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    1 Introduction To Entomology

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    173Swapnaneil Bujarbaruah
    Arthropods include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. While some are harmless or helpful to humans, many destroy crops, transmit diseases, or are otherwise dangerous. Medical entomology studies arthropods of medical importance. Key disease-transmitting arthropods include mosquitoes (malaria, Japanese encephalitis), flies (typhoid, cholera), ticks (Lyme disease, encephalitis), and lice (typhus, relapsing fever). Arthropod-borne diseases are a major health problem in India and are transmitted via direct contact, mechanical transmission, or biological transmission within the arthropod vector.

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    1 Introduction To Entomology

    Uploaded by

    173Swapnaneil Bujarbaruah
    7 views3 pages
    Arthropods include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. While some are harmless or helpful to humans, many destroy crops, transmit diseases, or are otherwise dangerous. Medical entomology studies arthropods of medical importance. Key disease-transmitting arthropods include mosquitoes (malaria, Japanese encephalitis), flies (typhoid, cholera), ticks (Lyme disease, encephalitis), and lice (typhus, relapsing fever). Arthropod-borne diseases are a major health problem in India and are transmitted via direct contact, mechanical transmission, or biological transmission within the arthropod vector.

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    Entomology

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    1 Introduction to entomology

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    Arthropods include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. While some are harmless or helpful to humans, many destroy crops, transmit diseases, or are otherwise dangerous. Medical entomology studies arthropods of medical importance. Key disease-transmitting arthropods include mosquitoes (malaria, Japanese encephalitis), flies (typhoid, cholera), ticks (Lyme disease, encephalitis), and lice (typhus, relapsing fever). Arthropod-borne diseases are a major health problem in India and are transmitted via direct contact, mechanical transmission, or biological transmission within the arthropod vector.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views3 pages

    1 Introduction To Entomology

    Uploaded by

    173Swapnaneil Bujarbaruah
    Arthropods include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. While some are harmless or helpful to humans, many destroy crops, transmit diseases, or are otherwise dangerous. Medical entomology studies arthropods of medical importance. Key disease-transmitting arthropods include mosquitoes (malaria, Japanese encephalitis), flies (typhoid, cholera), ticks (Lyme disease, encephalitis), and lice (typhus, relapsing fever). Arthropod-borne diseases are a major health problem in India and are transmitted via direct contact, mechanical transmission, or biological transmission within the arthropod vector.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1.

    INTRODUCTION
    Arthropods comprise the most numerous and varied of living things in the
    environment of man. Some of them are man’s allies, but the majority of
    arthropods are either of no use to man or are his most dangerous enemies. They
    destroy man's crops and his food reserves; some which live close to man acts as
    vectors or carriers of disease.
    Medical Entomology: A study of the arthropods of medical importance. It is an
    important branch of preventive medicine.
    ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
    Class Insecta Class Arachnida Class Crustacea
    1) Mosquitoes: 1) Ticks: 1) Cyclops
    Anophelines Hard tick
    Culicines Soft tick
    2) Flies: 2) Mites (chiggers):
    Houseflies Leptotrombidium
    Sandflies Trombiculid mites
    Tsetse flies Itch mite
    Blackflies

    3) Human lice:
    Head & body lice
    Crab lice
    4) Fleas:
    Rat fleas
    Sand fleas
    5) Reduviid bugs
    DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF ARTHROPODS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
    Class Insecta Arachnida Crustacea
    1) Body Head, thorax Cephalothorax Cephalothorax &
    Divisions Abdomen Abdomen abdomen
    2) Legs 3 pairs 4 pairs 5 pairs
    3) Antennae 1 pair None 2 pairs
    4) Wings One or two pair; None None
    some are wingless
    5) Where On land On land In water
    found

    ARTHROPOD BORNE DISEASES – constitute a major health problem in India.


    Arthropod Diseases transmitted
    1) Mosquito Malaria, Filaria, Viral Encephalitis (eg Japanese
    Encephalitis), Viral fevers (eg – Dengue, West Nile)
    Viral Haemorrhage fevers (eg- Yellow fever, Dengue
    Haemorrhagic fever)
    2) Housefly Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever, Diarrhoea, Dysentery ,
    Cholera , Gastroenteritis, Amoebiasis, Helminthic
    Infestations, Poliomyelitis, Conjunctivitis, Trachoma,
    Anthrax, Yaws etc.
    3) Sandfly Kala- azar, Oriental sore , Sandfly fever, Oraya fever.
    4) Tsetse fly Sleeping sickness
    5) Louse Epidemic typhus, Relapsing fever, Trench fever,
    Pediculosis .
    6) Rat flea Bubonic plaque, Endemic typhus, Chiggerosis,
    Hymenolepis diminuta
    7) Black fly Onchocerciasis
    8) Reduviid bug Chagas disease
    9) Hard tick Tick typhus, Viral Encephalitis, Viral fevers, Viral
    Haemorrhagic fever (eg: Kyasanur Forest Disease) ,
    Tularemia, Tick paralysis, Human babesiosis
    10) Soft tick Q fever , Relapsing fever
    11) Trombiculid mite Scrub typhus, Rickettsial pox
    12) Itch mite Scabies
    13) Cyclops Guinea worm disease, Fish rape worm
    14) Cockroaches Enteric pathogens

    TRANSMISSION OF ARTHROPOD BORNE DISEASES


    Three types of transmission cycles are involved in the spread of arthropod-borne
    diseases.
    1) DIRECT CONTACT: In this method arthropods are directly transferred from
    man to man through close contact eg: Scabies and Pediculosis.

    2) MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION: The infectious agent is mechanically


    transported by a crawling or flying arthropod through soiling of its feet or
    proboscis; or by passage of organisms through its gastrointestinal tract &
    passively excreted. eg: Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Typhoid, Food Poisoning and
    Trachoma by the housefly.

    3) BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION: The infectious agent undergoing replication


    or development or both in vector & requires an incubation period before
    vector can transmit.
    This may be of three types
    a) Propagative – the agent merely multiplies in vector, but no change in form.
    eg: Plague bacilli in rat fleas.
    b) Cyclo-propagative: The agent changes in form and number. eg: Malaria
    parasite in anopheline mosquito.
    c) Cyclo-developmental: the disease agent undergoes only development but
    no multiplication. Eg: Microfilaria in culex mosquito and Guinea worm
    embryo in cyclops.

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