IS-1 Literature Review Template

Research Article Technologies for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage—A Systematic Review of
the Literature
(Provide proper Reference and
Title of Published article) Maria A. Emiro F. Jorge G. (2023) retrieved by Oct. 26, 2023 retrieved from
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/2/1059
Problem Addressed/Identified .The technologies reported to be used the most are 3D digital technologies (44% of
those showing technological applications), augmented reality or virtual reality,
henceforth AR/VR (15%).
Research Contribution This work establishes the technological elements that have enabled the preservation,
promotion, and dissemination of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the period
from 2018 to 2022.
Aim & Objectives an SLR was conducted on the use of social networks as a platform to promote the
public participation process of heritage conservation, 248 articles were analyzed, and it
was concluded that social networks expand the range of options for people to have a say
in the decision process of cultural heritage management.
Likewise, in a study was conducted with the objective of identifying different
alternatives to preserve cultural heritage in the context of smart cities.
Novelty/Rationale and In turn, in a study is conducted where the ethical implications of technological
Significance: interventions to preserve cultural heritage are reviewed, providing a framework to
The key reasons for review and apply ethical concepts to improve the processes of “planning, recording,
undertaking the research, which processing and dissemination of digital workflows for heritage preservation”. This
a focus on why the research implies an appropriate use of digital heritage recording.
was worth undertaking
Limitation and Weakness the application of AR/VR are more focused on non-expert users, i.e., they are mainly
applications for visitors to interact virtually with the heritage, which contributes to its
protection.
Implementation To achieve this, a literature review was conducted in Google Scholar and Portal Capes,
Details/Experimental Set up where 80 articles were analyzed; the study concluded that 3D scanning techniques,
Dataset (Ref.) No. of Building Information Modeling (BIM), mobile applications for integrated management
Attributes, Environment/Tool of asset preservation and sensors for the acquisition and analysis of data from
and Techniques (Name and collections in real time are the most applied technologies in the contexts of smart cities.
parameter compared/0
Findings and Conclusions By means of a strict SLR based on the approach of carefully designed search chains
to debug publications, 146 articles were filtered from which a description was made of
the technological elements for the promotion, dissemination and appropriation of cultural
heritage at a global level in a 2018–2022 observation window
In response to the questions posed regarding the type of intervention that has enabled the
conservation and preservation of the cultural heritage of humanity in the period between
2018–2022. Regarding the second question, the types of technologies that have been used
to conserve and preserve cultural heritage globally in the period between 2018–2022 are
mainly 3D digital technologies (encompassing 3D modeling, 3D Scanning, 3D
Visualization), AR/VR (immersive and non-immersive) and IoT platform configuration.
The use of technology to preserve tangible and intangible cultural heritage
constitutes smart cultural heritage management, a term widely used worldwide.
From the above, it can be concluded that the technological elements and resources
available today allow the inclusion of technology as a tool to contribute to the
preservation of cultural elements and intangible heritage
Areas of improvement/Future the subject studied shows a growing trend in terms of the number of publications per
Direction year since 2018; because this topic was of great interest to the academic community, it
was still studied despite the global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the
years 2020 and 2021. It is also evident that in the first months of 2022, publications on
the subject continued to grow, which led us to believe that the trend would be
maintained for the current year.
Methodology The main data acquisition methodologies found are in phases, where initially a survey
of information is made, making use of different techniques such as photogrammetry
scanning (laser, optical or magnetic) or a combination of both], and application of the
BIM method Photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning are the main techniques to
acquire data for 3D digital technologies. Photogrammetry is mainly used due to the
affordability of the devices (cameras) required, and in the case of laser scanning,
together with suitable software, it is used mainly because of the speed at which it
captures and processes data.
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article Smartphone use goes up in city parks

(Provide proper Reference and University of Vermont 2023 retrieved by Oct. 27, 2023 retrieved from
Title of Published article) https://phys.org/news/2023-05-smartphone-city-forests.html
Problem Addressed/Identified Increased smartphone use has been linked to rising cases in anxiety, depression, and
sleep problems, especially in younger generations. At the same time, research from
UVM and others has shown that nature has restorative benefits for our minds
Research Contribution The study, published in the journal Environment and Behavior, is the first to show that
young adults now spend far more time on their smartphone screens than in nature, the
researchers say. Given unparalleled access to participants' devices, the team found that
young adults in the study spent over twice as much time on their smartphones as they
spent outdoors.
Aim & Objectives to show that young adults now spend far more time on their smartphone screens
than in nature, the researchers say. Given unparalleled access to participants' devices,
the team found that young adults in the study spent over twice as much time on their
smartphones as they spent outdoors.

Novelty/Rationale and The study is the first to compare time spent on smartphone screens to time spent in
Significance: outdoor green spaces,according to the researchers. They found that even the young
The key reasons for adults who typically used their smartphones the most reduced their usage in nature
undertaking the research, which areas, providing evidence that more wild greentime may provide a digital break for
a focus on why the research even the most connected.
was worth undertaking
Limitation and Weakness While a visit to the great outdoors is a common prescription for reducing screen use, a
pioneering new study finds that time outdoors doesn't always reduce smartphone
screentime.
Implementation Evidence links greenspace exposure with restorative benefits to cognition and well-
Details/Experimental Set up being, yet nature contact is declining for younger demographics. Although natural
Dataset (Ref.) No. of settings have been shown to restore the capacity to inhibit distracting stimuli, it remains
Attributes, Environment/Tool unknown whether smartphone attention capture disrupts nature contact. Here, we
and Techniques (Name and analyzed ~2.5 million observations of logged smartphone use, texting, calling, and
parameter compared/0 environmental exposures for 701 young adults over 2 years. Participants’ weekly
smartphone screen-time was over double their green-time. The relationship between
greenspace exposure and smartphone activity differed by exposure dose, type, and
mobility state. Calling and texting increased during short recreational greenspace visits
while all smartphone use declined over the first 3 hr in nature areas, suggesting that
nature exposure may support digital impulse inhibition. Those with elevated baseline
screen-time or green-time significantly reduced device use in nature, indicating that
parts of the biosphere may provide a reprieve from the cybersphere for highly
connected youth.
Findings and Conclusions the researchers theorize that urban greenspace may instead be useful in enhancing
remote social ties—hence the increase in texts and phone calls in urban parks—but may
interrupt the individual's opportunity to utilize the attention-restoring properties of nature.

Areas of improvement/Future Smartphones have an incredibly powerful pull on our attention, which will undoubtedly
Direction increase in the future—that's what many technology companies are working on," says
University of Vermont (UVM) co-author Chris Danforth, a Gund Fellow who will co-
lead a new $20M big data project on the science of storytelling. "Given the reported
connections between mental health and our digital life, we need more studies like this to
help establish ways to encourage a healthier relationship with technology."
Methodology The new research, which tracked smartphone activity of 700 study participants for two
years, reveals that participants' smartphone activity actually increased during visits to
city parks and other urban green spaces.

With smartphone use rising worldwide, the study clearly identifies a powerful way to
reduce screen time: participants who visited nature reserves or forests saw significant
declines in screentime over the first three hours, compared to visiting urban locations
for the same amount of time.
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article “DIGITAL HERITAGE” THEORY AND INNOVATIVE PRACTICE

(Provide proper Y. Hea , Y. H. Mab *, X. R. Zhang 2017 retrived by Oct 28, 2023 retrieved from
Reference and Title https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLII-2-W5/335/2017/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-335-
of Published article) 2017.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3w3ecHrjJLDyzAhtEKysMnBD2m3KtdlA3T6_r3zJAnap3CI4qxRTPw2VQ

Problem . “Digital heritage”, as defined in this paper, is the integration of cultural heritage with digitization
Addressed/Identified technology (“cultural heritage + digitization”), and of digital knowledge with research. It includes not
only the three conventional aspects of cultural heritage digitization—digital collection and
documentation, digital research and information management, digital presentation and
interpretation—but also the creation and innovative use/application of the digital content
Research Recent developments in the field of science and technology have fundamentally changed the way people
Contribution communicate and disseminate knowledge, and revolutionized the traditional industries. New digital information
technologies, which exceed the limitations placed on heritage protection by traditional methods, provide powerful
tools for heritage recognition, protection, presentation, and communication that may solve many of the present
problems of monument preservation.
Aim & Objectives This study builds on the assessment of cultural heritage values—through interdisciplinary discussion of
history, archaeology, cultural relics and museology, architecture, urban planning and other related fields,
identifying and recognizing core heritage values for research, protection, display and interpretation
Novelty/Rationale to expand our knowledge, using heritage records, restoration research, digital modelling technology, and
and Significance transform the research results from archaeology and related sciences into digital format.
Limitation and There is a lack of information and awareness, followed by a lack of understanding and expertise. Heritage site
Weakness and museum managers in China simply follow the trend and mechanically use digital technologies without
exploiting its potential—that means they rely on new technologies and methods, hoping to continuously upgrade
their digital equipment, but they do not understand how these technologies could serve to improve the protection
and interpretation of the cultural heritage. This leads to a waste of manpower, material, and financial resources,
and deviates from the essential purpose of implementing new technology in the field of heritage conservation.
Implementation Composition of Historical Space-time: During the process of digital reconstruction, we established a four-
Details/Experimental dimensional model (view of history) that integrates both the space and the time. The evolution process of each
Set up scenic area is captured through chrono-spatial units; each unit revives the condition of the site at a particular
point of time and together they show the overall evolution of the site. Heritage Site Information Record: The
digital reconstruction is based on research and the collection of relevant material about the Old Summer Palace.
Dataset (Ref.) No. of This contains two aspects: first, through the study of historical documents, archives, relics, and excavation
Attributes, reports, identify, record, and store information; second, through the site survey and mapping, obtain and
Environment/Tool document information. Computer-generated Component and Spatial Simulation Models: Sometimes digital and
and Techniques virtual restoration must start from scratch (off-site office work). For example, we used point cloud data obtained
(Name and through 3D laser scanning of the physical remains to generate individual component models. Then, we placed
parameter them, as close as possible, at their original position in three-dimensional space and assembled them virtually,
compared/0 taking into account the characteristics of data processing and relevant historical information.
Findings and Digital heritage provides variegated practical solutions, not least because the situation of cultural heritage differs
Conclusions widely according to its type and region. The specific needs and requirements for digital heritage must be tailored
to each project according to the site-specific conditions. Then, an interdisciplinary (and often inter-cultural) team
should be formed to select and implement the most appropriate innovative technology. Complexity and Cross-
border Innovation: Digital preservation and innovation of cultural heritage requires knowledge and skills. To
ensuring its success, A structure should be set up to provide the framework for action and coordinates the work,
This includes an expert system of talented persons who should 1) be familiar with the culture, be creative and
experienced in innovative design and (digital) technology 2) understand the design concept, familiarize themselves
with the cultural relics of the specific site, balance digital technology requirements with artistic thinking 3) come
from different fields and be professional in their own fields. They need a forwardlooking vision, a deep
understanding of heritage conservation work, and a high level of design capability, because they should master
human and content resources and manage new concepts, technologies and market opportunities (in the cultural
sector).
Areas of heritage site and museum managers in China are concerned with the role of digital technologies in solving
improvement/Future problems that exist in the field of monument protection in general. But what problems can digitalization solve?
Direction What kind of help can digitization provide for the work of local cultural heritage workers?

Methodology digital cultural heritage work is divided into three parts but still belongs to what we may call “mechanical”
digitization: digital documentation, research management, and display/visualization and interpretation. Digital
recording technologies include remote sensing aerial radar, photogrammetry / image modelling, 3D laser
scanning, infrared / multispectral image exploration, underwater measurement and detection — with experts
trained in the fields of surveying and mapping. Digital management technology research covers the fields of
disaster prevention and monitoring, monitoring and protection, computer simulation, analysis database /
information management platforms such as BIM—with experts trained in the fields of computer graphics.
Digital display/visualization and interpretation includes technology website creation / interactive network, 3D
 modelling & processing & animation, light / projection / holographic imaging, virtual reality / augmented
reality—with experts trained in the field of multimedia.
IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article Use of smartphone mobility data to analyze city park visits during the COVID-19 pandemic

(Provide proper Jonathan J. 2022 retrived by oct. 28, 2023 Retrived from
Reference and Title https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204622002031
of Published article)
Problem Parks have provided comparatively low-risk alternatives to indoor social gatherings and other
Addressed/Identified recreational activities. However, it is unknown whether city park use increased during the
pandemic. Increases in park use associated with changing exercise and leisure patterns might have
been offset by drops associated with restrictions on organized sports, cancellation of concerts and
other large gatherings, and school and playground closures.
Research analysis found that reopenings entailed a greater increase in park visits for those parks serving
Contribution predominantly White and high-income urban populations. This finding demonstrates the feasibility
of using smartphone mobility data to track changes in parks equity over tim
Aim & Objectives Demonstrates the feasibility of using smartphone mobility data to track changes in parks equity over
time. smartphone mobility data could assist these efforts by quantifying and tracking disparate
outcomes.
Novelty/Rationale The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the value of city parks. Parks have provided
and Significance comparatively low-risk alternatives to indoor social gatherings and other recreational activities.
However, it is unknown whether city park use increased during the pandemic. Increases in park use
associated with changing exercise and leisure patterns might have been offset by drops associated
with restrictions on organized sports, cancellation of concerts and other large gatherings, and school
and playground closures.
Limitation and SafeGraph park visits data have not been validated against traditional data sources. However, prior
Weakness work has shown that SafeGraph data track closely with Google Community Mobility Reports for
park visits, which are derived from smartphone locations using different methods (Jay et al., 2020).

This study is vulnerable to ecological fallacy because it is based on aggregate park-level data, not
individual-level data. We were unable to assess the manner in which city parks were used, nor the
characteristics of the persons using them. Because we could not observe the race or income of park
users, we assigned these characteristics at the park level based on the demographics of the
population living within a short walk
Implementation Statistical analysis: Since our outcome was overdispersed count data, we used quasi-Poisson
Details/Experimental regression. To account for seasonality we included calendar-month fixed effects. We also included
Set up calendar-year fixed effects to remove bias from improved recording of POI visits. We included
controls for COVID-19 deaths and temperature: based on exploratory analyses, we log-normalized
death rates and used 3rd-degree basis splines to account for non-linearity in the temperature-park
use relationship. Since intraclass correlation can bias standard errors, we conservatively clustered
errors by city and month (Cameron et al., 2011).
Findings and In our sample of 11,890 city parks, visits declined by 36.0 % (95 % CI [27.3, 43.6], p < 0.001) from
Conclusions March through November 2020, compared to prior levels and trends. When we segmented the
COVID-19 period into widespread closures (March–April) and reopenings (May–November), we
estimated a small rebound in visits during reopenings. In park service areas where a greater
proportion of residents were White and highincome, this rebound effect was larger.

Smartphone data can address an important gap for monitoring park visits. Park visits declined
substantially in 2020 and disparities appeared to increase.
Areas of COVID-19 has sharpened focus on city parks as important public resources, but racialized
improvement/Future economic privilege may have influenced park access during the pandemic. Currently, few tools
Direction exist to monitor the use of parks. To advance the urgent cause of park equity, participatory methods
(Curran and Hamilton, 2012, Daigneau, 2015) are needed to investigate barriers and advance
solutions. Our study demonstrated that, despite some limitations, smartphone mobility data could
assist these efforts by quantifying and tracking disparate outcomes.
Methodology We analyzed monthly mobility data from a large panel of smartphone devices, to assess park visits
from January 2018 to November 2020 in the 50 largest U.S. cities Existing evidence is mixed.
According to studies, park use increased during initial COVID lockdowns in large Asian cities (Lu
et al., 2021) while increasing in some European cities and decreasing in others (Ugolini et al., 2020,
Venter et al., 2020). In the U.S., park use increased in New Jersey (Volenec et al., 2021)but
declined in North Carolina cities, where visits declined most among non-White and low-income
residents (Larson et al., 2021). Studies used both traditional surveys and digital sources (e.g.,
exercise apps, social media posts, smartphone locations), reflecting both the challenges of data
collection during a pandemic and the opportunities created by digital sources.
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article
A Literature Review of Big Data-Based Urban Park Research in Visitor Dimension
(Provide proper Hongxu Guo 2023 A Literature Review of Big Data-Based Urban Park Research in Visitor
Reference and Title Dimension retrieved by Oct 29, 2023 retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/6/864
of Published article)
Problem Urban parks provide multiple benefits to human well-being and human health. Big data provide new
Addressed/Identified and powerful ways to study visitors’ feelings, activities in urban parks, and the effect they
themselves have on urban parks. However, the term “big data” has been defined variably, and its
applications on urban parks have so far been sporadic in research. Therefore, a comprehensive
review of big data-based urban park research is much needed.
Research The review aimed to summarize the big data-based urban park research in visitor dimension by a
Contribution systematic review approach in combination with bibliometric and thematic analyses. The results
showed that the number of publications of related articles has been increasing exponentially in
recent years.
Aim & Objectives The main objectives of this study were to provide a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of
big data-based urban park research in visitor dimension by the systematic review method together
with quantitative (bibliometric) and qualitative (thematic) analyses, so as to provide new ideas for
future studies of this topic.
Novelty/Rationale Big data benefits urban park research by providing low-cost, timely information, a people-oriented
and Significance perspective, and fine-grained site information. However, its accuracy is insufficient because of
coordinate, keyword classification and different kinds of users.
Limitation and Although big data is convenient for studying urban park research, it also has limitations, especially
Weakness in accuracy.Firstly, coordinate is not accuracy enough. Phone data and user days data have the geo-
location, but coordinate only has grid. For example, in the research that used mobile application
data to measure visitors’ behavior, the size of a pixel is 25 m × 25 m. If the area of a park is less
than 0.4 ha (covering six pixels), this kind of data source cannot be used
Secondly, the keywords captured from comments are also not accuracy enough, and some keywords
classification cannot judge the type and value of a park’s cultural services [44]. For instance, people
wrote their comments based on feelings, such as “leisure”, “walking”, “entertainment”;
“Swimming”, “running, “mountain climbing”, “exercise”; “Culture”, “history”, and “relics”, but it
cannot assess the type and value precisely.
.
Implementation transaction data are used to realize the economic effect of visiting parks. The researchers studied
Details/Experimental whether visitation of the park would influence economic situation. The results showed that the
Set up economically distressed neighborhoods could get positive effect from the visitation of urban parks,
and the surrounding business were influenced by park visitation
Findings and The resources of big data were classified into six categories, which are user days data, comment
Conclusions data, map data, phone data, image data, and other data. When research analyses big data, there are
two steps: preprocessing and processing. The first step is preprocessing, including acquiring data
directly from a company or government database and crawling data with special tools. Processing
has a sentiment analysis, statistical analysis, and spatial analysis. Research on the urban park is
classified into three themes: visitors’ behavior, visitors’ perception, and visitors’ effect.
Big data are low-cost time saving, “people-oriented”, and able to get specific site information but
are limited by accuracy. In the future, research should integrate different types of big data with
traditional data to be more comprehensive. Additionally, it is important to extend the applications of
big data, such as studying different kinds of visitors in urban parks and understanding the
interaction between human and nature, to fill up big-data based urban parks research and create
more reasonable urban parks.
Areas of To move forward, future research should integrate multiple big data sources, expand the
improvement/Future application, such as public health and human–nature interactions, and pay more attention to the big
Direction data use for overcoming pandemic. This review can help to understand the current situation of big
data-based urban park research, and provide a reference for the studies of this topic in the future.
Methodology The review approach aims to answer specific research questions by collecting all the empirical
evidence from eligible studies. It uses clear, systematic methods to summarize compelling evidence,
provide reliable findings, and then draw solid conclusions with the advantages of quantification via
bibliometrics and flexibility after thematic analysis.
According to the steps proposed by Liberati and Khan, literature search uses the core collection of
the web of science because this collection is more reliable, and has more authoritative researchers.
The review mainly focused on the big data used in the studies of the visitors in urban parks, and
excluded the articles that only focused on traditional data, such as questionnaire and field survey.
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article The impact of smart technologies on the design of public parks

(Provide proper Ahmed Nabil Ashry Elnahas, 2Mohsen Aziz Botros (2023) The impact of smart
Reference and Title technologies on the design of public parks Retrieved by Oct 29, 2023 retrived from
of Published article)
https://msaeng.journals.ekb.eg/article_222382_a9fc79f9b89691da07778eeb8bffa4d9.pdf

Problem The research problem lies in the lack of a mechanism to monitor the
Addressed/Identified positive and negative effects of using smart technologies such as scanning devices
and electronic control methods necessary to build an information base, robots, the
accompanying electronic interactive activities, and internet networks and other
smart water-saving technologies such as smart irrigation and adapting to weather
and conditions, climate and soil sensors, as well as smart energy-saving
technologies, the use of clean and renewable energy, in addition to automated
mechanization, saving effort, time and cost.
Research The research was also able to analyze the pros and cons of using smart
Contribution technologies by analyzing six main elements represented in the landscape,
irrigation, furniture, urban facilities, activity spaces, lighting and digital
technologies.
Aim & Objectives The study aimed to monitor
the impact of the use of smart technologies on the design of public parks
Novelty/Rationale Cities are becoming more creative and innovative, thanks to urban public
and Significance parks, and cities today are more congested and polluted than ever before. For all so
it is not surprising that cities are seeking innovation and creativity in planting not
only urban public parks but also gardens that are emerging on the rooftops of
90 buildings and suspended on skyscrapers, to the hanging gardens designed above
railway tracks and pushing towards the emergence of greener cities. This confirms
the importance of establishing and activating public parks in the urban fabric,
which requires the allocation of green spaces commensurate with the increasing
number of residents, because of their role in achieving ecological balance [1].
The role of parks in the urban and urban fabric can be clarified through
several concepts that justify the importance of allocation.

Limitation and These concepts constitutethe integrated ecological complex of any park, and the role of any of its
Weakness components cannot be underestimated.
Implementation Applications of digital technologies point towards smart governance that
Details/Experimental can be used to enrich park access, safety, programming, operations, and
Set up interactions between park management and visitors. Mainly, it uses multiple
communication methods from Wi-Fi, geographic information systems (GIS),
software applications and sensors to networks and the Internet of things
Findings and The research concluded that the use of smart technologies is an inevitable necessity
Conclusions and represents a positive element. The research also concluded to identify the
points that have a positive impact and represented a percentage of 82%.
Areas of It is known that the limited green spaces and crowding in some cities and
improvement/Future villages is so random that people suffer from a high rate of pollution to the point
Direction that life in those areas becomes seriously threatened. This situation is almost
completely changed by the presence of green areas and water, where water bodies
absorb the temperature and store it in an image latent energy used during its
evaporation, and this makes the energy balance positive and the air temperature
moderate. As for the role of vegetation and green spaces, it enriches the city’s air
with the element of oxygen necessary for the health of living organisms, and robs
it of carbon dioxide for use in its photosynthesis.
Methodology The research follows the descriptive approach to determine the nature and
methods of smart technologies. The research then moves to the deductive approach
to elicit effects through comparative analysis of local, regional and global models
of traditional and smart parks that use or not use smart technologies and identify
the negatives and positives related to smart technologies to determine its affection
towards the design of public parks
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article Developing Young Science and Technology Parks: Recent Findings from Industrial Nations
Using the Data-Driven Approach
(Provide proper
Reference and Title Charles M. Mousa A. Robert M. 2023 “Developing Young Science and Technology Parks: Recent
of Published article) Findings from Industrial Nations Using the Data-Driven Approach” Retrieved by Oct 29, 2023
Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/7/6226
Problem interest to regional development, technology entrepreneurs considering choosing an STP to inhabit,
Addressed/Identified as well as those in STP central teams, specializing in management and enterprise development,
including the sustainable growth of new parks.

Research studied science and technology parks (STPs), linking improvements in public infrastructure to
Contribution sustainable improvements not only in environmental quality but also in working environments and
business ecosystems. However, a number of paradoxes become apparent when discussing STPs.
Firstly, the establishment of STPs—and thus the lead-in to an expected innovative new ‘knowledge
economy’—is particularly attractive to structure-weak regions due to the promise of the
contribution of the STP to the regional economy and development
Aim & Objectives Overall, the aim is to construct a sustainable high-value tech entrepreneurship ecosystem, and to
this end we present here some recent and novel concepts derived from approaches using a data-
driven statistical foundation. This paper considers studies on the organic growth of young start-up
science and technology parks by authors who have used big data, econometric analyses, panel data
and computer simulations.
Novelty/Rationale Science and technology parks (STPs) are curated locations where new technology-based firms
and Significance (NTBFs) and other SMEs and firms can conglomerate and promote a culture of innovation.
Limitation and the work presented here regards small young start-up STPs and how to sustainably develop these in
Weakness regional context, and as such it does not touch on large ‘top down’ structures, implemented by
central government on a grand scale. One weakness with the ‘start up’ approach is that data from
bankrupt and otherwise ‘unsuccessful’ instances are not available.
Implementation The major theory behind the concept of STPs is the triple helix [8], which led to the present model
Details/Experimental of STP development [9]. Recently the triple helix model was criticised by [10] as being too
Set up imprecise for use in regional planning. Authors such as Perkmann et al. [11], using the statistical
analyses of large datasets, revealed that it is very difficult for universities to attract research
contracts from businesses. In agreement with this, Winters and Stam [12] showed that even where
such relationships are built, they are often devoid of new innovations. Furthermore, some of the
newer results presented here are also at variance with the classical view of ‘Triple Helix’
development [13], and it is suggested that recent effects of decentralizing technologies are
decoupling the strands of the helix over time.
Findings and The results and concepts are derived from industrialized countries, notably Sweden and the UK, and
Conclusions may well be applicable to many regions and emerging economies. Nobel laureate Paul Romer
focussed attention on technological innovation, suggesting that market economies alone tend not to
generate sufficient new ideas and that ‘well-designed government actions’ [58] are needed to
stimulate more innovation (e.g., subsidies for research and development, funding research at
universities and establishing STPs). For example, it is generally unknown which measures work
best in helping the national spend of a state to underpin that state’s national industrial strategy.
Areas of Several future scenarios for STPs have been formulated (see, e.g., [57]) and we hope that the
improvement/Future findings reported on here will be of use to tech entrepreneurs, either as leaders of SMEs involved in
Direction developing new and sustainable products, or involved in steering STPs. The data-driven approach
strives to be numerical and put statistically valid measures in place. Clearly, there will be occasions
where the figures cited will not be representative because they have been gleaned from well-
populated states with an advanced industrial base and may thus not be applicable to all countries.
Nevertheless, the model shown in Figure 3 may still act as a guide.
Additionally notable are the indications that the triple helix model is evolving, and the recent effect
of decentralizing technologies on tech entrepreneurship, business generally and management and
enterprise development in particular is to loosen the interconnection between the strands of the helix
and consequently that the triple helix model may need updating, taking new and more sustainable
working practices into account.
Methodology According to the innovation-based theory of the firm [21,22], young new firms seeking to inhabit
STPs can be regarded as being (possibly solo) innovations, merely wrapped into an incorporated
state. As shown in Figure 1, allowing a good-fit firm to inhabit an STP results in benefits, while a
poor-fit candidate would result in losses. Thus, at an early stage, young STPs encounter a decision-
making tree in which decisions about which innovative new firm (seen as a potentially incoming
innovation) is allowed to join the STP cluster begin in an ad hoc fashion, but due to the small scale,
mistakes at this stage are not very costly.
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article Science and Technology Parks and Regional Contextual Factors: A Systematic Literature
Review
(Provide proper
Reference and Title Poonjan, A., & Tanner, A. N. (2018). Science and Technology Parks and Regional Contextual
of Published article) Factors: A Systematic Literature Review preliminary study. Paper presented at EU-SPRI Early
Career Conference "Public R&D funding and evaluation: Methods, Trends and Changes", Rome,
Italy.
Problem Literature on science and technology parks (STPs) lack a systematic understanding of how
Addressed/Identified regional contextual factors affect the performance of STPs. The performance of STPs are
continuously questioned and much empirical research fail to show consistent, positive impact
of STPs on on-park firms or regional economy in general
Research contribution of STPs has led scholars to research factors and mechanism that influence the
Contribution performance capacity of STPs. However, most research have focussed on internal factors of STPs
to explain the inconsistency of their effects (e.g. Colombo & Delmastro, 2002; Ferguson, 2004;
Lindelöf & Löfsten, 2003, 2004; Westhead, 1997) and less attention have been paid to external
factors. The key internal, explanatory factors point to the importance of the science park
management, availability of qualified research and development personnel, marketing expertise,
financial support as well as the park identity and brand
Aim & Objectives To make the best use of STP, it is important to integrate region capability in STP develop
strategies. This leads to the question that how can STP integrate their strategies with regional
circumstance. The result from the review will be used as a baseline for further empirical study in
order to see the relation of STP and regional context.
Novelty/Rationale a systematic review in management and social science studies should be initiated with a scoping
and Significance study to assess the relevance and size of the literature as well as to delimit the focus of the review.
Therefore the process of conducting the systematic review consisted of a rather long planning
phase containing two elements: A scoping study of literature on related and relevant concepts,
namely STPs, regional studies, evolutionary economic geography, smart specialisation policy etc.
which identified the need for a review. And the development of a review protocol that reflects the
conceptual discussion of the scoping study, the objective of the review and the significance of the
problem
Limitation and However, the performance of STPs has always been questioned. Empirical studies have
Weakness demonstrated inconsistent results on STPs performance. While some studies have found
positive results on firms located in STPs. (e.g. Squicciarini, 2008, 2009; Yang,
Motohashi, & Chen, 2009) others have not been able to confirm a positive, significant
relationship (e.g.(Colombo & Delmastro, 2002; Lofsten & Lindelöf, 2002; Siegel et al.,
2003; Westhead, 1997) and have questioned the effects of STPs on technological
development, innovation, regional economic development etc. The unclear contribution
of STP
Implementation The results shed new light on the regional contextual factors that contribute to a better
Details/Experimental understanding of the performance capacity of STPs. These findings are important for the design
Set up and use of STPs in future regional innovation policies. We believe that taking the regional
contextual factors into consideration in setting up science parks in the future will benefit from this
understanding. As such, these findings correspond with the EU Smart Specialisation policy and
also to the broad thinking of evolutionary economic geography. The paper is structured as follows.
Next section situate the concept of science and technology parks, in the field of regional studies by
focusing on the regional context of STPs. The third section presents the method of the systematic
literature review. The fourth and fifth section presents and discusses the findings of the literature
review, respectively. The final section highlights the main conclusions and suggests further
research
Findings and This study exploratory analysed 62 articles related to STPs’ performance and regional context.
Conclusions The review of the literature indicates that the factors that influence park performance can be
categorised into seven groups. Five of them are regional factors; urbanisation,financial support,
institutions, industrial structure and university, the other two are additional factors outside the
regional milieu; intra-region connection and STP internal factor.
Areas of . Explanations are often sought internal to the STPs resulting in a gap in literature on the role of
improvement/Future the regional context for STPs’ performance. This paper presents an exploratory, systematic
Direction literature review on the impact of regional contextual factors on the performance of STPs

Methodology To examine the relationship between regional contextual factors and the performance of STPs we
conduct a systematic, exploratory literature review. Systematic reviews are used to improve the
evidence-base of a field and its subfields through a process of synthesizing research in a
systematic, transparent and reproducible
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article Science and Technology Park as an Urban Element Towards
Society Scientific Innovation Evolution
(Provide proper
Reference and Title Afnan Tuama Almaamory and Ghada Al Slik 2021 “Science and Technology Park as an
of Published article) Urban Element Towards Society Scientific Innovation Evolution” Retrieved by Oct. 30,
2023 from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1090/1/012119/pdf
Problem The high increase in the number of STP around the world emphasize the role and important of
Addressed/Identified them for an innovation-based economy. Moreover, they are essential tools for the country
scientific and technological development. Its function is not limited to generating and transferring
knowledge, but also the STP, as an innovative urban element has an impact on the local and
regional environment
Research The idea of interconnectedness between scientific research and its establishment in an urban site
Contribution between the university on the one hand and society - industry on the other hand, and its
interdependence, with function linked to research had the impact on the theory of (quadruple
helix). It enhances supporting the development of STP by innovative interaction among
(university, industry, government and society). The paper will clarify the concept of STP and its
growing architectural functions and their sites within university campuses and in separate urban
context.
Aim & Objectives The objective of thispaper is to clarifying the stages of development of Parks architecture,
investigating their activities, their linkage regarding planning and design, and the way they act as
means to evolve innovation in societies.
Novelty/Rationale The first level is the development of individuals and their encouragement of science and
and Significance innovation through the environment created by the STP. While the second level is industry, in
order to meet the needs of society and access to luxury. The third goal is the economy that
leads to the provision of capital by marketing research products to increase the wealth of society.
It is also linked to the industrial goal and is achieved through the development of industry
Limitation and As these Parks gradually spread, some of them were linked to university complexes, while others
Weakness had independent sites. The STP have been linked to the prosperity of society by providing an
environment that fosters a culture of innovation and transforming research and ideas based on
innovation into a commercially marketed product. However, the functional architectural concept
of the STP remained unclear
Implementation s. It Starts with the concept of the triple helix (Etzkowitz,1995), which presents the STP as a
Details/Experimental proactive factor that depends on the university and government resources to provide innovation
Set up through the business actors. It shows how good STPs can represent a worthy mechanism for
stimulating the three elements of the helix to drive innovative processes. Then the quadruple helix
added society, because the anticipated output from the triple helix activities will be innovative
products. It should be linked to the market and society in order to create jobs and wealth, which
are the main goals for creating STPs.
Findings and By comparing the two study cases through the architectural development of STP, we observed that
Conclusions STP differ today from the model that was adopted in the 1950s. Most of the early STP were
viewed as real estate development projects as in the SRP where lands were leased to technology
companies to build them according to planning and design criteria for the university. As for the
contemporary STPs, of the third generation, focus on place-making principles, built environment
and spaces that stimulate creativity.We can finally conclude that Science and Technology park are
both urban and Architectural new complex function which provide best environment physically
and system wise to encourage scientific research and orient it towards the benefit of society, in the
same time of encourage the society to initiate innovation ideas and project.
Areas of STP are usually found on the outskirts of the city and far from the traditional polluting places of
improvement/Future industry. The STP is often found next to universities and prestigious research institutes, and it
Direction must have innumerable links with the city. Note that the permanent development of technology
may be affected by the master plan of the city. [17] Being in calm and scenic environments is
another spatial feature of the STP, which hosts a group of researchers and experts. Because of the
accuracy and sensitivity of work, the need for calm doubles. The choice of site location is linked
to many factors. government policy. technology development policy, proximity to educational and
research institutions, and knowledge base compan
Methodology it concentrates on architectural components, such as incubator and innovation centres inherited
from the second generation that enhance the growth and sustainability of STPs. The high increase
in the number of STP in the world confirms their importance and role. Thus STP projects must be
taken into consideration when updating the masterplans of cities and universities.
 IS-1 Literature Review Template
Research Article A proposed Model for Measuring the Performance of Smart Public Parks

(Provide proper
Reference and Title Benha University, Eslam N. Elsayed (July 2020) “A proposed Model for Measuring the
of Published article) Performance of Smart Public Parks” retrived by Oct 30, 2023 retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/Acer%20PC/Downloads/ARCH-ERJM-2004-1013.pdf
Problem -Defining the basic criteria for smart parks and this has resulted in the inability to measure their
Addressed/Identified performance, even though smart parks are one of the most important

Research Digital technologies and applications that collect and organize data can be used to capitalize park
Contribution access, safety, programming, operations, and interactions between park managers and visitors.

Aim & Objectives produce a model for measuring the performance of smart parks based on a set of ruling criteria
that include a set of standard indicators, based on the criteria of smart cities . - evaluate current
smart parks and measure the performance of traditional parks to turn them into smart public parks

Novelty/Rationale Public parks are one of the most important uses of land in cities, because they are green spaces
and Significance that contribute to purifying the urban environment from carbon emissions and air pollution ratios.
They also contribute greatly, including their recreational activities, to the psychological and
physical satisfaction of their visitors. Technologies development; a new concept has emerged
called Smart Parks that depend on providing energy and are part of the smart city system.

Limitation and The inability to measure the performance of traditional public parks previously established to turn
Weakness them into smart parks.

Implementation Using smart park criteria and indicators, we will propose a model for measuring the performance
Details/Experimental of smart public parks and measuring the performance of traditional parks and their potential to be
Set up turned into smart public parks. The calculation of the relative weight of each component of the
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) is done by calculating the indicator achievements in each of
the applied study parks and awarding (0) which represents [non-verification> 50%], and (1) which
represents [verification

Findings and Through the theoretical and analytical study of the research, the researcher prepared a proposed
Conclusions model for measuring the performance of smart parks, the model included (8) main criteria, (25)
sub criteria, (84) key performance indicators (KPIs). The relative weight of each indicator was
determined through the analytical studies carried out on six global and regional parks, which
totaled to a 100% . The proposed model was also applied to Al-Azhar Park, Cairo, to measure its
performance as a public park and it was found that it achieves only about 50% of the criteria and
indicators of smart parks. The deficiencies could be identified through indicators in which the park
scored 0, and therefore these indicators are evaluated and improved using the smart governance to
improve the performance of this park and turn it into a smart park.
Areas of The study set up a proposed model that can be applied to measure the performance of smart parks
improvement/Future and the performance of existing traditional parks to support their transformation into smart parks.
Direction The model included main criteria, sub criteria, key performance measurement indicators (KPIs).
The researcher applied this model to “Al-Azhar Park” and identified indicators that need to be
assessed to turn it to a smart park.

Methodology Inductive approach: By identifying the difference between traditional parks and smart
parks, the determinants of public parks, the theoretical foundations for the design of public
parks and smart public parks and the different criteria and foundations that would govern
smart parks .
Deductive approach: by analyzing some of the global and regional experiences of smart parks
to extract the criteria and indicators on which the proposed model would be based on .