• “The development of surface of an object means the unrolling and

unfolding of all surfaces of the object on a plane.”

• “If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain surface, the shape thus
obtained is called the development of that solid.”
• In other words, the development of a solid is the shape of a plain
sheet that by proper folding could be converted into the shape of the
concerned solid.
• Knowledge of development is very
useful in sheet metal work,
construction of storage vessels,
chemical vessels, boilers, and
chimneys. Such vessels are
manufactured from plates that are
cut according to these
developments and then properly
bend into desired shaped. The
joints are then welded or riveted.

Boiler
 Chemical
Vessel

Metal Sheet
Works

Storage
Chimney Vessel
• Every line on the development should show the true length of the
corresponding line on the surface which is developed.
 1) Parallel-line development 2) Radial-line development

• It is used for developing Prisms and single curved surfaces • It is employed for Pyramids and single curved surfaces
like Cylinders, in which all the edges/generation of lateral like Cones in which the apex is taken as centre and the
surfaces are parallel in each other. slant edge or generator as radius of its development.
 3) Approximate development 4) Triangulation development

• It is employed for double curved surfaces like Spheres, as

they are theoretically not possible to develop. The surface of
the sphere is developed by approximate method. When the • It is used for developing transition pieces.
surface is cut by a series of cutting planes, the cut surfaces is
called a zone.
 Parallel
development
Figure 1 shows two view of object.
Draw the full development for the object.
KK is the seam.

K/K

K
 Step 1
Label the top view with 1,2,3,4,5 and 6

5 6

K/K
1
4

3 2

K
Step 2
Project the top view of the object into
front view and label
5 6

K/K
1
4

3 2

4 3 5 6 2 1K
 Step 3
Project the front view of the object onto
the right side
5 6

K/K
1
4

3 2

4 3 5 6 2 1K
 Step 4
Draw the line 1 and assume it as a seam. Transfer side of
the length from top view and label

5 6

K/K
1
4

3 2

4 3 5 6 2 1K 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
 Step 5
Draw a vertical lines from point 1 to 6 upwards

5 6

K/K
1
4

3 2

4 3 5 6 2 1K 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
 Step 6
Darken the object lines

5 6

K/K
1
4

3 2

4 3 5 6 2 1K 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
 radial
development
Figure 1 shows two view of object.
Draw the full development for the object.
KK is the seam.

K'

K'
Step 1
Label the top view with 1,2, and 3

2 3

1 K'

K'
 Step 2
Draw an arc with with true length of slant edge as radius and K (apex of prism) as
center. Project point to the prism based. The true length / height of prism is identified
Note: 2 3

The orientation
of front view
do not indicate
true length of K

prims (length
of slant edge).
1 K'
Therefore true
length need to
be identified.
K

K'
Step 3
Draw a line parallel to TL line. Mark the line with K and K’

2 3

1 K'

K' K'
Step 4
Draw an arc with K as center and K-K’ as radius.
Transfer side of the length from top view and label
2 3 K'
3

2
1 K'

K' K'
Step 5
Darken the object lines

2 3 K'
3

2
1 K'

K' K'
 Figure 2 shows two view of a truncated prisms.
Draw the full development for the object.
KK is the seam.
3

Note: K
3
The orientation
of top view is
already 2
K
K
indicate true K'

length (length
of slant edge) 2

K'
2 1 3 K'
Figure 3 shows two view of a truncated cone.
Draw the full development for the cone.
KK is the seam.

K K'

K'
Step 1
Identify apex point
Divide top view (circle) into 12 sections (using 30 and 60 set square) and label.
9
8 10

7 11

K K'
6

5 1

4 2
3

K'
Step 2
Project the point to front view and label

9
8 10

7 11

K K'
6

5 1

4 2
3

K' K'
6 5/7 4/8 3/9 2/10 1/11
Step 3
Draw a line parallel to the side of the cone.
Draw and arc with apex and center and K’ as radius
9
8 10

7 11

K K'
6

5 1

4 2
3

K' K'
6 5/7 4/8 3/9 2/10 1/11
Step 4
Transfer side length from top view and label

9
8 10

7 11
11
K' 10
9
K K'
6 8

7
5 1

4 2 6
3

K
K 1

K' K'
6 5/7 4/8 3/9 2/10 1/11
Step 5
Transfer the height of truncated surface

9
8 10

7 11
11
K' 10
9
K K'
6 8

K
7
5 1

4 2 6
3

K
K 1

K' K'
6 5/7 4/8 3/9 2/10 1/11
Step 6
Identify interception points (1 with 1, 2 with 2,
etc.) and darken the object line
9
8 10

7 11
11
K' 10
9
K K'
6 8

K
7
5 1

4 2 6
3

K
K 1

K' K'
6 5/7 4/8 3/9 2/10 1/11
24. Figure 24 shows two views of an object C. Draw a full
development of the surface of the object. K-K’ is a seam.
3
2 K
4
11
K' 10
1 5
9 K'

K' K 6 8
OBJECT C
K'
7

11 7

6
10 8
9
5

K
3

K'
K'
2

1/11 2/10 3/9 4/8 5/7 6 K'

FIGURE 24
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