1. Radiation of wavelength of 268 nm passed through 1.

5 mm of a solution that contained

benzene in a transparent solvent at a concentration of 0.080 mol dm-3. The light intensity
is reduced to 22 percent of its initial value. Calculate the (a) absorbance and the molar
absorption coefficient. (b) What would be the transmittance through a cell of thickness 3.0
mm. Each answer should be with proper units.

Answer:

(a)

Absorbance (A) is given by the Beer-Lambert law:

A = -log(T)

where T is the transmittance.

Transmittance (T) is given by:

T = I/I0

where I is the intensity of the transmitted light and I0 is the intensity of the incident light.

From the problem statement, the initial transmittance (T0) is:

T0 = I0/I0 = 1.0

The final transmittance (T) is:

T = I/I0 = 0.22

The absorbance (A) is then:

A = -log(T) = -log(0.22) = 0.657

The molar absorption coefficient (ε) is given by:

A = εlc

where l is the path length (in cm) and c is the concentration (in mol/L).

Converting the path length to cm, we get:

l = 1.5 mm x (1 cm / 10 mm) = 0.15 cm

Substituting the values, we get:

ε = A / lc = 0.657 / (0.15 cm x 0.080 mol/L) = 680.21 L/mol cm

Therefore, the absorbance is 0.657 and the molar absorption coefficient is 680.21 L/mol cm.

(b)

The transmittance through a cell of thickness 3.0 mm can be calculated using the Beer-Lambert law:

A = εlc

Rearranging, we get:
T = 10^(-εlc)

Substituting the values, we get:

T = 10^(-680.21 L/mol cm x 3.0 mm x (1 cm / 10 mm) x 0.080 mol/L) = 0.015

Therefore, the transmittance through a cell of thickness 3.0 mm is 0.015.

2. Determine the number of moles, Molarity and the Normality of a solution containing 31.5
g of crystalline Oxalic acid in a 2.5 L solution?

Answer:

The molar mass of Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) is 90.04 g/mol.

To calculate the number of moles:

Number of moles = Mass / Molar mass

Number of moles = 31.5 g / 90.04 g/mol

Number of moles = 0.3497 mol

To calculate the molarity:

Molarity = Number of moles / Volume of solution (in liters)

Molarity = 0.3497 mol / 2.5 L

Molarity = 0.1399 M

To calculate the normality:

Normality = Molarity x Equivalent factor

The equivalent factor for Oxalic acid is 2, as each molecule of Oxalic acid can donate 2 H+ ions.

Normality = 0.1399 M x 2

Normality = 0.2798 N

Therefore, the solution containing 31.5 g of crystalline Oxalic acid in a 2.5 L solution has 0.3497
moles, 0.1399 Molarity, and 0.2798 Normality.

3. Calculate the relative humidity at a temperature of 25°C and a partial pressure of 0.0275
atm for water.

Answer:

.
 4. If the surface of Venus is 730°K, what is the wavelength of the radiation it emits as a black
body. Does it emit infrared radiation?

Answer:

To determine the wavelength of the radiation emitted by Venus, we can use Wien's displacement
law, which states that the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by a black body is inversely
proportional to its temperature:

λmax = b / T

where λmax is the peak wavelength, T is the temperature in kelvins, and b is Wien's displacement
constant, which is equal to 2.898 x 10^-3 meters kelvin.

Substituting the values given:

λmax = 2.898 x 10^-3 m K / 730 K

λmax = 3.97 x 10^-6 meters

Therefore, the peak wavelength of the radiation emitted by Venus as a black body is approximately
3.97 micrometers. This corresponds to the mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Since Venus is emitting radiation in the mid-infrared region, it is indeed emitting infrared radiation.

5. What is the molarity of the solution of 20.0 L containing 80 g of Calcium Carbonate.

Answer:

The molar mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is 100.0869 g/mol.

To calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate in the solution:

Number of moles = Mass / Molar mass

Number of moles = 80 g / 100.0869 g/mol

Number of moles = 0.7994 mol

To calculate the molarity:

Molarity = Number of moles / Volume of solution (in liters)

Molarity = 0.7994 mol / 20.0 L

Molarity = 0.03997 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution of 20.0 L containing 80 g of calcium carbonate is 0.03997 M.

6. Analysis of a sewage sludge sample reveals that it contains 0.025 g per kilogram of
Chromium. What is the concentration of Chromium in ppm and ppb? Atomic mass of Cr =
51.996 g.

Answer:

The concentration of Chromium in the sewage sludge sample is 0.025 g per kilogram or 0.025 mg
per gram.
To convert this to parts per million (ppm):

1 ppm = 1 mg/kg = 1 mg/L

Concentration in ppm = (0.025 mg/g) x (1000 g/kg) = 25 ppm

Therefore, the concentration of Chromium in the sewage sludge sample is 25 ppm.

To convert this to parts per billion (ppb):

1 ppb = 1 μg/kg = 1 μg/L

Concentration in ppb = (0.025 mg/g) x (1000 μg/mg) x (1000 g/kg) = 25,000 ppb

Therefore, the concentration of Chromium in the sewage sludge sample is 25,000 ppb.

7. In case of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR):

(a) What is the light source?
(b) What is the range of EM spectrum operation for the LIDAR?
(c) What is the detector?
(d) What is differential absorption LIDAR?
(e) What is backscatter ratio?

Answer:
(a) The light source in LIDAR is usually a laser, which emits a narrow beam of light that is
directed towards the target object.
(b) The range of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum used for LIDAR is typically in the near-
infrared (NIR) range, around 900-1000 nanometers. However, LIDAR can also operate at
other wavelengths, such as visible light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
(c) The detector used in LIDAR is typically a photodetector, such as a photodiode or a
photomultiplier tube, which can detect the reflected light from the target object.
(d) Differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) is a type of LIDAR that uses two or more laser
wavelengths to measure the concentration of a particular gas in the atmosphere. The laser
wavelengths are selected to correspond to the absorption lines of the gas of interest, and
the difference in the amount of absorbed light between the two wavelengths is used to
determine the gas concentration.
(e) The backscatter ratio is a measure of the strength of the backscattered light from a target
object in LIDAR. It is defined as the ratio of the backscattered power at a given range to the
incident power of the laser beam. The backscatter ratio is dependent on the physical
properties of the target object, such as its size, shape, and composition.
 8.(a)Which detector is used to measure automobile NOx emissions.
(b) Draw a schematic diagram of this detector with complete labeling.
(c) What is the reactant gas?
(d) What is chemiluminescence?
(e) What is/ are the chemical reaction/s?

Answer:
(a) The detector used to measure automobile NOx emissions is called a chemiluminescence
NOx analyzer.
(b) Here is a schematic diagram of a chemiluminescence NOx analyzer:
(c) The reactant gas used in the chemiluminescence NOx analyzer is usually ozone (O3).
(d) Chemiluminescence is the emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction. In the
chemiluminescence NOx analyzer, the reaction between the gas sample and the reactant gas
produces chemiluminescence, which is detected and measured to determine the
concentration of NOx in the sample.
(e) The chemical reaction that occurs in the chemiluminescence NOx analyzer is:
NO + O3 → NO2* + O2
NO2* → NO2 + hν
where NO is the nitrogen oxide being measured, O3 is the reactant gas (ozone), NO2* is an
excited state of NO2, and hν is a photon of light emitted during the de-excitation of NO2*.
The chemiluminescence NOx analyzer detects and measures the light emitted during this
reaction to determine the concentration of NO in the gas sample.

8. Which of the following are protic solvents and why?

(a) Methyl alcohol (b) Water (c) Diethyl Ether (d) Chloroform.

Answer:

(a) Methyl alcohol is a protic solvent because it contains an -OH group that can donate a proton (H+)
in solution.

(b) Water is a protic solvent for the same reason as methyl alcohol, as it also contains an -OH group
that can donate a proton in solution.

(c) Diethyl ether is not a protic solvent, as it does not contain an -OH group or any other group that
can donate a proton in solution.

(d) Chloroform is not a protic solvent, as it does not contain an -OH group or any other group that
can donate a proton in solution. Chloroform is a nonpolar solvent and is typically used for dissolving
nonpolar solutes.
To calculate molarity, normality, and molality, you need to know the mass of the solute, the volume
of the solution, and the molar mass of the solute. Here are the formulas and steps for calculating
each one:

(a) Molarity (M) - Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The
formula for calculating molarity is:

M = (moles of solute) / (volume of solution in liters)

To calculate the molarity of a solution, follow these steps:

1. Determine the mass of the solute in grams.

2. Calculate the number of moles of the solute using its molar mass (g/mol).

3. Determine the volume of the solution in liters.

4. Use the formula to calculate the molarity.

(b) Normality (N) - Normality is defined as the number of gram-equivalents of solute per liter of
solution. The formula for calculating normality depends on the specific reaction involved and the
number of H+ or OH- ions that are involved in the reaction.

To calculate the normality of a solution, follow these steps:

1. Determine the mass of the solute in grams.

2. Calculate the number of gram-equivalents of the solute based on the specific reaction.

3. Determine the volume of the solution in liters.

4. Use the formula to calculate the normality.

(c) Molality (m) - Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The
formula for calculating molality is:

m = (moles of solute) / (mass of solvent in kilograms)

To calculate the molality of a solution, follow these steps:

1. Determine the mass of the solute in grams.

2. Calculate the number of moles of the solute using its molar mass (g/mol).

3. Determine the mass of the solvent in kilograms.

4. Use the formula to calculate the molality.

Note: It is important to use the correct units for each calculation. For example, molarity is expressed
in moles per liter (mol/L), normality is expressed in gram-equivalents per liter (eq/L), and molality is
expressed in moles per kilogram (mol/kg).
Convert molarity to ppm

To convert molarity (M) to parts per million (ppm), you need to know the molar mass of the solute
and the density of the solution. The formula for converting molarity to ppm is:

ppm = (M x molar mass x 10^6) / density

where: M = molarity in mol/L molar mass = molar mass of the solute in g/mol density = density of
the solution in g/mL or g/cm3

Note: Make sure the units for molarity and density are consistent before using this formula.

For example, if you have a 0.1 M solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) with a molar mass of 58.44
g/mol and a density of 1.00 g/mL, you can calculate the ppm as follows:

ppm = (0.1 mol/L x 58.44 g/mol x 10^6) / 1.00 g/mL ppm = 5844 ppm

Therefore, the concentration of the NaCl solution is 5844 ppm.

3. How to convert 5 ppm CO to molecules per cubic cm at 1 atm and 25°C.

Answer:

To convert 5 ppm CO to molecules per cubic cm at 1 atm and 25°C, we can use the following steps:

1. Calculate the number of CO molecules in one mole of air: The concentration of CO in air is 5
ppm, which means that there are 5 parts of CO per million parts of air.

Therefore, the mole fraction of CO in air can be calculated as: 5 ppm = 5/10^6 = 5 × 10^-6
The mole fraction of CO in air is equal to its volume fraction since the gases are at 1 atm and
25°C.

Using the ideal gas law, we can calculate the number of CO molecules in one mole of air: n =
PV/RT where: P = 1 atm V = 22.4 L (molar volume of gas at STP) R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
(gas constant) T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K (temperature in Kelvin) n = (1 atm × 22.4 L) /
(0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) × 298.15 K) ≈ 1.00 mol

2. Calculate the number of CO molecules in one cubic cm of air: Since the mole fraction of CO
in air is 5 × 10^-6, the number of CO molecules in one mole of air can be calculated as:

N_CO = 5 × 10^-6 × 6.022 × 10^23 = 3.01 × 10^18 molecules/mol

Therefore, the number of CO molecules in one cubic cm of air is: N_CO/cm^3 = N_air/cm^3
× mole fraction of CO in air × N_CO where N_air/cm^3 is the number of air molecules in one
cubic cm of air, which can be calculated as: N_air/cm^3 = (1 atm / 101325 Pa) × (1.38 × 10^-
23 mol/molecule) × (22.4 L / 1000 cm^3) ≈ 2.69 × 10^19 molecules/cm^3 Substituting the
values, we get: N_CO/cm^3 = 2.69 × 10^19 molecules/cm^3 × 5 × 10^-6 × 3.01 × 10^18
molecules/mol N_CO/cm^3 ≈ 4.06 × 10^14 molecules/cm^3

Therefore, the concentration of CO in molecules per cubic cm at 1 atm and 25°C is approximately
4.06 × 10^14 molecules/cm^3.
4. The dissociation of molecular N2 to monoatomic nitrogen requires an enthalpy change of 943
kJ/mol. Find the wavelength of sunlight that will be sufficient to dissociate Nitrogen.

Answer:

To dissociate N2 into monoatomic nitrogen, the energy of the photon should be equal to or greater
than the dissociation energy of N2, which is 943 kJ/mol. We can use the following formula to
calculate the wavelength of the photon:

E = hc/λ

where: E = energy of the photon in joules (J) h = Planck's constant = 6.626 × 10^-34 J·s c = speed of
light = 2.998 × 10^8 m/s λ = wavelength of the photon in meters (m)

To convert the dissociation energy from kJ/mol to J/molecule, we need to multiply it by the
Avogadro constant, NA = 6.022 × 10^23 mol^-1:

E = 943 kJ/mol × (1000 J/kJ) / NA ≈ 1.57 × 10^-18 J/molecule

Substituting the values, we get:

1.57 × 10^-18 J/molecule = (6.626 × 10^-34 J·s) (2.998 × 10^8 m/s) / λ

Solving for λ, we get:

λ = hc/E = (6.626 × 10^-34 J·s) (2.998 × 10^8 m/s) / 1.57 × 10^-18 J/molecule

λ ≈ 126 nm

Therefore, the wavelength of sunlight that is sufficient to dissociate N2 into monoatomic nitrogen is
approximately 126 nm.

5. The hydroxyl radical is considered to be a catalyst for the ozone destruction. Why?

Answer:

The hydroxyl radical (OH) is considered a catalyst for ozone (O3) destruction because it participates
in a cycle that converts O3 to O2, but it is not consumed in the process. This means that a single OH
radical can react with multiple O3 molecules, leading to the destruction of large amounts of ozone.

The overall result of this cycle is that a single OH radical can convert many O3 molecules into O2
without being consumed itself. Therefore, the presence of OH in the atmosphere can lead to the
destruction of large amounts of ozone, making it an important catalyst for ozone depletion.

6. Which has higher energy, blue light with  = 400 nm or purple light with  =
750 nm?

Answer
E = hc/λ

where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the
wavelength of the photon.

Using this equation, we can calculate the energy of the blue light with a wavelength of 400 nm and
the purple light with a wavelength of 750 nm:
For blue light: E = hc/λ = (6.626 x 10^-34 J s) x (2.998 x 10^8 m/s) / (400 x 10^-9 m) = 4.965 x 10^-19 J

For purple light: E = hc/λ = (6.626 x 10^-34 J s) x (2.998 x 10^8 m/s) / (750 x 10^-9 m) = 2.655 x 10^-
19 J

As we can see, the energy of the blue light is higher than the energy of the purple light, even though
the purple light has a longer wavelength.

7. Convert 22.6% transmittance into absorbance

Answer:

To convert percent transmittance to absorbance, we use the following equation:

Absorbance = -log(T), where T is the percent transmittance.

Using this equation, we can convert 22.6% transmittance to absorbance as follows:

Absorbance = -log(0.226) = 0.645

Therefore, 22.6% transmittance is equivalent to an absorbance of 0.645.