DRUG EDUCATION

Refers to the learning process that influences the Individual emotionally, intellectually, psychologically, and socially
and may result in the modification of attitudes that influences behaviour

DRUG INFORMATION
Drug information is an activity which focused on the dissemination of basic facts of the causes and effects of drug
abuse with the objective of creating awareness and vigilance to the people in the community

TREATMENT and REHABILITATION

Treatment refers to all methods and techniques utilized to help an individual overcome some deficit impairment.
It is also a medical service rendered to the client for the effective management of physical and mental conditions
related to drug abuse.

Rehabilitation refers to the outcome of treatment in which there is reinstatement or recovery of a previous level of
functioning that is social, emotional, physical and economic aspects of a drug dependent.

DRUG ABUSE refers to the non-medicinal use of drug in a manner that is not socially acceptable.

DRUG HABITUATION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Drug Habituation- refers to a psychological or mental condition resulting from repeated consumption of drugs that
is marked by:

1. a desire or want (but not a compulsion or need) to continue taking the drug for the sense of well-being it gives.
2. little or no tendency to increase the drug dose.
3. some degree of psychic or mental dependence on drug but not abstinence syndrome, and
4. a detrimental effect, if any, on the abuser but not to the society.

DRUG TOLERANCE - refers to the act of a person who increases the dosage of drug of abuse to maintain same
effect of the drug
- Tolerance is lessening the effectiveness of a drug after a period of prolonged or heavy use.
- A state that develops after long-term exposure to a drug. Metabolic tolerance infers a faster removal and
oxidation by the liver. Functional tolerance infers a change in sensitivity of the organ to the effects of the
drug.

DRUG ADDICTION- refers to the chronic or periodic use of drug for intoxication.
It is marked by:
- an over-powering need or compulsion to take drug and obtain it by any other means
- a tendency to increase dosage--TOLERANCE
- a psychic and generally physical dependence of drug's effects despite knowledge;
- it is harmful to himself and society

DRUG DEPENDENCE- state of dependence on drug to stay physically normal or well arising from repeated use of
drug. Its characteristic VARIES with the drug of abuse.

PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE and PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE?

Physical Dependence- refers to the adaptation whereby the body learns to live with the drug, tolerates ever
increasing doses and reacts with withdrawal symptoms when deprived of it

Psychological Dependence- an emotional or mental adaptation to the effects of drug

POLY DRUG ABUSE refers to the taking of all sorts of drugs.

Detoxification refers to medically supervised elimination of drugs from the system of an addicted person through
self drug withdrawal or cold turkey, substitution or reduction method whereas;

CHEMICAL- Any substance taken into the body that alters the way mind and body works

CHEMICAL ABUSE- Is an instance when the use of the chemical has produced negative or harmful consequence.

Administer- Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her
knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance
to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly licensed practitioner
for purposes of medication.

Manner of Administration of Drugs

ORAL INGESTION- administration of drugs which runs through the esophagus and rests at the stomach
INHALATION- drug is absorbed from the nasal cavity
SNORTING - inhaling drugs not in gaseous form
INJECTION- introducing drugs to the body through the use of syringe and hypodermic needle in the following
ways:
● subcutaneous injection or skin popping
● intramuscular injection
● intravenous injection
TOPICAL- skin absorption
BUCCAL ADMINISTRATION- through buccal cavity just under the lips
SUPPOSITORIES- absorption of drug is through the Anal and vaginal cavity
IONTOPHORESIS- introduction of the drugs into the deeper layer of the skin through the use of special type of
current for local effect

Clandestine Laboratory. - Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical
Cultivate or Culture. - Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or
raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug
• Escheated—
Deliver. Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any means,
with or without consideration
Drug Syndicate. - Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together with the intention of
committing any offense prescribed under this Act.
-network of illegal drug operations manned carefully and operated by groups of criminals who knowingly traffic
illegal substances through nefarious trade personal or group profit
Planting of Evidence. - The willful act by ANY PERSON of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing,
adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity of an
innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation in RA
9165
Protector/Coddler. - ANY PERSON who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided for in
this Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of
any person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of RA
9165 in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.
Screening Test.- A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive positive result.
Confirmatory Test. - An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or physical
principle that is more specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test

THREE (3) CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS

1. ORIGIN
● natural drugs
● synthetic drugs

2. LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
● the term prohibited and regulated drug was changed into DANGEROUS DRUG with the following
classifications
● immediate precursors- a chemical substance used in the clandestine manufacturing process becomes
incorporated in full or part into the final molecules of a substance under international control
● essential chemicals- chemical substance used as reagent or solvent in the illegal manufacture of controlled
substances
● narcotic, psychotropic and designer

3. INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION
● narcotics substances,
● psychotropic substances
● designer drugs

CATEGORY OF DRUGS
● herbal drugs
● over the counter drugs (OTCs)- drugs which does not need prescription when purchased
● Prescription drugs- those which requires medical or physician's order before it is dispensed
● Regulated drugs- which includes the self-regulating sedatives, salt of an isomer, amphetamine, hypnotic
drugs
● illicit drugs- drugs which are generally prohibited by law
● Unrecognized drugs- they are commercial product that have psychoactive drug effects but are not usually
considered drugs.

SELF-MEDICATION SYNDROME
● Found on users and would be users whose sources of information are people, literature other than doctors,
pharmacists and health workers. This could be members of the family, neighbours or all of whom who may
have previously used drugs for their specific disease or disorder.
OUTCOMES
● Adverse reaction towards the drug such as allergies that may be severe or mild
● Possible non response to the
● Possible drug toxicities through overdose that can be determined through nausea, vomiting and rashes
● Possible habit forming characteristics due to periodic use of drugs even such are no longer needed
HOW DO DRUGS WORK?
● Most drugs act within the cell, rather than on the surface of a cell or extra cellular fluids of the body.
● Drugs work inside the body by interacting with biological molecules such as proteins, enzymes, and nucleic
acids. These interactions can cause changes in the body's cells, tissues, and organs, which can lead to a
variety of effects, both positive and negative.

MINIMAL DOSE - amount needed to treat or heal which is in smallest amount of a drug that will produce
therapeutic effect
MAXIMAL DOSE - largest amount of a drug that will produce desired therapeutic effect, without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity
TOXIC DOSE- amount if drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning
ABUSIVE DOSE- amount needed to produce desired effects and action desired by an individual who improperly
uses it
LETHAL DOSE- amount of drug that cause death

CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY

OVERDOSE- when too much drug is taken, there can be an overextension of its effects
ALLERGY- some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to the allergic symptoms such as dermatitis,
swelling, rise and fall of the blood pressure, suffocation or death
IDIOSYNCRASY- refers to a variation in the way a drug is absorbed or metabolized by an individual that is not
explained by known factors such as age, weight, or sex. This can lead to unpredictable drug levels in the body and
an increased risk of side effects or toxicity.
● Drug absorption can be a challenge for clinicians, as it can be difficult to predict how an individual will
respond to a drug. It is important to be aware of the potential for idiosyncrasy when prescribing drugs, and
to monitor patients closely for side effects.
GENERAL PROTOPLASMIC POISON PROPERTY- substances that can damage or kill living cells by
interfering with their basic cellular functions.
SIDE EFFECTS- any unwanted or harmful effects that occur as a result of a drug being absorbed into the body.
This can happen when the drug is absorbed too quickly, too slowly, or in the wrong place.

The Intelligent use of drugs

1. Take medicine on doctor's advice.
2. Remember the dosage, time, manner and frequency of administration.
3. If patient goes to more than one doctor, each one must know the all the drugs being taken.
4. Avoid self medication.
5. Report any untoward effect of drugs to your physician
6. Refrain from taking additional drugs without asking your physician
7. Always check the expiration date of medicine being taken
8. Store the medicine in a safe, dry and cool place
9. Do not remove the label of the medicine container
10. Refrain from purchasing common drugs without knowing their functions and contradictions
11. Avoid prolonged use of antibiotics to avoid drug resistance
12. Antipyretics can lower the temperature or fever due to infection (Viral or Bacterial)
13. Antihistamines combat allergic reactions
14. Contraceptive prevent the meeting of the egg cell and the sperm.
15. Decongestants relieve congestion of the nasal passages
16. Expectorants ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm
17. Laxatives stimulate the defacation and encourage bowel movement
18. Sedatives and tranquilizers calm and quiet the nerves, relieves anxiety without causing depression and clouding
of the mind.
19. Vitamins promote normal growth and development and proper functioning of the body
● Excessive use of vitamin D can lead to nausea, diarhea, weight loss,calcification and liver and kidney
troubles while excessive vitamin A can lead to symptoms of liver and kidney disease

IMPORTANT DATES AND NAMES IN DRUG TRAFFICKING

According to history, the following are the recorded use of drugs

A. 5000 BC wherein the Sumerians use opium

B. 3500 BC that refers to the earliest historical record of the production of alcohol

C. 3000 BC which approximate date when tea in China was originally use

D. 2500 BC is the earliest historical evidence of eating poppy seeds among lake dwellers on Switzerland

E. 1493: the use of tobacco was introduced by Columbus and his crew returning from America

Who introduced the use of tobacco?

F. 17th century: in Russia, Czar Michael Federovitch executes anyone from whom tobacco is found

Who ruled the execution of those who will be found in possession of tobacco?

G. 1613: John Rolf, husband of the Indian Princess Pocahontas, sends the first shipment of Virginian tobacco
from James town to England

Who sent the first shipment if Virginian tobacco from James town to England?

H. 1792: the first prohibitory laws against opium in China is promulgated where in punishment decreed for
keepers of opium shops in strangulation

I. 1800- Napoleon returns from Egypt; introduced cannabis to France

J. 1844- the artist developed their own cannabis ritual leading to le club de haschischins

K. 1839-1842- first opium war where the trade of opium between the Chinese and British was declared illegal;
Emperor Yung Chen advocated the stoppage of the trade

L. 1856- second opium war, the British with the help of French, extend their powers to distribute opium to
China

M. 1862- Internal Revenue enacted imposing a license fee of $20.00 on retail liquor dealers and a tax of one
dollar ($1.00) a barrel of beer and twenty cents (20¢)a gallon of spirits

N. 1903- the composition of coca cola was changed where caffeine replaced cocaine

O. 1928- estimated in Germany, one of every one hundred physician is a morphine addict.

Drug trade during colonial period (Philippines)

During the Spanish era, who was allowed to smoke opium?

• Answer: during Spanish era, Filipinos and other were not allowed to smoke opium except Chinese who
smoked opium from 1780;

Under what governance did opium trade between China and Philippines prospered?

• Answer: Opium trade flourished between the Philippines and China under the Spanish government
monopoly in 1844; while during American era,

o Gov. William Howard Taft proposed the reinstitution of opium trade through law to be passed by the
Philippine Assembly; in 1906, Chinese addicts obtain and use opium in their homes for a fee of P5.00 through which
the profits will be utilized to finance the education for Filipinos

Who advocated the action that led to opium ban in 1908?

Answer: cause oriented groups in the Philippines and in the US which lobbied for its rejection and the use
of tainted money for the legitimate purpose that led to the total ban of opium in 1908

Which of the following RA’s provided for the registration of collection and imposition of special taxes upon all
persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, distribute, or give away opium, marijuana,
opium poppies or coca leaves or any synthetic drugs which maybe declared as habit forming?

• Answer: C. RA 953 in 1953

o RA 6425- refers to the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972

- this was effected March 30, 1972 and promulgated by President Ferdinand E. Marcos

o Presidential Decree Number 44, dated November 9, 1972- amended RA 6425 to give substance to give
substance to government’s compassionate concern for the victims while affirming the law’s severe provisions
against drug traffickers, correcting defects and deficiencies in the law and giving the law enforcement arms further
muscles to undertake the government’s all-out anti-drug war.

- the decree likewise redefined the President’s view of the drug menace

o RA 9165- refers to Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002

o signed on June 7, 2002; published on June 19, 2002

o took effect on July 4, 2002

A. January 8, 1959: first marijuana raid: Pasay City

• Answer : January 8, 1959, first marijuana raid was conducted in Pasay City when several potted marijuana
plants were seized

What is the policy making and strategy formulating body in the planning and formulation of the policies and
programs on drug abuse prevention and control?

• Answer: in November 14, 1972, the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) was organized to provide leadership,
direction and coordination in the effective implementation of RA 6425

Which of the following is the National Drug Prevention and Control Strategy?

• Answer: SRDR or Supply reduction and demand reduction

Death penalty analogy

1987: abolished death penalty; 1993: death penalty restored

GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION

Golden Triangle- which produced 60% of opium in the eastern part of Asia and officially acknowledge source of
Southeast Asian heroin. It is composed of Burma/Myanmar, Laos, Thailand

Golden Crescent- the source of opium poppy, Marijuana and heroin products in the Western part of Asia., It is
composed Iran, Aghanistan, India and Pakistan

The World’s Drug Scene

What is considered the largest producer of Cannabis in the Middle East?

Answer: Lebanon which is also a transit point of cocaine South America to European illicit markets

What country is known as the major transshipment for international drug traffickers in Europe?

Answer: Spain. It is likewise the drug paradise of users in Europe while Mexico is known as the world’s
number one producer of marijuana

What country is the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu and
cocaine from Taiwan and South America?

Answer: Philippines. It is also second to Mexico in production of marijuana and known as the drug
paradise of drug abusers in Asia

o while India is the center of the world’s drug map which leads rapid addiction among people

It refers to the transit point for heroin from the golden triangle to Hong Kong.

o Answer: China. It is also the country where EPHEDRA plant is cultivated. This plant is the main source of
ephedrine

How did Japan contribute in world’s drug scene?

o Answer: Japan became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United states and Europe

The organized crime groups behind the global drug scene

What is MEDELLIN CARTEL?

it refers to the well-organized network of drug smugglers originating from the city of Medellin in Columbia.

Who lead this network?

• Pablo Escobar Gavria

• Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha

• Juan David and Ochoa brothers

What is CALI CARTEL?

it was described as the most powerful criminal organizations in the world that rose after the downfall of the medellin
cartel.

Who heads this cartel?

• Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela also known as “Don Chepe” or the chess player.

What is NORTE DEL VALLE CARTEL?

is a drug cartel which is operated principally in the North of Valle del Cauca region of Columbia. It rose to
prominence during the second half of the 1990’s.

Who are the prominent people to this organization?

• Diego Leon Montoya Sanchez alias Don Diego (ten most wanted fugitive),

• Wilber Varela alias Jabon

• Hernando Bustamante alias Rasguno.

What is the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world which is believed to have controlled golden
triangle?

• Answer: Chinese Triad or Chinese Mafia, it is also believed to have originated in Fookien.

What other organization arose from Chinese Triad?

Answer: Green gang, Bamboo gang, 14K

o GREEN GANG- triad branch in Shanghai led by brilliant Teh Yueh Sheng and allowed to fortify an
unofficial position as opium king in Chiang Kai Shiek’s nationalist china

o BAMBOO GANG- based in Taiwan which is the influence of green gang

o 14 k- newest among the triad family which was established only in 1947

THE DRUG CHAIN

o production

the planning, harvesting of plants like marijuana, ephedra, coca, opium poppy which are the plant sources of the raw
materials for the manufacture of precursors and dangerous drugs

o processing

harvested raw materials are brought to the laboratory for processing into precursors or semi finished products such
as ephedrine, coca paste

o trafficking

surreptitious movement and delivery of drugs from the clandestine laboratories to whole sale markets

o financing

the receipt of disposition or payments of drugs

o retailing
o consumption

the period where the drug go down to the market or directly to the consumer for the purpose of abuse