Experiment Data Sheet

Sample Color Luster Cleavage/ Streak Shape Size Reaction to Magnetic Property
(Metall Hardness Fracture Color ( Round, (mm) Acid ( Magnetic,
ic, Sub-rou ( Yes, No) Non-magnetic)
Non-m nded,
etallic) Angular,
Sub-ang
ular
R1 3 Layered o Non-metallic 3 Fracture Beige Angular 25 Yes Non-magnetic
colors (white,
orange,
pinkish)
R2 White Non-metallic 9 Fracture White Sub-rounded 18 No Non-magnetic

R3 Gray Non-metallic 9 Fracture Gray Sub-rounded 39 No Non-magnetic

R4 Yellow Non-metallic 9 Fracture Orange Sub-Angular 20 No Non-magnetic

orange
R5 Black Non-metallic 9 Cleavage Black 27 No Non-magnetic
Angular
R6 Pale yellow Non-metallic 9 Fracture yellowish Sub-Angular 33 No Non-magnetic

R7 Midnight blue Non-metallic 9 Cleavage dark blue Angular 45 No Non-magnetic

R8 rusty orange Non-metallic 6.5 Fracture Orange Angular 30 No Non-magnetic

R9 Brown Non-metallic 9 Fracture Brown Sub-Angular 28 Yes Non-magnetic

R10 Dirty white Non-metallic 6.5 Fracture White Sub-Angular 19 No Non-magnetic

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Reservoir Geosciences
Activity No. 1
Rocks and Minerals Identification

Name: Mark Andrie S. Mindanao Date: September 13, 2023

Section: PETE 2103 Location: GCH, Alangilan, Batangas

Objectives:

1. Make precise observations of visible rock characteristics.

2. Determine the different physical properties of the rock or minerals.
3. Apply basic rock identification techniques to describe common rocks.
4. Able to know the importance of rock identification in Oil and Gas industry.

Materials:

Medicine Dropper sandpaper

Diluted Hydrochloric Acid bond paper
Steel file magnet
Coin magnifier
Knife blade tape measure or ruler

Procedure:

1. Gather rocks from the selected area within your vicinity.

2. Label the gathered rock samples as R1 etc (at least 10 rock samples).
3. Before the identification and testing, wash and dry the samples under the sun.
4. Identify the physical properties (color, texture, etc) of the rock sample.
5. For the Mohs Hardness, pick a sample and try to scratch from the available materials.
Below are the samples of materials with their corresponding hardness level.

Fingernail = 2.5

Penny / coin = 3

Glass / Knife blade = 5.5

Steel file = 6.5

College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sandpaper = 9

6. To perform an acid test take a medicine dropper and add two drops of the
hydrochloric acid/ muriatic acid to the rock. If the rock begins to fizz, then record
“yes” on your data sheet. If the rock doesn’t fizz, record “no” on your data sheet.
College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

Illustration: (Image of the selected area and collected rock samples)

Selected Areas Collected Rocks

R1

R2

R3
College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

R4

R5

R6

R7

R8
College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

R9

R10
College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

Discussions:

1. How can we classify sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks?

We can easily classify the types of rocks because each rock type has distinct characteristics
and is classified based on their physical and chemical properties, location, mineral compositions,
texture, origin etc. The accumulation and consolidation of sediments is the process through
which sedimentary rocks are created. Near bodies of water like rivers, lakes, and oceans, they are
frequently observed. While, the transformation of pre-existing rocks by heat, pressure, and
chemical reactions that take place deep inside the Earth's crust results in metamorphic rocks.
These rocks, which usually exhibit unusual textures and banding patterns, can be classified using
both composition and texture. Rocks that have undergone great heat and pressure, frequently
from deep inside the Earth's crust, become metamorphic rocks. Finally, as either magma or lava
cools and hardens, igneous rocks are produced. These rocks are typically found beside volcanoes
or in locations in which there have been recent volcanic eruptions.

2. Explain what physical characteristics are difficult to observe, which are easily observable.

Certain physical characteristics are easy to identify, others might be more challenging. In
my point of view, sedimentary rocks are easiest to observe because they can be easily found in
bodies of water such as rivers or to our surroundings. while igneous and metamorphic are too
delicate to observe since it needs an intense pressure to be created. Numerous physical
characteristics of sedimentary rocks can be easily observed. This characteristic is easily
recognized due to the clearly defined layers or beds of these rocks. The alternate layers, which
frequently have different colors, particle sizes, or silt types, are what give the rock its
characteristic appearance. Sedimentary rocks are more fragile and prone to shattering in addition
to having a noticeably softer texture than other types of rocks. One such characteristic that can be
easily recognized with the unaided eye is layering or stratification. Both below the earth's crust
(intrusive igneous rock formation) and on its outer layer (extrusive igneous rock formation) are
possible locations for the hardening and crystallization of heated material. Observing some
igneous rock's physical characteristics can be difficult. On the other hand, high temperatures,
high pressures, or chemically reactive fluids are the main causes of alterations in rocks that have
experienced metamorphism. It could be challenging to recognize specific physical characteristics
of metamorphic rocks. One such characteristic, which might not be desirable, is the layering or
foliation caused by high pressure. Foliation, or the presence of alternating light and dark strata, is
a key sign of metamorphism. Foliation is a characteristic of mineral crystal alignment. The
smoothness, hardness, and grain size of metamorphic rocks can also differ significantly and not
always be seen.

.
College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

3. Explain the importance of physical properties in rock/minerals identification.

Physical features are crucial for classifying rocks and minerals. These physical qualities
support scientists in their study of rocks and minerals and the development of practical uses for
them. Hardness, which measures a mineral's resistance to scratching, is another important
physical attribute. These qualities are beneficial in a number of disciplines, such as geology,
mining, and material science. Talc is given a Mohs Scale of Hardness rating of 1, while diamond
is given a rating of 10. By examining the color variations, geologists can identify the various
rock types and prospective mineral deposits. The color, luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, and
specific gravity of these materials can also reveal a great deal about their composition, place of
origin, and potential uses.

4. Which type of rock is important in hydrocarbon exploration?

Sedimentary rocks are crucial for the search for fossil fuels. They are ideal candidates for
finding and recovering hydrocarbon reserves because of their distinct formation process and
advantageous properties like porosity, permeability, the presence of source rocks, and efficient
sealing. Sedimentary rocks are produced as a result of the slow deposition and compaction of
sediments, and they serve as a natural storage space for trapped hydrocarbons. Successful
hydrocarbon exploration and the security of future energy supplies greatly depend on
understanding the geological characteristics and deciphering the intricate subsurface dynamics
inside sedimentary rock formations. Therefore, for the sustainable development of the world's
energy resources, a detailed understanding of sedimentary rocks and their function in the creation
of hydrocarbon reservoirs is essential.

5. Why is geology important in Oil and Gas Industry?

Finding possible oil and gas reserves requires geology. Geologists examine and research
the Earth's crust in order to spot rock formations, sedimentary basins, and other features that
might be home to hydrocarbon resources. The likelihood of finding economically viable deposits
is considerably increased by the exploration companies' use of this information to make
intelligent drilling decisions. To find, mine, and refine hydrocarbon deposits, the business
significantly relies on geological expertise and understanding. Geologists are important for
environmental issues, the discovery process, assessing and characterizing reservoirs, ensuring
drilling safety, and more. It is possible to better visualize and understand oil and gas bearing
reservoirs by using seismic imaging techniques to provide comprehensive images of the
subsurface.
College of Engineering – Department of Mechanical Engineering

Conclusion:

How rocks are categorized affects our understanding of their physical and chemical
properties as well as their location and origin. The three basic categories of rocks that can be
broadly divided into sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. Each type has particular
characteristics that help scientists with their study and practical application.
Numerous physical features are used to categorize rocks and minerals. Hardness, which
measures scratch resistance, is an essential physical characteristic. Geology, mining, and material
science are just a few of the professions that benefit from this quality. For the finding and
extraction of valuable resources like oil and gas, geologists are crucial. They search for
sedimentary basins and rock formations that might contain hydrocarbon resources in the Earth's
crust. Making informed decisions about drilling sites with the aid of this information increases
the possibility of discovering reserves that are economically viable. Geologists are also crucial in
the search for and exploitation of precious resources, which helps to sustainably develop the
world's energy supplies. Technology is constantly improving, which helps us better understand
subsurface dynamics and facilitates the search for possible oil and gas sources. Geologists can
classify rocks and discover possible mineral deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs by knowing the
varied features and formation processes of various rock types. This understanding is critical for
the long-term development of energy resources, as well as for environmental protection and
resource management.

Prepared by:

Engr. Melannie P. Adante