TAMILNADU

• 38 Districts
• Municipal Corporations -15 (2019)
• At present 21 Municipal corporations (Formed
during 2021)
• Tambaram,Kanchipuram, Karur, Kumbakonam,
Cuddalore, Sivakasi (24 th August 2021)
• Lok Sabha Constituencies-39,Rajya sabha
Members-18
• Assembly Constituencies -234
 POPULATION
• As per the Census 2011, the total
Population of Tamil Nadu is 7.21 Cr.
Thus the population of Tamil Nadu forms
5.96 percent of India in 2011.
• Tamil Nadu has total population of
72,147,030 in which males were
36,137,975 while females were
36,009,055.
TAMILNADU POLITICAL MAP
 CHENNAI
• Chennai has fresh water reservoirs/lakes
namely Poondi, Sholavaram, Red Hills,
Chembarambakkam and Veeranam cater the
daily needs of water for people of Chennai.
 Kannankottai-Therovy Kandigai
reservoir
• Chennai will get a dedicated reservoir for drinking
water supply after a gap of 76 years. The Satyamurti
Sagar at Poondi, built across the Kosasthalaiyar during
1940-44 at a cost of Rs.65 lakh, had the distinction of
being the only storage point formed for water supply to
the city.
• It was named after Chennai Mayor S. Satyamurti
(1939-40) in recognition of his efforts to get the dam
project implemented amid the Second World War. On
June 14, 1944, the then Governor of Madras
Presidency, Arthur Hope, declared open the reservoir.
 Thervoy Kandigai reservoir
• The reservoir will serve the drinking water needs of
the residents of Chennai and will store water from
river Krishna. The reservoir will receive Krishna
water from a 8.6 km-long canal that will draw water
from the Kandaleru-Poondi canal.
• Thervoy Kandigai reservoir will have a storage
capacity of 1 tmcft of water, when filled twice a
year. It will be able to supply 66 million litres a day
(MLD) of water to Chennai city. With this reservoir,
the combined capacity of all the five reservoirs in
the outskirts of Chennai will be at 11.75 tmcft.
 Krishna river
• Krishna water, released from the Kandaleru
reservoir in Andhra Pradesh, reaches the inter-
State border in Uthukottai, Tiruvallur district.
• zero point of the Kandaleru-Poondi canal
 TAMIL NADU DISTRICTS
• 1966: Dharmapuri district split from Salem district
• 1974: Pudukkottai district split from Tiruchirappalli
and Thanjavur districts
• 1979: Erode district split from Coimbatore district
• 1985: Virudhunagar and Sivaganga districts split from
Ramanathapuram
• 1985: Dindigul district split from Madurai district
• 1986: Thoothukudi split from Tirunelveli district
• 1989: Tiruvannamalai and Vellore districts split from
North Arcot district (District ceased to exist)
 TAMIL NADU DISTRICTS
• 1991: Nagapattinam and Tiruvarur districts split
from Thanjavur district
• 1993: Cuddalore and Viluppuram districts split
from South Arcot district (District ceased to
exist)
• 1995: Karur and Perambalur districts split from
Tiruchirappalli district
 DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU
• 1996: Theni district split from Madurai district
• 1997: Namakkal district split from Salem district
• 1997: Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts split
from Chingleput district (District ceased to exist)
• 2004: Krishnagiri district split from Dharmapuri
district
• 2007: Ariyalur district split from Perambalur
district
• 2009: Tiruppur district split from Coimbatore and
Erode districts
 DISTRICTS
• 2019: Tenkasi district split from Tirunelveli district
• 2019: Kallakurichi district split from Villupuram
• 2019: Tirupattur and Ranipet districts split from
Vellore district
• 2019: Chengalpattu district split from
Kanchipuram district
 Mayiladuthurai
• On 24 March 2020, Mayiladuthurai district was
announced for bifurcation from the
erstwhile Nagapattinam
district comprising Mayiladuthurai, Sirkazhi,
• Tharangambadi and Kuthalam taluks.
 AREA
• Areas
• Chennai (462 sq. km) is the smallest
• Dindigul -6289 sq.km
• Erode 6035. sq.km.
• Tiruvannamalai 6,191 sq.km
 TAMIL NADU
• Area 1,30,058 sq.km
• Population 7,21,47,030
 TAMIL NADU
• 8 DEG 4’N TO 13 DEG 35’N
LATITUDES
• 76 DEG 18’E TO 80 DEG 20 ‘E
LONGITUDES
 AREA,POPULATION
• 10th-LARGEST STATE AREA, (CHANGED JANUARY
26 ,2020 –J&K BIFURCATED)
• AREA OF 130,058 KM2 (50,216 SQ MI)- 4% OF THE
INDIA’S AREA,
• 6th POPULOUS STATE.
• COASTLINE - 1,076 KM (669 MI) WHICH IS THE
COUNTRY'S SECOND LONGEST COASTLINE.
 POPULATION
• Density-555(persons Per Square Km)
• Chennai-densest District(26,903 Per.Sq.Km),
Nilgiris-Least (288)
• Sex Ratio-996,
• Decadal Growth Rate-15.60
• Chennai-highest Urban Population
• Chennai, Coimbatore-high Population
• Nilgiris –Least Populated
 LITERACY RATE
• Literacy Rate-80.33%
• Male-86.81%,
• Female-73.86%
• (Dharmapuri-64.71% Lowest,
• Kanyakumari-highest-92.14%),
• Chennai-90.33%,
• Thoothukudi-86.52%,
• The Nilgiris-85.65%
• Kancheepuram-85.29%
 POPULATION
• Urban Population-48.40%
• Rural Population -51.60%
• Sex Ratio-sivagangai-1000,
• Highest (Nilgiris-1041), Thanjavur(1031)
• Lowest-Dharmapurai(946)
• Salem(954)
 TANNERY INDUSTRY
• Tamil Nadu contributes to 60 per cent
of the tannery industry in India.
 ZERO WASTE
• INDIA’S FIRST 114 KM GREEN RAIL CORRIDOR WAS
LAUNCHED RAMESHWARAM TO MADURAI –
• 24-7-2016
 ANNUAL RAINFALL
• 958.5 mm of which 48 % - northeast
monsoon & 32 % through the south
west monsoon.
 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES
• It has five UNESCO declared World
Heritage sites, namely, Shore
• Temple, Five Rathas, Arjuna’s Penance -
Mamallapuram,
• Brahadeeswarar Temple -Thanjavur, Iravatheeswarar
Temple - Darasuram, Brahadeeswarar Temple
-Gangaikonda Cholapuram
• and Nilgiri Mountain Railway.
 NATIONAL PARKS
• Anaimalai (Coimbatore),
• Mudumalai-Nilgiris,
• Mukurithi- Nilgiris
• gulf of mannar(Marine national
park and Biosphere reserve)
• Guindy-Chennai
 TIGER RESERVE
• Sathya Mangalam tiger reserve - largest
elephant population
• kalakad Mundanthurai,
• Anaimalai,
• Mudumalai
 MEGHAMALI

• MEGHAMALI (It is India's 51st tiger reserve and 5th

tiger reserve of Tamil Nadu)
• It is formed of combining two wildlife sanctuaries
namely Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife
Sanctuary and Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary.
 HIGH URBANISATION
• 48.4 % POPULATION LIVE IN URBAN
AREAS, THE HIGHEST AMONG LARGE
STATES IN INDIA.
 RESERVATION
• 69 per cent reservation in
educational institutions for socially
backward class.
 CROPS
• banana - leading fruit crops - 87 %
of the total fruit production.
 SUGARCANE
• yield per hectare - highest in
india.
 TEXTILES
• Erode-handloom, powerloom ,Readymade
Garments.
• Coimbatore, Tirupur And Erode-textile
Valley Of Tamil Nadu.
• Karur-textile Capital Of Tamil Nadu.
• one of the leading states -Textile sector &
country’s largest spinning industry
 FACTS
• VELLORE DT-INLAND FISH
PRODUCTION
• VAIGAI DAM-LITTLE
BRINDAVAN-THENI DISTRICT
• VAINU BAPPU OBSERVATORY-
KAVALUR
 PLATEAUS
• Bharamahal (Part Of Mysore Plateau),
• Dharmapuri And Krishnagiri Districts Are
Located.
• Coimbatore Plateau Lies Bet The Nilgiris
And Dharmapuri Districts,
• Moyar River Separates From The Mysore
Plateau.
• Madurai Plateau
 CITIES
• Coimbatore- manchestor of south
india(COTTON TEXTILES)
• Tirupur- knitwear,
• dollar city, Knitting city.
•
 LEATHER INDUSTERY
• Dindugal, Erode& Vellore, Ranipet
• Ambur, Vaniyambadi,
Perundurai,Chennai
 Industries
• CHENNAI -Detroit of India,ASIA-
automobile
• SALEM-stainless plant-SAIL
• BHEL-Ranipet, Trichi, Thirumayam
(pudukottai)
• STERLITE-copper-Tuticorin-VEDANTA
 cities
• Chennai petroleum corporation-OIL refinery
MANALI,PANANGUDI,
• TNPL-pugulur-karur
• coimbatore-pump city ,
• wet grinders, auto components,
• GI TAG-CBE WET GRINDER
 Sivakasi,
• fireworks and safety match
boxes and offset printing
(with over 60 per cent of
firework production in
India).
 Plantation crops
• Kanyakumari -leading rubber producer
• Nilgiris –tea production
• Theni-cardamom
 AVADI&PERAMBUR
• ARJUN TANKS,HEAVY
VEHICLES-AVADI
• INTEGRAL Coach Factory-(ICF)
PERAMBUR-PERAMBUR
 Chennai Metro trains
• It is the 4th longest metro system in India.
• Modeled after the Delhi Metro, a similar modern
metro rail system was planned for Chennai by
Delhi Metro chief E Sreedharan due to his special
interest in the Chennai city.
• Alandur and koyambedu station.
• May 2017-undergroundMetro-Tirumangalam-
Nehru Park.
• Preeti women driver-metro
 CHENNAI METRO
• On 29 June 2015, commercial
operations started between Alandur
and Koyambedu stations.
• Commercial operations commenced in
the first underground line
between Thirumangalam metro
station to Nehru Park metro station on
14 May 2017 .
 CHENNAI METRO
• On 10 February 2019, the underground
stretch from AG-DMS to Washermanpet of
blue line was opened by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi, completing 45 km (28 mi)
phase 1 of the metro.
 METRO CORRIDOR
• Corridor Length-phase 1
• 1.Washermenpet to Airport - 23.1 kms
• 2.Chennai Central to St.Thomas Mount
22.0 kms.(Total 45.1 kms.)
• The portions of Corridor-1 with a length of 14.3
kms. from Washermanpet to Saidapet, and
Corridor-2 with a length of 9.7 kms. from
Chennai Central to Anna Nagar 2nd Avenue will
be underground and the remainder elevated.
 PHASE 1 –CHENNAI METRO
• The Phase-I of Chennai Metro covers
54 km in two corridors -
Washermenpet to Airport (23.085
Km),
• Chennai Central to St. Thomas Mount
(21.96 Km) and extension from
Washermanpet to Wimco Nagar (9
km) in Thiruvottriyur.
 CHENNAI METRO PHASE -1
• A stretch of 10.7 km from Koyambedu to Alandur in
Corridor 2 became operational from June 2015 and
• Little Mount to Airport (7.7 km) , Alandur to St.
Thomas Mount (1.3 km) in Corridor 1 opened in
September/October 2016.
• Further, sections from Thirumangalam to Nehru Park
(8.0 km) in May 2017(UNDERGROUND),
• Little Mount Station to AGDMS Station and Egmore to
Chennai Central Station (7.3 km) in May 2018 are also
under operations.
•
 APPROVAL OF GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA:

• The Government of Tamil Nadu have

approved in principle the two initial
corridors on 7-11-2007.
• The Government of India have
approved the Chennai Metro Rail
project on 28-1-2009.
 SIGNING OF LOAN AGREEMENT WITH
GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN:
• The estimated base cost of this project is about
Rs.14000 crores, Of this, the Central and State
Governments together are expected to contribute
about 41%.
• The balance will be met by a loan granted by the
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
JICA has since agreed to finance the project and
the loan agreement between the Government of
India and the Government of Japan was signed on
21-11-2008 at Tokyo.
 PHASE 2-CHENNAI METRO
• The Detailed Project Report for Chennai Metro Rail
Phase-II Corridors for 107.55 km covering 3 corridors -
C3, C4 and C5 was prepared in March 2017.
• Detailed Project Report for Extended C4 corridor (total
length 26 km) was also prepared in October 2018.
• Govt. of Tamil Nadu through CMRL has engaged
RITES Ltd. to prepare a comprehensive Detailed
Project Report for Chennai Metro Rail Phase-II with
corridor details
• Corridor 3: Madhavaram Milk Colony to SIPCOT (45.8
km)
• Corridor 4: Lighthouse to Poonamalle Bypass (26.1 km)
 Corridor 5: Madhavaram Milk Colony to
Sholinganallur (47.0 km)
 RAILWAYS

• Southern Railways-Tamil Nadu

-Total Railway Track Length-
6693km
 ROADWAYS
• TOTAL ROAD LENGTH-167,000KM,
• NH -7(44) LONGEST NATIONAL
HIGHWAY-HOSUR TO
KANNIYAKUMARI(627.2KM)
• NH-785 –SHORTEST NATIONAL
HIGHWAY-MADURAI TO
NATHAM(38KM)
 MRTS-CHENNAI
• It is the first elevated railway line in India
and also the country's longest elevated
corridor spanning 17 km.
• The first phase of the Mass Rapid Transit
System (MRTS) from Chennai Beach to
Thirumylai (Mylapore) for a length of 8.55 km.
was taken up for implementation by
Government of India (GoI) through the
Ministry of Railways in 1983-84.
 MRTS
• MRTS-1 NOV 1995 that line
runs within the city limits
from Chennai
Beach to Velachery.
 Wind power
• Installed capacity at over 7154
MW, accounting for 38 % of total installed
wind power in India .
 WIND FARM
• In Muppandal windfarm- capacity is 1500MW,
which is the largest in India.(kanyakumarai),
• Kayatharu-(thoothukudi),Aralvaimozhi-
kanyakumrai,COIMBATORE
 Nuclear Power Plant ,
• Kalpakkam
• koodunkulam
 Unesco sites
• The Brihadishwara Temple ,Gangaikonda
Cholapuram , the Airavateswara temple
in Darasuram and the Shore Temple, monuments
in Mahabalipuram.
BHARATANATYAM
GLORIOSA LILY
Palm Trees in Tamil Nadu
KABADDI
 BIRD SANCTUARIES
•
• Vettangudi birds Sanctuary- Sivagangai 1977
• Pulicat Lake Birds Sanctuary -Tiruvallur WLW,
Chennai 1980
• Karikili Birds Sanctuary-Kancheepuram-1989
• Kanjirankulam Birds Sanctuary-Ramanathapuram-1989
• Chitrangudi Birds Sanctuary- Ramanathapuram
Ramad 1989
• Koonthankulam-Kadankulam Birds Sanctuary -Tirunelveli-
1994
• Vellode Birds Sanctuary-Erode-1997
• Vedanthangal Birds Sanctuary-Kancheepuram-1998
 Birds sanctuary
• Udayamarthandpuram Birds Sanctuary -Tiruvarur-
1998
• Melaselvanur-Kilaselvanur Birds Sanctuary-
Ramanathapuram -1998
• Vaduvoor birds Sanctuary -Tiruvarur-1999
• Karaivetti Birds Sanctuary - Ariyalur-2000
• Theerthangal Bird Sanctury-Ramanathapuram -
2010
• Sakkarakottai Tank Birds Sanctuary-Ramanathapuram
2012
• Oussudu Lake Birds Sanctuary-Villupuram- 2015
Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
and sanctuary
• KMTR is the source of as many as fourteen
rivers and is rightly known as the River
Sanctuary of Tamil Nadu
 SLENDER LORIS
• The Tamil Nadu government (OCT 2022)notified
11,806 hectares of forest area in Dindigul and
Karur districts as a sanctuary for the endangered
'slender loris', an insectivorous and nocturnal
primate.
• The Kadavur Slender Loris Sanctuary will be the
first such facility for the animal in the country.
• which is an endangered species as per the IUCN
• These mammals are protected under Schedule I
of the Wildlife Life Protection Act 1972..
Nilgiri Tahr in The Nilgiris.
Emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica.
Tamil Maravan
Jack fruit
 Jack fruit cultivation
• The total cultivated area under jackfruit is
2,936 hectares.
• Cuddalore district has the highest area
under jackfruit followed by Kanyakumari
and Dindigul.
 PANRUTI
• Panruti is home to the largest area
under the fruit in the State
• It is also supposedly the only place
in India where jackfruit is grown
as a monocrop.
cashewnut
 Cashew growing Districts
• cashew growing districts in Tamil Nadu, Ariyalur
(31.4 per cent), Cuddalore (30.2 per cent) and
Pudukkottai (8.5 per cent) were the major
cashew growing districts accounting for about
70 per cent of the total area.
 2022
• Elephant Reserve – Agasthiyamalai (The elephant
sanctuary will be set up in addition to the existing four
Elephant Sanctuaries in Nilgiris, Coimbatore,
Srivilluputtur and Anaimalai.)
• Dugong Conservation Park- Palk Bay
• Nanjarayan Tank Bird Sanctuary-Tiruppur (junction of the
Tiruppur North and Uthukuli taluks in the Tiruppur district)The
state’s 17th bird sanctuary.
• The 125.86-hectare tank, known locally as Sarkar
Periyapalayam tank. The area has 220 cormorants and
165 pelicans.
• India’s First Ever Wildlife Sanctuary-for Slender Loris-
Dindigul And Karur District.
The ‘Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary’ will span 80,567
hectares in Erode district and will be the 18th in the State,
will link the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve with the Cauvery
South Wildlife Sanctuary.(April 2023 announced)
 International bird centre at Marakkanam to
promote the conservation of birds, encourage research
in the field of ornithology and create awareness about
the role of birds in nature
Lion-tailed macaque
NILGIRI ELEPHANT
 DUGONG
• Dugong is a sea cow, which is an endangered
marine mammal that is facing extinction due to
water pollution, habitat loss and loss of seagrass.
• Dugong is generally found in two places in
Tamil Nadu-
• Gulf of Mannar- A shallow bay area between
the south-eastern tip of Tamil Nadu and the
western part of Sri Lanka
• Palk Bay- A semi-enclosed shallow area in the
same region.
SLENDER LORIS
DUGONG
 The Dugong
• The dugong never enters freshwater and is,
therefore, the only exclusively herbivorous
marine mammal.

• •The closest relative of the species was the

Steller's Sea cow, which was hunted to extinction
in the eighteenth century.

• •Presently, around 200 Dugongs are believed to

inhabit the Marine regions of Tamil Nadu.
 RAMSAR LISTED SITES IN TAMIL NADU
48 Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 526.72

49 Karikili Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 0.584

50 Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 11.08.2021 0.72

51 Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 12.475

52 Pichavaram Mangrove Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 14.786

53 Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 19.8.2002 385

54 Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 0.44

55 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 0.40

56 Vellode Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 0.77

57 Vembannur Wetland Complex Tamil Nadu 04.08.2022 0.20

58 Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 13.08.2022 2.6047

59 Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex Tamil Nadu 13.08.2022 0.9423

60 Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 13.08.2022 1.1264

61 Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 13.08.2022 0.9689

 17 TH WILD LIFE SANTUARY
(8-11-2022)
• Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary Notified As 17th
Wildlife Reserve In TN.
• The sanctuary falling under the regions including
Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts measuring
68,640 hectares is vital for elephant habitation in
South India.
• The sanctuary also continues to Nilgiris biosphere
reserve through Malai Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife
Sanctuary, Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve in
Karnataka, and Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve along
with Erode forest division of Tamil Nadu,
7-Agro climatic zones of Tamil Nadu
 Soils of Tamil Nadu
• Alluvial soil –Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam,
Villupuram, Cuddalore ,Tirunelveli and
Kanyakumari
• Rich in Minerals-Lime, Potassium,Magnesium
,Nitrogen and Humus.
• Paddy, Sugarcane ,banana and Turmeric
 Black soil
• Black soils are formed by the weathering of igneous rocks.
• It is also known as regur soil.
• As cotton grows well in this soil, it is also called as black
cotton soil.
• This soil is developed over the Deccan lava granite region
under semiarid conditions.
• It is fine textured and clayey in nature.
• It is poor in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and organic matter.
• Chief minerals found in this soil are calcium, magnesium,
carbonates, potash and lime.
• Cotton, sorghum, cumbu and fodder crops
• found extensively in the districts of Coimbatore,
• Madurai, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi.
 Red soils
• Red soils cover over two-thirds of the total area of Tamil
Nadu.
• found particularly in the central districts of the state.
• This soil is sandy and loamy in texture.
• Red soil is porous, friable and non-retentive of moisture.
• The colour of the soil is due to the presence of high content
of iron oxides.
• This soil is poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, acids and humus.
• paddy, ragi, tobacco and vegetables
• Almost all types of crops can be grown in this soil with the
application of manure and irrigation facilities.
• found in Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts.
 Laterite Soil
• This soil is formed by the process of intense
leaching.
• Laterite soils are found in some parts of
Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and Thanjavur districts
and some patches over the mountainous region in
the Nilgiris.
• Crops grown in this soil are paddy, ginger, pepper
and plantains.
• It is also suitable for the cultivation of tea and
coffee plants
 Saline Soil
• Saline soils in Tamil Nadu are confined to the
Coromandel coast.
• Vedaranyam has a pocket of saline soil.
• However, the tsunami waves on December 26,
2004 brought a lot of sand and deposited it all
along the east coast of Tamil Nadu.
• The tsunami made the coastal areas
unsuitable for cultivation to a considerable
extent
 Tropical Evergreen Forest
• This forest type is found in the regions that receive heavy
rainfall. It is a dense, multilayered forest.
• It is found in the upper slopes of Western Ghats of
Tirunelveli, Kanyakumari, the Nilgiris and Coimbatore
districts.
• cinnamon, Malabar ironwood, panasa, java plum/jamun,
• jack, kindal, ayani and crape myrtle.
• The semievergreen type of forest in the state is found
• over the regions of sub-tropical climate over the Eastern
Ghats.
• The prominent regions are Servarayan, Kollimalai and
Pachaimalai.
• Species of Indian mahogany, monkey teak, woolly cassia,
jack and mango trees are common in this region
 Forest types in TamilNadu
• 1.Tropical evergreen forest
• 2.Montane Temperate forest(Anamalai,Nilgiris and
Palani hills-Nilgiri chamba, Wights litsea and rose
apple)
• 3.Tropical Deciduous forest(Silk cotton, Kapok,
Kadamba)
• Mangroves(Pitchavaram,vedaranyam,Muthupet,Ch
atram and Thoothukudi)
• 4.Tropical Thorn
forest(Dharmapuri,Ramanathapuram
Virudhunagar)
PITCHAVARAM
 Rivers
• VAIGAI –RISES IN THE VARUSANADU HILLS
• MADURAI,SIVAGANGA AND RAMANATHAPURAM
DISTRICTS.
• DRAINED IN THE PALK STRAIT.
 THAMIRABARANI RIVER
• ORIGIN POTHIGAI HILLS
• TIRUNELVELI AND THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT.
• MANIMUTHAR,PACHAIYAR,CHITTAR-
TRIBUTARIES
 AGASTHYAMALAI HILLS
• Kollam & Thiruvananthapuram (kerala) &
Tirunelveli & Kanyakumari(TN) lies at the
extreme southern end of the Western Ghats
range .
 AGASTHYAMALAI HILLS
• The Thamirabarani river and its tributaries
Manimuthar river originates - perennial
rivers
 HILLS IN TAMILNADU
• ANAIMALAI HILLS-CBE W GHATS

• CARDAMOM HILLS, kolli hills

• JAVADI HILLS-VELLORE- E GHATS, kalrayan hills

• THE SERVARAYANS SOUTHERN RANGES OF

THE EASTERN GHATS
 KANJAMALAI
• SALEM DISTRICT –IRON ORE -SALEM
DISTRICT

• NAMMAKKAL-AKASHGANGA WATERFALLS –
KOLLIMALAI
 ERODE
• INDIA-largest producer, consumer and exporter
of Turmeric.
• Erode is the Second largest Turmeric Market in
India after Nizamabad(Telangana).
• Erode accounts for over 40% of the total sales in
the country.
• Erode Turmeric got GI TAG-2019.
• Turmeric cultivation-70-75% grown in Erode and
Coimbatore dt.
• Turmeric Research station-Bhavanisagar. (To
improve Varieties with a high curcumin content)
ARIYALUR –CEMENT INDUSTRY
 ARIYALUR
• Ariyalur District is the evidence of past
geological activity for the several million
years.
• Ariyalur formations are due to the
transgression and regression of the sea which
is indicated by fossil ferrous Limestone,
Sandstone, Clay & Marl.
 LIMESTONE DEPOSITS
• Limestone, Lime kankar - available in this
district are the important raw material for
manufacturing of cement in seven cement
plants functioning in Ariyalur District.
• The occurrence of Lignite, Oil and gas
deposits are reported at Udaiyarpalayam &
Andimadam Taluk.
FOSSIL DEPOSITS -ARIYALUR
Keezhadi excavation site
Keeladi Heritage Museum - Sivaganga
District
 Keeladi
• In order to understand the Vaigai River Coastal
Civilization, the Central Archeology Department
conducted 3 phases of excavations from 2015 to
2017 in the Keeladi, Kontakhai, Manalur and
Akaram areas of Sivagangai District near Madurai.
• 3000 years old Tamils habitation was found in the
excavations.
• After that Tamil Nadu archaeology department
started excavation work from the 4th to 8th phase
from 2017 to 2019. A variety of items were found in
it.
 Keeladi Heritage Museum was
inaugurated on 5th March 2023
• The Keeladi site dates back to the Sangam period,
considered the golden age of Tamil literature and lasted
from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE.
• The excavations have revealed a complex urban settlement
that included residential areas, streets, public buildings,
and water management systems.
• Some crucial findings from the Keeladi excavations include
beads, iron tools, terracotta figurines, expensive gold
ornaments, copper articles, iron tool parts, flint pieces,
round chips, flint earrings, glass and precious bell stones
(agate, sapphire, crystal), earthenware shells, revoluted
pottery, old men's talismans etc.
 Keezhadi
• This site is located 12 km southeast of
Madurai in Tamil Nadu, near the town of
Keezhadi in Sivagangai district.
• It comes under the Thiruppuvanam Taluk of
Sivagangai district.
• The settlement lies on the bank of the Vaigai
River and it reflects the ancient culture of
Tamil people
• dated the excavated remains between 6th
century BCE and 3rd century CE
Epigraphist V. Vedachalam,
 Archeological sites
• Adichanallur - is an archaeological site in
Thoothukudi district
• Korkai, the capital of the Early Pandyan
Kingdom, is located about 15 km from
Adichanallur.
• Kodumanal is a village located in
the Erode district. It is located on the
northern banks of Noyyal River, a tributary
of the Cauvery
 POOMPHUAR
• Puhar (Poompuhar) is a town in the
Mayiladuthurai district
• Puhar is located near the mouth of
the Kaveri river, marine archaeological
research.
 MAHENDRAGIRI
• TIRUNELVELI,ISRO PROPULSION CENTRE,
CRYOGENIC TESTING CENTRE,
 FOREST COVER
• TAMILNADU-26,281 SQ KM-WHICH CONSTITUTES
20.21% OF THE TOTAL AREA.
• T N CONSTITUTES 2.99% OF INDIAS FOREST COVER.
CHINNAKALLAR NEAR VALPARAI
WETTEST PLACE IN TAMIL NADU.
 MELAGIRIS HILLS
• Melagiri hills lie between
the dharmapuri and krishnagiri

districts and bordered by cauvery on

the karnataka side.

• Elephant corridors
 PACHAIMALAI
• EASTERN GHATS,trichi,salem

• Perambalur dt
 KAVERI
• THE KAVERI - THE SHIMSHA, THE HEMAVATI,
THE ARKAVATI, HONNUHOLE, LAKSHMANA TIRTHA, KABINI, BHAVANI
RIVER, THE LOKAPAVANI, THE NOYYAL AND THE AMARAVATI RIVER. THE
RIVER'S BASIN COVERS THE STATES AND UNION TERRITORY, AS TAMIL
NADU, KARNATAKA, KERALA, PUDUCHERRY.
 THALAIYAR FALLS
• PALANI HILLS - DINDIGUL DISTRICT.

• IT IS 975 FT TALL AND IS THE HIGHEST WATERFALL

IN TAMIL NADU
 Avalanche Lake (Ooty, NILGIRIS
• Avalanche received 92.1cm rain in 24 hours on
9 August 2019 which is highest 24 hr Rainfall
in South India.
• The lake is surrounded by a rolling
landscape with blooming flowers like
magnolias, orchids and
rhododendrons.
PKYARA DAM-NILGIRIS
KUNDAH DAM-NILGIRIS
KURUNJI FLOWER
 Kurunji Flower
• The purplish blue flower blossoms only once in 12
years, and gave the Nilgiri Mountains range
• The Paliyan tribal people living in Tamil Nadu
used it as a reference to calculate their age.
• This plant flowers during September–October.
• Besides the Western Ghats, Neelakurinji is also
seen in the Shevroy in the Eastern
Ghats, Sanduru hills of Bellary district in
Karnataka.
• In 2006, 2018 Neelakurunji flowered again
in Kerala and Tamil Nadu after a gap of 12
years.
TODA HOUSE-MUNDS
TODA TRIBES
Elephant Whisperers & Kattunayakan
Tribe (Bomman & Bellie)
 NILGIRI
• The couple live in the Tamil Nadu’s Mudumalai Tiger
Reserve and National Park.
• Theppakadu Elephant Camp in Mudumalai Tiger
Reserve is the oldest elephant camp in Asia and was
established 105 years back.
• Situated on the banks of river Moyar, it presently has
28 elephants.
• A dedicated bunch of Mahouts is providing training
and care to these elephants.
• Both Bomman and Bellie come from Kattunayakan
tribe, the traditional forest dwellers of Mudumalai
forests.
 KATTUNAYAKAN
• Kattunayakan also known as Jennu Kurumbas are
scheduled tribes found in south Indian states of
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala & Andhra Pradesh.
• Kattunayakan means king of jungles in Tamil and
Malayalam.
• earliest inhabitants of Western Ghats and are
engaged in the collection and gathering of forest
produce, mainly wild honey and wax.
• They are classified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
Groups in Tamil Nadu & Kerala
Paliyan Tribes
 The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR)
• 1,000 mm metre gauge railway in Nilgiris
district, built by the British in 1908.
• The railway is operated by the Southern Railway
and is the only rack railway in India.
• The railway relies on its fleet of steam
locomotives.
• In July 2005, UNESCO added the Nilgiri
Mountain Railway as an extension to the World
Heritage Site of Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
Nilgiris TOY TRAIN
Mattoor (Mathur) Thotti Palam (Hanging
bridge), crosses Parazhiyar river.
 Thirparappu water falls - on the
Kodayar river
• .
Udayagiri Fort
 Pechiparai Reservoir
• It is built across Kodayar river and
is at the downstream of
Thirparappu waterfalls.
Pechiparai Reservoir
Muttom beach
Poombarai village
 GI TAG PRODUCT -2023
• The famous Manapparai murukku, the Cumbum
panneer thratchai (grapes), Marthandam honey
and the Ooty varkey are among 11 products from
Tamil Nadu which got the Geographical Indication
(GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry
in Chennai.
• The other products are Manamadurai pottery,
Salem sago (javvarisi), Authoor vetrilai, Negamam
cotton sari, Myladi stone carvings, Thaikkal
Rattan craft and the Sholavandan betel vine.
The Cumbum area is an important centre for the
production of Muscat grapes, known locally as
panneer thratchai.
 Sigur plateau
• Sigur Plateau (Segur Plateau) is a plateau in the north and east
of Nilgiri District in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, South
India.
• Moyar River drainage basin on the northern slopes of the Nilgiri
Hills.
• The Sigur Plateau is notable as an important wildlife corridor in
the Western ghats to sustain elephant and tiger numbers and
their genetic diversity.
• It is an important link between several contiguous protected
areas forming the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the largest
protected forest area in India.
• Sigur Plateau is located adjoining the Bandipur National
Park to the northwest, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary to the
west, and Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary and Nilgiris
East ranges to the east.
CAUVERY BASIN
 KAVERI

• 416 KM IN TAMILNADU
• UPPER ANAICUT-MUKKOMBU
• KALLANAI-GRAND ANAICUT
• GARDEN OF SOUTHERN INDIA
Kaveri river and bhavani river
confluence(bhavani city)
BHAVANI SAGAR DAM
Kallanai Dam(located in Thanjavur
district.)
 Lower Anaicut
• Anaikkarai is a dam and bridge built on the
Kollidam .
• The Lower Anaicut built by Sir Arthur
Cotton in the 19th century across Coleroon,
the major tributary of Cauvery is said to be a
replicated structure of Kallanai.
• The Kaveri river splits into two at a point 20
miles (32 km) west of Kallanai.
• The two rivers form the island of
Srirangam before joining at Kallanai
 Kodiveri Dam
• The dam is built on the Bhavani river.
• Two channels arise from the dam,
Arakkankottai on the northern side of
Bhavani river and Thadapalli on the
southern side
Kodiveri Waterfalls
Turmeric Market
DAMS
CAUVERY
Hogenakkal Falls(“Niagara Falls of India”)
Coutrallam Falls- river Chittar- is
located in Tenkasi district
AKASA GANGAI WATER FALLS
WILDLIFE /NATIONAL PARK
NATIONAL PARK
NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE
AGASTHYAMALAI BIOSPHERE
HILLS
FOREST
TOURIST PLACES
AGRICULTURE
TURMERIC
SUGARCANE
 Transport

• Roads: The length of roads network in Tamil

Nadu is 1, 93,918 km.
• Railways: The total length of railways is 4,181
km, the main junctions being Chennai, Madurai,
Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli.
ROAD MAP
RIALWAYS
INDUSTRIES MAP
LEATHER
LITERACY
 Kulasekarapattinam
• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) sets up
its second spaceport at Kulasekarapattinam
(Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) district of Tamil Nadu)
• from where ISRO will launch satellites weighing less
than 500 kg on board its Small Satellite Launch
Vehicles (SSLVs).
 TRIBES
• TamilNadu has 7.21 lakh tribal populations as
per 2011 census which constitutes 1.10% of
the total population.
• There are 36 tribes and sub tribes in Tamil
Nadu.
• Literacy rate of the population is 27.9%.
• Most of the tribals in Tamil Nadu are
cultivators, agriculture labourers or dependent
on forests for their livelihood. There are six
primitive tribes in Tamil Nadu.
Lokur committee's recommendation in
1965
• Narikoravan and Kurivikkaran
 TRIBES OF TAMIL NADU
• Out of the 36 Scheduled Tribe communities in
the state, 6 Tribal Communities (ie) Toda, Kota,
Kurumbas, Irulur, Paniyan and Kattunayakan
have been identified as Primitive Tribal.
• The area where the population of Scheduled
Tribes exceeds 50% of the total population is
declared as Integrated Tribal Development
Programme area.
 TAMIL NADU COASTAL PLAIN
• (i) The coastal plain It can be sub divided into (a) the
Coramandel plain, comprising the districts of
Chengalpet, Viluppuram, Cuddalore,
• (b) the Alluvial plains of the Cauvery delta extending
over the composite Thanjavur and part of Trichirapalli
districts,
• (c) the dry Southern plains in Madurai,
Ramanathapuram, Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli and
• (d) the inner plains comprising districts of Dharmapuri,
Salem, Vellore and Madurai districts.
• Along the coast at places like Mahabalipuram,
Mandapam and Kanniyakumari, outcrops rocky head
lands are present.
• A narrow belt of sand dunes rising to about 10m is
found on the Toothukudi coast.
• Further south in Toothukudi, red sand hills
locally known as “Teri” rises to 50 m
above mean sea level (MSL).
• Typical coral reefs occur at Pamban
islands at the head of the Gulf of Mannar
on the east coast.
 THE BUCKINGHAM CANAL

• The Buckingham canal, which connects river

Krishna in Andhra Pradesh with Chennai,
passes through some of them.
• Veeranam lake in Chenglepet is one of the
largest lakes in the State.
 WESTERN GHATS
• The hilly region along the North and the West Along
the whole length of the western part, at a distance
from the sea varying from 80 to 160 km runs the
range of Western Ghats, a steep and rugged mass
averaging 1220m above MSL and rising to 2554 m
at Mukurti and 2637 m at Doddabetta in Nilgiris. It
has tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen and
deciduous forests, as well as savannahs intermixed
with cultivated lands and settled areas in the
valleys.
 EASTERN and WESTERN GHATS
• The Eastern Ghats from Andhra Pradesh cut
across the State to meet the Nilgiri hils.
• The 'Palghat gap' of about 30 km width is the
only marked break in the Western Ghats.
• To the south of this gap, the range is called
Anamalai and Cardamom hills.
• On the east of Western Ghats are Palni hills,
which are an offshoot of Anamalais. Other
prominent groups of hills are Javadis,
Shervaroys, Chitteris, Kolli hills, Kalrayans
and Pachamalais.
 RIVERS IN TAMIL NADU
• Cauvery, Moyar, Bhavani, Amaravati,
Chittar and Tamaraparani are perennial
rivers,
• whereas Vellar, Noyyal, Suruli, Gundar and
Vaipar are non-perennial ones.
• Cauvery, which rises from Brahmagiri in
Coorg is the longest river of the State.
 TRIBES IN TAMIL NADU
• ADIYAN:This community is distributed in
the Wayanad district and the adjoining
areas of Kanur district and Kodagu in
Karnataka concentration is in the
Thirunelly , Thrissileri and Vemam village
of Mananthavady taluk (Kerala). In
addition Adiyan Community also found in
Tamil Nadu. They have their own dialect
called "Adiyabhasha"
 ARANADAN
• The Aranadan found in the Nilambur
forests in the Ernad Taluk, Malappuram
district and Ernad taluk of the Malabar
district
 ERAVALLAN
• 3. ERAVALLAN:
They live in the Anaimalai hills spread over
the Pollachi and Udumalpet taluks of
Coimbatore district.
 IRULAR
•
The Irular are the second
largest Scheduled Tribe of
Tamil Nadu.
 KADAR
• The Kadars are original inhabitants of
Anaimalai and resided in the forests next to
Tops lip they were to be found in the Anaimali
hills of pollachi Taluk in Coimbatore district
with the exception of a few who had migrated
to Salem and Thirunelveli Districts in 1961.
• Anaimalai hills which lie partly in the present
Tamilnadu and partly in Kerala. They have their
own dialect called as a kada dialect without
script. And the Kadar speaks Tamil and
Malayalam also.
 KAMMARA
• The Kammaras are the blacksmith
section of the Telugu Kama salas, whose
services are the great demand by the
cultivator, whose agricultural implements
have to be made, and constantly repaired.
 KANIKARAN
• The kanikaran inhabit many parts of
Kannniyakumari district and the
Shencottah Taluk of Tirunelveli district.

• The present habitat of the kanikaran is

easily accessible because of the
development of such villages as
Pechiparai, Peruncheni and Papanasam
and migrated to Kerala
 KANIYAN
• 8. KANIYAN:
The word Kaniyan has been derived from the
word kaniya meaning 'foresight' The Kaniyan
belief that they were original inhabitants of
Travangore region, most Kaniyan were in the
foothills of the mountains of the North East
part of the Kanniyakumari District, an
adjacent to the towns of Nagercoil,
Kuzhithurai and Padnamanabhapuram,
but some are also distributed in Tirunelveli
and Coimbatore Districts.
 KATTU NAICKAN
• The Kattu Naickan get their name the
words kadu, which means 'forest' and
nayakan which means 'leader' or 'chief'.
They are also known as kattu Naickan.
They are the aboriginal inhabitants of
the Western Ghats and are mainly
found in the Nilgiris, in Tamil Nadu.
 KORAGA
• he etymological meaning of the work Korga is
uncertain and considered it to be a corruption of
'Kurawar' meaning hill men. The word is derived
from their profession.
• The originally found in South Karnataka and
Bellary districts migrated to Tamil Nadu. They
live in the out skirts of villages. The Koraga speak
Tulu or Kannada with others and Koraga their
own language. Koraga is an independent
language of the Dravidian family.
 KOTA
• The Kota is the Scheduled Tribe of Tamil Nadu.
• According to the 1961 Census, their total
population was 1112 distributed in seven villages
of the Nilgiris district, while the 2011 Census
shows it to be 3110, indicating a low population
growth.
• They were created from drops of God's
(kambatraya). Their separation took place when
God once asked them what they wanted.
• The Kota speaks Kota, a Dravidian language
among themselves and Tamil with others
 KURICHCHAN
• The Kurichchan has migrated to its
present habitat, i.e. Dharamapuri District,
from Alambadi forest area in the Kollegal
taluk of the present Musore District.
• The Kurichchan speak Kannada, among
themselves and Tamil with others. They
use the Tamil and Kannada scripts. Some
Kurichchan are conversant in Telugu
and Urdu.
 KURUMBA
• The KURUMBA or KURUMBAS are found in
southern past of India in the states of Tamil
nadu and Kerala.
• The Kurumbas are descendants of ancient
Pallavas who were scattered over Nilgiris,
Wayanad and Mysore, after a Chola
onslaught in about 7th or 8th century A.D.
Only those living in the Nilgiri district of
Tamil nadu are included in the list of the
Scheduled Tribes
 KURUMANS
• It is believed that they might have
migrated from Karnataka long ago. Most
of them live in Dharmapuri district. They
speak kannada dialect within their
community. They converse in tamil with
others.
 MAHA MALASAR
• The Maha Malasar are identified as a
small tribal community at the local level in
Tamil nadu and are found only in the
Pollachi and udumalpet taluks of
Coimbatore District. Most of them live in
the Indira Gandhi wild Life sanctuary in
pollachi taluk
 MALAYALI:

•
The origins and migration to the hills are
shrouded in mystery. According to Malayali
they are migrated from the scared city of
Kanchipuram to the hill areas when parts
of Southern India were under Muslim rule.
 MUTHUVAN
•
The Muthuvan found in the idukki
District, Kerala, and the adjoining
Mathurai and Coimbatore districts of
Tamil Nadu
 PALLIYAN
• Palliyan are found in Palani hills of Dindigul
district and in Western Ghats.
• Especially in the sensagethope and saduragiri
hills, the Puliyankudi areas of Tirunelveli
district and vasanadu hills and Bodinaianar in
Madurai district.
• They are found in the hills of Coimbatore ,
Madurai , Ramnad and Tirunelveli district.
Palliyan speak Tamil dialect.
 PALLIYAR
• PALLIYAR:
The Palliyar are found in the hilly regions
of Madurai, Dindugal,Tirunelveli and
Virudhunagar districts. In Tamil Nadu
they constitute relatively a small group.
They speak Tamil (mother tongue of Tamil
Nadu).
 PANIYAN
• The paniyan are distributed in tamilnadu
and the adjoining area of kerala and
Karnataka.
• They mainly live in the Nilgiris District.
 SHOLAGAR
•
They are aboriginal forest tribe inhabiting the Western Ghats,
and are identified at the local level. The ethnographic accounts
reveal that they are the progeny of Karayan or Karayya.
• They claim that they are karayan makkalu (children).
• Legendary accounts exist regarding the origin of the community.
• The community perceives its distribution in the Nilgiris,Erode,
Coimbatore, Salem and Dharmapuri Districts of Tamil Nadu.
• They live chiefly on the summits of the Geddesala- bargur hills,
the Nilgiri hills and the Biligiri Rangan hills. Their settlements
in Tamil nadu are contiguous to that of their Counterparts in
Karnataka state. They speak their own dialect, Solaga or
Soliga-Kannada or Hale kannada (old Kannada) among
themselves. They speak Kannada and Tamil with others. They
use the Tamil script.
 TODA
• The Toda are a prominent tribe of the Nilgiris.
The history and origin is not clear.
• They believe that they were created along with
their buffaloes by their great Goddess
Thekershi (Toksy).
• According to them, the Tarthar and the Teivali.
There are many version with regard to the history
of the Toda.
• They have their own dialect called as Toda
dialect without script. Toda dialect is an
Independent language of the Dravidian family
affiliated to Tamil.
 URALI
•
The Uralis are found in the
Sathyamangalam Taluk of the Erode
District of Tamilnadu, Kerala and
Karanatka. The Uralis live in the hills of
Tamilnadu, Kerala and bordering areas of
Karnataka.
• They dwell at an altitude of 1,800 feet in the
jungle of Dimnhu area of Tamilnadu.
• They speak mixed Tamil and canaries. Their
language with words frequently borrowed
from Tamil or Kannada according to the
language used by the non- tribal.
 Newly added Tribes in Tamil Nadu
• The Narikuravas (jackal catchers) and Kuruvikaras
(bird eaters) are nomadic tribal communities from
Trichy and Villupuram that pride themselves on
the traditional occupations of hunter-gathering
and making and selling bead necklaces.
• A four and a half decade long constitutional
battle to change status from MBC to ST began
in 1965, when the Lokur
Committee recommended inclusion of
Narikoravans (Kuruvikaran) in the list of
Scheduled Tribes.
 Latest Update-2022
• The Hatti tribe in the Trans-Giri area of
Sirmour district in Himachal Pradesh, the
Narikoravan and Kurivikkaran hill tribes of
Tamil Nadu and the Binjhia in Chhattisgarh,
who were listed as ST in Jharkhand and Odisha
but not in Chhattisgarh, were the
communities newly added to the list.
 Kerala
• Nickname(s):
• God's Own Country,
• Spice Garden of India,
• Land of Coconuts,
• Land of Trees,
• The Jewel of South India.
POLITICAL MAP
En Uru’, the first tribal heritage village
in the State(wayanad)
 Nanjiamma: 62-year-old tribal who won
National Award for Best Female
Playback Singer
• Nanjiamma, a tribal singer from Attapadi in
Palakkad district of Kerala,
 KERALA
• Kerala has the lowest positive population
growth rate in India, 3.44%; the highest Human
Development Index (HDI), 0.784 in 2018.
• The highest literacy rate, 96.2% in the 2018
literacy survey conducted by the National
Statistical Office, India.
• The highest life expectancy, 77 years; and
the highest sex ratio 1,084 women per 1,000
men
 agriculture
• The production of pepper and natural
rubber contributes significantly to the total
national output.
• The state's largest checkpoint, Walayar, is
on NH 544, in the border town between
Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
• Kochi Metro is the metro rail system in the
city of Kochi.
• It is the only metro rail system in Kerala.
Construction began in 2012
 Highest peak
• Anamudi in the Idukki district is the highest
peak in south India, is at an elevation of
2,695 m (8,842 ft)
• Wayanad is the sole Plateau in Kerala.
• The eastern regions in the districts
of Wayanad, Malappuram (Chaliyar valley
at Nilambur), and Palakkad (Attappadi Valley),
which together form parts of the Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve and a continuation of
the Mysore Plateau, are known for
natural Gold fields, along with the adjoining
districts of Karnataka.
 facts
• kuttanad, also known as the rice bowl of
kerala
• The state's 14 districts are distributed
among six regions
• Kerala was declared as the first digital state
of India on 27 February 2016
• Kerala produces 97% of the national output of
black pepper and accounts for 85% of
the natural rubber in the country.
 MINERALS
• Minerals
including Ilmenite, Monazite, Thorium,
and Titanium, are found in the coastal
belt of Kerala.
• Kerala's coastal belt
of Karunagappally is known for high
background radiation from thorium-
containing monazite sand.
 BEACHES
• The major beaches are
at Kovalam, Varkala, Kozhikode, Fort
Kochi, Cherai, Alappuzha, Ponnani,
• Kadalundi, Tanur, Chaliyam, Payyambal
am,
Kappad, Muzhappilangad and Bekal.
 KERALA
• These include five classical dance
forms: Kathakali, Mohiniyattam,
• Koodiyattom, Thullal and Krishnanatta
m,
 HILL STATIONS
• Popular hill stations are
at Ponmudi, Wayanad, Wagamon, Munnar,
Peermade, Ramakkalmedu, Arimbra, Paitha
lmala of Kannur district, Kodikuthimala,
and Nelliampathi.
• Munnar is 4,500 feet above sea level and
is known for tea plantation
 NATIONAL PARKS AND WLS
• Kerala's ecotourism destinations include 12 wildlife
sanctuaries and two national parks: Periyar Tiger
Reserve,
• Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary,
• Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary,
• Thattekad Bird Sanctuary,
• Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary,
• Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary,
• Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary,
• Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary,
• Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary,
• Eravikulam National Park,
• and Silent Valley National Park are the most popular
among them.[
 INDIAN BLACK HONEY BEE
• The species, discovered after a gap of over 200
years, has been named Apis karinjodian, with the
common name, ‘Indian black honey
bee’.(November 2022) IN THE WESTERN GHATS.
• The honey bee last discovered from India was
Apis indica which was identified in 1798 by
Fabricius.
• Three species of cavity-nesting honey bees in
India - Apis indica, Apis cerana and the newly
discovered Apis karinjodian.
INDIAN BLACK HONEY BEE
 DISTRIBUTION
• The distribution of Apis karinjodian ranges
from the central Western Ghats and Nilgiris to
the southern Western Ghats, covering the
states of Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and parts of
Tamil Nadu.
• The species has been classified as Near
Threatened (NT) in Kerala based on the IUCN
Red List Categories and Criteria, an easily and
widely understood system for classifying
species at high-risk of global extinction.
 PUNNAMADA
• Punnamada (where the annual Nehru
Trophy Boat Race is held in August)
• ,
ONAM FESTIVAL
PANIYAR TRIBE-WAYANAD
 TRIBES
• Wayanad has the highest number of tribals
(1,36,062).
• [idukki- (50973) and Palakkad (39665) districts
are the next two that make the lion portion of
the native tribal people groups in the state.
• The Paniya (Paniyar) are the largest of the 35
major tribes.
 TRIBES
• Tribal people groups who are food-
gatherers, with diminishing population
and very low or little literacy rates can be
called as Primitive Tribes.
Cholanaikkans, Kurumbas,
Kattunaikans, Kadars and Koragas are
the five primitive tribal groups in
Kerala. They constitute nearly 5% of the
total tribal population in the State.
 TRIBES
• Cholanaikkans can be said as the most primitive of
them and found only in the Malappuram District.
• Kattunaikans, another lower-hill community related
to Cholanaikkans, are mainly seen in Wayanad
district and some in Malappuram and Kozhikode
districts.
• Kadar population is found in Trisur and Palakkad
districts.
• Kurumbas are living in the Attappady Block of
Palakkad district.
• The Koraga habitat is in the plain areas of Kasaragod
district.
 TRIBES IN KERALA
Area Tribes
Kasaragod Koragar, Maradi

Paniyar, Kurichyar, Kattunaikkar,

Wayanad Mullukkurumar, Adiyar, Kanduvadiyar,
Thachanadar, Kanaladi

Attappadi Irular, Kurumbar, Mudugar

Cholanaikkar, Aranadan, Kadar,

Nilambur
Alar, Paniyar

Parambikkulam Kadar,malasar,malamalasar

Malampadaram, Malappulayan,
Idukki Malayarayar,
Urali, Muthuvan, Mannan

Nedumangad Kanikkar, Malandar

 WESTERN GHATS
• There are 44 rivers in the state, of which 41
originate from the Western Ghats and flow
towards west into the Arabian sea.
• Only three tributaries of the river Cauvery
originate in Kerala and flow east into the
neighbouring States.
 BACKWATERS
• Canals link the lakes and backwaters to facilitate
an uninterrupted inland water navigation system
from Thiruvananthapuram to Vadakara, a distance
of 450 kms.
 VEMBANAD LAKE
• The Vembanad lake - from Alappuzha to Kochi is
the biggest water body
• Kuttanad in Alappuzha district
ASHTAMUDI LAKE
VEMBANAD (LONGEST LAKE 96KM)
VSSC-TRIVANDRAM
 LITERACY RATE
• The State boasts of one of India's highest literacy
rates,
• highest life expectancy
• and lowest child mortality rates.
 GI Tag
• Nilambur teak...
• Pokkali rice
• Vazhakulam Pineapple,
• Tirur Betel vine,
• Wayanadan rice varieties Jeerakasala and
Gandhakasala,
• central Travancore Jaggery
• Chengalikodan Nendran, a banana variety.
NILAMBUR TEAK
 IDUKKI DISTRICT
• WESTERN GHATS- mountains of the eastern Idukki
district receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in)
of orographic precipitation: the highest in the
state.
 RAMSAR CONVENTION
• wetlands
• Lake Sasthamkotta,
• Ashtamudi Lake
• Vembanad-Kol
• thrissur-ponnani kole wetlands,
 VEMBANAD LAKE
• Vembanad (Vembanad Kayal is the
longest lake in India, and the largest
lake in the state of Kerala.
 KOCHI PORT
• Punnamada Lake in Kuttanad,
• Kochi Port is built around the Willingdon Island,
and the Vallarpadam island.
KOCHI AIRPORT-SOLAR PANEL
 Kochi port
• INTERNATIONAL TRANSHIPMENT CONTAINER
TERMINAL-VALLARPADAM
LARGEST SHIP BUILDING YARD
 COCHIN SHIPYARD
• CSL, the first Greenfield and presently the most modern
shipbuilding yard in India, has an enviable reputation for
building high quality ships.
• Cochin Shipyard with its proven expertise is perfectly
positioned to offer a flexible range of products such as
• Tankers
• Product Carriers
• Bulk Carriers
• Passenger Vessels
• High Bollard Pull Tugs
• Air Defence Ship
• Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in the year 1972 as a
fully owned Government of India company.
KOCHI WETRO METRO
KOCHI WETRO METRO
 KOCHI WETRO METRO
• The construction work started in 2016 and its first
route between Vytilla and InfoPark was
inaugurated in February 2021 by Chief Minister
Pinarayi Vijayan.
• It was officially inaugurated and opened to
passengers by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25
April 2023.
• The Vypin--High Court line began service on 26
April 2023 and the Vyttila--Kakkanad line began
service on 27 April 2023.
 NEHRU TROPHY BOAT RACE
• The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is conducted in a
portion of the lake VEMBANAD
Kuthiran Tunnel
 Kuthiran Tunnel
• Is a twin-tube highway tunnel
• The tunnel is located on the National Highway 544 and
it is owned and operated by the NHAI.
• This is Kerala's first-ever tunnel for road transport
and South India's longest six-lane road tunnel
• Kuthiran gradient is situated in the Kuthiran Hills,
situated in the western part of Anaimalai Hills.
• On July 31, 2021, one of the two tunnels in Palakkad -
Thrissur direction was officially opened for traffic
 KUTTANADU
• Kuttanadu is a region covering the Alappuzha and
Kottayam Districtse well known for its vast paddy
fields
•
 KUTTANAD
• Kuttanad is a delta region of about 900 sq. km situated in the west coast of
Kerala State, India.
• The area is a larger mosaic of fragmented landscape patches and varied
ecosystems such as coastal backwaters, rivers, vast stretches of paddy
fields, marshes, ponds, garden lands, edges, corridors and remarkably
networked water ways.
• The Kuttanad Below Sea-level Farming System (KBSFS) is unique, as it is the
only system in India that practices rice cultvation below sea level.
• The major land use structure of KBSFS is flat stretches of rice fields in about
50,000 ha of mostly reclaimed delta swamps.
• The rice fields, which are popularly known as "Puncha Vayals" exist in
three landscape elements: Karapadam (upland rice fields), Kayal
(wetland rice fields) and Kari (land buried with black coal like materials).
• Farmers of Kuttanad have developed and mastered the spectacular
technique of below sea level cultivation over 150 year ago.
 kuttanadu
• The region has the lowest altitude in India, and
where farming is carried around 1.2 to 3.0 metres
(4 to 10 ft) below sea level.
• Is the major rice producer in the state.
 KUTTANAD FARMING
• FAO has declared the Kuttanad Farming System as
a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
(GIAHS).
 SYMBOLS OF KERALA
• Animal Indian elephant,Bird Great hornbill
• Fish Pearl spot,Flower Golden shower tree
• Tree Coconut tree
 Eravikulam National Park
• It is the first national park in Kerala.
• largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr.
• Anamudi, 2,695 meters, the highest peak
in South India is inside this park.
• Idukki and Ernakulam districts of Kerala
• Nilgiri tahr, Neelakurinji, lion-tailed macaques,
gaur and sambar deer
12 years with gregarious flowering of
Kurunji or Neelakurunji
GREAT HORNBILL
PEARL SPOT
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
NATURAL SCENES
BOAT HOUSE
NEHRU TROPHY BOAT RACE-ALAPPUZHA
COCONUT TREES
KATHAHALI
KATHAKALI
Mohiniyattam
KALARIPAYATTU
 Kerala Seaplane
• It was launched on 2 June 2013 at Kollam
 TERLS
• The Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching
Station (TERLS) is an Indian spaceport
established on 21 November 1963.
• Operated by the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO), it is located in Thumba,
Thiruvananthapuram
 VIZHINJAM

• Asia’s first wave energy plant.

SABARIMALA TEMPLE
GURUVAYUR TEMPLE
PHYSICAL MAP
KALARIPAYATTU
HILL STATIONS
RIVERS
 Rivers and Dams
• The Idukki Dam and Idamalayar Dams hold 48
per cent of the total storage capacity combined of
all dams in Kerala
• Idamalayar Dams
• Ernakulam on the Idamalayar River, a tributary
of the Periyar River.
• Completed in 1985,
 Idukki dam
• Double curvature Arch dam constructed across the
Periyar River
• Height-168 mts
• Opened in February 1973
 Dams and rivers.
• Bharathappuzha- second longest river in
Kerala after the Periyar
• Malappuram, Thrissur and Palakkad districts of
Kerala and Coimbatore, and Tiruppur of Tamil Nadu.
• westward through Palakkad Gap
• Malampuzha dam is the largest -Bharathapuzha
• Thirumoorthy Dam is a located at Thirumoorthy
hills in Udumalaipettai, Tamil Nadu
 Siruvani dam
• Palakkad District,
• This dam constructed across the Siruvani River, is
for supplying drinking water to the city of
Coimbatore (An agreement was executed in
August 1973)
 Parambikulam Dam
• Parambikulam River, Palakkad district
• Parambikulam River, one of four tributaries of
the Chalakkudi River, originates in the
Coimbatore district
• The dam is operated and maintained by Tamil
Nadu but the ownership rests with Kerala
• On 17 October 2012, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
reached an accord on Parambikulam-Aliyar
water(PAP)
 ALIYAR DAM
• Kannadipuzha is one of the main tributaries of the
river Bharathapuzha,
• Aliyar is one of the tributaries of the river
Kannadipuzha.
• Aliyar dam in Aliyar near Pollachi.
 The Pamba River

• The third longest river in Kerala after Periyar and

Bharathappuzha
• Sabarimala temple - Lord Ayyappa is located on
the banks of the river Pamba.
• The River Pamba enriches the lands of
Pathanamthitta District and the Kuttanad area of
Alappuzha District and few areas of Kottayam
 Chalakudy River
• fifth longest river .
• The river flows through Palakkad , Thrissur and
Ernakulam Districts
• Sun Catfish known as Manjakoori is found
extensively in Chalakudy River
 Waterfalls.
• The famous waterfalls, Athirappilly Falls and
Vazhachal Falls, are situated on this river
IDUKKI DAM
John Pennycuick (engineer)
THENI DISTRICT -STATUE
Endosulfan –Kasaragod district –cashewnut
cultivations
KOVALAM BEACH
VARKALA BEACH
Chalakudy river-Athirapalli waterfalls
NATIONAL PARKS
FOREST
LEADING RUBBER PRODUCER
KUTTANAD
KERALA RICE
 Pokkali Rice
• Pokkali is a unique saline tolerant rice variety
that is cultivated using extensive aquaculture
in an organic way in the water-logged coastal
regions, spread in about 5000 hectares area in
Alappuzha, Thrissur and Ernakulam districts
of Kerala in Southern India.
• The brand Pokkali has received a GI tag.
POKKALI RICE
NANDRAN BANANA
KUTTANAD RICE CULTIVATION
SPICES OF KERALA
INDIA
TIGER CENSUS
TIGER RESERVES IN INDIA
PROJECT TIGERS
ELEPHANTS IN INDIA
WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
 INDIA’S FOREST RESERVE
• As per the report, 15 states/UTs have more than
33% of the geographical area under Forest cover.
Out of these states/UTs 7 states viz; Mizoram,
Lakshadweep, A & N Island, Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Meghalaya and Manipur had more than
75% Forest cover while 8 states viz; Tripura, Goa,
Kerala, Sikkim, Utharakhand, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli, Chattisgarh and Assam had forest cover
between 33% to 75%.
•
 FOREST COVER
• Maximum increase in Forest cover has been
observed in Tamil Nadu (2501sq.km) followed by
Kerala (1317 sq.km) and Jammu & Kashmir (450
sq.km). Area wise, the State of Madhya Pradesh
has the largest forest cover of 77,462 sq.km
followed by Arunachal Pradesh (67,248 sq.km) and
Chattisgarh (55,586 sq.km). Mizoram, with 88.93 %
of forest cover has the highest forest cover in
percentage terms, followed by Lakshadweep
(84.56 %).
 Forest cover
• The total forest cover of the country as per India
State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2015 is 701673 sq.km
which constitute 21.34 percent of the geographical
area of the country. On comparison with ISFR
2013, it is observed that, there has been an
increase of 3775 sq.km. in the country's forest
cover.