Last in Fianal

Index
 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE / AIM
 APPARATUS / MATERIAL
REQUIRED
 DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 CALCULATIONS
 RESULTS
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCES OF ERRORS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction n of a material is a
dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that
medium. It is defined as
n=c/v
Where is the speed of light in vacuum and vis the phase velocity of light
in the medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.333;
meaning that light travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in
water
Refraction of a light ray

AIM
 To find the refractive indexes

of (a) water (b) oil using a
plane mirror, an equiconvex
lens, and an adjustable object
needle.
APPARATUS
 Convex Lens
 Plane Mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp Stand
 An Optical Needle
 Plumb Line
 Knitting Needle Half Meter Scale
 Glass Slab
 Spherometer
DIAGRAM
THEORY
1. If f1 and f 2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and
liquid lens and f be the focal length of their combination then: -
2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R and
R2= by using lens make's formula

Where n = Refractive index of the liquid
R= the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by:
Here, I is the average distance between the legs of the

spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then on
plane mirror.
PROCEDURE
(a) For focal length of convex lens:
1. Find the rough focal length of the convex

lens.
2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base

of the iron stand and then a convex lens on
the plane mirror.
3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and

adjust its position on the stand such that
there is no parallax between tip of the needle
and its image.
4. Measure distance between tip and upper
surface of the lens by using a plumb line and
half meter scale. Also measure the distance
between tip of needle and upper surface of the
mirror. Take the mean of the two readings.
This means distance will be equal to the focal
length of the convex lens (fi).
(b) For focal length of the ccombination
5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane

mirror and put the convex lens over it with its
same face above as before. The water spreads
in a form of layer and acts like a Plano-
concave lens.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the
equivalent focal length of the combination.
7. Record the observation.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent
liquid (oil).
(b)For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:
9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the
spherometer.
10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely.
Put the spherometer on this lens surface.
11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be
placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust
the central screw tip to touch the surface of the
lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of
the lens and place on the plane mirror surface
and record the reading.
13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper and mark them and
their average distance.
OBSERVATIONS
Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm
Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:

1) AB = 3 cm
2) BC = 3 cm
3) CA = 3 cm
Table for calculation of ‘h’

CALCULATIONS
Mean distance between two legs
To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:

Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil
1.With water between the convex lens and the plane

mirror:
2. With oil between the convex lens and the plane

Mirror
Results
The refractive index of water is μ₁ = 1.0831
 refractive index of oil is μ₂ = 1.2886
PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the
needle while removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer
should be thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical. 7. The
centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction
only.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.
2. The parallax may not be fully removed.
3. The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical on the
surface of the convex lens.
4. The tip of the central screw should not just touch the
surface of lens or mirror.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 HELP FROM TEACHERS
 NCERT TEXTBOOK
 NCERT Physics Lab Manual
 NCERT TEXTBOOK
 NCERT Physics Lab Manual

Last in Fianal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Last in Fianal

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Last in Fianal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Index

Refraction of a light ray

 To find the refractive indexes

R2= by using lens make's formula

R= the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.

Here, I is the average distance between the legs of the

1. Find the rough focal length of the convex

2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base

3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and

(b) For focal length of the ccombination

5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane

Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm

Distance between the legs:

Table for calculation of ‘h’

Mean distance between two legs

To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:

1.With water between the convex lens and the plane

2. With oil between the convex lens and the plane

 refractive index of oil is μ₂ = 1.2886

 NCERT Physics Lab Manual

 NCERT Physics Lab Manual

You might also like