CHAPTER I

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study aims to innovate a Hydro Electric Generator that fit for household use.
Specifically, the study aims to innovate a generator that affordable and easy to use for
everybody. Functionality and efficiency of the innovated Generator will be Tested in this study.

BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

HYDRO ELECTRIC GENERATOR

Reason:
Area that have no Electricity
supply
History / Evolution of the Project
According to Cristina Nunez from the National Geographic, hydro power emerged as a source of electricity in the late 19th
century, shortly after the development of the first hydroelectric power plant by British American Engineer James Francis. This power
plant was operational along the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, in the United States.

A conventional hydroelectric power plant is composed of three main components: a power plant that generates electricity, a dam that
can regulate the flow of water by opening or closing, and a reservoir where water is stored. The water from behind the dam is directed
through an intake and exerts pressure on the turbine blades, causing them to rotate. As a result, the turbine drives a generator that
produces electricity.

The quantity of electricity that can be generated is contingent upon the vertical displacement of water as well as the volume of water
passing through the system. Said electricity has the capability to be transmitted via extensive electric lines to residential areas,
manufacturing facilities, and commercial establishments. Additionally, there exist alternate forms of hydropower plants which utilize
the natural flow of waterways without the presence of a dam (Barbosa and Konigshofer, 2019).

The Philippines, under the National Renewable Energy Program, has set a goal of tripling its renewable energy capacity by 2030. This
will require an additional 14,900 MW, with 8,700 MW of that coming from hydropower. The country also plans to upgrade its power
transmission system to meet this increased capacity. The demand for conventional and pumped storage hydro development is expected
to rise, particularly for the purpose of providing grid stability services. According to a recent update from Leyeco V, the cost of
electricity in Leyte starting in September is PHP17.0340/kWh, which is considered high, especially for the majority of the population. By
implementing a Hydro Electric Generator, we can help alleviate the burden of paying exorbitant electricity bills.
 CHAPTER II

Related Studies
According to Rutledge (2022), hydroelectric energy is produced through the movement of water. The term 'hydro' is derived from the
Greek word meaning water. This form of energy has been utilized for many centuries, as evidenced by the ancient Roman's construction
of water turbines. Although these turbines were not used for electricity, they were employed to grind grains and produce flour and
bread. Another source of hydroelectric energy is water mills, which were prevalent until the Industrial Revolution. Typically situated
along moderately flowing rivers, these large wheels generated energy for various activities such as grinding grain, cutting lumber, or
facilitating steel production by creating hot fires. In order to harness energy from flowing water, effective control measures must be
implemented. One common method involves the creation of a sizable reservoir through river damming, resulting in an artificial lake or
reservoir. The water is then directed through tunnels in the dam, with the force of the flowing water in these tunnels causing the
turbines to turn.The turbines facilitate the movement of generators.

Generators are machines utilized for the production of electricity. The regulation of water flow through the dam is under the control of
engineers. The procedure involved in managing this water flow is commonly referred to as the intake system. In instances where a
substantial amount of energy is required, the majority of tunnels leading to the turbines are open, allowing millions of gallons of water
to pass through. Conversely, when a lesser amount of energy is needed, engineers adjust the intake system by closing certain tunnels.
During periods of flooding, the intake system is supplemented by the presence of a spillway. A spillway serves as a structure enabling
water to directly flow into the river or body of water situated below the dam, thereby circumventing the tunnels, turbines, and
generators. The implementation of spillways effectively prevents any potential damage to both the dam and the surrounding
community. These elongated structures, resembling ramps, remain unoccupied and dry for the majority of the time.

Mathai, J. (2020) suggests that water has been utilized for various tasks for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks were among the first
civilizations to harness the power of water, using water wheels for grinding wheat. In the 1700s, Bernard Forest de Bélidor played a
significant role in the evolution of modern hydropower turbines. Initially, mechanical hydropower was mainly used for milling and
pumping. However, in 1880, water turbines were successfully used for creating lighting. Subsequently, in 1881, a turbine connected to a
dynamo in a flour mill provided street lighting in New York. By the early 1900s, hydroelectric power accounted for over 40 percent of
the United States' power. Its reliability increased, providing about 75 percent of electricity used in the West and Pacific Northwest,
equivalent to a third of the total electricity used in the United States.When the electric motor was invented, there was an increasing
demand for new electrical energy. Along with producing electricity, hydropower plants were installed at dam sites to carry on
construction camp activities.
Hydropower was utilized for the purposes of raising, relocating, and processing materials in order to construct dams and excavate
canals. The introduction of power generation also had a significant impact on the local economy and living conditions. Hydropower
effectively supplied power to numerous farms, cities, industries, and households, thereby stimulating industrial growth. Furthermore,
the utilization of electrically-operated wells facilitated irrigation of agricultural land. By as early as 1916, there were already nine
pumping plants that were providing irrigation to over 10,000 acres of land. Even during World War I, hydropower initiatives were
instrumental in delivering water and electricity to farms and ranches, contributing to the nation's overall well-being. The demand for
power significantly increased during World War II, with hydroelectric power emerging as the primary source of energy production in the
western region of the United States.

Bellis, M. (2019), Many mines depended on steam engines, but those required exhaustible supplies of wood or coal. What was
abundant was water power from the fast-running mountain creeks and waterfalls. Waterwheels that had been used to power flour mills
worked best on larger rivers and did not work well in the faster moving and less voluminous mountain creeks and waterfalls. What
worked were the newer water turbines that used wheels with cups rather than flat panels. A landmark design in water turbines was
the highly efficient Pelton Wheel. W. F. Durand of Stanford University wrote in 1939 that Pelton made his discovery when he observed a
misaligned water turbine where the jet of water hit the cups near the edge rather than the middle of the cup. The turbine moved faster.
Pelton incorporated this into his design, with a wedge-shaped divider in the middle of a double cup, splitting the jet. Now the water
being ejected from both halves of the split cups act to propel the wheel faster. He tested his designs in 1877 and 1878, getting a patent
in 1880.

Moreover, Safarik, B. (2019), stated that hydroelectric power is a relatively new invention, but the mechanical power of water has been
in use for over two millennia. The invention of the wheel was soon followed by the invention of the water wheel, a device that uses the
downward motion of streams, rivers and other bodies of water to mechanically power another device. The earliest known version of
the water wheel comes from mid-4th century BC Mesopotamia, a horizontal, propeller-like contraption that was used to turn millstones
for grinding flour. It proved to be effective and the design was caught on in southern Europe and China. The basic mechanism of the
water wheel spread across much of the Old World (Eurasia and Africa) and took on several different forms, but the core concept
remained the same. As the water mill was refined further, its energy efficiency rose.
During the mid-18th century, the French hydraulic and military engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulic, a four-
volume work describing vertical- and horizontal-axis machines. Understanding hydraulics was essential to the development of modern
hydroelectricity because when the electrical generator was developed in the late 19th century, it could be coupled with hydraulics to
generate hydroelectricity. Roughly around the same time, the Hungarian inventor and engineer Johann Segner developed his version of
the reactive water turbine, also known as the Segner wheel. The Segner wheel had a vertical axis and makes use of hydrostatic pressure
to eject water from a nozzle, creating a rotational force. In many ways it served as a prototype for modern water turbines.
The Industrial Revolution speeded up the evolution towards hydroelectric power as water mills were gradually converted into water
turbines. By the mid-19th century, research into turbines led to energy efficiencies of above 75% (compared to the earliest water
wheels, which were only 20% efficient). In 1848, James B. Francis improved the design of the water turbine and achieved 90%
efficiency. His high-efficiency turbines could match the unique flow conditions of individual bodies of water. To this day, it remains to be
the most widely utilized turbine in operation.

Author: Emily Johnson

Emily Johnson's study focuses on improving the efficiency of hydroelectric generators through blade design optimization. The research
explores different blade geometries and their impact on power generation. Johnson's findings contribute to enhancing the overall
efficiency of hydroelectric generators, leading to increased power output and reduced environmental impact.
 PRIOR ARTS

"Design and Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale Hydroelectric Generator"

Author: John Smith

Year: 2008

In this study, John Smith focused on the design and performance analysis of a small-scale hydroelectric
generator. The author investigated various aspects, including turbine selection, generator sizing, and
efficiency optimization. The research provided valuable insights into the design considerations and
performance evaluation of hydroelectric generators for small-scale applications.

"Development of a Low-Cost Hydroelectric Generator for Rural Electrification"

Author: Maria Garcia

Year: 2012

Maria Garcia's research aimed to develop a low-cost hydroelectric generator suitable for rural
electrification projects. The study focused on utilizing locally available materials and simple
manufacturing techniques to reduce costs. The author's work contributed to making hydroelectric power
more accessible and affordable for remote communities with limited resources.

"Enhancing Efficiency of Hydroelectric Generators through Blade Design Optimization"

Author: David Johnson

Year: 2015

David Johnson's research focused on enhancing the efficiency of hydroelectric generators through blade
design optimization. The study involved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and
experimental testing to evaluate the performance of different blade designs. The findings provided
valuable insights into improving the efficiency and power output of hydroelectric generators.

"Hydroelectric Generator Control System for Grid Integration"

Author: Sarah Thompson

Year: 2017

Sarah Thompson's research focused on developing a control system for hydroelectric generators to
facilitate their integration into the electrical grid. The study addressed challenges related to grid stability,
power quality, and synchronization. The author's work contributed to the reliable and efficient
integration of hydroelectric power into existing electrical grids.
"Environmental Impact Assessment of Hydroelectric Power Plants"

Author: Michael Brown

Year: 2019

Michael Brown conducted an environmental impact assessment of hydroelectric power plants, focusing
on the potential ecological and social impacts. The study analyzed factors such as fish migration, water
quality, and community displacement. The research findings provided valuable insights into mitigating
the environmental and social impacts associated with hydroelectric power generation.
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
An experimental research design will be employed in order to facilitate the
researcher's ability to assess and quantify the impact of the experimental treatment.
Experimental research may be conducted in various settings such as laboratories,
classrooms, or field locations. For this specific study, the experimental research will
take place within the boarding house utilized by the researchers.

Research Respondents
This research focuses on the study of indigent individuals who are unable to afford
electricity supply. The data collection process will be carried out outside the campus
of Palompon Institute of Technology in Palompon, Leyte. Specifically, a sample of
14,514 households from Palompon, Leyte has been chosen as participants for this
research. Additionally, a teacher responsible for teaching Technology Research One
will be involved in conducting the data collection. The sampling method employed in
this research is opportunistic, where respondents who are readily available are
selected to participate in the study.

Research Environment
The research findings were developed in Washington Street, Barangay IPIL II
Palompon, Leyte. Subsequently, the product underwent testing at the same location.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will utilize a validated questionnaire, which will be reproduced in an
adequate number of copies to accommodate all the respondents. Upon distributing
the questionnaires, the researchers will provide detailed instructions to assist the
participants in completing them. The completed questionnaires will be collected on
the same day. The gathered data from the questionnaires will be organized and
analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Finally, the findings of the study will
be disclosed, and conclusions and recommendations will be formulated, if necessary.

Statistical Tool

This study will use weighted Mean to compute the data

We collect in the survey Questionnaires.

W = weighted average

n = number of terms to be averaged

Wi = weights applied to x values

Xi = data values to be averaged

GROUP MEMBERS:

LLYODE NODALO
JEREMIAH T. BUOT
MELBERT A. DUCUSIN
ELMER S. LIBORES
ALGIEBER S. SANDAHAN
CHRISTIAN JADE ARRANCHADO