 13 μg/mL gives inhibition
groups zone 1.8 cm
E. cloacae
zone 1.35 cm
Cytotoxic
HepG-2 cell line
Streptomyces sp. 17ANMG Extracellular/ protein, Ag 35 ± 2 Quasi-spherical, Antibacterial [98]
enzymes, amino and cubic/ poly-dispersed
carboxylic P. aeruginosa
groups At 13 μg/mL gives inhibition
zone 1.35 cm
E. cloacae
zone 1.88 cm
Cytotoxic
HepG-2 cell line
Streptomyces sp. VITSTK7 Extracellular Ag2O/ 27.9–34.2 Spherical/ crystalline, Antifungal [99]
Ag monodespersive
Aspergillus niger
1.32%
A. flavus
2.47%
A. fumigatus
1.61%
Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-89 Extracellular Ag 11–21 Cubic Antimicrobial [115]
E. coli MIC = 31.25 μg/mL

K. pneumoniae
MIC = 62.5 μg/mL
P.aeruginosa
MIC = 15.6 μg/mL
B. subtilis
MIC = 250 μg/mL
E. faecalis
MIC = 125 μg/mL
S. epidermidis
MIC = 250 μg/mL
S. aureus
MIC = 62.5 μg/mL
Drug resistant strains

E. coli
1782
MIC = 7.81 μg/mL
A. baumannii
MIC = 7.81 μg/mL
Streptomyces sp. KC179795/ fucoidanase Extracellular/ alcohol, Au 10–50 Spherical, triangle/ Cytotoxic [101]
phenols, amines and halides 39 ± 2 crystalline, cubic IC50 = 250 μg/mL
Streptomyces sp. MBRC-82/ supernatant Extracellular/ phenols and Au 20–80 Spherical/ crystalline α-amylase production [116]
proteins
Streptomyces sp. LK-3 (JF710608)/ Extracellular/ protein Au 5–50 Polygonal Anti-malarial [117]
Plasmodium berghei
Antioxidant
IC50 = 41.09 μg/mL
Streptomyces atrovirens Extracellular/ amino acid Ag 55–78 Spherical/ crystalline Anticancer [118]
residues and protein MCF-7 cell line
Streptomyces rochei Extracellular/ Ag ND ND Antibacterial [96]
At 0.1 mM gives inhibition
zone 28 mm
E. coli
zone 22 mm
Klebsiella pneumonia
zone 21 mm
Enterobactor faecalis
zone 25 mm
zone 31 mm
Streptomyces rochei MHM13 Extracellular/ amine groups Ag 22–85 Spherical Antibacterial [97]
and protein
Bacillus subtilis
18 mm
18 mm
18 mm
Bacillus cereus
16 mm
Salmonella typhimurium
18 mm
Escherichia coli
16 mm
Vibrio fluvialis
19 mm
V. damsela
16 mm
Cytotoxic
HepG2 cell line

IC50 = 32.90 μg/Well
HCT-116 cell line

1783
MCF-7 cell line

PC-3 cell line

A-549 cell line

CACO cell line

IC50 > 50 μg/Well
HEP-2 cell line

IC50 > 50 μg/Well
HELA cell line

IC50 > 50 μg/Well
Streptomyces violaceus MM72/ Extracellular/ Ag 10–100 Spherical Antibacterial [100]
exopolysaccharide polysaccharide
E. coli
MIC = 6.15 μg/mL
P. aeruginosa
MIC = 11.6 μg/mL
S. aureus
MIC = 14.6 μg/mL
B. subtilis
MIC = 12.5 μg/mL
Antioxidant

At 50 μg/mL inhibits 89.5%
Table 5
Metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using marine fungi/derivatives and their applications.
Fungi/ extract type Mode of synthesis NPs Size (nm) shape/nature Application References
Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus Extracellular/ alkyne, sulfur, alcohol, Ag 0.72–15.21 Spherical/ Antibacterial [122]
phenolic and protein compounds crystalline B. subtilis
At 100 μL gives inhibition zone 20 ±
0.30 mm
Antioxidant’
Aspergillus niger Extracellular/ amide, carbonyl and halide Ag 5–26 Spherical/ ND [124]
groups crystalline
Aspergillus sydowii Extracellular/ enzymes and protein Au 8.7–15.6 Spherical/ ND [123]
monodisperse
Penicillium citrinum Extracellular/ phenols, alcohols, carboxylic Au 60–80 Crystalline Antioxidant [127]
acids and protein
P. fellutanum/ Aqueous Extracellular/ Ag 5–25 Spherical ND [129]
protein
P. polonicum ARA 10/ Extracellular/ protein, amide, disulfide and Ag 10–15 Spherical/ Antibacterial [125]
Aqueous carbonyl groups crystalline
Salmonella typhimurium
MBC = 15.62 μg/mL
P. polonicum MF185681/ Extracellular/ protein, amide, disulfide and Ag 10–15 Spherical/ Antibacterial [126]
Aqueous carbonyl groups crystalline
Acinetobacter baumanii
MIC = 15.62 μg/mL
MBC = 31.24 μg/mL
Trichoderma harzianum/ Extracellular/ amide, amino and carboxylic CS 90.8 Spherical Antioxidant [128]
proteins/enzymes acids At 25–500 μg/mL inhibits 28.27 ±
5.6% to 60.61 ± 5.8%
Antibacterial
S. aureus
Biocompatibility
NIH-3T3 cells
nature and size of the biosynthesized AgNPs to be quasi-spherical and drug resistant bacteria (E. coli and B. cereusbeen) were also reported
anisotropic with a size of 3.30–17.97 nm. The cytotoxic and antimi [91].
crobial activities of the AgNPs against breast, colon cancers and multi- Recently, a marine cyanobacterium, Chroococcus minutus (strain,
1784
CRLSUM10), was collected from the East Coast of Odisha state, India which were isolated from Crella cyathophora, a marine sponge. It was
and was employed to biosynthesize AgNPs. The biosynthesized NPs assumed that the amino and carboxylic acids of the actinomycete were
were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, XRD, FTIR, SEM and responsible for the bio-reduction of AgNO3 to AgNPs. The generated NPs
SEM-EDX. The antimicrobial activities of the silver nanoparticles were from the two strains also exhibited antibacterial, anti-biofilm and
also evaluated against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at several cytotoxic properties against various types of bacteria and cancer cell
graded concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 mg/mL) lines [98].
(Table 3) [92]. Furthermore, Scara et al. demonstrated that some exopolymers i.e.,
EPS B3–15, EPS T14 and the poly-γ-glutamic acid γ-PGA-APA that were
extracted from marine bacteria namely, Bacillus licheniformis strain
2.4. Marine bacteria B3–15, B. licheniformis strain T14 and B. horneckiae strain APA serve as
good bioreducing agents for biofabrication AuNPs and AgNPs. Both EPS
The marine environment is a rich source of large and small biologi B3–15 and EPS T14 possess higher carbohydrates and proteins contents
cally interesting molecules. Marine bacteria, in particular, attract the compared with γ-PGA-APA, thus, EPS B3–15 and EPS T14 have the
attention of researchers owing to their ability to synthesize complex potential to biosynthesize silver and gold nanoparticles without any
structurally diverse classes of bioactive secondary metabolites [93]. reducing agent. But γ-PGA-APA failed to synthesize silver and gold
Alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, peptides, and polyketides are considered nanoparticles, so NaBH4 was added as a catalyst. The antimicrobial
the major secondary metabolites of marine bacteria. Recent studies have properties of the prepared noble NPs were evaluated against various
indicated that 10%–20% of bacteria isolated from marine habitats types of bacteria and fungus including S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa,
exhibit properties suited to biotechnological, pharmaceutical, thera and C. albicans [17].
peutic and nanotechnological applications [94]. For instance, the ma Ag2O/AgNPs could be biofabricated as well by adding 100 mL of
rine bacterium Marinobacter pelagius has been utilized in the eco-friendly Streptomyces sp. VITSTK7, (a marine bacterium) supernatant to 200 mL
green fabrication of AuNPs. Washed marine bacteria cells (10 mg wet/ of AgNO3 (1 mM) under dark conditions for 1 week at 30 ◦ C. The color of
wt. basis) were added to 10 mL of an aqueous solution of HAuCl4 at a the mixture changed from yellow to dark brown and the formation of
concentration of 250 mg/L. The resulting NPs were characterized using SPR bands at 420 nm during the reaction period affirmed the generation
TEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV–Vis spectroscopy revealing of Ag2O/AgNPs. TEM, AFM and XRD chromatograms confirmed the
their size (2− 10) nm and shape (spherical and/or triangular) [95]. spherical and crystalline shapes and sizes of the resultant nanoparticles
Furthermore, Streptomyces rochei, a marine cyanobacterium, has at 27.9–34.2 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited antifungal properties
been utilized for the extracellular bioreduction of AgNO3 at two against Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus with an antifungal
different concentrations (1 and 0.1 mM) to produce AgNPs. The NPs index of 62%–75% [99].
produced from a 10− 4 M concentration of AgNO3 displayed better An exopolysaccharide that was isolated from the marine bacterium,
antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa than NPs from Streptomyces violaceus MM72 was shown to promote the biosynthesis of
the molar concentration of 10− 3 [96]. AgNPs whereas the carbohydrate, ash, and moisture contents of this
Abd-Elnaby et al. studied the biosynthesis of AgNPs utilizing the exopolysaccharide were 61.4%, 16.1% and 1.8% respectively. The silver
marine bacterium, Streptomyces rochei MHM13 collected from the sedi nanoparticles obtained were of size of 10–100 nm with a spherical
ment of the Suez Gulf, the Red Sea, Egypt. Bacterial supernatant (50 mL) shape, and they exhibited antibacterial activity when was tested using
was mixed with 50 mL of AgNO3 (1 mM) to produce spherical NPs with a the disc diffusion method against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
size of 22–85 nm. The FTIR chromatogram affirmed that the amide S. aureus and B. subtilis bacteria [100]. Fucoidanase is an enzyme that
groups of the proteins were able to bind and cap the synthetic NPs. These has been reported from certain marine organisms only to date. Fucoi
biosynthesized NPs demonstrated good antibacterial activity toward danase hydrolyze fucoidan (a sulfated polysaccharide) to afford sulfated
numerous bacteria; among them were Vibrio fluvialis, Pseudomonas aer low-molecular-weight fucoidan without removing its side substitute
uginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio damsela, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, groups. In this context, Manivasagan studied the potential effect of
Staphylococcus aureus and B. cereus. There was a potential synergetic fucoidanase on the synthesis of AuNPs, whereby 1 mL of purified
effect when the NPs were used in combination with six standard anti fucoidanase was added to 10 mL of an aqueous solution of gold chloride
biotics (ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracy (1 mM) for 30 min at 80 ◦ C. Subsequently, the color change to intense
cline and lincomycin) versus the antibiotics alone and they prevented pinkish ruby red indicated the generation of AuNPs with an SPR band on
the development of resistant pathogenic microbes and improved the UV spectra at 531 nm (Table 4) [101].
antimicrobial characteristics of the antibiotics. Similarly, a cytotoxic Bacillus sp. MSh-1, a newly identified species of marine bacterium,
effect was demonstrated against HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, PC-3, A-549, has been employed for the green synthesis of SeNPs. Fresh inocula of
CACO, HEP-2 and HELA cell lines by employing a 3-[4,5-dimethylthia bacteria (1 mL) were mixed with 1.26 mM Se2O and incubated in a
zol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay [97]. shaker incubator (150 rpm) for 14 h. at 30 ◦ C. Following the formation
On the other hand, Hamed et al., performed an extracellular eco of Se0, the solution color changed to orange-red. TEM and SEM images
friendly synthesis of AgNPs using the supernatants of two actinomycetes clearly illustrated the spherical shape of the NPs and a size range of
strains (Streptomyces sp. 192ANMG and Streptomyces sp. 17ANMG),
Table 6
Metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using marine yeasts/derivatives and their applications.
Yeast/ extract type Mode of synthesis NPs Size shape/nature Application References
(nm)
Rhodosporidium diobovatum Intracellular/ protein, sulfur rich peptides PbS 2–5 Spherical/ crystalline ND [132]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/ Extracellular/ proteins and alcoholic compounds MnO2 15–70 Hexagonal- and spherical ND [135]
supernatants
Yarrowia lipolytica Extracellular and intracellular /phenolic, Ag NR NR ND [133]
(NCYC 789) hydroxyl and amino groups
Y. lipolytica Extracellular/quinonic Ag 15 Spherical/ monodisperse Antibiofilm
(NCYC 789)/ melanin residues S. paratyphi
Y. lipolytica NCIM 3589 Intracellular/ carboxyl, hydroxyl and amide Au 9–27 Spherical, hexagonal or ND [134]
groups triangular
1785
Table 7
Metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using marine invertebrates/derivatives and their applications.
Invertebrates / extract Mode of synthesis NPs Size shape/nature Application References
type (nm)
Marphysa moribidii/ Extracellular/ carboxylic acids, phenols, amides, Ag 20–100 Spherical, Antibacterial [140]
Aqueous protein and carbohydrates triangular
E. coli
At 20 μL gives inhibition zone 8.39
± 0.12 mm
K. pnemoniae
± 0.00 mm
S. typhimurium
± 0.20 mm
Serratia sp.
± 0.11 mm
S. sonnei
± 0.19 mm
P. aeruginosa
± 0.15 mm
S. aureus
± 0.13 mm
S. epidermidis
± 0.12 mm
Extracellular/ carbohydrates and proteinsand Au 30–150 Spherical Antibacterial [141]
polypeptides
E. coli
0.6 mm
S. typhi
0.6 mm
S. aureus
0.9 mm
S. epidermidis
0.9 mm
Polychaete/ Aqueous Extracellular/ hydroxyl, amide, carbonyl and halide Ag 40–90 Spherical/ Antibacterial [142]
groups crystalline
13 mm zone inhibition
Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhi
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
80–220 nm. Importantly, the biogenic nanoselenium demonstrated two marine bacteria (Bacillus pumilus and Serratia marcescens) have been
antioxidant and cytotoxic activities toward DPPH radical scavenging employed for the first time to biosynthesize cadmium telluride (CdTe)
activity and the MCF-7 cell line, respectively [102]. QDs on the surface of bacteria cells. UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, DLS,
In addition to their exploitation for the eco-friendly biosynthesis of photoluminescence (PL), SEM and EDS analyses confirmed the genera
NPs, marine bacteria are also employed to synthesize QDs. For example, tion of cubic CdTe QDs (10 nm) and characterization of their
1786
fluorescence properties, confirmed them as effective bioinspired nano et al. performed extracellular biosynthesis of AgNPs. Raman spectra
structures for potential biolabeling purposes of yeast and cancer cells, indicated that protein molecules were responsible for the reduction,
etc. [25]. capping and stability of the generated AgNPs. The antibacterial prop
erties of these spherical crystalline NPs against Salmonella typhimurium
were assessed using the well-diffusion method with a minimum bacte
2.5. Marine fungi ricidal concentration (MBC) of 15.62 μg/mL [125]. The biofabrication of
AuNPs from P. polonicum MF185681 was studied by Neethu et al. Fungal
Marine fungi are globally distributed in the oceans and are associated cell filtrate (10 mL) was added to 90 mL of AgNO3 (1 mM) to generate
with marine sediments and organisms such as plants, algae, soft corals spherical NPs. The color of the solution changed to dark brown, attrib
and sponges. According to Balabanova et al., around 1112 marine fun uted to the formation of Ag nanoparticles, as further demonstrated by an
gus species within 472 genera have been isolated and identified to date absorption peak at 430 nm in UV spectra. It is noteworthy that FTIR and
[119]. Approximately, 60% of the recorded marine fungi are obligatory Raman spectra confirmed the enclosed sulfur-containing amino acids
marine species that undergo several physiological plasticity processes and the aromatic amino acids played a potential role in the bioreduction
that allow many taxa to flourish in both freshwater and marine habitats of silver ions to spherical and crystalline silver NPs of size 10–15 nm.
[120]. The metabolites of marine fungi have caught the limelight in The obtained NPs showed antibacterial efficacy against a multidrug-
numerous applications, including drug discovery and nano resistant strain of the bacterium, Acinetobacter baumanii [126].
biotechnology [121,122]. Manjunath et al. employed an aqueous extract of the marine endo
Aspergillus sydowii, a marine fungus, was studied for the first time in phytic fungus, Penicillium citrinum for the extracellular biogenic syn
the synthesis of AuNPs using 3 mM HAuCl4 salt. Herein, the solution thesis of AuNPs by mixing an aqueous filtrate of the fungus with 1 mM
color changed from yellow to purple-lavender and pink in parallel with AuCl4. FTIR results affirmed that the fungus flavonoids and proteins
the nanoparticle's sizes and concentrations of exposed gold chloride. A were responsible for the bioreduction, capping and stabilization of the
decrease in particles sizes was observed with an increase in gold salt AuNPs. DLS, XRD and FESEM analyses determined the spherical shape
concentration. The nanoparticles were 8.7–15.6 nm in size and spherical and crystalline nature of the formed AuNPs within and a size of 60–80
in shape, as shown by TEM [123]. Vala et al. as well studied the green nm. The antioxidant potential of the AuNPs against DPPH radicals was
biosynthesis of AgNPs using a marine fungus (Aspergillus niger). Sepa also reported as well [127]. Researchers added an enzyme/protein (180
rately, 5 g of the fungus biomass was added to 100 mL of silver nitrate μg/mL) extracted from the fungus Trichoderma harzianum (originally
solution at various concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mM). After 72 h. of obtained from a wetland ecosystem, (in Gangwon-Do, South Korea) to
incubation, the color of the solution changed from colorless to pink, 15 mL of chitosan (CS) solution under magnetic stirring for 30 min and
generating an SPR band at 425 nm confirming the formation of silver found that this led to the development of CSNPs that absorbed UV light
nanoparticles. Additionally, TEM confirmed their spherical shape and at 280 nm. Particle-size analysis (PSA) indicated a range of 10–314 nm
size of 5–26 nm [124]. (mean 46 nm). The bactericidal and biocompatibility activities of these
Another species, Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus, has demonstrated particles were also investigated (Table 5) [128].
proficiency in the biogenic synthesis of silver NPs based on its possession
of various biomolecules, including alcohols, phenols, sulfur, amines, and
nitro compounds, that play an effective role in the biogeneration of 2.6. Marine yeasts
silver nanoparticles. On the basis of the XRD and TEM analyses, the
morphology of these particles showed a spherical shape with face- Marine yeasts are microorganisms that grow better in seawater than
centered cubic packing and a size of 1.4 ± 0.8 nm. The AgNPs pro in freshwater. Bernhard Fischer was the first to isolate yeast from the
duced were reported to be good candidates for the inhibition of certain Atlantic Ocean in 1894. Marine yeasts may be parasitic, mutualistic,
Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria e.g., B. subtilis, S. aureus, saprophytic, or commensal and may occupy a wide range of habitats,
P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and Salmonella spp. as well as having antioxidant including seaweeds, marine invertebrates, sea sediments, seawater,
potential toward DPPH free radicals [122]. vertebrates, and mangrove biomes [130]. Since marine yeasts exhibit a
With the aid of the marine fungus (Penicillium polonicum ARA 10) strong tendency to thrive under extreme conditions, they must demon
isolated from the marine green alga, Chetomorpha antennina, Neethu strate versatile potential for the synthesis of functional biomolecules,
Table 8
Metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using marine animals/derivatives and their applications.
Animals / extract type Mode of synthesis NPs Size (nm) Shape/nature Application References
Abalone viscera (snail)/ Extracellular/ polysaccharide-protein Se 23.74–138.87 Spherical/ Feed additive [145]
polysaccharide-protein complex amorphous Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
complex
Hippocampus spp. / Aqueous Extracellular/ proteins, essential amino Au 10 ± 2 Spherical Metal ion detection (Cu2+, [144]
acids, amine groups, carbonyl, and alkyl Cr3+, V4+, and UO22+)
groups Ag 20 ± 5 Spherical Metal ion detection (Cu2+,
Cr3+, V4+, and UO22+)
Nemopilema nomurai/ Extracellular Au 35.2 ± 8.7 Spherical, Cytotoxic [143]
Aqueous triangular/ cubic
HeLa cell line
IC50 = 0.076 mg/mL
NIH3T3 cell line

IC50 = 0.2679 mg/mL
Raw 264.7 cell line

IC50 = 6.6814 mg/mL
Anti-inflammatory
Penaeus semisulcatus/ Extracellular/ protein, amide and amine ZnO 20–50 Spherical/ At 10–60 mg/kg improve the [146]
haemocyanin groups crystalline endurance, feed intake, and
development of P. semisulcatus
1787
Table 9
Metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using sponges/derivatives and their applications.
Sponge / extract type Mode of synthesis NPs Size (nm) shape/nature Application References
Acanthella elongata/ Aqueous Extracellular/ alcohols, phenols, amide, Au 7–20 Spherical/ monodisperse, ND [148]
sulfide, halide and carbonyl groups crystal
Extracellular/ aliphatic amines Ag 15–34 Spherical polydispersed/ ND [149]
crystalline
Extracellular/ aliphatic amines Ag 15–34 polydispersed spherical Antifouling [30]
Amphimedon spp./ Extracellular/ alkaloids, acids, phenolic and Ag 8.22–14.30/ Spherical Antiviral [29]
Methanol–methylene aldehydes compounds 8.22–9.97 HCV
chloride/
Petroleum ether fraction Anti-NS3 helicase
IC50 = 1.52 ± 1.18 μg/mL
Anti- NS3 protease

IC50 = 9.76 ± 0.58 μg/mL
Anti-NS3 helicase
IC50 = 0.11 ± 0.62 μg/mL
Anti- NS3 Protease

IC50 = 2.38 ± 0.57 μg/mL
Haliclona exigua/ Aqueous Extracellular/ halide, amines, alcohol Ag 100–120 Flower Antibacterial [150]
Streptococcus mitis
Bacillus subtilis
At 10 μg gives inhibition
zone 9.6 mm
Staphylococcus salivarius
zone 9.3 mm
zone 8.8 mm
Streptococcus oralis
zone 8.3 mm
Antiproliferation
KB cell line
IC50 = 0.6 μg/mL
Fig. 2. Proposed antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles.
1788
including enzymes, proteins, bioactive constituents, fine chemicals and toward employing them in many nanobiotechnological applications
NPs with a wide range of applications in various fields encompassing [137,139].
food, chemicals, agriculture, biofuels, biomedicine and nanotechnology About 10 mL of an aqueous extract of a marine invertebrate poly
[131]. chaete called Marphysa moribidii was incorporated dropwise into 90 mL
Rhodosporidium diobovatum, a marine yeast was employed by of 1 mM AgNO3 solution. After 24 h. of incubation, the color of the
Seshadri et al. to intracellular synthesize stable semiconductor nano solution had been altered from pinkish to yellowish-brown, indicating
particles (lead sulfide NPs). UV spectra revealed a peak at 320 nm cor the generation of spherical AgNPs with an average size of 40 nm.
responding to PbSNPs, and their morphology (spherical cubic structure) Compared with crude extract (negative control; p < 0.05), the bio
and size (2–5) nm were determined via XRD and Energy Dispersive X- synthesized AgNPs have antibacterial activity against various types of
Ray Analysis (EDAX). EDAX elemental analysis also confirmed a 1:2 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria employing the disk diffusion
ratio of lead to sulfur, reflecting the fact that the PbSNPs were capped by method [140]. Another study utilized the same species to green fabricate
a sulfur-rich peptide. Importantly, during the intracellular synthesis, the gold nanoparticles. The procedure was carried out at room temperature
size of the PbSNPs was stable for more than six months, this being via mixing 5 mL of polychaete extract solution with 20 mL of gold (III)
attributed to the adaptive stress responses of yeasts, such as sequestra chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4.3H2O) 1 mM) in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask
tion by the small thiol tripeptide glutathione or phytochelatins upon under stirrer condition (150) rpm for 24 h. Following that, the color
exposure to oxidative stress and metals [132]. started to change from pale yellow to red-ruby and that indicates the
Yarrowia lipolytica (NCYC 789) is a psychrotrophic marine strain of reduction of Au3+ into AuNPs (Au+ and Au0) which constructed a SPR
ascomycetous yeast. Yeast cell suspensions and their extracted melanin band in the range of 520 to 560 nm at UV–Vis spectrophotometric
have been utilized for intracellular and extracellular silver nanoparticles photogram. Importantly, FTIR indicated the functional groups that
synthesis, respectively. The XRD pattern revealed the face-centered contribute to the gold salt bioreduction, capping and stabilization are
cubic structure of the silver particles indexed to (111), (200) and carbohydrates, proteins, and polypeptides, the major constituents of the
(220) (JCPDS Card No. 04–0784), and SEM images confirmed the polychaete [141].
accumulation of silver NPs on the surfaces of the cells where Ag+ ions Another marine polychaete collected from the sediments of Uppanar
were reduced to Ag0. FTIR results showed that enclosed phenolic, hy estuary, India was employed in the biofabrication of silver nano
droxyl and amino groups were responsible for the generation of NPs. As particles. In a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 10 mL of polychaete aqueous
confirmed by SEM and TEM analysis, the melanin mediated AgNPs were filtrate was combined with 90 mL of 1 mM silver nitrate solution to
spherical in shape, were of a monodispersed nature and were 15 nm in generate dark brown color solution indicating the production of gold
size. Additionally, they exerted 37% and 67% antibiofilm activities nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), SEM, EDS, XRD analysis
against S. paratyphi MTCC 735 after incubation for 24 and 48 h., display the spherical and triangular morphology of polydispersed AgNPs
respectively [133]. and their size ranged from 40 to 90 nm. FTIR confirmed the occurrence
Additionally, Pimprikar et al. conduct experimental research to of functional groups among them OH, N–O, C– – C, C–N, and C– – CH2
examine the ability of a various number of marine yeast (Yarrowia lip may have an effective role in the synthesis, capping and stabilization of
olytica NCIM 3589) cells to biomimetic AuNPs when incubated with AgNPs. The antimicrobial of resulted AgNPs had been evaluated against
different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 or 5.0 mM) of HAuCl4. five human pathogenic bacteria i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
The generation of gold NPs changed the color of the mixture to purple or coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio para
golden red whereas the size of the obtained AuNPs or nanoplates haemolyticus via zone inhibition ranging from 8 to 13 mm diameter
differed according to the variation in the number of yeast cells and (Table 7) [142].
concentration of gold salt. However, with the increasing yeast cell
numbers with a constant gold salt concentration, the size of nano
particles decreased to between 9 and 27 nm. The FTIR spectra also 2.8. Marine animals
affirmed the possible involvement of amide carboxyl and hydroxyl
groups on the surface of the cells during NPs synthesis [134]. Marine animals also have been shown feasible for the green fabri
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, another marine yeast was utilized by Sal cation of nanoparticles. For example, Nemopilema nomurai, a giant jel
unke et al. to biogenerate manganese dioxide nanoparticles. The color of lyfish isolated from the Eastern South Sea of Korea is capable of reducing
the mixture changed from purple to yellow confirmed the synthesis of the gold ions through mixing 1 mL of jellyfish extract at concentration
MnO2NPs which exhibited an absorption peak at 365 nm in the 0.14% to 0.6% with 1 mL of gold (III) chloride trihydrate solution
UV–visible spectrophotometry. Further, the FTIR spectrum confirmed concentrated at 0.5 mM to 4 mM to generate JF-AuNPs of 35.2 nm with
the potential secondary metabolites of the yeast, among them proteins spherical and triangular shapes. The cytotoxic (blocking AKT and ERK
and alcoholic compounds to play an effective role in the bioreduction of
KMnO4 to MnO2NPs. TEM analysis indicates the presence of uniformly
dispersed hexagonal- and spherical-shaped MnO2 particles with an
average size of 34.4 nm (Table 6) [135].
2.7. Marine invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are a large group of diverse marine organisms

that exist in ocean surface to the ocean floor and into the substrate. They
represent 65% of the total living marine organisms. Regarding marine
invertebrates morphogenic, maybe simple like soft sac-like animal
Cnidaria or complicated such tunicates, the relative genus to vertebrate
[136,137]. Recently, it was found that around new 709 marine natural
products have been identified; 307 of them back to the marine in
vertebrates and their symbiotic microorganisms [138]. The biological
diversity of marine invertebrates and their constituents; collagen, phe
nols, peptides, protein, sterols, glycosides, gangliosides, quinones, ter
penoids, macrolides, prostanoids and hydrocarbon derivatives direct us Fig. 3. Proposed mechanism of anticancer and drug delivery of nanoparticles.
1789
activation) and anti-inflammatory (inhibitory effect on iNOS induction) HAuCl4 (10− 3 M) aqueous solution. Due to the mixed color adjusted to
activities of the nanoparticles had been evaluated against different cell pinkish ruby red and the occurrence of a UV peak at 526 nm, the pro
lines, among them HeLa, NIH3T3 and Raw 264.7 cell lines [143]. duction of gold NPs has been confirmed. TEM and XRD also assessed the
Seahorse (Hippocampus spp.), a dry marine animal organism, is used monodispersed and spherical shapes of the prepared AuNPs with size
for eco-friendly biosynthesis of both gold and silver nanoparticles. The ranges from 7 to 20 nm. FTIR suggested the amino groups responsible for
amino acids, the major chemical composition of seahorse organisms, the biosynthesis and capping of the prepared gold NPs (Table 9) [148].
were found to be responsible for silver and gold nanoparticles biosyn Similarly, Inbakandan et al. used the same species of the sponge for
thesis using an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (30 mL, 10− 4 M) and biofabrication of silver nanoparticles by incubation 10 mL of sponge
chloroauric acid (30 mL, 10− 4 M) respectively under sunlight condi aqueous extract with 100 mL silver nitrate aqueous extract for 2 h. under
tions. UV − vis spectra affirmed the occurrence of the surface plasmon stirring condition, subsequently, the color changed to yellowish-brown,
resonance peaks for gold and silver NPs at 450 and 520 nm, respectively. producing a plasmon band at a UV–visible spectrum of 426 nm. With the
TEM and SEM analysis suggest that the particles are spherical in shape help of the TEM image, the silver NPs illustrated as polydispersed
within the size of 20 ± 5 nm for AgNPs and 10 ± 2 nm for AuNPs. Very spherical shapes with variable diameters ranging from 15 nm to 34 nm
importantly, the generated particles have the ability to detect toxic [149].
metal ions among them (Cu2+, Cr3+, V4+, and UO22+) [144]. Inbakandan et al. also investigated the ultrasonic-assisted green
On the other hand, Ren et al. could use a polysaccharide-protein synthesis of silver nanoparticles employed a marine sponge, Haliclona
complex isolated from Abalone viscera, a marine organism for biosyn exigua. The bioengineered nanoparticles exhibited a flower-like shape
thesis and capping selenium nanoparticles. Formation of intermolecular within the size of 100–120 nm. The amine groups of the sponge chemical
hydrogen and covalent bonds between Se with O and Se with N, composition played a role in biosynthesis and capping of AgNPs. The in
allowing the SeNPs to be firmly sealed and capped with the glucosides vitro anticancer and antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles against
and peptides of the polysaccharides-protein complex, resulting in wide of microbes and cancer cells had been evaluated as well [150].
excellent dispersion stability in water without any discernible precipi
tation even after 1 year of storage at 4 ◦ C. PSP-SeNPs, also have an 3. Applications of marine organisms mediated nanoparticles
excellent growth-promoting impact on tilapia, whereas PSP-SeNPs
supplemented diets of 0.5–4.5 mg/kg for 45 days could increase 3.1. Antimicrobial activities
average final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific
growth rate (SGR) compared to the control (P < 0.05) [145]. Microbial infections are considered one of the most severe sources of
Furthermore, haemocyanin is a natural protein isolated from Penaeus chronic diseases and cause several mortalities worldwide. For a long
semisulcatu, a green tiger prawn, using a Sephadex G-100 gel filtration time, antibiotics have long been the preferred therapy for microbial
column. Nowadays, haemocyanin is employed for the green fabrication infections owing to their effective treatment and low cost, but excessive
of ZnO via applying 5 mL of haemocyanin to 50 mL zinc acetate in usage of the antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant
distilled water (d.H2O) (2 Mm) with stirring for 2 h. resulting in the microbial strains [151]. Since multidrug-resistant microbes have
biogeneration of white fine particles. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) become a serious global health threat, there is an urgent need for novel
spectrum determined the surface plasmon peak of the synthesized and effective strategies for microbial diseases therapy [152]. Conse
ZnONPs at 350 nm, crystalline nature of ZnONPs reported via XRD quently, various nanosystems including biogenic/green metallic nano
analysis. FTIR as well demonstrated the proteins are responsible for the particles (NPs) i.e., silver, gold, copper, zinc, and iron oxide, etc. with
connection between ZnO and haemocyanin. Finally, SEM and TEM antimicrobial properties have been extensively studied against multi
confirmed the spherical shape and 10–50 nm size of the synthesized NPs. drug resistance microorganisms separately and/or in synergy modules
Notably, these particles at 0–60 mg/kg increase the immunity, feed with the current/conventional antibiotics [153,154].
intake and antioxidant activities of shrimps (Table 8) [146]. On the other hand, several studies indicate that silver has proven to
be an effective antimicrobial agent as either ionic or colloidal particles.
2.9. Marine sponges The silver ions are very highly effective as they can bind with protein
tissues and that leads to distortion of the bacterial cell wall and nuclear
Marine sponges are a large phylum within the animal Kingdom of the membrane. They can also bind to DNA and RNA via denaturation,
genus Suberea (family: Aplysinellidae), characterized as prolific factories causing bacterial replication inhibition to end with the death of the
for the development of bioactive natural products. This class of com bacterial cells (Fig. 2) [65]. To date, several studies have been conducted
pounds show very structural diversity, ranging from basic monomeric on the green fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antimi
molecules to more complicated molecular scaffolds and displaying a crobial characteristics using marine organisms. For instance., metallic
myriad of biological, pharmacological and nanotechnology potential AgNPs were green synthesized using extracellular extract of marine
ities [147]. Very recently, Shady et al. conducted a research to discuss mangrove (R. mucronate) in combination with antifungal drugs
the role of Amphimedon sp., a marine sponge for green synthesis of silver including fluconazole and itraconazole showed high antifungal activity
NPs. The sponge was collected from the Red Sea, Sharm El-Shaikh (increase in inhibition zone and fold area) against human fungal path
Governorate, Egypt. After the free drying of the sample, 6 g was ogens among them C. albicans (MTCC- 8123) (12:26 mm; 3.69%),
extracted with methanol–methylene chloride as a crude extract, then A. fumigatus (MTCC-9657) (16:20 mm; 0.56%), A. flavus (MTCC-277)
fractioned between water and petroleum ether, yielding a petroleum (13:14 mm; 0.15%) and C. neoformans (MTCC-1346) (13:14 mm; 0.15%)
ether fraction. The crude extract and petroleum ether fraction were compared to the antifungal drugs individually using disk diffusion assay
subsequently used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The size, as listed in Table 1 [33]. Moreover, Red Sea sponge (Amphimedon sp.)
morphology, nature and metabolite profiling of the resultant particles facilitated green routed AgNPs have also been reported to have antiviral
had been characterized using TEM, UV and FTIR. FTIR is used to affirm potential against Hepatitis C virus (HCV); the total methanol–methylene
the metabolites, among them alkaloids, acids, phenolic and aldehyde chloride extract and petroleum ether fraction of the sponge show inhi
compounds, that contribute for silver nanoparticles generation, stabili bition activity against NS3 helicase and protease at IC50 of 1.52 ± 1.18,
zation and capping. Additionally, these particles have antiviral activity 9.76 ± 0.58, 0.11 ± 0.62, and 2.38 ± 0.57 μg/mL (Table 2) [29].
against HCV virus via inhibition of NS3 helicase and NS3 protease [29]. Additionally, AgNPs biosynthesized from seagrass aqueous extract;
Acanthella elongate, another vital sponge utilized by Inbakandan et al. Syringodium isoetifolium display antibacterial activity toward various
to biosynthesize gold nanoparticles. The gold NPs were prepared by kinds of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including S. mutans,
adding 10 mL of an aqueous solution for the sponge extract to 100 mL of E. faecalis, B. subtilis, L. lactis, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa,
1790
S. typhi, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes, P. putida, and V. cholerae therapy nor diagnosis approach for cancer diseases has been approved
within inhibition zones of 14.3, 13.4, 11.2, 12.4, 12.0, 12.5, 12, 0, 11.5, [155,156]. Recent advances in the nanotechnology field, including NPs
0, 0, 0, and 13.5 mm respectively, at a concentration of 0.24 nM [36]. fabrication and engineering, have led to the development of new ther
Furthermore, the AgNPs that were formed by the mixing of green marine apeutic and diagnostic approaches called nanotheranostics. Recently,
macroalgae Enteromorpha intestinalis aqueous extract with an aqueous cancer nanotheranostics plays a key role in the management of cancer
solution of silver nitrate, the resulted AgNPs were found to have anti diseases i.e., drug delivery (Fig. 3), drug-release monitoring, imaging-
bacterial properties against S. aureus, S. typhi, V. cholera, E. coli, guided focal therapy, post-treatment response monitoring, patient
C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei bacteria within an MIC value of stratification and tumor characterization [157].
(12.5–25.0 μg/mL) using the microbroth dilution method [61]. Marine organisms show great potential in the green fabrication of
Stable AgNPs synthesized through bioreduction of silver nitrate NPs with anticancer activities. For instance, the cytotoxic potential of
using marine microalgae T. erythraeum as well show antibacterial po AuNPs from giant jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai) was evaluated against
tential against drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria including E. coli NIH-3T3, Raw 264.7 and HeLa cells employed the MTS assay. The IC50
(AmikacinR), S. aureus (TetracyclineR) and S. pneumoniae (PenicillinR). values for the three stated cells are 0.2679, 6.6814 and 0.076 mg/mL
The AgNPs at 100 μg/mL show inhibition zones of 10.6 ± 0.65, 15.2 ± respectively. The proliferative activity was owned to the suppression of
0.33, and 18.5 ± 0.74 mm [41]. As well, the inhibition zones of AKT and ERK proteins activation [143]. Moreover, marine sponge
multidrug-resistant bacteria namely, E. coli and B. cereus caused by (Haliclona exigua) mediated flower-like silver nanocolloids have cyto
marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica mediated AgNPs were toxic activity against human oral cancer within an IC50 of 0.6 μg/mL
determined to be 22 mm against E. coli and 20 mm against B. cereus using MTT assay. The increase in cytotoxicity at very low concentrations
using the disc-diffusion method, while standard drugs including cefax reveals the possibility of greater intracellular uptake of silver nano
one and tetracycline display inhibition zones of 19 and 18 mm, colloids (positively charged surface) due to the non-specific interaction
respectively. Notably, it was found that the synergistic effect of with the negatively charged cell membranes, facilitating the spread of
cefaxone-conjugated AgNPs resulted in an inhibition zone with a the drug through the cell membrane [150].
diameter of 26 mm, which is comparable to the effect of tetracycline- Streptomyces atrovirens (a marine bacterium) mediated AgNPs shown
conjugated-AgNPs (24 mm) on B. cereus bacterium [91]. to have in vitro cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer cells
Studies on the antibacterial effect of the marine bacterium Strepto using MTT assay. Various concentrations of AgNPs from 2 to 50 μg were
myces sp. mediated AgNPs have revealed their inhibitory effects on drug- added to MCF-7 cell lines for 24, 48 and 72 h and NPs at a dose of 44.51
resistant clinical pathogens including E. coli, A. baumannii, Pseudomons μg were found effective for 24 h [118]. Additionally, according to
aeroginosa, P. mirabilis, E. faecium, S. aureus and multidrug-resistant Hamed et al. green AgNPs synthesized using two strains of marine ac
namely, S. aureus within MIC of 7.81–62.5 μg/mL (Table 4) [115]. In tinomycetes sp., Streptomyces sp. 192ANMG and Streptomyces sp.
general, AgNPs are characterized by distinctive properties i.e., smaller 17ANMG had been reported as cytotoxic agents against hepatocellular
particle sizes, diverse shapes, high chemical stability and good con carcinoma cancerous cells at concentrations of 40.2 and 25.2 μg/mL,
ductivity, which could have increased the membrane permeability. respectively [98]. Similarly, the in vitro cytotoxicity potential of marine
AgNPs can also interfere with the sulfur-containing biomolecules in Escherichia coli VM1bacterium mediated AgNPs toward human lung,
bacterial cell membranes or can strike the genome and respiratory chain cervical and normal (Vero) cell lines was evaluated at various concen
and ultimately resulting in the death of bacterial cells. trations (25–125 μg/mL). The highest cells growth inhibition was
On the other hand, gold NPs also have antimicrobial properties recorded against the lung, cervical and Vero cell lines and accounted for
owing to their biocompatibility, intrinsic physicochemical, good scat (85.36%, 80.54%, and 54.34%, respectively) at a concentration of 125
tering and absorption properties, oxidation resistance and chemical μg/mL [105]. In another study, Bacillus sp. KFU36 (a marine bacterium)
inertness. Using the Kirby–Bauer method, Pei et al. reported that the synthesized AgNPs were assessed for their anticancer abilities against
antibacterial inhibition zones of the marine baitworm Marphysa mor breast cancer cell line using MTT assay. Results showed that AgNPs
ibidii idris biosynthesized AuNPs on E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus and treated MCF-7 cells decreased the cell viability by 15% at 50 μg/mL via
S. epidermidis have been reported to be 20 ± 0.6, 15 ± 0.6, 18 ± 0.9 and induction of apoptotic mechanism [104].
18 ± 0.9 mm, respectively [141]. Moreover, the antibacterial action of The cytotoxic action of biomimic AgNPs using a marine cyanobac
biosynthesized AuNPs, AgNPs, and AgClNPs employed marine bacterial terium, namely Oscillatoria limnetica green synthesis, was enquired
exopolymers had been assessed toward Gram-positive (Staphylococcus against both human breast and human colon cancer cell lines. The silver
aureus) and Gram- negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa), as well as fungi (Candida albicans) using the broth dilution
micro-method and it was found that MIC and MBC values of 11.25–45
μg/mL were obtained [17]. Through another investigation, stable and
colloidal AuNPs synthesized from novel marine alga called Ecklonia cava
displayed excellent antimicrobial capacity against E. coli, B. subtilis,
P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, A. niger, A. brasiliensis, A. fumigates and
C. albicans (Table 2) [59].
Besides Ag and AuNPs, Marine organisms could eco-friendly syn
thesis also cobalt oxide, zinc oxide, zirconia and chitosan nanoparticles
utilizing extracts of marine red alga, brown alga (S. myriocystum), brown
alga (S. wightii), marine fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) respectively, the
synthesized NPs display antimicrobial efficacy toward wide numbers of
bacteria and fungus among them S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli,
P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, A. niger, S. mutans, M. luteus, S. typhi, S. sonnei,
and P. aeruginosa (Tables 2, 5) [53,72,78,79,128].
3.2. Cancer therapy and drug delivery
Cancer is a major public health problem and the second leading Fig. 4. Proposed mechanisms for degradation and reduction of dyes utilizing
cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. So far, neither an effective silver NPs.
1791
nano-sized flecks cytotoxicity was investigated at various concentrations addition to their magnetic semiconducting properties, which make
(3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μg/mL) but IC50 was recorded at cellular uptake fast. Such fast cellular uptake is an effective pathway for
6.147 μg/mL against MCF-7 and 5.369 μg/mL for HCT-116 cells [91]. cancer therapy. In this context, Co3O4NPs could be synthesized utilizing
Furthermore, bio-extracted AgNPs with marine seaweed Turbinaria marine red algae extract. These particles display anticancer activities
ornate demonstrated an effective cytotoxic campaign over the cells of against liver cancer with an IC50 41.4 μg/mL. They generate ROS, which
retinoblastoma Y79 using MTT assay with an IC50 value of 10.5 μg/mL induces cellular oxidative stress, causing DNA damage and cell death. In
[83]. Carrageenan oligosaccharide polymer of marine red is a potential other words, the small NPs could easily penetrate the cell membrane and
bioreduction agent for the green synthesis of AuNPs. Carrageenan and subsequently destroy the cell barrier and its functionality [72]. Ali et al.
carrageenan mediated AuNPs show anti-proliferative potential against tested the cytotoxic activity of Ruthenium-NPs (RuNPs) mediated Dic
various cancerous cell lines, among them colon, breast and umbilical tyota dichotoma marine algae against Hela cells. The dose-dependent
vein endothelial cells using SRB assay. The IC50 for the carrageenan and cytotoxic effect of RuNPs was reported on HeLa cells after incubation
carrageenan mediated AuNPs were recorded as 49.9 ± 1.6 μg/mL and with these particles with an IC50 value 1.56 μg/mL [58].
34.4 ± 1.7 μg/mL against colon cell line meanwhile recorded as 164.2 ± Taken together, the synthesized NPs have been documented as good
1.8 μg/mL and 129.2 ± 1.7 μg/mL against breast cell lines [71]. anticancer and cytotoxic agents owing to their ability to produce free
For the first time, a marine bacterium called Streptomyces sp. was radicals (reactive oxygen species). The increment and accumulation of
used for the biosynthesis of novel fucoidanase. The fucoidanase was then ROS cause oxidative stress, resulting in partial or permanent damage of
used for the green fabrication of AuNPs. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity protein integrity and functionality, which causes cellular damage,
of fucoidanase-AuNPs toward HeLa cells at different concentrations leading to the death of cancer cells (Fig. 3). Meanwhile, other studies
(50–500 μg/mL) was evaluated for 24 and 48 h. using MTT assay. AuNPs have shown that AgNPs can control the DNA-dependent kinase function,
could produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), induce DNA damage and which involves repairing damaged DNA [91].
apoptosis in cancer cells with an IC50 of 350 μg/mL at 24 h. and 250 μg/
mL at 48 h. [101]. In another study, fucoidanase-AuNPs could be uti
lized for doxorubicin drug delivery. A specific amount of doxorubicin 3.3. Antioxidants
was employed for AuNPs dispersion, resulting in a fixed doxorubicin
concentration of 10− 4 M in solution. It was found that the doxorubicin Antioxidants could be defined as substances that inhibit the oxida
drug release in an acidic medium (pH, 4.5) was greater than in a natural tion of the natural compounds by neutralizing the free radicals or
medium (pH 7.4). Fucoidanase, fucoidanase-AuNPs, doxorubicin, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cells [158]. In this
doxorubicin-fucoidanase-AuNPs were evaluated for the first time context, nanomaterials, including NPs are one of the most pioneering
against human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and displayed IC50 35, frontiers in the field of biomedical sciences i.e., antioxidants. For
30, 15, and 5 μg/mL in 24 h. respectively. DOX-Fu AuNPs could also be example, NPs of organic materials and polymers (melanin, lignin),
used as photoacoustic imaging agents as well [26]. metallic oxides (cerium oxide, Co3O4) and metals (silver, gold, plat
Cobalt oxide (Co3O4NPs) NPs, other metallic nanoparticles, have inum) display inherent bio-redox effects [159].
also attracted attention in the field of nanobiotechnology owing to their Recently, the antioxidant action of bio-extracted marine red algae
strong electrical potential, super capacitance, ecological nature in mediated cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) was evaluated
using1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay.
Fig. 5. Applications of marine organisms mediated nanoparticles.
1792
Different concentrations of Co3O4NPs ranging from (1–200 μg/mL) were C. serrulate intervened combination of stable AgNPs can be employed to
applied to 170 μL of DPPH solution in the dark conditions. After 25 min bioremediate Congo red (CR) dye in the presence of NaBH4. Briefly, 3
of incubation, the solution was analyzed using a spectrophotometer to mL of NaBH4 solution (1.74 mM) was well-mixed with CR aqueous so
determine the radical scavenger activity and the absorbance peak was lution (0.067 mM) and a fixed volume of AgNPs to give a total volume of
recorded at 517 nm. The minimum radical DPPH scavenging (37.0%) 10 mL. The color of the azo dye didn't change in the presence of only
was recorded at 62.5 mg/mL, while the maximum one (78.1%) was NaBH4, but after applying the silver nanoparticles to the reaction me
recorded at 500 mg/mL. In this study, Co3O4NPs are interfered to be dium, the color of the dye started to disappear within 5 min [42].
electron donors agent, interacting with free radicals to render them into Padina tetrastromatica, a marine macroalga was utilized by Princy
more stable conditions [72]. Furthermore, selenium nanoparticles and Gopinath et al. 2018, 2019 to green fabricate AuNPs. The bio
(SeNPs) were biosynthesized by a new marine bacterium Bacillus sp. synthesized AuNPs were investigated as a catalyst for the biodegrada
MSh-1, investigated for DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power tion of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to the beneficial 4-aminophenol (AP) and
assay for the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. It was reported that at a con organic dyes i.e., eosin yellow and CR to a colorless solution in the ex
centration of 200 μg/mL, SeNPs exhibited 23.1 ± 3.4% DPPH scav istence of NaBH4. Regarding to 4-NP, firstly, 0.3 mL of 2 mM 4-NP and 1
enging activity [102]. mL of freshly prepared NaBH4 solutions (0.03 M) were mixed, then 100
Similarly, marine seaweed Acanthophora spicifera mediated gold μL of biogenic AuNPs (1 mg/mL) were added to the mixed solution. The
nanoparticles were tested on DPPH and nitric oxide (NO2) free radicals. absorption peaks were recorded at a regular interval using a UV spec
Regarding DPPH, 1 mL of (seaweed extracted-AuNPs) was incubated trophotometer. Within 4 min, the AuNPs completely degrade 4-NP to 4-
with 1 mL of DPPH (0.1 mM) for 30 min, while in the case of NO2, 10 AP, as confirmed by the bleaching of yellow color and disappearance of
mM of the sodium nitroprusside solution was mixed with different the absorption peak at 400 nm corresponding to 4-NP and appearance of
concentrations (100–500 μg/mL) of AuNPs at 25 ◦ C for 150 min. The a new peak at 300 nm corresponding to 4-AP. While regarding CR and
absorbance peaks were observed at 546 nm and 540 nm for DPPH and eosin yellow, complete degradation was totally accomplished after 4
NO2 respectively. At 500 μg/mL, the AuNPs show the highest DPPH and min and 6 min, respectively (Table 2) [69,70].
NO2 radicals inhibition activity of 62.8% and 59.2% respectively while Through another study, Ramakrishna et al. discussed the role of
in the case of the seaweed crude extract, the highest DPPH and NO2 AgNPs mediated by two marine algae; T. conoides and S. tenerrimum in
radicals recorded of 42.2% and 39.8% scavenging activity [50]. biocatalysis and degradation of nitro compounds (4-NP and p-nitroani
Additionally, AuNPs synthesized using marine alga (Gelidiella acer line), and organic dye molecules (Rhodamine B and Sulforhodamine) in
osa), were investigated for in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH and the presence of NaBH4 (Table 2) [49]. The 4-NP dye could also be bio
ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) radical scavenging assays. In the degraded using a marine aquatic plant; Ulva armoricana mediated
experiment, 1 mL of 0.1 mM DPPH solution was incubated with 2 mL of AuNPs, whereas the biosynthesized AuNPs have the potential to reduce
AuNPs at different concentrations (1–5 μg/mL) for 30 min. and for the 4-NP to 4-AP with the help of NaBH4 at a constant degradation rate of
FRAP assay, 500 μL of different concentrations of AuNPs (1–5 μg/mL) 1.49 × 10− 4 s− 1 [84]. Taken together, during the reduction process,
reacted with 4 mL of ferric chloride hexahydrate solution for 30 min. NaBH4 acts as electrons donors (BH4− ) while the dyes serve as electron
The IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging activity is 2.9 ± 0.01 μg/mL receptors and the NPs used as an adsorption surface for the reactant
while for FRAP is 3.1 ± 0.01 μg/mL [28]. (dyes plus NaBH4). Thus, the nanoparticles proposed to play a key role in
On the other hand, the antioxidant potential of exopolysaccharide the electron transfer process from NaBH4 (negative charges) to the dyes
polymer of the marine bacterium (Streptomyces violaceus) mediated and accordingly, promote the reduction by reducing the activation en
AgNPs has been assessed on DPPH, H2O2 and N2O2 free radicals scav ergy of the reaction and hence acting as efficient catalyst agents (Fig. 4).
enging assays. At 50 μg/mL, the highest antioxidant activity was On the other hand, the extracellular polymer of a marine bacterium
recorded for DPPH (89.5%), H2O2 (72.5%) and N2O2 (60.1%) [100]. In (Pseudomonas aeruginosa JP-11) mediated CdSNPs could be employed to
another study, the antioxidant potential of the marine microalgae Tri remove the cadmium pollutants from aqueous solutions. Briefly, 50 mg
chodesmium erythraeum mediated silver has also been reported as 77.01 of the polymer pristine, functionalized polymer and NPs incorporated
± 0.17% in DPPH, 67.5 ± 0.22% in deoxy-ribose, 52.77 ± 0.42% in 2,2′ - polymers were individually dispersed with the desired concentration of
azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 88.12 ± aqueous cadmium salt aqueous solution (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) at an
0.26% in nitric oxide radical scavenging assays at a concentration of optimum pH and adequate temperature. After 24 h. and 48 h. of incu
500 μg/mL [41]. The antioxidant potential of AgNPs fabricated by bation, the mixtures were centrifuged to get the metal-ion (Cd2+).
Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus, a marine fungus has also been reported Thereafter, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was employed to
using DPPH method [122]. Finally, the antioxidant activities of the determine the concentration of cadmium metal ions using the flame
fungal enzyme of Trichoderma harzianum mediated chitosan were eval ionization method. The percentage of cadmium removed by the pristine
uated, 28.27 ± 5.6% to 60.61 ± 5.8%, 35.21 ± 5.2% to 75.21 ± 2.5%, polymer, functionalized polymer and CdSNPs incorporated functional
37.41 ± 5.3% to 78.3 ± 5.6%, and 33.15 ± 8.5% to 64.18 ± 4.5% were ized polymer were recorded to be 57.41%, 61.88%, 77.07%, and
reported for total antioxidant assay, DPPH radical scavenging, total 80.81%, 86.46%, 88.66%, respectively at 24 h. and 48 h. [113].
reducing power and H2O2 radical scavenging assays respectively [128].
3.5. Sensors
3.4. Bioremediation (biocatalytic)
Heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel
Bioremediation is a natural biotechnology process that uses living (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) are among the most dangerous hazardous ma
organisms to degrade toxic waste, and recover the contaminated envi terials which cause severe health issues such as cancer, kidney and liver
ronments, among them soil and water [160]. Nowadays, nanotech diseases [161]. The fast advancement of the nanotechnology field offers
nology serves as a brilliant procedure to get off, remove and recycle the the significant motivation of the sensor's performance based on its
contamination caused by various industrial wastes [22]. In this context, sensitivity, efficiency, stability, limit of detection, selectivity, and
Edison et al. conducted an experiment using an aqueous extract of ma reproducibility [162]. In this scenario, a new colorimetric sensor for
rine alga Caulerpa racemose as a reducing agent for AgNPs green syn bisphenol-A detection in the aqueous mediums has been assessed uti
thesis. The biosynthesized AgNPs were observed to be an effective lizing a marine brown alga (Sargassum boveanum) mediated AgCl-NPs.
reactant for degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye after 30 min of Briefly, 4 mL of AgCl-NPs was mixed with 0.5 mL of bisphenol-A solu
incubation. AgNPs able to fully degrade the methylene blue dye in the tions in deionized or tap water. Subsequently, the color of the solution
presence of NaBH4 as a catalyst [43]. In a similar study, the marine alga started to alter from yellow to purple. 99% bisphenol-A recovery could
1793
be observed with the tap water and the detection limit of the colori the synthesis of NPs. Polysaccharides have hydroxyl (OH) groups; a
metric sensor is 45 nM [75]. Furthermore, in amperometric measure hemiacetal reducing end and other functional groups that can play a
ments, marine alga, Sargassum bovinum mediated palladium significant role in the biosynthesis and stabilization of NPs [103].
nanoparticles (PdNPs) were used to detect hydrogen peroxide whereas Moreover, it is assumed that proteins can be utilized as reducing, sta
PdNPs with modified carbon ionic liquid electrode were used as a sensor bilization and capping agents. Proteins can combine with nanoparticles
for detecting H2O2 (5.0 μM–15.0 mM) at a sensitivity of 284.35 via their free amine groups or cysteine residues, forming a protein
mAmM− 1 cm− 2 and a detection limit of 1.0 μM [76]. covering around AgNPs to prevent agglomeration and thereby stabilize
Similarly, mercury metal could be sensitized by employing green the medium [91].
synthesized silver‑silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag@AgCl-NPs) using
an aqueous extract of marine green alga (Chaetomorpha sp). The detec 5. Conclusion
tion limit of the colorimetric sensor for Ag@AgCl-NPs reported as 4.19
nM. Therefore, the NPs could be potential sensors for detecting mercury Despite the fact that 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by the
in the water [27]. Moreover, various ions, among them Cu2+, Cr3+, V4+, oceans, only a limited number of marine species and/or their metabo
and UO22+ could be detected by green synthesized Ag and Au-NPs using lites have been discovered to date. Accordingly, only a few marine
the bone powder aqueous extract of a dry marine organism (seahorse) products have been inspected for their potential in the green synthesis of
[144]. metallic and nonmetallic NPs. This review has highlighted the potential
for eco-friendly NP synthesis using marine organism extracts/polymers,
4. Discussion for example, fucoidan, the naturally sulfated polysaccharide that is
produced by some aquatic species, among them Fucus vesiculosus
Besides marine organisms, there are other potential sources of seaweed. Fucoidan has been used in the synthesis of AuNPs, which are
products capable of being utilized for the green synthesis of nano involved in DOX drug delivery. In addition, three other exopolymers
structures (including NPs) such as terrestrial plants, microorganisms (EPS B3-15, EPS T14 and the poly-γ-glutamic acid γ-PGA-APA) isolated
(fungi and bacteria), and insects (bees and wasps). However, given that from Bacillus licheniformis, serve as good bioreducing agents in the
the oceans cover almost 70% of the Earth's surface, marine organisms biosynthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles that exhibit potent antimicro
constitute an extremely broad choice. Furthermore, marine organisms bial activity. Besides carbohydrates polymers, various proteins from
often survive in extreme circumstances, and this confers upon them the extracts of marine organisms also exhibit good potential for NPs syn
ability to produce various chemical constituents that are significantly thesis. It has been suggested that the amino groups of amino acids are
different in characteristics from those of their terrestrial counterparts. responsible for bioreduction and that the carboxylate groups serve as
The literature survey has shown that the noble metals silver and gold capping and stabilizing agents. Furthermore, species of the soft coral
are currently most utilized in the biosynthesis of NPs by marine organ Nephthea are proven promising for biogenic production of AgNPs that
isms. Algae and bacteria are the most commonly employed aquatic exhibit potent anti-inflammatory (anti-COX-2) characteristics. Finally,
species, exhibiting a good capacity for NP production via eco-friendly although further detailed investigations are required to address the most
biofabrication (Fig. 5). Properties found most prevalently in NPs pro common challenges of nanoparticle and nanocluster fabrication, it is
duced by marine organisms include antibacterial, anticancer, cytotoxic, clear that the marine products play a great role in providing a platform
antioxidant, antifungal, and catalytic properties. for improving various aspects of nanotechnology.
For example, fucoidan and fucoidanase, naturally sulfated poly
saccharides isolated from some algae and seaweeds i.e. F. vesiculosus and Acknowledgment
S. myriocystum and marine bacterium (Streptomyces spp.). To the best of
our knowledge, these polysaccharides have not yet been reported from This study made use of the NMR Uppsala infrastructure, which is
terrestrial plants. These compounds are employed in the biosynthesis of funded by the Department of Chemistry - BMC and the Disciplinary
metallic NPs, where the hydroxyl groups of the algal polysaccharides are Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy.
assumed to be involved in the bioreduction of the metals. Notably, NPs
produced using these two compounds show anticancer, antimicrobial,
Declaration of competing interest
and DOX drug delivery activities.
The antimicrobial action of NPs could be explained by various
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
mechanisms. The death of microbial cells may be due to the interaction
between the NPs and the cell membrane, increasing the permeability of
References
the cell wall. NPs may adhere to the sulfur groups of enzymes, resulting
in the inhibition of many cellular enzymes, especially those involved in [1] S. Bayda, M. Adeel, T. Tuccinardi, M. Cordani, F. Rizzolio, The history of
the respiratory chain, leading to protein denaturation. After cell pene nanoscience and nanotechnology: from chemical-physical applications to
tration, the NPs may stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species nanomedicine, Molecules 25 (2020) 112, https://doi.org/10.3390/
molecules25010112.
(ROS) that attack the nucleus and DNA, altering cell signaling pathways [2] D.V. Shtansky, K.L. Firestein, D.V. Golberg, Fabrication and application of BN
and resulting in microbial cell death [42,72]. It is suggested that AgNPs nanoparticles, nanosheets and their nanohybrids, Nanoscale 10 (2018)
show higher antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria than 17477–17493, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR05027A.
[3] P.N. Navya, H.K. Daima, Rational engineering of physicochemical properties of
Gram-positive bacteria because the walls of the latter are composed of a nanomaterials for biomedical applications with nanotoxicological perspectives,
thick layer of peptidoglycans that form a rigid structure that resists the Nano Converg. 3 (2016) 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-016-0064-z.
penetration of AgNPs [36]. [4] B. Das Kurmi, P. Patel, R. Paliwal, S.R. Paliwal, Molecular approaches for
targeted drug delivery towards cancer: a concise review with respect to
Metallic NPs show potential anticancer and cytotoxic activities nanotechnology, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 57 (2020), 101682, https://doi.org/
through variable mechanisms. For example, Co3O4 and AgNPs have 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101682.
anticancer potential because they can generate ROS that induces cellular [5] M. Barani, M. Mukhtar, A. Rahdar, S. Sargazi, S. Pandey, M. Kang, Recent
advances in nanotechnology-based diagnosis and treatments of human
oxidative stress and cause breakdown of DNA, protein damage, and cell
osteosarcoma, Biosensors. 11 (2021) 55, https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11020055.
death [72,91]. Furthermore, NPs can cause disruption of the mito [6] H. Devalapally, A. Chakilam, M.M. Amiji, Role of nanotechnology in
chondrial respiratory chain, leading to the production of ROS and pharmaceutical product development, J. Pharm. Sci. 96 (2007) 2547–2565,
interruption of ATP synthesis, resulting in DNA damage [105]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20875.
[7] L. Farzin, M. Shamsipur, L. Samandari, S. Sheibani, HIV biosensors for early
Finally, proteins and polysaccharides are considered the organic diagnosis of infection: the intertwine of nanotechnology with sensing strategies,
components of marine organisms that most often play an effective role in Talanta 206 (2020), 120201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120201.
1794
[8] N.C. Seeman, DNA engineering and its application to nanotechnology, Trends marine biofilm forming bacteria, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111 (2013)
Biotechnol. 17 (1999) 437–443, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(99) 636–643, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.06.048.
01360-8. [31] R.K.F. Unsworth, L.J. McKenzie, C.J. Collier, L.C. Cullen-Unsworth, C.M. Duarte,
[9] L. Mu, R.L. Sprando, Application of nanotechnology in cosmetics, Pharm. Res. 27 J.S. Eklöf, J.C. Jarvis, B.L. Jones, L.M. Nordlund, Global challenges for seagrass
(2010) 1746–1749, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0139-1. conservation, Ambio 48 (2019) 801–815, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-
[10] Z. Tang, X. Zhang, Y. Shu, M. Guo, H. Zhang, W. Tao, Insights from 1115-y.
nanotechnology in COVID-19 treatment, Nano Today 36 (2021), 101019, https:// [32] L. Delgado-Roche, K. González, F. Mesta, B. Couder, Z. Tavarez, R. Zavala,
doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101019. I. Hernandez, G. Garrido, I. Rodeiro, W.Vanden Berghe, Polyphenolic fraction
[11] C. Weiss, M. Carriere, L. Fusco, I. Capua, J.A. Regla-Nava, M. Pasquali, J.A. Scott, obtained from Thalassia testudinum marine plant and thalassiolin B exert
F. Vitale, M.A. Unal, C. Mattevi, D. Bedognetti, A. Merkoçi, E. Tasciotti, cytotoxic effects in colorectal cancer Cells and arrest tumor progression in a
A. Yilmazer, Y. Gogotsi, F. Stellacci, L.G. Delogu, Toward nanotechnology- xenograft mouse model, Front. Pharmacol. 11 (2020) 1939. https://www.fronti
enabled approaches against the COVID-19 pandemic, ACS Nano 14 (2020) ersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2020.592985.
6383–6406, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03697. [33] M. Singh, M. Kumar, R. Kalaivani, S. Manikandan, A.K. Kumaraguru, Metallic
[12] M. Shafiq, S. Anjum, C. Hano, I. Anjum, B.H. Abbasi, An overview of the silver nanoparticle: a therapeutic agent in combination with antifungal drug
applications of nanomaterials and nanodevices in the food industry, Foods 9 against human fungal pathogen, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 36 (2013) 407–415,
(2020) 148, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-012-0797-y.
[13] X. He, H. Deng, H. Hwang, The current application of nanotechnology in food and [34] P. Palaniappan, G. Sathishkumar, R. Sankar, Fabrication of nano-silver particles
agriculture, J. Food Drug Anal. 27 (2019) 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. using Cymodocea serrulata and its cytotoxicity effect against human lung cancer
jfda.2018.12.002. A549 cells line, spectrochimActa Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 138 (2015)
[14] Z. Abdin, M.A. Alim, R. Saidur, M.R. Islam, W. Rashmi, S. Mekhilef, A. Wadi, 885–890, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.072.
Solar energy harvesting with the application of nanotechnology, Renew. Sustain. [35] H.Y. El-Kassas, M.G. Ghobrial, Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using three
Energy Rev. 26 (2013) 837–852, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.023. marine plant species: anti-algal efficiencies against “Oscillatoria simplicissima”,
[15] R.K. Ibrahim, M. Hayyan, M.A. AlSaadi, A. Hayyan, S. Ibrahim, Environmental Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (2017) 7837–7849, https://doi.org/10.1007/
application of nanotechnology: air, soil, and water, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 s11356-017-8362-5.
(2016) 13754–13788, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6457-z. [36] N.K. Ahila, V.S. Ramkumar, S. Prakash, B. Manikandan, J. Ravindran, P.
[16] Y.N. Shkryl, G.N. Veremeichik, D.G. Kamenev, T.Y. Gorpenchenko, Y.A. Yugay, D. K. Dhanalakshmi, E. Kannapiran, Synthesis of stable nanosilver particles (AgNPs)
V. Mashtalyar, A.V. Nepomnyaschiy, T.V. Avramenko, A.A. Karabtsov, V. by the proteins of seagrass Syringodium isoetifolium and its biomedicinal
V. Ivanov, V.P. Bulgakov, S.V. Gnedenkov, Y.N. Kulchin, Y.N. Zhuravlev, Green properties, Biomed. Pharmacother. 84 (2016) 60–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using transgenic Nicotiana tabacum callus biopha.2016.09.004.
culture expressing silicatein gene from marine sponge Latrunculia oparinae, Artif. [37] E.-S. Biris-Dorhoi, D. Michiu, C.R. Pop, A.M. Rotar, M. Tofana, O.L. Pop, S.
Cells Nanomedicine Biotechnol. 46 (2018) 1646–1658, https://doi.org/10.1080/ A. Socaci, A.C. Farcas, Macroalgae—a sustainable source of chemical compounds
21691401.2017.1388248. with biological activities, Nutrients 12 (2020) 3085, https://doi.org/10.3390/
[17] A. Scala, A. Piperno, A. Hada, S. Astilean, A. Vulpoi, G. Ginestra, A. Marino, nu12103085.
A. Nostro, V. Zammuto, C. Gugliandolo, Marine bacterial exopolymers-mediated [38] M.A. Yaakob, R.M. Mohamed, A. Al-Gheethi, R. Aswathnarayana Gokare, R.
green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties, R. Ambati, Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on microalgal growth, biomass,
Polymers (Basel) 11 (2019) 1157, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071157. lipid, and fatty acid production: an overview, Cells 10 (2021) 393, https://doi.
[18] A. Bollinger, S. Thies, N. Katzke, K.-E. Jaeger, The biotechnological potential of org/10.3390/cells10020393.
marine bacteria in the novel lineage of Pseudomonas pertucinogena, Microb. [39] M. Jönsson, L. Allahgholi, R.R.R. Sardari, G.O. Hreggviðsson, E. Nordberg
Biotechnol. 13 (2020) 19–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13288. Karlsson, Extraction and modification of macroalgal polysaccharides for current
[19] H.I. Althagbi, W.M. Alarif, K.O. Al-Footy, A. Abdel-lateff, Marine-derived and next-generation applications, Molecules 25 (2020) 930, https://doi.org/
macrocyclic alkaloids (MDMAs): chemical and biological diversity, Mar. Drugs 18 10.3390/molecules25040930.
(2020) 368, https://doi.org/10.3390/md18070368. [40] B. Yılmaz Öztürk, B. Yenice Gürsu, İ. Dağ, Antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities
[20] C. Alves, J. Silva, S. Pinteus, H. Gaspar, M.C. Alpoim, L.M. Botana, R. Pedrosa, of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using marine red algae Gelidium
From marine origin to therapeutics: the antitumor potential of marine algae- corneum, Process Biochem. 89 (2020) 208–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
derived compounds, Front. Pharmacol. 9 (2018) 777. https://www.frontiersin. procbio.2019.10.027.
org/article/10.3389/fphar.2018.00777. [41] R.S. Sathishkumar, A. Sundaramanickam, R. Srinath, T. Ramesh, K. Saranya,
[21] V.Sri Ramkumar, P. Santhiyagu, R. Ramasamy, P. Arivalagan, G. Kumar, M. Meena, P. Surya, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by bloom forming
K. Ethiraj, B.R. Ramaswamy, Seaweeds: a resource for marine marine microalgae Trichodesmium erythraeum and its applications in
bionanotechnology, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 95 (2016) 45–57, https://doi.org/ antioxidant, drug-resistant bacteria, and cytotoxicity activity, J. Saudi Chem. Soc.
10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.06.009, doi:10.1002/ep. 23 (2019) 1180–1191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2019.07.008.
[22] S. AlNadhari, N.M. Al-Enazi, F. Alshehrei, F. Ameen, A review on biogenic [42] E.F. Aboelfetoh, R.A. El-Shenody, M.M. Ghobara, Eco-friendly synthesis of silver
synthesis of metal nanoparticles using marine algae and its applications, Environ. nanoparticles using green algae (Caulerpa serrulata): reaction optimization,
Res. 194 (2021), 110672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110672. catalytic and antibacterial activities, Environ. Monit. Assess. 189 (2017) 349,
[23] S.A.M. Khalifa, N. Elias, M.A. Farag, L. Chen, A. Saeed, M.-E.F. Hegazy, M. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6033-0.
S. Moustafa, A. Abd El-Wahed, S.M. Al-Mousawi, S.G. Musharraf, F.-R. Chang, [43] T.N.J.I. Edison, R. Atchudan, C. Kamal, Y.R. Lee, Caulerpa racemosa : a marine
A. Iwasaki, K. Suenaga, M. Alajlani, U. Göransson, H.R. El-Seedi, Marine natural green alga for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its catalytic
products: a source of novel anticancer drugs, Mar. Drugs 17 (2019) 491, https:// degradation of methylene blue, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 39 (2016) 1401–1408,
doi.org/10.3390/md17090491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1616-7.
[24] H.R. El-Seedi, R.M. El-Shabasy, S.A.M. Khalifa, A. Saeed, A. Shah, R. Shah, F. [44] T. Kathiraven, A. Sundaramanickam, N. Shanmugam, T. Balasubramanian, Green
J. Iftikhar, M.M. Abdel-Daim, A. Omri, N.H. Hajrahand, J.S.M. Sabir, X. Zou, M. synthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine algae Caulerpa racemosa and their
F. Halabi, W. Sarhan, W. Guo, Metal nanoparticles fabricated by green chemistry antibacterial activity against some human pathogens, Appl. Nanosci. 5 (2015)
using natural extracts: biosynthesis, mechanisms, and applications, RSC Adv. 9 499–504, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0341-2.
(2019) 24539–24559, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02225b. [45] V. Venkatpurwar, V. Pokharkar, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using
[25] V. Pawar, A.R. Kumar, S. Zinjarde, S. Gosavi, Bioinspired inimitable cadmium marine polysaccharide: study of in-vitro antibacterial activity, Mater. Lett. 65
telluride quantum dots for bioimaging purposes, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13 (2011) 999–1002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.12.057.
(2013) 3826–3831, https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7215. [46] H.M. El-Rafie, M.H. El-Rafie, M.K. Zahran, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles
[26] P. Manivasagan, S. Bharathiraja, N.Q. Bui, B. Jang, Y.O. Oh, I.G. Lim, J. Oh, using polysaccharides extracted from marine macro algae, Carbohydr. Polym. 96
Doxorubicin-loaded fucoidan capped gold nanoparticles for drug delivery and (2013) 403–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.071.
photoacoustic imaging, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 91 (2016) 578–588, https://doi. [47] M. Shakibaie, H. Forootanfar, K. Mollazadeh-moghaddam, Z. Bagherzadeh,
org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.007. N. Nafissi-varcheh, A.R. Shahverdi, M.A. Faramarzi, Green synthesis of gold
[27] S. Karimi, T. Samimi, Green and simple synthesis route of Ag@AgCl nanomaterial nanoparticles by the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica, Biotechnol. Appl.
using green marine crude extract and its application for sensitive and selective Biochem. 75 (2010) 71–75, https://doi.org/10.1042/BA20100196.
determination of mercury, Spectrochim.Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 222 [48] M. Singh, R. Kalaivani, S. Manikandan, N. Sangeetha, A.K. Kumaraguru, Facile
(2019), 117216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117216. green synthesis of variable metallic gold nanoparticle using Padina gymnospora,
[28] P. Senthilkumar, L. Surendran, B. Sudhagar, D.S.Ranjith Santhosh Kumar, Facile a brown marine macroalga, Appl. Nanosci. 3 (2013) 145–151, https://doi.org/
green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from marine algae Gelidiella acerosa and 10.1007/s13204-012-0115-7.
evaluation of its biological potential, SN Appl. Sci. 1 (2019) 284, https://doi.org/ [49] M. Ramakrishna, D.R. Babu, R.M. Gengan, S. Chandra, G.N. Rao, Green synthesis
10.1007/s42452-019-0284-z. of gold nanoparticles using marine algae and evaluation of their catalytic activity,
[29] N.H. Shady, A.R. Khattab, S. Ahmed, M. Liu, R.J. Quinn, M.A. Fouad, M.S. Kamel, J. Nanostruct. Chem. 6 (2016) 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-015-0173-
A. Bin Muhsinah, M. Krischke, M.J. Mueller, U.R. Abdelmohsen, Hepatitis c virus y.
ns3 protease and helicase inhibitors from red sea sponge (Amphimedon) species [50] B. Babu, S. Palanisamy, M. Vinosha, R. Anjali, P. Kumar, B. Pandi, M. Tabarsa,
in green synthesized silver nanoparticles assisted by in silico modeling and S. You, N.M. Prabhu, Bioengineered gold nanoparticles from marine seaweed
metabolic profiling, Int. J. Nanomedicine 15 (2020) 3377–3389, https://doi.org/ Acanthophora spicifera for pharmaceutical uses : antioxidant, antibacterial, and
10.2147/IJN.S233766. anticancer activities, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 43 (2020) 2231–2242, https://doi.
[30] D. Inbakandan, C. Kumar, L.S. Abraham, R. Kirubagaran, R. Venkatesan, S. org/10.1007/s00449-020-02408-3.
A. Khan, Silver nanoparticles with anti microfouling effect: a study against
1795
[51] S. Azizi, M.B. Ahmad, F. Namvar, R. Mohamad, Green biosynthesis and J. Nanostruct. Chem. 8 (2018) 333–342, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-
characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using brown marine macroalga 0277-2.
Sargassum muticum aqueous extract, Mater. Lett. 116 (2014) 275–277, https:// [71] X. Chen, X. Zhao, Y. Gao, J. Yin, M. Bai, F. Wang, Green synthesis of gold
doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.11.038. nanoparticles using carrageenan oligosaccharide and their in vitro antitumor
[52] M. Ye, B. Shi, Zirconia nanoparticles-induced toxic effects in osteoblast-like 3T3- activity, Mar. Drugs 16 (2018) 277, https://doi.org/10.3390/md16080277.
E1 cells, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13 (2018) 353, https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671- [72] J.S. Ajarem, S.N. Maodaa, A.A. Allam, M.M. Taher, M. Khalaf, Benign synthesis of
018-2747-3. cobalt oxide nanoparticles containing red algae extract: antioxidant,
[53] M. Kumaresan, K. Vijai Anand, K. Govindaraju, S. Tamilselvan, V. Ganesh Kumar, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anticoagulant activity, J. Clust. Sci. 9 (2021),
Seaweed Sargassum wightii mediated preparation of zirconia (ZrO2) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-021-02004-9.
nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram [73] M. Khoshnamvand, S. Ashtiani, J. Liu, Acute toxicity of gold nanoparticles
negative bacteria, Microb. Pathog. 124 (2018) 311–315, https://doi.org/ synthesized from macroalga Saccharina japonica towards Daphnia magna,
10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.060. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27 (2020) 22120–22126, https://doi.org/10.1007/
[54] B. Sreelakshmi, S. Induja, P.P. Adarsh, H.L. Rahul, S.M. Arya, S. Aswana, s11356-020-08770-9.
R. Haripriya, B.R. Aswathy, P.K. Manoj, D. Vishnudasan, Drought stress [74] S. Mashjoor, M. Yousefzadi, H. Zolgharnein, E. Kamrani, M. Alishahi, Phyco-
amelioration in plants using green synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles, Mater. linked vs chemogenic magnetite nanoparticles: route selectivity in nano-
Today Proc. 41 (2020) 723–727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.801. synthesis, antibacterial and acute zooplanktonic responses, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 102
[55] R.R.R. Kannan, R. Arumugam, D. Ramya, K. Manivannan, P. Anantharaman, (2019) 324–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.049.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine macroalga Chaetomorpha [75] S. Khalililaghab, S. Momeni, M. Farrokhnia, I. Nabipour, S. Karimi, Development
linum, Appl. Nanosci. 3 (2013) 229–233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-012- of a new colorimetric assay for detection of bisphenol-A in aqueous media using
0125-5. green synthesized silver chloride nanoparticles: experimental and theoretical
[56] K. Murugan, C. Panneerselvam, J. Subramaniam, P. Madhiyazhagan, J.-S. Hwang, study, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409 (2017) 2847–2858, https://doi.org/10.1007/
L. Wang, D. Dinesh, U. Suresh, M. Roni, A. Higuchi, M. Nicoletti, G. Benelli, Eco- s00216-017-0230-0.
friendly drugs from the marine environment: spongeweed-synthesized silver [76] S. Momeni, I. Nabipour, A simple green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles with
nanoparticles are highly effective on plasmodium falciparum and its vector sargassum alga and their electrocatalytic activities towards hydrogen peroxide,
Anopheles stephensi, with little non-target effects on predatory copepods, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 176 (2015) 1937–1949, https://doi.org/10.1007/
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (2016) 16671–16685, https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12010-015-1690-3.
s11356-016-6832-9. [77] F. Namvar, S. Azizi, M.B. Ahmad, K. Shameli, R. Mohamad, M. Mahdavi, P.
[57] R.A. Hamouda, M. Abd El-Mongy, K.F. Eid, Comparative study between two red M. Tahir, Green synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using the
algae for biosynthesis silver nanoparticles capping by SDS: insights of marine macroalgae Sargassum muticum, Res. Chem. Intermed. 41 (2015)
characterization and antibacterial activity, Microb. Pathog. 129 (2019) 224–232, 5723–5730, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-014-1696-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.016. [78] S. Nagarajan, K.A. Kuppusamy, Extracellular synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle
[58] M.Y.S. Ali, V. Anuradha, R. Abishek, N. Yogananth, H. Sheeba, In vitro anticancer using seaweeds of gulf of Mannar, India, J. Nanobiotechnol. 11 (2013) 39,
activity of green synthesis ruthenium nanoparticle from Dictyota dichotoma https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-11-39.
marine algae, Nano World J. 3 (2017) 66–71, https://doi.org/10.17756/ [79] R. Ishwarya, B. Vaseeharan, S. Subbaiah, A.K. Nazar, M. Govindarajan, N.
nwj.2017-049. S. Alharbi, S. Kadaikunnan, J.M. Khaled, M.N. Al-anbr, Sargassum wightii-
[59] J. Venkatesan, P. Manivasagan, S.-K. Kim, A.V. Kirthi, S. Marimuthu, A. synthesized ZnO nanoparticles – from antibacterial and insecticidal activity to
A. Rahuman, Marine algae-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a novel immunostimulatory effects on the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus,
Ecklonia cava, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 37 (2014) 1591–1597, https://doi.org/ J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 183 (2018) 318–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
10.1007/s00449-014-1131-7. jphotobiol.2018.04.049.
[60] J. Angel Colin, I.E. Pech-Pech, M. Oviedo, S.A. Águila, J.M. Romo-Herrera, O. [80] K. Govindaraju, V. Kiruthiga, V.G. Kumar, G. Singaravelu, Extracellular synthesis
E. Contreras, Gold nanoparticles synthesis assisted by marine algae extract: of silver nanoparticles by a marine alga, Sargassum wightii grevilli and their
biomolecules shells from a green chemistry approach, Chem. Phys. Lett. 708 antibacterial effects, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9 (2009) 5497–5501, https://doi.
(2018) 210–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.08.022. org/10.1166/jnn.2009.1199.
[61] B. Raju, A. Muniyasamy, S.G. Prakash, A.S. Sundararaj, U. Kesavachandran, [81] G. Singaravelu, J.S. Arockiamary, V.G. Kumar, K. Govindaraju, A novel
Phycosynthesis of nanostructured silver using enteromorpha intestinalis and extracellular synthesis of monodisperse gold nanoparticles using marine alga,
evaluation of its inhibitory effect on human bacterial and fungal pathogens, Sargassum wightii Greville 57 (2007) 97–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
J. Clust. Sci. 28 (2017) 1739–1748, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-017-1166- colsurfb.2007.01.010.
4. [82] S. Rajeshkumar, C. Malarkodi, M. Vanaja, G. Gnanajobitha, K. Paulkumar,
[62] S. Vijayakumar, B. Vaseeharan, B. Malaikozhundan, N. Gobi, S. Ravichandran, C. Kannan, G. Annadurai, Antibacterial activity of algae mediated synthesis of
S. Karthi, B.A. Kumar, N. Sivakumar, A novel antimicrobial therapy for the gold nanoparticles from Turbinaria conoides, Pharm. Chem. 5 (2013) 224–229.
control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in aquaculture using marine [83] R.R. Remya, S.R.R. Rajasree, L. Aranganathan, T.Y. Suman, S. Gayathri, Enhanced
polysaccharide coated gold nanoparticle, Microb. Pathog. 110 (2017) 140–151, cytotoxic activity of AgNPs on retinoblastoma Y79 cell lines synthesised using
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.029. marine seaweed Turbinaria ornata, IET Nanobiotechnol. 11 (2017) 18–23,
[63] S. Murugesan, M. Elumalai, R. Dhamotharan, Green synthesis of silver nano https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0042.
particles from marine alga Gracilaria edulis, Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Commun. 4 [84] O.C. Mukhoro, W.D. Roos, M. Jaffer, J.J. Bolton, M.J. Stillman, D.R. Beukes,
(2011) 105–110. E. Antunes, Very green photosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by a living aquatic
[64] C. Chellapandian, B. Ramkumar, P. Puja, R. Shanmuganathan, A. Pugazhendhi, plant: photoreduction of AuIII by the seaweed Ulva armoricana, Chem. Eur. J. 24
P. Kumar, Gold nanoparticles using red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa: green (2018) 1657–1666, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201704448.
synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility studies, Process Biochem. 80 [85] D.S. Lakshmi, N. Trivedi, C.R.K. Reddy, Synthesis and characterization of
(2019) 58–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.02.009. seaweed cellulose derived carboxymethyl cellulose, Carbohydr. Polym. 157
[65] A. Pugazhendhi, D. Prabakar, J.M. Jacob, I. Karuppusamy, R.G. Saratale, (2017) 1604–1610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.042.
Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Gelidium amansii and [86] S. Singh, P. Nigam, A. Pednekar, S. Mukherjee, A. Mishra, Carbon quantum dots
its antimicrobial property against various pathogenic bacteria, Microb. Pathog. functionalized agarose gel matrix for in solution detection of nonylphenol,
114 (2018) 41–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.013. Environ. Technol. 41 (2018) 322–328, https://doi.org/10.1080/
[66] S. Jeyarani, N.M. Vinita, P. Puja, S. Senthamilselvi, U. Devan, A.J. Velangani, 09593330.2018.1498133.
M. Biruntha, A. Pugazhendhi, P. Kumar, Biomimetic gold nanoparticles for its [87] K. Sahayaraj, S. Rajesh, J.A.M. Rathi, V. Kumar, Green preparation of seaweed-
cytotoxicity and biocompatibility evidenced by fluorescence-based assays in based silver nano-liquid for cotton pathogenic fungi management, IET
cancer (MDA-MB-231) and non-cancerous (HEK-293) cells, J. Photochem. Nanobiotechnol. 13 (2019) 219–225, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-
Photobiol. B Biol. 202 (2020), 111715, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. nbt.2018.5007.
jphotobiol.2019.111715. [88] S.A.A. Shah, N. Akhter, B.N. Auckloo, I. Khan, Y. Lu, K. Wang, B. Wu, Y.-W. Guo,
[67] M. Roni, K. Murugan, C. Panneerselvam, J. Subramaniam, M. Nicoletti, Structural diversity, biological properties and applications of natural products
P. Madhiyazhagan, D. Dinesh, U. Suresh, H.F. Khater, H. Wei, A. Canale, A. from cyanobacteria. A review, Mar. Drugs 15 (2017) 354, https://doi.org/
A. Alarfaj, M.A. Munusamy, A. Higuchi, G. Benelli, Characterization and 10.3390/md15110354.
biotoxicity of Hypnea musciformis-synthesized silver nanoparticles as potential [89] L.T. Tan, M.Y. Phyo, Marine cyanobacteria: a source of lead compounds and their
eco-friendly control tool against Aedes aegypti and Plutella xylostella, Ecotoxicol. clinically-relevant molecular targets, Molecules 25 (2020) 2197, https://doi.org/
Environ. Saf. 121 (2015) 31–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.005. 10.3390/molecules25092197.
[68] H.H. Omar, F.S. Bahabri, A.M. El-gendy, Biopotential application of synthesis [90] A.K. Bishoy, C.R. Sahoo, A.P. Sahoo, S. Rabindra, R.N. Padhy, Bio-synthesis of
nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents by using Laurencia papillosa, Int. J. silver nanoparticles with the brackish water blue - green alga Oscillatoria
Pharmacol. 13 (2017) 303–312, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2017.303.312. princeps and antibacterial assessment, Appl. Nanosci. 11 (2021) 389–398,
[69] K.F. Princy, A. Gopinath, Spectroscopic investigation on the catalytic efficacy of https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01593-7.
biofabricated gold nanoparticles using marine macroalgae, Mater. Today Proc. 9 [91] R.A. Hamouda, M.H. Hussein, R.A. Abo-elmagd, S.S. Bawazir, Synthesis and
(2019) 38–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.02.034. biological characterization of silver nanoparticles derived from the
[70] K.F. Princy, A. Gopinath, Optimization of physicochemical parameters in the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica, Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) 13071, https://doi.org/
biofabrication of gold nanoparticles using marine macroalgae Padina 10.1038/s41598-019-49444-y.
tetrastromatica and its catalytic efficacy in the degradation of organic dyes, [92] C.R. Sahoo, S. Maharana, C.P. Mandhata, A.K. Bishoyi, S.K. Paidesetty, R.
N. Padhy, Biogenic silver nanoparticle synthesis with cyanobacterium
1796
Chroococcus minutus isolated from Baliharachandi sea-mouth, Odisha, and in cadmium from aqueous solution, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 462 (2016) 166–175,
vitro antibacterial activity, SaudiJ. Biol. Sci. 27 (2020) 1580–1586, https://doi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.10.004.
org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.03.020. [114] V. Prabhawathi, P.M. Sivakumar, M. Doble, Green synthesis of protein stabilized
[93] B. Andryukov, V. Mikhailov, N. Besednova, The biotechnological potential of silver nanoparticles using Pseudomonas fluorescens, a marine bacterium, and its
secondary metabolites from marine bacteria, J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 7 (2019) 176, biomedical applications when coated on polycaprolactam, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060176. 51 (2012) 5230–5239, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie2029392.
[94] P. Stincone, A. Brandelli, Marine bacteria as source of antimicrobial compounds, [115] N.A. Al-Dhabi, A.K.M. Ghilan, M.V. Arasu, V. Duraipandiyan, Green biosynthesis
Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 40 (2020) 306–319, https://doi.org/10.1080/ of silver nanoparticles produced from marine Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-89 and
07388551.2019.1710457. their potential applications against wound infection and drug resistant clinical
[95] N. Sharma, A.K. Pinnaka, M. Raje, A. Fnu, M.S. Bhattacharyya, A.R. Choudhury, pathogens, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 189 (2018) 176–184, https://doi.
Exploitation of marine bacteria for production of gold nanoparticles, Microb. Cell org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.012.
Factories 11 (2012) 86, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-11-86. [116] P. Manivasagan, J. Venkatesan, K.H. Kang, K. Sivakumar, S.J. Park, S.K. Kim,
[96] P. Selvakumar, S. Viveka, S. Prakash, S. Jasminebeaula, R. Uloganathan, Production of α-amylase for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using
Antimicrobial activity of extracellularly synthesized silver nanoparticles from Streptomyces sp. MBRC-82, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 72 (2015) 71–78, https://doi.
marine derived Streptomyces rochei, Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 3 (2012) 188–197. org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.045.
[97] H.M. Abd-Elnaby, G.M. Abo-Elala, U.M. Abdel-Raouf, M.M. Hamed, Antibacterial [117] L. Karthik, G. Kumar, T. Keswani, A. Bhattacharyya, B.P. Reddy, K.V.B. Rao,
and anticancer activity of extracellular synthesized silver nanoparticles from Marine actinobacterial mediated gold nanoparticles synthesis and their
marine Streptomyces rochei MHM13, Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 42 (2016) 301–312, antimalarial activity, Nanomedicine nanotechnologyBiol. Med. 9 (2013)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.05.004. 951–960, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2013.02.002.
[98] A.A. Hamed, H. Kabary, M. Khedr, A.N. Emam, Antibiofilm, antimicrobial and [118] R. Subbaiya, M. Saravanan, A.R. Priya, K.R. Shankar, M. Selvam, M. Ovais,
cytotoxic activity of extracellular green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by two R. Balajee, H. Barabadi, Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from
marine-derived actinomycete, RSC Adv. 10 (2020) 10361–10367, https://doi. Streptomyces atrovirens and their potential anticancer activity against human
org/10.1039/C9RA11021F. breast cancer cells, IET Nanobiotechnol. 11 (2017) 965–972.
[99] M. Thenmozhi, K. Kannabiran, R. Kumar, V. Gopiesh Khanna, Antifungal activity [119] L. Balabanova, L. Slepchenko, O. Son, L. Tekutyeva, Biotechnology potential of
of Streptomyces sp. VITSTK7 and its synthesized Ag2O/Ag nanoparticles against marine fungi degrading plant and algae polymeric substrates, Front. Microbiol. 9
medically important Aspergillus pathogens, J. Mycol. Med. 23 (2013) 97–103, (2018) 1527. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01527.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.04.005. [120] B.T. Hassett, E.J. Borrego, T.R. Vonnahme, T. Rämä, M.V. Kolomiets,
[100] P. Sivasankar, P. Seedevi, S. Poongodi, M. Sivakumar, T. Murugan, L. Sivakumar, R. Gradinger, Arctic marine fungi: biomass, functional genes, and putative
K. Sivakumar, T. Balasubramanian, Characterization, antimicrobial and ecological roles, ISME J. 13 (2019) 1484–1496, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-
antioxidant property of exopolysaccharide mediated silver nanoparticles 019-0368-1.
synthesized by Streptomyces violaceus MM72, Carbohydr. Polym. 181 (2018) [121] S.K. Deshmukh, V. Prakash, N. Ranjan, Marine fungi: a source of potential
752–759, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.082. anticancer compounds, Front. Microbiol. 8 (2018) 2536. https://www.frontiersin.
[101] P. Manivasagan, J. Oh, Production of a novel fucoidanase for the green synthesis org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02536.
of gold nanoparticles by Streptomyces sp. and its cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells, [122] H. Mistry, R. Thakor, C. Patil, J. Trivedi, H. Bariya, Biogenically proficient
Mar. Drugs 13 (2015) 6818–6837, https://doi.org/10.3390/md13116818. synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles employing marine procured
[102] H. Forootanfar, M. Adeli-Sardou, M. Nikkhoo, M. Mehrabani, B. Amir-Heidari, A. fungi Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus along with their antibacterial and
R. Shahverdi, M. Shakibaie, Antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of biologically antioxidative potency, Biotechnol. Lett. 43 (2021) 307–316, https://doi.org/
synthesized selenium nanoparticles in comparison to selenium dioxide, J. Trace 10.1007/s10529-020-03008-7.
Elem. Med. Biol. 28 (2014) 75–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.07.005. [123] A.K. Vala, Exploration on green synthesis of gold nanoparticles by a marine-
[103] G. Sathiyanarayanan, G.S. Kiran, J. Selvin, Colloids and surfaces B : biointerfaces derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 34 (2015)
synthesis of silver nanoparticles by polysaccharide bioflocculant produced from 194–197, doi:10.1002/ep.
marine Bacillus subtilis MSBN17, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 102 (2013) 13–20, [124] A.K. Vala, B. Chudasama, R.J. Patel, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.032. marine-derived fungus Aspergillus niger, MicroNano Lett. 7 (2012) 859–862,
[104] M.A. Almalki, A.Y.Z. Khalifa, Silver nanoparticles synthesis from Bacillus sp https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0403.
KFU36 and its anticancer effect in breast cancer MCF-7 cells via induction of [125] S. Neethu, S.J. Midhun, M.A. Sunil, S. Soumya, E.K. Radhakrishnan, M. Jyothis,
apoptotic mechanism, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 204 (2020), 111786, Efficient visible light induced synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Penicillium
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111786. polonicum ARA 10 isolated from Chetomorpha antennina and its antibacterial
[105] V. Maharani, A. Sundaramanickam, T. Balasubramanian, In vitro anticancer efficacy against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, J. Photochem.
activity of silver nanoparticle synthesized by Escherichia coli VM1 isolated from Photobiol. B Biol. 180 (2018) 175–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marine sediments of Ennore southeast coast of India, Enzym. Microb. Technol. 95 jphotobiol.2018.02.005.
(2016) 146–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.09.008. [126] S. Neethu, S.J. Midhun, E.K. Radhakrishnan, M. Jyothis, Green synthesized silver
[106] M. Oves, H.A. Qari, N.M. Felemban, M.Z. Khan, Z.A. Rehan, I.M.I. Ismail, nanoparticles by marine endophytic fungus Penicillium polonicum and its
Marinobacter lipolyticus from Red Sea for lipase production and modulation of antibacterial efficacy against biofilm forming, multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter
silver nanomaterials for anti-candidal activities, IET Nanobiotechnol. 11 (2017) baumanii, Microb. Pathog. 116 (2018) 263–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
403–410, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0104. micpath.2018.01.033.
[107] M.S. John, J.A. Nagoth, K.P. Ramasamy, P. Ballarini, M. Mozzicafreddo, [127] H.M. Manjunath, C.G. Joshi, N.G. Raju, Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles using
A. Mancini, A. Telatin, P. Liò, G. Giuli, A. Natalello, C. Miceli, S. Pucciarelli, marine endophytic fungus - Penicillium citrinum, IET Nanobiotechnol. 11 (2017)
Horizontal gene transfer and silver nanoparticles production in a new 40–44, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0065.
Marinomonas strain isolated from the Antarctic psychrophilic ciliate Euplotes [128] K. Saravanakumar, R. Chelliah, D. MubarakAli, E. Jeevithan, D.-H. Oh,
focardii, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 10218, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66878- K. Kathiresan, M.-H. Wang, Fungal enzyme-mediated synthesis of chitosan
x. nanoparticles and its biocompatibility, antioxidant and bactericidal properties,
[108] P. Manivasagan, J. Venkatesan, K. Senthilkumar, K. Sivakumar, S.-K. Kim, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 118 (2018) 1542–1549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Biosynthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles using a ijbiomac.2018.06.198.
novel Nocardiopsis sp.MBRC-1 2013 (2013), 287638, https://doi.org/10.1155/ [129] K. Kathiresan, S. Manivannan, M.A. Nabeel, B. Dhivya, Studies on silver
2013/287638. nanoparticles synthesized by a marine fungus,Penicillium fellutanum isolated
[109] S. Dhanaraj, S. Thirunavukkarasu, H. Allen John, S. Pandian, S.H. Salmen, from coastal mangrove sediment 71 (2009) 133–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
A. Chinnathambi, S.A. Alharbi, Novel marine nocardiopsis dassonvillei-DS013 colsurfb.2009.01.016.
mediated silver nanoparticles characterization and its bactericidal potential [130] C. Kaewkrajay, T. Chanmethakul, S. Limtong, Assessment of diversity of
against clinical isolates, saudi, J. Biol. Sci. 27 (2020) 991–995, https://doi.org/ culturable marine yeasts associated with corals and zoanthids in the Gulf of
10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.003. Thailand,South China Sea 8 (2020) 474, https://doi.org/10.3390/
[110] M.S. John, J.A. Nagoth, K.P. Ramasamy, A. Mancini, G. Giuli, A. Natalello, microorganisms8040474.
P. Ballarini, C. Miceli, S. Pucciarelli, Synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles by [131] Z. Chi, G.-L. Liu, Y. Lu, H. Jiang, Z.-M. Chi, Bio-products produced by marine
a Pseudomonas strain associated with the Antarctic psychrophilic protozoon yeasts and their potential applications, Bioresour. Technol. 202 (2016) 244–252,
Euplotes focardii, Mar. Drugs 18 (2020) 38, https://doi.org/10.3390/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.039.
md18010038. [132] S. Seshadri, K. Saranya, M. Kowshik, Green synthesis of lead sulfide nanoparticles
[111] S.W.M. Hassan, H.H. Abd El-latif, Characterization and applications of the by the lead resistant marine yeast, Rhodosporidium diobovatum, Biotechnol.
biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by marine Pseudomonas sp. H64, J. Pure Prog. 27 (2011) 1464–1469, https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.651.
Appl. Microbiol. 12 (2018) 1289–1299, https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.12.3.31. [133] M. Apte, D. Sambre, S. Gaikawad, S. Joshi, A. Bankar, A.R. Kumar, S. Zinjarde,
[112] V. Ramalingam, R. Rajaram, C. Premkumar, P. Santhanam, P. Dhinesh, Psychrotrophic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica NCYC 789 mediates the synthesis of
S. Vinothkumar, K. Kaleshkumar, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from deep antimicrobial silver nanoparticles via cell-associated melanin, AMB Express 3
sea bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa JQ989348 for antimicrobial, antibiofilm, (2013) 32, https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-0855-3-32.
and cytotoxic activity, J. Basic Microbiol. 54 (2014) 928–936, https://doi.org/ [134] P.S. Pimprikar, S.S. Joshi, A.R. Kumar, S.S. Zinjarde, S.K. Kulkarni, Influence of
10.1002/jobm.201300514. biomass and gold salt concentration on nanoparticle synthesis by the tropical
[113] R. Raj, K. Dalei, J. Chakraborty, S. Das, Extracellular polymeric substances of a marine yeast Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3589, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 74
marine bacterium mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles for removal of (2009) 309–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.040.
1797
[135] B.K. Salunke, S.S. Sawant, S.-I. Lee, B.S. Kim, Comparative study of MnO2 and biological activities of marine sponges of the genus suberea: a systematic
nanoparticle synthesis by marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans and yeast review, Mar. Drugs 17 (2019) 115, https://doi.org/10.3390/md17020115.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99 (2015) 5419–5427, [148] D. Inbakandan, R. Venkatesan, S.Ajmal Khan, Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6559-4. utilizing marine sponge Acanthella elongata (Dendy, 1905), Colloids Surf. B
[136] Z. Lv, Q. Lu, B. Dong, Morphogenesis: a focus on marine invertebrates, Mar. Life Biointerfaces 81 (2010) 634–639, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Sci. Technol. 1 (2019) 28–40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-019-00016-z. colsurfb.2010.08.016.
[137] S. Patra, P.P. Praharaj, D.P. Panigrahi, B. Panda, C.S. Bhol, K.K. Mahapatra, S. [149] D. Inbakandan, G. Sivaleela, D. Magesh Peter, R. Kiurbagaran, R. Venkatesan,
R. Mishra, B.P. Behera, M. Jena, G. Sethi, S. Patil, S.K. Patra, S.K. Bhutia, S. Ajmal Khan, Marine sponge extract assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles,
Bioactive compounds from marine invertebrates as potent anticancer drugs: the Mater. Lett. 87 (2012) 66–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.07.083.
possible pharmacophores modulating cell death pathways, Mol. Biol. Rep. 47 [150] D. Inbakandan, C. Kumar, M. Bavanilatha, D.N. Ravindra, R. Kirubagaran, S.
(2020) 7209–7228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05709-8. A. Khan, Ultrasonic-assisted green synthesis of flower like silver nanocolloids
[138] L. Liu, Y.-Y. Zheng, C.-L. Shao, C.-Y. Wang, Metabolites from marine invertebrates using marine sponge extract and its effect on oral biofilm bacteria and oral cancer
and their symbiotic microorganisms: molecular diversity discovery, mining, and cell lines, Microb. Pathog. 99 (2016) 135–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
application, Mar. Life Sci. Technol. 1 (2019) 60–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/ micpath.2016.08.018.
s42995-019-00021-2. [151] L. Wang, C. Hu, L. Shao, The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present
[139] M.A. Rahman, Collagen of extracellular matrix from marine invertebrates and its situation and prospects for the future, Int. J. Nanomedicine 12 (2017)
medical applications, Mar. Drugs 17 (2019) 118, https://doi.org/10.3390/ 1227–1249, https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S121956.
md17020118. [152] G.R. Rodrigues, C. López-Abarrategui, I. de la Serna Gómez, S.C. Dias, A.J. Otero-
[140] N.S.R. Rosman, N.A. Harun, I. Idris, W.I.W. Ismail, Eco-friendly silver González, O.L. Franco, Antimicrobial magnetic nanoparticles based-therapies for
nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated by green synthesis using the crude extract of controlling infectious diseases, Int. J. Pharm. 555 (2019) 356–367, https://doi.
marine polychaeteMarphysa moribidii: biosynthesis, characterisation, and org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.043.
antibacterial applications 6 (2020), e05462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [153] P. Singh, A. Garg, S. Pandit, V.R.S.S. Mokkapati, I. Mijakovic, Antimicrobial
heliyon.2020.e05462. effects of biogenic nanoparticles, Nanomaterials 8 (2018) 1009, https://doi.org/
[141] A.U.E. Pei, P.C. Huai, M.A.A. Masimen, W.I.W. Ismail, I. Idris, N.A. Harun, 10.3390/nano8121009.
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by marine baitworm Marphysa [154] P. Nisar, N. Ali, L. Rahman, M. Ali, Z.K. Shinwari, Antimicrobial activities of
moribidii idris, hutchings and arshad 2014 (annelida: polychaeta) and its biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles: an insight into the mechanism of
antibacterial activity, Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11 (2020) 15001. action, JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 24 (2019) 929–941, https://doi.org/10.1007/
[142] R. Singh, S.K. Sahu, M. Thangaraj, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by marine s00775-019-01717-7.
invertebrate (polychaete) and assessment of its efficacy against human pathogens, [155] L. Bar-Lev Schleider, R. Mechoulam, V. Lederman, M. Hilou, O. Lencovsky,
J. Nanoparticles 2014 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/718240. O. Betzalel, L. Shbiro, V. Novack, Prospective analysis of safety and efficacy of
[143] E.-Y. Ahn, S.J. Hwang, M.-J. Choi, S. Cho, H.-J. Lee, Y. Park, Upcycling of jellyfish medical cannabis in large unselected population of patients with cancer, Eur. J.
(Nemopilema nomurai) sea wastes as highly valuable reducing agents for green Intern. Med. 49 (2018) 37–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.023.
synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their antitumor and anti-inflammatory [156] H. Nagai, Y.H. Kim, Cancer prevention from the perspective of global cancer
activity, Artif. Cells Nanomedicine Biotechnol. 46 (2018) S1127–S1136, https:// burden patterns, J. Thorac. Dis. 9 (2017) 448–451, https://doi.org/10.21037/
doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1480490. jtd.2017.02.75.
[144] S. Kaviya, E. Prasad, Sunlight induced synthesis of reversible and reusable [157] H. Chen, W. Zhang, G. Zhu, J. Xie, X. Chen, Rethinking cancer nanotheranostics,
biocapped nanoparticles for metal ion detection and SERS studies, ACS Sustain. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 (2017) 17024, https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.24.
Chem. Eng. 2 (2014) 699–705, https://doi.org/10.1021/sc400404m. [158] A. Yashin, Y. Yashin, X. Xia, B. Nemzer, Antioxidant activity of spices and their
[145] L. Ren, Z. Wu, Y. Ma, W. Jian, H. Xiong, L. Zhou, Preparation and growth- impact on human health: a review, Antioxidants 6 (2017) 70, https://doi.org/
promoting effect of selenium nanoparticles capped by polysaccharide-protein 10.3390/antiox6030070.
complexes on tilapia, J. Sci. Food Agric. 101 (2021) 476–485, https://doi.org/ [159] L. Valgimigli, A. Baschieri, R. Amorati, Antioxidant activity of nanomaterials,
10.1002/jsfa.10656. J. Mater. Chem. B 6 (2018) 2036–2051, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB00107C.
[146] R. Ishwarya, R. Jayakumar, M. Abinaya, M. Govindarajan, N.S. Alharbi, [160] S. Chandra, R. Sharma, K. Singh, A. Sharma, Application of bioremediation
S. Kadaikunnan, J.M. Khaled, M.N. Al-Anbr, B. Vaseeharan, Facile synthesis of technology in the environment contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon, Ann.
haemocyanin-capped zinc oxide nanoparticles: effect on growth performance, Microbiol. 63 (2013) 417–431, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-012-0543-3.
digestive-enzyme activity, and immune responses of Penaeus semisulcatus, Int. J. [161] G. Genchi, M.S. Sinicropi, G. Lauria, A. Carocci, A. Catalano, The effects of
Biol. Macromol. 139 (2019) 688–696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cadmium toxicity, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (2020) 3782, https://doi.
ijbiomac.2019.07.216. org/10.3390/ijerph17113782.
[147] A. El-Demerdash, A.G. Atanasov, O.K. Horbanczuk, M.A. Tammam, M. Abdel- [162] M. Li, H. Gou, I. Al-Ogaidi, N. Wu, Nanostructured sensors for detection of heavy
Mogib, J.N.A. Hooper, N. Sekeroglu, A. Al-Mourabit, A. Kijjoa, Chemical diversity metals: a review, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 1 (2013) 713–723, https://doi.org/
10.1021/sc400019a.
1798

1 s2.0 S0141813021024107 Main

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 s2.0 S0141813021024107 Main

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 s2.0 S0141813021024107 Main

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

Marine organisms: Pioneer natural sources of polysaccharides/proteins for

1. Introduction physicochemical, electrochemical, and biological properties. Nano­

2.2. Marine algae (micro/macro algae)

Marine algae are photosynthetic aquatic species comprising different

At 500 μg/mL inhibits activity of DPPH radicals (62.8%)

At 500 μg/mL inhibits activity of NO2 radicals (59.2%)

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

99% degradation at conc. 20% (v/v)

Anti-plasmodial Plasmodium falciparum

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

DPPH radical scavenging

HEK-293 cell line

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

Catalytic reduction against Eosin yellow dye

Catalytic reduction against Congo red dye

92% degradation at 100 μL AuNPs (1 mg/mL)

MDA-MB-231 cell line

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

10.8 ± 2.8 Polydispersed, quasispherical, Anti- Daphnia magna

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

(continued on next page)

Nitric oxide scavenging

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

HeLa cell line

MCF-7 cell line

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

Anti- Artemia salina (nauplii)

Chroococcus minutus/ Extracellular/ phenolic, Ag Crystalline Antibacterial [92]

HCT-116 cell line

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (2021) 1767–1798

DPPH radical scavenging

MCF-7 cell line

HeLa cell line

Vero cell line

Extracellular/ protein, Antimicrobial

At 100 μL gives inhibition

E. coli MIC = 31.25 μg/mL

Drug resistant strains

MIC = 7.81 μg/mL

HepG2 cell line

HCT-116 cell line

(continued on next page)

MCF-7 cell line

PC-3 cell line

A-549 cell line

CACO cell line

HEP-2 cell line

HELA cell line

DPPH radical scavenging

NIH3T3 cell line

Raw 264.7 cell line

Anti- NS3 protease

Anti- NS3 Protease

Fig. 2. Proposed antimicrobial mechanism of nanoparticles.

2.7. Marine invertebrates

1. Introduction physicochemical, electrochemical, and biological properties. Nano