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2-Basic Linux Commands-24-07-2023

This document provides an overview of common Linux commands for connecting to a system, navigating directories, viewing files and system information, manipulating files and directories, setting file permissions, viewing and terminating processes, and searching files. Some key commands covered include ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rmdir, cat, less, head, tail, cp, mv, rm, chmod, ps, top, kill, and grep.

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54 views43 pages

2-Basic Linux Commands-24-07-2023

This document provides an overview of common Linux commands for connecting to a system, navigating directories, viewing files and system information, manipulating files and directories, setting file permissions, viewing and terminating processes, and searching files. Some key commands covered include ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rmdir, cat, less, head, tail, cp, mv, rm, chmod, ps, top, kill, and grep.

Uploaded by

madhavasaiteja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some Linux Commands

Connecting to a Unix/Linux system


⚫ Open up a terminal:
Connecting to a Unix/Linux system
⚫ Open up a terminal:

The “prompt”

The current directory (“path”)

The host
What exactly is a “shell”?
⚫ After logging in, Linux/Unix starts another
program called the shell
⚫ The shell interprets commands the user types
and manages their execution
⚫ The shell communicates with the internal part of the
operating system called the kernel

⚫ Shell commands are CASE SENSITIVE!


Help!

⚫Whenever you need help with a command


type “man” and the command name
Help!
Help!
Help!
Command: pwd

⚫To find your current path use “pwd”


System Information
Command: cd

⚫To change to a specific directory use “cd”


Command: cd

⚫ “~” is the location of your home directory

"cd ~" is a convenient way to quickly navigate


to your home directory from anywhere in the
file system.
Command: cd
⚫“..” is the location of the directory below
current one

`..` this as an argument in `cd` command


which is used to move to the parent
directory of current directory, or the
directory one level up from the current
directory.
Command: ls
⚫ To list the files in the current directory use “ls”
Command: ls

⚫ ls has many options


 -l long list (displays lots of info)
 -t sort by modification time
 -S sort by size
 -h list file sizes in human readable format
 -r reverse the order
⚫“man ls” for more options
⚫Options can be combined: “ls -ltr”
Command: ls -ltr
⚫ List files by time in reverse order with long listing

"ls -ltr" is used to list the files and directories in


the current directory in long format, sorted by
their modification time in reverse order (oldest
first).
General Syntax: *
⚫“*” can be used as a wildcard in unix/linux
Command: mkdir
⚫To create a new directory use “mkdir”
Command: rmdir
⚫To remove and empty directory use “rmdir”
Displaying a file

⚫Various ways to display a file in Unix


 cat
 less
 head
 tail
Command: cat

⚫ Dumps an entire file to standard output


⚫Good for displaying short, simple files
Command: less

⚫ “less” displays a file, allowing


forward/backward movement within it
return scrolls forward one line, space one page
y scrolls back one line, b one page
⚫ use “/” to search for a string
⚫Press q to quit
Command: head

⚫“head” displays the top part of a file


⚫ By default it shows the first 10 lines
⚫ -n option allows you to change that
⚫ “head -n50 file.txt” displays the first 50
lines of file.txt
Command: head

⚫Here’s an example of using “head”:


Command: tail

⚫Same as head, but shows the last lines


File Commands

⚫Copying a file: cp
⚫Move or rename a file: mv
⚫Remove a file: rm
Command: cp

⚫To copy a file use “cp”


Command: mv

⚫ To move a file to a different location use “mv”


Command: mv

⚫mv can also be used to rename a file


Command: rm

⚫To remove a file use “rm”


Command: rm

⚫To remove a file “recursively”: rm –r


⚫Used to remove all files and directories
⚫Be very careful, deletions are permanent
in Unix/Linux
File permissions

⚫Each file in Unix/Linux has an associated


permission level
⚫This allows the user to prevent others from
reading/writing/executing their files or
directories
⚫Use “ls -l filename” to find the permission
level of that file
Permission levels

⚫“r” means “read only” permission


⚫“w” means “write” permission
⚫“x” means “execute” permission
In case of directory, “x” grants permission to list
directory contents
File Permissions

User (you)
File Permissions

Group
File Permissions

“The World”
Command: chmod
⚫ If you own the file, you can change it’s permissions with
“chmod”
 Syntax: chmod [user/group/others/all]+[permission] [file(s)]
 Below we grant execute permission to all:
⚫chmod u+x filename, Guess the output
Command: ps

⚫To view the processes that you’re running:


Command: top

⚫To view the CPU usage of all processes:


Command: kill

⚫To terminate a process use “kill”


Command: grep
⚫To search files in a directory for a specific
string use “grep”

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